Fill and Sign the Undergraduate Special Enrollment Form Salve Regina University

Intellectual Property Policy For Partners-Affiliated Hospitals and Institutions The Hospitals and other Institutions affiliated with Partners HealthCare System are not-for-profit corporations which share the fundamental missions of providing medical care for patients, training health care professionals, conducting biomedical research, and otherwise serving the public. The purpose of this Policy is to promote these missions by making inventions, copyrightable works and other intellectual property that may be created by physicians, researchers, trainees and others who are at or associated with these institutions available for the benefit of the public while also providing for a fair allocation of the financial costs and rewards associated with them. This Policy consists of the following parts: A. INTRODUCTION B. INVENTIONS AND PATENTS C. COPYRIGHTABLE WORKS AND OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY D. TANGIBLE RESEARCH PROPERTY E. INCOME FROM INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TANGIBLE RESEARCH PROPERTY TABLE I: DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL NET INCOME F. DISPUTE RESOLUTION G. GLOSSARY Approved by the Boards of Trustees of Brigham and Women’s/Faulker Hospitals, Inc. and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc. Brigham and Women’s Physicians Organization The Massachusetts General Hospital and The General Hospital Corporation Massachusetts General Physicians Organization, Inc. The MGH Institute of Health Professions, Inc. The McLean Hospital Corporation The Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Corporation Final approval by the Professional and Institutional Conduct Committee of Partners HealthCare System, Inc.: August 15, 2002 © Partners HealthCare System, Inc. 2002 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * policies address conflicts of interest. These are the Partners Code of Conduct2 and the Harvard Medical School Policy on Conflicts of Interest and Commitment3 (which is part of the Harvard Medical School Faculty Policies on Integrity in Science,4applicable to all Harvard Medical School faculty members). Partners and its Affiliated Institutions also have policies addressing other research matters, including research notebooks, materials placed on institutional websites, and consulting relationships. These additional policies are available through the office of Corporate Sponsored Research and Licensing at BWH and at MGH (“CSRL” collectively, and “CSRL-BWH” or CSRL-MGH” individually), either directly or through their websites which are accessible from the main BWH and MGH Home Pages. (Inquiries related to Spaulding or McLean should be directed to CSRLMGH. Inquiries involving other Institutions will be handled by CSRL on a case-by-case basis.) A. INTRODUCTION 1.0 S COPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE POLICY. 1.1 Scope of the Policy. This Policy governs the handling of Inventions, Copyrightable Works, and other Intellectual Property and Tangible Research Property made by individuals involved in educational, research, clinical and other activities of Hospitals and other Institutions that are affiliated with Partners HealthCare System (“Partners”) and that have adopted this Policy. As of the date of this printing of this Policy, those Institutions include Brigham and Women's Hospital (“BWH”), The Massachusetts General Hospital (“MGH”)1, McLean Hospital (“McLean”), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (“Spaulding”), the MGH Institute of Health Professions (“the MGH Institute”), and certain physicians organizations affiliated with them. While the bulk of the Policy is devoted to Intellectual Property, the Policy also addresses the handling of Tangible Research Property, such as biological materials. Throughout this Policy, BWH, MGH, Spaulding, and McLean are referred to collectively as “the Hospitals” and individually as a “Hospital.” The Hospitals and their affiliated institutions (including the Massachusetts General Physicians Organization, the Brigham and Women’s Physician Organization and the MGH Institute of Health Professions) are collectively referred to as “the Affiliated Institutions” or “Institutions.” The individuals covered by this Policy are referred to as “Members.” All terms in this Policy that have initial capital letters are defined more precisely in the Glossary or in the place where they are first used. Members should recognize the following key points incorporated in this Policy: • Most Copyrightable Works and virtually all other Intellectual Property created by a Member Ø at a Partners-affiliated Hospital or other Institution, or Ø during the time when a person is a Member and that relate to the Member’s Partnersaffiliated activities at a Partners-affiliated Hospital or other Institution, are owned by an Affiliated Institution. Members should be aware that they also may be subject to a number of other policies. Two important 2 http://healthcare.partners.org/OGCpolicies/Code/index.html 3 http://www.hms.harvard.edu/integrity/conf.html 1 Depending on the context and unless otherwise specified, the term “MGH” may refer either to The Massachusetts General Hospital (parent corporation) or to its subsidiary The General Hospital Corporation. 4 http://www.hms.harvard.edu/integrity/. All websites are as of the date of the printing of this document and are subject to change. 2 • • Members should take no action to sell, license, or otherwise commit or dispose of Intellectual Property they create unless and until such action is approved by the appropriate Institutional representative under this Policy. Generally approval will be given for Members to take such actions on their own only if and after the Institutional representative determines that the individual Member owns the Intellectual Property. CSRL shall have primary responsibility for the administration of this Policy. CSRL shall initially resolve any disputes arising under this Policy, including disputes regarding ownership of intellectual property and distribution of licensing income. 2.2 Responsibility of the Partners Professional and Institutional Conduct Committee. The Partners Professional and Institutional Conduct Committee (“the Committee”) shall have general responsibility for overseeing this Policy, including providing the forum for appeals of disputes arising under this Policy.5 Members are not authorized to sign, and should not sign, confidentiality agreements, license agreements, material transfer agreements, research agreements, or any other agreements that may restrict, commit or affect intellectual property they create. Members may sign agreements relating to their individual consulting activities, but only after such agreements have been reviewed by the institution in accordance with section 2.3 below. 2.3 Responsibilities of Members. Members of the Institutional Community shall take all steps necessary to make this Policy effective, including executing an Intellectual Property Acknowledgement (formerly called a Participation Agreement) or similar document, and all other necessary or desirable agreements, applications, assignments, or other documents if requested or required by one of the Institutions. A failure by a Member to execute such a document shall not in any way affect the applicability of this Policy. 