eSign Word for Administrative Computer

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* Record Computer Screen video in HD without external software Generally to record your computer screen, you need a special software. But without going for any external software we can record computer screen in HD resolution using the well known suit which every computer will have i.e., PowerPoint of Microsoft Office. Using the MS PowerPoint you can record video of any size, edit(resize, effects, cutting, cropping etc) and save. Follow the below steps to record and save computer screen using PowerPoint. 1. First open PowerPoint select the empty slide(make it empty by deleting text boxes). 2. Next go to insert in the top menu bar and select Screen recording 1. when you click that a recording window gets opened with start, stop, pause, select area options for recording your computer screen. 1. Select the size of the window for recording computer screen and then click start, recording gets started. 2. After finishing recording hover your cursor to the top to see stop button and click it to stop. 3. As soon as you stop recording, the video will be put on the slide and you can edit it with tools available in the power point. 1. After finishing editing right click the video and select save media as and save your video. That’s it. Open your video to see your recording. Source: Techs Text [ http://www.techstext.com/ ] . * Gmail hack In the gmail username there is no preference for .(dot) It does not count whether you put dot in the username or not. So this mean username@gmail. com is same as user.name@gmail. com = u.s.e.r.n.a.m.e@gmail. com you can try this trick and check . * Facebook Password hack In the facebook password if you alter all the lower case letter to uppercase and vice versa there is not going to be any change. So if your facebook password is: FacePass123 is same as fACEpASS123 . * Create your own desktop background themes You might have installed themes for your desktop background with .themepack extension. But you can create those on your own with all your favorite images you want. Follow the steps below: First select all the images which you want to create a theme of. After selecting right click and select Set as desktop background. Next go to your desktop and right click to see the Next desktop background option. By going to Personalization you can save your theme with your name. After saving the theme right clicking on it gives an option to share it, save as . deskthemepack which you can share with your friends or put it in the web for others. So that’s very simple right creating your own desktop themes. * Create Custom email address @engineer. com, @techie. com, @physicist. net for Free You can create your own custom email address from Mail.com. There are 150+ custom domains of which you can have your email ID. Few of the domains are: activist. com, asia. com, doctor. com, chemist. com, clerk. com, columnist. com. engineer. com, deliveryman. com, doglover. com…………+150 other custom domains of different categories. You can freely signup and can have upto 10 different custom emails for one account. You can amaze your friends with these custom emails. You can say like, me@techie. com. Sounds good right!!! Hope you guys can make most out of your 10 minutes using these tech hacks…

Internet content companies can only operate with business operating licenses. If they lose their license, they cannot operate. (If you go to a Chinese website and you see the little red shield at the bottom of the page, that is their registration information which is filed with local police and the security services. Following it is a police phone number where anyone can immediately report an infraction to the authorities which will be dealt with in real-time.);Every internet content company has an editor-in-chief who is personally responsible for making sure that the site’s content conforms with government regulations. In other words, if he does not follow regulations, he can be tried and put in jail and the company may lose its business operating license;Every morning, the editor-in-chief at about 7AM, receives a phone call (Note: there are no written directives issued) from the relevant Chinese Communist Party department about what can only be reported through official channels and quotes, what can be reported with specific reporting guidelines, and what cannot be reported. The editor-in-chief is then responsible for passing on this information to his editing team, who then insure that all content meets these regulations before they are posted.Every Chinese company, before they get an operating license, must agree to and sign Chinese security regulations. Here is a copy of those security regulations in English:Declaration: This Department will solemnly adhere to all items in this agreement, and be fully responsible for any civic, legal, or criminal repercussions resulting from a failure to do so.This Department agrees to adhere to the Regulation on Telecommunications of the People's Republic of China, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China for Safety Protection of Computer Information Systems, the Measures for Security Protection Administration of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks, and all related laws, policies, and documented regulations.This Department agrees all legal requirements and qualifications needed to provide