1.2. Organization of this Policy. The Policy is organized by types of Intellectual Property. Members of the Institutional Community who believe they have made an Invention, whether patentable or not, should refer to Part B, and those involved in producing Copyrightable Works (such as written publications and video materials) should refer to Part C. Since software is nearly always copyrightable and sometimes patentable as well, those involved in developing it will be interested in both Parts B and C. Tangible Research Property, which may be patentable, copyrightable, both, or neither, is addressed under Part D of the Policy. Standards for distributing income from all types of property are included in Part E. Members who are responsible for projects in which Intellectual Property is likely to be created should address with all participants (including nonInstitutional personnel, such as visiting scientists), in advance, how this Policy affects that Intellectual Property. Members should be aware that Consulting Agreements, in the form proposed by companies or other third parties, may contain provisions that are inconsistent with this Intellectual Property Policy as well as other policies of the Hospital or any other Institution, Partners, and the Harvard Medical Questions about the Policy should be addressed to CSRL. 5 2.0 ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICY. As specified in the Glossary, if and to the extent that the Hospitals or Partners assigns the responsibilities currently granted to the Partners Professional and Institutional Conduct Committee to another governance body, that body shall be deemed the “Committee" for the purpose of this Policy. 2.1 Responsibilities of the Office of Corporate Sponsored Research and Licensing. 3 School. Therefore, Members are required to submit all Consulting Agreements to CSRL for review and approval prior to execution. Intellectual Property. In the event that this Policy is adopted by or made applicable to any other related entities within the Partners system, the Committee shall determine which legal entity among those related entities shall own Intellectual Property. Members should also be aware that under federal law, the Institutions are given the first right to elect title to Intellectual Property created using federal funds, but the United States government retains certain rights of its own in such property. These include the right to practice an invention royalty-free, and certain “marchin” rights to use the technology or assume ownership of the technology. To comply with federal laws and regulations relating to Intellectual Property arising from federally-funded research, the Institutions assume responsibilities to protect and inform the federal government on a periodic basis about the licensing and commercial development of the technology. Members shall take all steps necessary to protect the rights of the U.S. government in these properties so that the Institutions are able to comply with the applicable federal laws and regulations. These steps shall include disclosing promptly to CSRL any inventions made using federal funds, and executing any documents and taking any other actions requested of them by CSRL. 3.0 OBLIGATIONS TO THIRD PARTIES UNDER GRANTS AND CONTRACTS . In many cases, Intellectual Property created at the Institutions is subject to the terms and conditions of grants, contracts and other agreements entered into by the Institutions and third parties, such as the United States government and other research sponsors. These agreements include sponsored research, clinical trial, and material transfer agreements, license agreements, federal grants and contracts, and the like. The rights of Members under this Policy shall be subject to any applicable conditions and any rights granted to third parties under grants and agreements undertaken by the Institutions. The Institutions shall retain the right to perform their obligations with respect to Intellectual Property under all such arrangements . 2.4 Determination of Ownership Rights Between Affiliated Institutions. B. INVENTIONS AND PATENTS As between the Affiliated Corporations, the BWH shall own all Intellectual Property covered by this Policy and made by Members with BWH Medical Staff appointments, or otherwise made at or under the auspices of BWH; and the MGH (parent corporation) shall own all Intellectual Property covered by this Policy and made by Members with MGH or McLean Professional Staff appointments or MGH Institute of Health Professions faculty appointments, or otherwise made at or under the auspices of MGH; and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital shall own all Intellectual Property covered by this Policy and made by Members with Spaulding Professional Staff appointments or otherwise made at or under the auspices of Spaulding. The Committee may approve mechanisms under which ownership rights are transferred to different Institutions in order, for example, to facilitate the administration of Intellectual Property rights and of funding grants and contracts; or mechanisms under which some or all of the institutional shares of Annual Net Income are reallocated among Institutions which do not technically own the Intellectual Property in order, for example, to take proper account of the relative contributions of various Institutions to the creation of 4.0 INVENTIONS ; PROTECTION AND LICENSING. For purposes of this Policy, an "Invention" is any patentable invention as defined by patent law, or any other idea or its embodiment that is potentially patentable or, even if not patentable, may have charitable or commercial value. Examples of Inventions include but are not limited to new and improved devices, systems, circuits, and compounds; novel biological materials such as proteins, genes, DNA constructs, cell lines and transgenic animals; diagnostics; immunoassays; therapeutics; new uses of known articles or substances; new methods of producing or manufacturing any articles or substances; algorithms; and Software. Inventions also include any novel variety of plant which is or may be protected under the Plant Variety Protection Act. Inventions that are "new," "non-obvious" and "useful," criteria that are set by U.S. and foreign patent laws, may be protected under the patent laws of the United States and other countries. To obtain a patent, the Inventor – or, in some countries, the institution that owns the invention – must promptly file a patent application 4 describing the invention in each country where patent protection is desired. As between the Institutions and Members, the Institutions shall own all Inventions, and patents claiming them, in the following categories: Many Inventions, including but not limited to biological materials and software, are protectable under other legal doctrines even if they are not patentable. 5.2.1 Supported Inventions. Inventions conceived or reduced to practice by one or more Members in performing activities that either: When Inventions have potential commercial value or may otherwise have potential benefit to the public, the Institutions may be able to license selected companies to develop them into products and market them to others, in exchange for royalties and/or other benefits to the Institution and its Members. (i) received direct or indirect financial support from the Institutions, including Institutional salary support or funding from any outside source awarded to or administered by the Institution; As discussed in Section 6.2 below, substantial patent benefits may be lost if an Invention is discussed in a publication prior to certain patent filings being made. Accordingly, Inventors are strongly encouraged to consult with CSRL well before publication to maximize the protection of patent benefits. (ii) made substantial use of any space, facilities, materials or other resources of an Institution including resources provided in-kind by outside sources (the use of office space and word processors alone shall not be considered a "substantial use" of resources for purposes of this paragraph); or As discussed in Section 1.0 above, an Institution owns, and has the right to license or otherwise manage, most Intellectual Property created by Members. Accordingly, Members should take no action, including signing material transfer agreements or other agreements that affect Intellectual Property, unless and until such action is approved by the appropriate Institutional representative under this Policy. (iii) were otherwise made subject to any grant, contract or other arrangement between an Institution and a third party, such as the federal government, a foundation or corporate research sponsor. 5.0 RIGHTS IN INVENTIONS AND PATENTS . 5.2.2 Related Inventions. Inventions conceived or reduced to practice by one or more Members that are not Supported Inventions but that arise out of or relate to the clinical, research, educational or other activities of the Inventor at an Institution. 5.1 Rights of Members. Inventions and patents no part of which are owned by the Institutions or a third party, as provided below, shall be owned by their Inventors. For such an Invention, the Inventor shall be free to take any actions on his or her own initiative and at his or her own expense, and to keep all royalties and other proceeds provided that before beginning to patent or commercialize any such Invention, use it for private gain, or otherwise make it available to the public or any third party that is reasonably likely to use it for commercial purposes or broad distribution, the Member must first have met the disclosure requirements under Section 6 of this Policy and received notice from the appropriate Institution that it does not claim ownership of any part of the Invention. 5.2.2.1 Exception for Subsequently-Made Related Inventions. In circumstances deemed appropriate by the Director, CSRL, the Institution will waive its claim to any Related Inventions6 that are conceived or reduced to practice in the performance of future consulting services under a Consulting Agreement that conforms with the Institution’s policy on Consulting 6 An Invention that is conceived in circumstances that are described in the definition of a Supported Invention is not a Related Invention and so does not qualify for this exception. 5.2 Rights of the Institutions. 5 Agreements, or in the future conduct of any other independent enterprise proposed in advance by a Member and approved by CSRL as appropriate for such a waiver. In instances where the Director, CSRL determines that granting a waiver is not appropriate, the Institution may grant more limited rights to Related Inventions. Inventions shall be disclosed to CSRL in writing by submitting an Invention Disclosure Form7. Inventors are encouraged to make disclosures to CSRL as early as possible, preferably as soon as they believe they have created an Invention, to allow CSRL maximum lead time to evaluate and, where appropriate, file patent applications, and generally to develop a patent and commercialization strategy. In any event Inventors should make disclosures to CSRL prior to publication or other public presentation, because inventions are unpatentable in most foreign countries unless a patent application has been filed before its disclosure to the public. 6.0 DISCLOSURE OF INVENTIONS ; INSTITUTIONAL ACTION. 6.1 Inventions to be Disclosed. Members shall disclose every Invention conceived or reduced to practice by the Member, individually or jointly with others during the time when the Member has a Medical/Professional Staff or faculty appointment at the Institution or is employed by the Institution or is otherwise involved in Institutional Activities if it meets any of the following conditions (which may overlap): 6.3 Determination of Ownership. After review of the Invention Disclosure Form, CSRL may determine that the Invention is not owned by an Institution or that the Institution wishes to relinquish ownership. In that case, CSRL will notify the Inventor within a reasonable time after making the determination. (i) the Invention is or may be patentable and (a) is conceived or reduced to practice in performing Institutional Activities, or (b) arises out of or relates to the Member’s clinical, research, educational or other Institutional Activities; or 6.4 Actions by Institution. If CSRL concludes that an Invention is owned by an Institution under Section 5, CSRL will consult the Inventor as deemed necessary and will determine the appropriate action to take, which may include patenting, promoting and licensing the Invention to make it available to the public. (ii) the Invention, whether or not patentable is one which (a) the Member wishes to make or permit use of for commercial purposes, or wishes to have the Institution commercialize; (b) may have commercial or charitable value; (c) the Member otherwise wishes to make available to the public or to any third party that is reasonably likely to use it for commercial purposes or broad distribution; or (d) is subject to any grant, contract or other arrangement between the Institution and a third party; or In appropriate cases, the Institution shall provide such professional services as it deems necessary or desirable to patent the Invention. In other cases the Institution may not seek a patent on the Invention, while retaining ownership of it. Such action may be appropriate where the Invention may have value commercially, or otherwise be of potential benefit to the public, but where patentability is questionable; where filing a patent would be premature; where the invention may be protected through copyright or other non-patent means (particularly in the case of Software); where it is subject to an obligation to a research sponsor; or in other situations. (iii) CSRL requests the Member to disclose the Invention. This Policy requires disclosure of Inventions that may not be owned by an Institution or that the Inventor believes are not owned by an Institution. Among other reasons, this is necessary because CSRL is responsible for determining whether the Inventor or an Institution owns a particular Invention. Any institutional action will be taken at the expense of the Institution, without charge to the Creator, and 7 Disclosure forms are available through the CSRL-BWH and CSRL-MGH websites. 6.2 Method and Timing of Disclosure. 6 will take into account the available resources and the commercial value of and market interest in the Invention. (ii) The Inventor shall be required to pay royalties to the Institution on sales of products or services covered by the relinquished Invention. 6.5 Communication with Inventors. (iii) The Inventor shall fully reimburse the Institution for any expenses incurred relating to the Invention (such as patent costs or other legal expenses) from the initial revenue, if any, received by the Inventor from licensing or sale of the Invention, before the Inventor is entitled to retain any revenues him/herself. Open communication and collaboration between the Inventor and the Institution generally facilitate decisions on how to make the best use of an Invention. CSRL will attempt to communicate informally with Inventors from time to time about Inventions disclosed to it. In addition, at any time an Inventor may request the Institution to state in writing what actions it intends to take or has taken regarding an Invention. Such requests should be made to the Director of CSRL and in writing. Before CSRL responds to such a request, the Inventor must have made a disclosure in accordance with the requirements of Section 6.2 and which is sufficiently complete and detailed to allow CSRL to undertake a reasoned evaluation of patentability and commercial or charitable value. Once such disclosure and written request have been made, CSRL will provide a written status report reasonably promptly, expected in most cases to be within 30 days. (iv) The Inventor shall assume responsibility for any NIH or other government or foundation reporting requirements for the Invention. (v) Appropriate restrictions or reporting obligations shall be imposed on further research or other work on the relinquished Invention by the Inventor at any Affiliated Institution. (vi) The Inventor shall agree that any improvements in the Invention that constitute new Inventions and that are owned by the Institution under Section 5 shall be owned by the Institution. Inventors are encouraged to stay in communication with CSRL about Inventions they believe are important, and to inform CSRL as early as possible of anticipated oral or written disclosures of their Inventions to avoid the loss of foreign patent rights (see Section 6.2). CSRL will make reasonable efforts to inform Inventors and their Department if it makes a decision not to seek a patent on an Invention, or if it starts to seek a patent but later terminates these efforts. (vii) The Inventor shall be prohibited from using the Institutional name in relation to the Invention without prior Institutional approval. (viii)The Inventor shall be required to secure indemnity protection for the Institution as part of any commercial agreement relating to the Invention. 