this service have been obtained.This Department agrees that the telecommunications network will not be used to compromise national security, reveal sensitive state information, or otherwise break any laws or infringe on the legal rights of the People’s Republic of China, the public, any groups, or third parties.This Department agrees to adhere strictly to the national standards and regulations of information security.This Department agrees to comprehensively adhere to the standards and technologies used to protect information security.This Department agrees to any audit or review by the state, to willfully provide accurate information and data regarding information security, and aid the state in any investigation of criminal activity over the computer information network.This Department agrees not to use the telecommunications network to produce, copy, search, or transmit the following:a) Content fundamentally prohibited by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.b) Content that would be detrimental to national security, destabilize national capacities, reveal sensitive state information, or harm national unity.c) Content that is detrimental to national reputation and interests.d) Content that incites public hostility, prejudice, or division.e) Content that harms national policies regarding religion, aims to start a cult, or spread misinformation.f) Content that spreads false information and incites public unrest or chaos.g) Conduct that promotes obscenity, pornography, gambling, violence, murder, intimidation, or criminal behavior.h) Content that slanders others or violates their legal rights.i) Other content in violation of applicable laws and regulations.8. This Department agrees to not engage in any activity that may harm the security of computer information systems, including but not limited to:a) Unlawfully accessing or using computer information system resources.b) Unlawfully adding to, deleting, or editing resources on the computer information network.c) Unlawfully preserving or transmitting data or software that would add to, delete, or edit resources on the computer information system network.d) Willfully create or transmit computer viruses or similarly harmful software.e) Other activities detrimental to the security of the computer information network.9. In the event of an extensive security failure or bsignNow of the computer information network, this Department agrees to promptly take emergency measures, preserve all relevant original data, inform the state regulatory authorities within 24 hours, and send a written report.10. This Department shall solely be responsible for any legal repercussions arising from the failure to adhere to the rules described in this agreement or any related state regulations. This Department will also be solely responsible for any monetary damage caused by such a failure. In the event of a bsignNow of this agreement, related services may be paused or concluded, and mutual agreements may also be terminated.11. This agreement takes effect from the date of signature.

Here are some I find useful and fun:Instead of "Ctrl, Alt & Del", press "Ctrl, Shift and Escape" to get straight to the task-manager in Windows.If you want to download a Youtube video, just add "ss" to the URL between www. and Youtube.The program DeTune will transfer all of the songs from an iPod/iPhone and put them on you computer.If you search "do the harlem shake" on YouTube the page itself will do the harlem shake.(This one's just for fun)The "Hola Unblocker" extension on Google Chrome will allow you to access to UK version of Netflix; thus unlocking many more shows and movies.Need to focus on studying? Screen Time is an app that lets you limit the time you use on your iphone or ipad. Set the time, press start and when it expires it closes whatever you were doing.If you play YouTube videos through Safari you can still listen to them with your phone's screen turned off.Replace the "en" in a Wikipedia link with "simple" to strip away the complex and mostly irrelevant information on the page.Accidentally erase something you just typed on your iPhone? To undo that, just shake it!1. Go to Google and type in "50 most popular women" 2. Click on the first link 3. Check out #7 xDTo move frame by frame on Youtube, pause the video and then use J or L to go backward or forward respectively.Just in case something caught your attention then I am Rohan Bhatia.You could have gone anyway.

I will try to give some advantages and disadvantages of using these both dropshipping solutions.The main difference between these two is AliDropship has been especially created for aliexoress dropshipping when Shopify alone is created for inventory stores. Shopify requires additional plugins like Oberlo to work as a dropshipping solution.I will show you a simple comparison here starting from pricing before I discuss the features of AliDropship and Shopify.Wordpress CMS ($3.95 monthly), AliDropship ($66.00 one-time cost)Shopify CMS ($29, $79 & $299 per month) depending on the plan, Oberlo (free, $29.90, $79.90)Wordpress and AliDropship are so much cheaper than using Shopify and Oberlo. Other than this, Shopify is slightly easier to use, but I would by no means say that Wordpress is difficult once you’ve spent a few weeks using it.However, I’ll briefly touch on the AliDropship features here:All in all, I’ve heard some really great things about the AliDropship