6.6 Relinquishment. An Inventor may request that the Institution relinquish its ownership of any Invention. Except where prohibited by restrictions imposed by external funding, the Institution may, but shall have no obligation to, relinquish its ownership if deemed appropriate by the Director of CSRL. If the Institution decides to relinquish ownership of the Invention, relinquishment will be made subject to such terms and conditions as are deemed appropriate by CSRL, which may include, but are not limited to, the following: C. COPYRIGHTABLE WORKS AND OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 7.0 COPYRIGHT AND COPYRIGHTABLE WORKS ; PROTECTION AND LICENSING. Copyright consists of a variety of rights in original works of authorship, as protected under the copyright laws of the United States and other nations. Copyright does not protect ideas, but rather the particular form (referred to (i) The Institution shall retain a royalty-free non-transferable license for research, clinical and educational purposes within the Institution. 7 here as a "Work") in which those ideas are expressed. The rights protected by copyright include the right to reproduce the Work, to prepare derivative works based on the original Work, to distribute copies to the public, and to perform or display the Work publicly. 8.1.4 Academic Works. Academic Works are Works the ownership of which shall remain with (or shall be returned, if necessary, to) their Authors, in deference to traditional academic freedoms. "Academic Works" shall mean Works of an academic or scholarly nature (as defined by the Director of CSRL in case of disagreement) Under current law, the Author's copyright exists from the moment a Work is fixed in a tangible medium of expression. It is not necessary to register a copyrighted Work with the U.S. Copyright Office, although certain advantages can be obtained by such registration. (i) that are authored by Hospital Medical/Professional Staff appointees, faculty, or student Members, in the course of customary clinical, research, and educational activities, When Works have potential commercial value or may otherwise have potential benefit to the public, the Institutions may be able to license them to third parties that may develop and market them in products or services, in exchange for royalties or other benefits to the Institution and its Members. (ii) that are prepared at the Author's own initiative and not at the request or under the auspices of an Institution, not for Institutional purposes, and that do not make substantial use of Institutional resources, and 8.0 Ownership of Copyright. 8.1 Rights of Members. (iii) that are not owned by or obligated to a third party through any Institutional arrangement. 8.1.1 Ownership. Members shall own the copyright in Academic Works and any Works they create that do not constitute Supported Works, Works Made for Hire, or Related Software as defined in Section 8.2 below. This Academic Work concept is intended to recognize and facilitate the traditional academic freedoms of faculty Members and Members who have Hospital Medical/Professional Staff appointments, and of student Members, to publish and disseminate their scholarly works. Members will own all Works they create of an artistic nature, such as music, graphic art, poetry, fiction or popular nonfiction, except in instances where those Works comprise Supported Works, Works Made for Hire, or Related Software. It is not possible to formulate an all-inclusive definition of "Works of an academic or scholarly nature" that can be applied mechanically to every imaginable Work; however, these shall ordinarily include Works such as traditional textbooks, course and curriculum materials (which does not include Courseware), and articles published in scientific journals. The term Academic Work is not generally intended to cover Software, databases, Courseware, although individual situations involving such Works may be reviewed on a case-by-case basis by CSRL, and may be determined to constitute Academic Works. The Author's mere receipt of salary support, or use of office space or computers for word processing provided by an Institution, shall not be considered “substantial use of Institutional resources” for the purpose of determining whether a Work meets the criteria for an Academic Work. In addition, a Work that describes research or other activities that did 8.1.2 Pre-Existing or Joint Works. Members are cautioned that if components of their Works are prepared by others, under copyright law those components may be preexisting Works subject to the copyright ownership of others, or the joint effort to create the Work may render all contributors joint Authors of the entire Work. 8.1.3 Member-Owned Works. With respect to any Work no part of which is owned by an Institution, the individual Author shall generally be free under this Policy to take any action at his or her own initiative and expense, and to keep all royalties and other proceeds, provided that the Author must first have met any applicable disclosure and other requirements of this Policy. 8 make substantial use of Institutional resources shall not be disqualified from being treated as an Academic Work as long as the creation of the Work itself, as opposed to the underlying research or other activity, did not make substantial use of additional Institutional resources. an Institution and a third party, such as the federal government, a foundation or corporate research sponsor. 8.2.2 Works Made for Hire. Any Works that are created in the scope of a nonMedical/Professional Staff or faculty Member's employment or affiliation with an Institution; or created by a Medical/Professional Staff or faculty Member at the request of an Institution or as part of an Institutional undertaking; or that otherwise constitutes a “Work Made for Hire” under the copyright laws of the United States. By way of example, these Works may include training, educational or policy materials, articles written for the news office, patient handbooks or Software created by professional, administrative or other staff at the request of an Institution or as part of an Institutional undertaking, or Software created by individuals who are employed by an Institution as programmers. CSRL in its discretion shall have the authority to clarify and modify the definition of Academic Works and develop guidelines for its interpretation from time to time. New developments in academic publishing, among other factors, can be taken into account through this process. If uncertain, Members should request a review by CSRL at any time to determine if a particular Work should be considered an Academic Work. The Institutions shall have the right to retain a royalty-free license to use Academic Works for Institutional purposes. Some Supported Works may also constitute Works Made for Hire. 8.2 Rights of the Institutions. As between the Institutions and Members, except for Works that are Academic Works (see 8.1.4 above), the Institutions shall own all Copyrightable Works created by its Members in any of the following categories, and all rights in the copyright of such Works. 8.2.3 Related Software: Software created by a Member that is not a Supported Work or a Work Made for Hire but that arises out of or relates to the clinical, research, educational or other activities of the Creator at an Institution. 8.2.3.1 Exception for Subsequently Made Related Software. In circumstances deemed appropriate by the Director of CSRL, the Institution will waive its claim to any Related Software that is created in the performance of future consulting services under a Consulting Agreement that conforms with the Institution’s Policy on Consulting Agreements, or in the future conduct of any other independent enterprise proposed in advance by a Member and approved by the Director of CSRL as appropriate for such a waiver. In instances where the Director, CSRL determines that granting a waiver is not appropriate, the Institution may grant more limited rights to Related Software. 8.2.1 Supported Works. Copyrightable Works that are created by one or more Members in performing activities that: (i) received any direct or indirect financial support from an Institution, including Institutional salary support or funding from any outside source awarded to or administered by an Institution; (ii) made substantial use of any space, facilities, materials or other resources of an Institution, including resources provided in-kind by outside parties (the use of office space and word processors alone shall not be considered a "substantial use" of resources for purposes of this paragraph); or (iii) were otherwise subject to any grant, contract or other arrangement between 9 8.3 Manner of Institutional Ownership. faculty appointment at the Institution or is employed by the Institution or is otherwise involved in Institutional Activities, if it meets any of the following conditions (which may overlap): To the extent that any of the foregoing Works (including some Supported Works) constitutes a "Work Made for Hire" under U.S. copyright law, the Institution shall own the Work in the first instance as the Author. To the extent that any of the foregoing Works does not constitute a "Work Made for Hire," the Institution shall own the Work by assignment from the individual Creator. (i) the Member wishes to make or permit use of the Work for commercial purposes or wishes to have the Institution commercialize it; or (ii) it may have commercial or charitable value; or 9.0 WORKS OF NO N-MEMBERS COMMISSIONED BY AN INSTITUTION. (iii) the Member otherwise wishes to make the Work available to the public or any third party that is reasonably likely to use it for commercial purposes or broad distribution; or Members wishing to commission non-Members to prepare Software, Video Materials and other Works for institutional purposes should seek advice from the Office of the General Counsel in advance, as a written agreement usually will be needed in order to secure the Institution’s rights. (iv) the Work is subject to any grant, contract or other arrangement between the Institution and a third party; or 10.0 DISTRIBUTION OF COPYRIGHTABLE WORKS THAT ARE OWNED BY AN INSTITUTION. (v) CSRL otherwise requests the Member to disclose the Work. It is the intent of the Institutions to encourage the exchange of Software, Video Materials and other Copyrightable Works with colleagues for the purpose of advancing research. At the same time, the Institutions aim to protect their rights in such Works, promote their development for public use as appropriate, and, in the case of certain Software and other Works that have clinical applications, prevent unsafe and unlawful uses of the Works. In the event that Software is patentable, it shall be disclosed in accordance with Section 6 above. This disclosure obligation applies even to some Copyrightable Works that may not be owned by the Institution or that the Author believes are not owned by the Institution. Among other reasons, this is necessary because CSRL is responsible for determining whether the Author or an Institution owns a particular Copyrightable Work. Copyrightable Works owned by an Institution – including Software and Video as well as literary and other Works – shall be published, licensed to third parties or otherwise distributed for commercial purposes only through CSRL. Distribution of such Works for noncommercial purposes shall be subject to any guidelines established by the Director of CSRL. Such guidelines may be modified at CSRL's discretion from time to time, either at the request (to CSRL) of a Member and his or her service or department chief, or otherwise. Members are free to publish Academic Works without prior disclosure to CSRL, although if there is any reasonable question whether a given Copyrightable Work constitutes an “Academic Work” the Member shall discuss it with the Director of CSRL prior to publication. 11.2 Method of Disclosure. 11.0 DISCLOSURE OF COPYRIGHTABLE WORKS ; INSTITUTIONAL ACTION. Copyrightable Works may be disclosed to CSRL in writing by submitting a Copyright Disclosure Form. 8 11.1 Works to be Disclosed. Members shall disclose Software, Video Material and other Copyrightable Works created by the Member, individually or jointly with others during the time when the Member has a Medical/Professional Staff or 8 Disclosure forms are available through the CSRL-BWH and CSRL-MGH websites. 10 11.3 Determination of Ownership. report reasonably promptly, expected in most cases to be within 30 days. After review of the Copyright Disclosure Form, CSRL may determine that the Work is not owned by an Institution. In that case, CSRL will notify the Member who disclosed it within a reasonable time after making the determination. 11.6 Relinquishment. An Author may request that the Institution relinquish its ownership of any Work. Except where prohibited by restrictions imposed by external funding, the Institution may, but shall have no obligation to, relinquish its ownership as deemed appropriate by the Director of CSRL. If the Institution decides to relinquish ownership of the Work, it may impose such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate in its discretion, including those comparable to the terms and conditions described in section 6.6. 11.4 Use, Licensing and Protection of InstitutionallyOwned Works. An Institution may choose to use Copyrightable Works owned by it for internal purposes only. If, however, it appears that a Work owned by an Institution should be commercialized or otherwise made available to the public or a third party for commercial purposes or broad distribution, CSRL will consult with the Member who disclosed the Work as deemed necessary, and will determine the appropriate action, which may include promoting and licensing the Work to make it available to the public. The Institution shall provide such professional services as it deems necessary or desirable to protect the copyright and other proprietary rights in the Work, which may be limited to reliance on unregistered copyright protection. 11.7 Treatment of Software as an Invention. Software is generally protectable by law as a Copyrightable Work but it may also constitute or embody an Invention. If an Invention is owned by an Institution, any Software embodying that Invention will also be owned by the Institution. In the event a Member believes that Software he or she has created is or may be patentable, the Member shall so notify CSRL as set forth in the Policy on Inventions and Patents (Part B above). Any action by an Institution will be taken at the expense of the Institution, without charge to the Creator, and will take into account the available resources and the commercial value of and market interest in the Work. 12.0 PRIVACY AND RELATED RIGHTS OF OTHERS . Creators of Copyrightable Works must seek appropriate permissions before making any use of the name, likeness or other identifying information of a Member, patient or any other individual. Such use may be subject to the individual's rights of privacy or publicity and other legal restrictions unrelated to Intellectual Property. In the case of patients, both the law and Hospital policy require obtaining prior consent in writing. 11.5 Communication with Authors. Open communication and collaboration between the Author and the Institution generally facilitate decisions on how to make the best use of a Copyrightable Work. CSRL will attempt to communicate informally with Members from time to time about Works they have disclosed to it. Members are also encouraged to stay in communication with CSRL about Copyrightable Works they believe are important. In addition, at any time a Member may request the Institution to state in writing what actions it intends to take or has taken regarding a Work he or she has disclosed. Such requests should be made in writing to the Director of CSRL. Before CSRL responds to such a request, the Member must have made a disclosure sufficient for CSRL to make a reasoned evaluation of the Work's value for internal institutional use and for commercial and charitable purposes. Once such disclosure and written request have been made, CSRL will provide a written status 13.0 GUIDELINES FOR PUBLICATION. Creators of Copyrightable Works owned by an Institution should observe the following guidelines. 