Plugin, I personally use it and find it incredibly useful! I mean just look at the Success Stories relating to stores that use it: Dropshipping Success Stories From Real Entrepreneurs using AliDropshipThe plugin itself comes in two versions, AliDropship Original Plugin & AliDropship Woo Plugin, both of which integrate with the Wordpress CMS, but the AliDropship Woo plugin is specifically designed to only be integrated with Woo-commerce Wordpress themes.The AliDropship Original Plugin is only compatible with Built-In ThemesNow, you may not either be interested in creating the store yourself, or may not simply know much about Wordpress and the functions… And that’s ok!AliDropship provide a ‘Custom Dropshipping Store’ service, in which they will create you a fully-operational store, that you can then go ahead and market. For more information on this and the range of pre-made store packages they have available.Otherwise, lets get back to the AliDropship plugin!There are multiple features of both the AliDropship Original Plugin & AliDropship Woo Plugin that make it ideal to have, these include:Pricing - Other than the majority of other services, AliDropship is a one-time payment of $88, but I’ve featured a link [25% off discount] so you can get it for $66 instead. This includes lifetime support!Comparing this to other services such as Shopmaster, Shopify etc, they come with monthly fees that can cost $20+ per month. So your one-time investment of $66 in AliDropship isn't much!Import featureProducts can be instantly imported from AliExpress with the click of a button using the AliDropship extension (which is a free chrome extension that integrates with AliDropship), alongside product reviews, which means that you can easily import these to your website, helping build trust and further increase your conversion rate.Product variables such as Size, Colour and others are easily added with the click of a button thanks to the AliDropship plugin, making the process of adding products more streamlined.Automated Price MarkupAutomatically track and price your products in relation to your supplier's costings, Yes AliDropship will take care of this automatically, every 15 minutes! This means that relational markups can be achieved as soon as your suppliers make price changes.Image EditingYou have the ability to import images directly from AliExpress, but some of the images that you import may have logos and other issues; Therefore with Alidropship you can edit these images before uploading to your store.You can edit such elements as:Size: Select the preferred size for the image by choosing the option that suits your needs most.Effects: Adjust lightning (brightness, contrast, etc.) in Lightning tab and find the perfect effect for your image in Effects tab.Select: Copy, move and remove selected image areas.Brush: Choose color and size of brush to draw anything you want.Text: Type in text for the image, adjust its size, color and placement.Sticker: Select a sticker to add sales information about the product. There are two types of stickers available: ready-to-use and editable.Currency ConversionsYou can choose to price items differently based on their geographical location, especially useful when taking advantage of psychological pricing strategies ($0.99) which would not directly translate into the same price if someone from the UK were to purchase (£0.78).Shipping OptionsBespoke shipping options can be made based on the item, weight, size and geographical delivery destination.PaymentOffers Multiple payment gateways (Paypal, Paypal one-click pay, PayU, Payssion, PayUbiz, 2Checkout, Stripe, etc)Abandoned Cart:Can automate emails to visitors who abandon cart during the purchase process, potentially offering them a discount to convince them to come back and complete the transaction.The dashboard is incredibly insightful and shows:Abandoned carts – the total number of abandoned cartsEmails sent – the total number of emails sentRecovered carts – the total number of recovered carts. Abandoned cart becomes a recovered one if a customer visits the cart again using the link provided in abandoned cart email notification he receivedRecovered orders – the total number of recovered orders. An order is considered recovered in case a customer visits his cart again using the link in abandoned cart email notification and completes his purchaseRevenue – the total revenue of recovered orders.There have been accounts where sellers have increased conversions by 30% through using the Alidropship abandoned cart featureAutomated Ordering System (One-Click)— The plugin allows you to bulk-order, and automatically transfer and send all of the order details to the AliExpress supplier with the click of one button, yes that doesn't matter if there are 3 orders or 3000, it’s still one click.AliDropship 25% DiscountWell, if you’re interested in getting a 25% discount of AliDropship, here it is: Enjoy! AliDropship 25% Discount