13.1 Copyright Notice. Copyrights should be protected by including in any Software or other Work the copyright logo ("©") or the word "Copyright" or "Copr.," the year of first publication, and the name of the copyright owner (for example, "© 2002 The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc."). In some cases where the Software or Work has not been published, further qualification 11 of this notice may be appropriate. For Copyright purposes, “publication” means distributing copies of the Work to the public, including offering to distribute it to a group for further distribution. Members are encouraged to consult with CSRL for more information on the appropriate copyright notice for a Work and copyright protection in general. centers the Hospitals are dedicated to open disclosure and discussion of information, and attempt to keep secret very little information that is generated internally at the Hospitals; the other Institutions are similarly committed to open information exchange. However, the Hospitals and other Institutions do attempt to keep confidential some internal information such as patient data, some business information, and some Software. To the extent any such confidential information relating to an activity conducted at or supported by an Institution constitutes a Trade Secret, the Trade Secret shall be owned by the Institution. If requested by an Institution, Members shall take appropriate steps to keep such Trade Secrets confidential. 13.2 Copyrights of Others. The rights of other copyright owners, including third parties whose written materials and Software are used at or by an Institution, should be observed. Members are encouraged to seek advice from CSRL if in doubt as to their rights to use or copy third party materials. 14.0 INSTITUTIONAL NAMES AND TRADEMARKS . D. TANGIBLE RESEARCH PROPERTY Members shall obtain approval from the appropriate Institutional public affairs officer before seeking publication of any Copyrightable Work, whether or not owned by an Institution, that prominently displays the name of an Affiliated Institution or any other name or logo used to identify an Affiliated Institution, or that uses such a name or logo in any advertising, promotional or sales material in any medium. It is generally acceptable (and therefore generally requires no approval) for a Member to use the name of an Institution in an Academic Work solely to identify the Author's association with an Institution in a factually accurate way. However, even such limited use may, in some circumstances, imply an inappropriate institutional endorsement of or other institutional involvement in the Work, and therefore shall be subject to restrictions imposed by the Institution through CSRL, the Office of General Counsel, and/or the appropriate Institutional public affairs office. 16.0. DEFINITION, OWNERSHIP, DISCLOSURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF TANGIBLE RESEARCH PROPERTY (TRP). 16.1 Definition of TRP. Tangible Research Property (“TRP”) refers to those research results which are in a tangible form, as distinct from intangible (or intellectual) property. TRP also includes human tissue and other bodily samples which may be obtained in the course of research activities, or in the course of non-research activities (such as surgery or biopsy) but which are of interest to researchers. TRP often has intangible Intellectual Property rights associated with it, for example, biological molecules which are patented. TRP may, where appropriate, be distributed without securing intellectual property protection by using some form of contractual agreement, including commercial licensing, and all TRP, even that which has been commercially licensed, may be and often is simultaneously distributed solely for research purposes either under simple letters of understanding or more formal licenses, all negotiated through CSRL. No name or logo of an Affiliated Institution, or other identifying symbol, may be used as a Trademark, or to imply any endorsement, without the Institution’s prior written permission. Trademarks shall be owned by an Institution if they are created by Members in the course of their employment or affiliation with an Institution, if they are used to identify any product or service originating with or associated with an Institution, or pertain to significant Institutional activities. 16. 2. OWNERSHIP OF TRP An Institution shall own TRP as follows: (i) All TRP that has intangible Intellectual Property rights associated with it (for example, patentable TRP such as novel genes) shall be governed by the other 15.0 TRADE S ECRETS . While the Institutions are willing to keep confidential information that is disclosed to them by third parties (such as company confidential information), as academic medical 12 Intellectual Property provisions of this Policy. by any grant, contract, or other arrangement between the Institution and a third party or by any applicable policy, law or regulation; or (e) the Member is otherwise requested by CSRL to disclose the TRP to the Institution. (ii) All TRP that has no intangible Intellectual Property rights associated with it (for example, unpatentable biological materials) will, analogously to unpatentable Inventions hereunder, be owned by an Institution if such TRP is developed or created by a Member, solely or jointly, in performing Institutional Activities, or during the time that an individual is a Member and which arises out of or relates to the Member’s clinical, research, educational or other activities at the Institution. 16.4 DISTRIBUTION OF TRP. In keeping with the traditions of academic science and its basic objectives, it is the policy of the Institutions that results of scientific research are to be promptly and openly made available to others. This policy applies equally to research results that have tangible form. However, it is recognized that the traditional modes of dissemination through scholarly exchange and publication are not fully effective for most TRP. Furthermore, the dissemination of TRP raises other issues such as: the safety of the TRP; the need sometimes for TRP to be more fully characterized or developed prior to distribution; for human tissue and other bodily samples, the need for appropriate consent and compliance with applicable policy regarding transfer of human samples; and the need to ensure that dissemination of TRP is consistent with applicable policies, laws and regulations as well as contractual obligations to third parties. Therefore, all TRP which constitutes human tissue or other bodily samples, or which raises safety concerns, or the distribution of which may be subject to contract, policy, law or regulation (such as export control laws, or laws pertaining to special agents) must be disclosed in accordance with paragraph 16.3 above, must be subject to an agreement that is reviewed, negotiated and approved by CSRL, and which contains the provisions and restrictions deemed appropriate by CSRL for the particular distribution. Members shall not sign any agreement to distribute or receive TRP without CSRL approval. It is recognized that patients and human subjects may have ownership interests in their tissues and other bodily samples, and this Policy does not transfer nor seek to transfer to any Institution ownership of such samples. Rather, this Policy addresses ownership of body samples only as between the Institution and Members of the Institutional Communities. Issues pertaining to ownership interests of patients/human subjects in their tissues or other bodily samples are beyond the scope of this Policy and will be addressed in other institutional policies and documents (such as informed consent documents). 16.3 DISCLOSURE OF TRP. TRP shall be disclosed to an Institution as follows: (i) All TRP that is copyrightable or that is or may be patentable shall be disclosed in accordance with the provisions of this Policy governing disclosure of Copyrightable Works (Section 11) and patentable Inventions (Section 6). (ii) All TRP that is both unpatentable and uncopyrighted shall be disclosed if such TRP is developed or created by a Member, solely or jointly, during the time that an individual is a Member if (a) the Member wishes to make or permit use of such TRP for commercial purposes or wishes to have the Institution commercialize the TRP; or (b) the TRP may have commercial or charitable value; or (c) the Member otherwise wishes to make it available to the public or any third party that is reasonably likely to use it for commercial purposes or broad distribution; or (d) the disclosure of the TRP is required 13 significant creative contributions to Copyrightable Works shall be considered Creators and may receive a share of Annual Net Income attributable to those Works, as described further below. E. INCOME FROM INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TANGIBLE RESEARCH PROPERTY 17.0 DISTRIBUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INCOME. 17.3.2 Exception for Works Made For Hire. Members whose contributions to Copyrightable Works are “Works Made for Hire,” or who otherwise contribute to a Copyrightable Work as part of the work they undertake within the scope of their employment, are not entitled to any portion of the Creator’s Share of Annual Net Income attributable to a Copyrightable Work unless and until they are given such entitlements pursuant to Section 17.3.3. 17.1 Income from Inventions. Annual Net Income from the licensing or other disposition of patent rights in Inventions shall belong to the Institutions and shall be allocated in accordance with Table I below. The Inventors (as defined by U.S. patent law) shall receive the "Creator's share." Section 17.7 addresses how Annual Net Income shall be allocated in situations where more than one Service/Department from one Institution, or more than one Lab/Unit from one Institution, or more than one Inventor/Creator is involved in creating an Invention or other Intellectual Property. Section 17.10.4 addresses how Annual Net Income shall be allocated when infrastructure support for the creation of a given item of Intellectual Property comes from more than one Institution and/or from Partners. 17.3.3 Methods for Determining Distribution of Creator’s Share of Copyrightable Works. The Creator's share may be distributed in one of two ways: 17.3.3.1 Laboratory/Unit Policies. It is recognized that the creation of Copyrightable Works often involves group efforts that may be facilitated by royaltysharing arrangements that differ from the model traditionally followed with respect to Inventions. Laboratories and Units are encouraged to adopt alternative written policies governing the distribution of the Creator's share of copyright income generated by them. These policies shall be formulated and adopted in accordance with the following guidelines: 17.2 Income from Copyrightable Works. Annual Net Income from the licensing or other disposition of Copyrightable Works shall belong to the Institutions and shall be allocated in accordance with Table I below and, with respect to the Creator’s share, in accordance with Section 17.3. 17.3 Creator’s Share of Copyright Income. (i) Policies shall seek to achieve a reasonable outcome, shall take into account the feasibility of identifying all individuals to whom they afford a share, and shall be consistent with any applicable requirements of funding agencies. 17.3.1General Principles. The general principle of this Policy is that, except as described in 17.3.2, the Creator’s share of Annual Net Income attributable to a Copyrightable Work shall be distributed to the individuals responsible for the creative component of a Copyrightable Work. However, since copyright law does not protect abstract creativity, an individual may make significant creative contributions to a Copyrightable Work and not be considered the “copyright author” under copyright law. Therefore, this Policy does not presume that “authorship” under copyright law is the best measure of creative contribution, and seeks alternative ways to determine relevant creative input. Accordingly, individuals making (ii) Current Members of the Medical/Professional Staff or faculty in the Lab/Unit, and such other Members as the Lab/Unit chief deems it reasonable to consult, shall have the opportunity to express their views regarding such policies while they are being formulated. The chief 14 shall attempt to achieve consensus. 17.4 Biological Materials Income. (iii)The reasonableness of Lab/Unit policies, and the procedures followed in adopting them, shall be reviewed and approved by the relevant service or department chief and the Director of CSRL before taking effect. Annual Net Income from the licensing or other disposition of biological materials shall belong to the Institution and shall be allocated in accordance with Table I below. The Creator's share shall be distributed as follows. The principal investigator (in the case of materials produced under a grant or other sponsored research) or the chief of the Lab/Unit (in other cases) shall consult the Member(s) primarily responsible for creation of the biological material and identify any Members who made substantial inventive or innovative contributions to it. Those Members shall be entitled to share the Creator's share of Annual Net Income from the materials, as allocated among them according to their contributions by the principal investigator or Lab/Unit chief. If no Member has made a substantial inventive or innovative contribution, the Creator's share will be distributed to the Lab/Unit or, where appropriate, to Creators Research Accounts as described in section 17.10.2. If requested by any Member, the principal investigator's or chief's determination will be reviewed by the relevant service or department chief and by the Director of CSRL. (iv) An approved policy shall apply to all Members of the Lab/Unit. The Lab/Unit shall give notice of its policy to Members who join after approval of the policy, and shall obtain from them a written acknowledgment that they are aware of the policy. (v) Members responsible for formulating policies are invited to consult in advance with CSRL regarding examples of acceptable policies and requirements of funding agencies. 17.3.3.2 Case by Case Determination. When there is no approved Lab/Unit policy applicable to a particular income stream, the principal investigator (in the case of Works produced under a grant or other sponsored research) or chief of the Lab/Unit (in other cases) shall consult the Member(s) primarily responsible for creation of the Work and identify any Members who made substantial inventive or innovative contributions to it. Those Members shall be entitled to share the Creator's share of Annual Net Income from the Work, as allocated among them according to their contributions by the principal investigator or Lab/Unit chief, except that, as described in 17.3.2, Members whose contributions are Works Made for Hire ordinarily shall not receive a personal share unless a Lab/Unit policy so provides. If no Member has made a substantial inventive or innovative contribution that is not a Work Made for Hire, the Creator's share will be distributed to the Lab/Unit. If requested by any Member, the principal investigator's or chief's determination will be reviewed by the relevant service or department chief and by the Director of CSRL. 17.5 Combination Income. In the case of Annual Net Income that is attributable to both patents and copyrights and is not allocated between them by contract, half shall be distributed as patent income and half as copyright income. In the case of Annual Net Income attributable to both patents and biological materials and not allocated between them by contract, half shall be distributed as patent income and half as biological materials income. 17.6 Income from Other Research Results, Trademarks and Trade Secrets. Income from the use of the name of any Institution, or an Institutional Trademark or Trade Secret, shall belong to the Institution and shall not be distributed to Members. Otherwise, in the case of Tangible Research Property (other than biological materials) or other research results that are not covered by Sections 17.1-17.5, any Annual Net Income received by an Institution shall belong to the Institution and shall be distributed or not distributed as determined by CSRL in consultation with the Member(s) primarily responsible and the Lab/Unit chief(s), with the approval of the Director of CSRL. 15 17.7 Determination of Shares Among Multiple Departments/Services, Laboratories/Units, and Creators. 17.8.3. If the Lab/Unit funds had been previously determined, in accordance with section 17.10.2, to be paid into a Creator’s Research Account in the name of the departing Creator, then these funds shall be reallocated to the senior Creators who remain at the Institutions, if any, either in accordance with an allocation previously agreed to by the Creators under Section 17.7 or, in the absence of such agreement, evenly; and if no Creators remain at the Institution, then the departing Creator’s Research Share shall be divided evenly between the Department/Service and the Institution; and If more than one Department or Service, or more than one Laboratory or Unit, from one Institution was involved in the creation of Intellectual Property, the Department/Service share and the Lab/Unit share of Annual Net Income shall be apportioned equally among the involved Departments/Services and the Labs/Units, unless otherwise agreed by the Service(s)/Department(s) or Labs/Units prior to distribution. If more than one Inventor was involved in the creation of an Invention, the Creator’s share shall also be apportioned equally among the Members involved unless otherwise agreed by all of those Members and specified in writing in the Invention disclosure or an alternative document agreed to by all involved Members. The same is true with situations where the Lab/Unit share has been paid into Creator’s Research Accounts pursuant to section 17.10.2. Members are encouraged to discuss with each other and agree on any allocation other than an equal split if they so desire, at the earliest possible time, both with respect to the Creator’s share and also with respect to funds in Creator’s Research Accounts. 17.8.4 The allocation and payment of Income in other respects shall remain the same as if the Creators were still at the Institution. 17.9 Death of Inventor/Creator. In the event of the death of an individual entitled to receive a share of Income, his or her Creator’s share shall inure to his or her estate. The Lab/Unit share (or, where applicable, the payment of such share to a Creator’s Research Account in the name of the deceased Creator), shall be handled in the same manner as described in section 17.8. 17.10 Elaboration on Table 1 Treatment of multiple Creators' shares of Income from Copyrightable Works or biological materials is covered by Sections 17.3 and 17.4 of this Policy. In the case of any type of property, an approved Lab/Unit policy will be followed, if applicable, in preference to this Section 17.7. 17.10.1 General Explanation. For purposes of Table I, the Laboratory/Unit and the Service/Department is the one with which the Creator was associated at the time the property generating the income was conceived and reduced to practice. When the Institution involved is a Hospital, it is expected that the Institutional and Departmental Shares will go to a general research or education fund (and, regardless of the Institution involved, when these shares arise from federally-funded research they must be spent to support Institutional research or education activities in order to comply with federal regulation). 17.8 Departure of Creator from Institution. Should any or all of the Creators leave the Institution: 17.8.1 Their individual Creator’s share shall continue to be paid to them after their departure; 17.8.2 The Lab/Unit share shall continue to be paid to the Lab/Unit if it remains operational; and if not then it shall be paid into a Creators Research Account in the name of senior Creators who remain at the Institution (split evenly if more than one); and if no such Creators remain at the Institution then the Lab/Unit share shall be divided evenly between the Department/Service and the Institution; and 17.10.2 Creator’s Lab/Unit Share. Distribution of 25% to the Creator’s Laboratory/Unit is based on the underlying premise that this portion of the income should be dedicated to furthering the research interests of the Creator(s) and the Lab/Unit within which the Intellectual Property was made. When Creator(s) who are members of a Lab/Unit make an Invention or Copyright disclosure, they shall 16 provide to CSRL the name(s) of the chief or principal investigator responsible for the Lab/Unit which will receive this portion of the income, and this portion of proceeds shall be paid into an institutional account for the benefit of the Lab/Unit. If the Creator(s) are not members of a Lab/Unit, then they shall, when filing a disclosure, identify which of the senior Creator(s) shall be entitled to oversee these funds, and this portion of proceeds shall be paid into institutional Creator’s Research Accounts established under the names of those individuals. For these purposes a Creator shall be considered “senior” only if s/he has a faculty rank of Instructor (or equivalent) or above. In the event that there is any uncertainty over the appropriate Lab/Unit, then CSRL shall, in consultation with the appropriate chiefs, make a final determination as to the appropriate institutional account to receive this money. Money used from this account will incur an indirect cost charge as determined by Institutional policy at the time the money is spent. support came from a Partners-wide or multiHospital Center – then there will be no default presumption that this 25% share goes to a Department/Service. Rather, representatives of the interested Departments/Services and Institutions (including, where appropriate, Partners) shall agree on the appropriate allocation either ahead of time, which may be ascertainable in the case for example of some Centers, or on a case-by-case basis as Intellectual Property is created and disclosed, and in any event no later than the time when it is licensed. 17.10.4 Institutional Share. There is a starting presumption that the “Institution” entitled to receive this share of proceeds is the Hospital or other Affiliated Institution that owns the Intellectual Property that generated the proceeds, based on the premise that such an Institution provided all of the infrastructure support for the creation of the Intellectual Property. Where that is not the case – for example, in the case of a Center where Partners may have provided all or a significant portion of infrastructure support – then there shall be no such starting presumption, and representatives of the interested Institutions (including, where appropriate, Partners) shall agree on the appropriate allocation of the Institutional Share in the manner described in paragraph section 17.10.3. 17.10.3 Department/Service Share. Distribution of 25% to the Department/Service is based on the underlying premise that one (or more) Department or Service of one particular Hospital or other Institution provided the infrastructure (e.g. salary and space) support to the creation of the Intellectual Property. Where this is not the case – as, for example, where infrastructure TABLE I: DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL NET INCOME SOURCE OF INCOME TO THE CREATOR TO THE CREATOR’S LABORATORY/UNIT TO THE DEPARTMENT/ SERVICE TO THE INSTITUTION Patent/Copyright License 25% 25% 25% 25% Biological Materials 25% 25% 25% 25% 0% 100% 0% 0% ($5,000 or more) Biological Materials (Less than $5,000) 17 18.0 EXCEPTIONS TO INCOME DISTRIBUTION RULES . Any distribution provided for above is subject to the following exceptions. 18.1 Grant-Related Conditions. Income generated under grants from federal agencies and some other sources may be subject to conditions in the grant or grant-related regulations, which must be complied with before any Income can be distributed. For example, in some cases license income produced under a grant must be applied to reimburse the funding entity. Members are enc