Computers can be used for a vast array of purposes in churches today. Some broad categories below:AdministrativeBookkeepingWord processingPastoralCorrespondence with church membersBible studies and sermon preparation (e.g. “e-Sword” “Logos”, websites such as RightNow Media)Slideshows/Presentations to help communicate Biblical information (i.e. a Bible passage or a key point - helpful for visual rather than auditory learners)Creative / CommunicationsGraphic design for publicity, annual reports, bulletins (eg. signNow’s Creative Cloud or Affinity’s apps)Video editing (e.g. Final Cut Pro, iMovie, signNow Premiere Pro)Projection of words and other creative media (e.g. Pro Presenter, Easy Worship, Media Shout, Proclaim)Computers can be used to control keyboard sounds, drum pads and auxiliary tracks (e.g. Apple Mainstage and Ableton Live)Recording sermons to post as podcasts for people who missed the service (e.g. Logic Pro X, Cubase)Notating music for musicians (e.g. Sibelius)Scheduling volunteer teams (e.g. Planning Center Online)Communicating key information to church members (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, emails)Sign up forms and surveys (e.g. Typeform)Designing and updating websites (e.g. Wordpress, Squarespace, custom coded sites)Controlling multiple video streams to either project (for large auditoriums) or broadcast

[無調漢語拼音的缺憾 Toneless Hanyu Pinyin can cause serious problems][GR Tonal Spelling makes names maximally distinctive; Hanyu Pinyin leads to a confusing blend of totally unrelated names that sound quite different to Chinese ears, but look exactly the same to foreign eyes]Three names that look totally different in GR Tonal Spelling: confusingly blended in Hanyu Pinyin:Imaginary, but plausible names: 陸六贏醫師, 魯劉穎大師 and 盧柳鶯大師1. 陸六贏醫師 Dr. Luh Liowyng (Lù Liùyíng Yīshī), the dentist, bears the auspicious name 六贏 “six successes”2. 魯劉穎大師 Master Luu Liouyiing (Lǔ Liúyǐng Dàshī), the photographer, bears the name 劉穎, which is a pun on the word 留影 “take a photo [as a souvenir]” (this phrase is often used for photo captions)3. 盧柳鶯大師 Master Lu Leouing (Lú Liǔyīng), the musician, bears the name 柳鶯 “[literally] willow warbler”, one of many species of songbirds, some of which can be found in Taiwan.TL;DR 性命攸關 Not using GR Tonal Spelling can have serious, or even life-changing consequencesAnswer: Yes, people in Taiwan still use GR Tonal Spelling (a.k.a. Gwoyeu Romatzyh), but it is hiding in plain sight where most foreigners don’t bother looking (not just tour buses ;-). GR Tonal Spelling is used for naming people, clothing, household goods (rubber bands, insecticide), Chinese medicine, noodles, beverages, snacks, doctors’ offices, beauty parlors, restaurants, companies, schools etc.I took all of the photos below within the last month. I live in Taipei, but I managed to locate several samples of GR Tonal Spelling even in Kaohsiung, a DPP stronghold where Southern Min is more popular than Mandarin][Jyma Liuhdow 芝麻綠豆, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh)—a children’s clothing brand I found in a traditional market] [zhīma lǜdòu][Song Jer CPA 松哲會計師事務所, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh)—an accounting firm on Nanjing West Road in Taipei. The sign is bigger than the side of a bus, but is only visible when people look up from their cell phones ;-)] [Sōng Zhé][Piin U Bakery 品屋麵包蛋糕, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh), a bakery/coffee shop in Kaohsiung] [Pǐn Wū][Shiow Chwan Hospital 秀傳醫院, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu), a private hospital with branches all over Taiwan; name is slightly misspelled (omitted -i-)] [Xiù Chuán][Yuh Tay Farm 裕泰農場, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu)][jingpiin pyishye 精品皮鞋, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu), shoe shop in Kaohsiung]GR Tonal Spelling still appears side by side with Bopomofo in many monolingual Chinese dictionaries (字典、詞典) published in Taiwan. Foreign students tend to only consult bilingual dictionaries published outside of Taiwan, so they mostly don’t notice GR’s continued existence.[In Taiwan, dictionaries for native speakers include Bopomofo only, or a mixture of Bopomofo and GR Tonal Spelling/Hanyu Pinyin. Unfortunately, Pinyin is gaining ground; I saw these books in the 國語日報社 Mandarin Daily News bookstore]When it comes to romanization, what most foreigners do notice is the major exception to the use of GR Tonal Spelling: place names, which are a chaotic battlefield for three competing systems: the decrepit 150-year-old Wade-Giles system (and its cousin: Postal Romanization), 1958 Hanyu Pinyin and a modified Pinyin system (slightly different spellings) used mostly in southern Taiwan.Edit: GR Tonal Spelling still survives in certain localities:[Shinnyih Street 信義街 GR Tonal Spelling, 29 June 2019 (Gwoyeu Romatzyh, street sign)] [Xìnyì Jiē, Hanyu Pinyin]Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs)Many people take it for granted that one single commonly-used romanization system is all we need: whatever is used by the majority of Chinese people. The Hanyu Pinyin for everybody approach neglects to consider two important facts:(1) For many western learners, the use of optional diacritics implies that tones are also optional (“Tones are too subtle. I don’t need to be a perfectionist: muddling through is good enough. If I can find the time, I’ll master tones later!”)(2) For Chinese people who spend time abroad, an ill-considered choice of spellings can facilitate identity theft or lead to confusion. The consequences can include canceled credit, job loss, mistaken arrests, medical errors and expensive lawyer’s fees.Rarely-Asked Questions:RAQ 1: Who needs to use romanization?RAQ 2: What is the purpose of romanization?RAQ 3: Why should everyone use the same romanization?RAQ 4: Which problems does Pinyin (un)intentionally ignore?RAQ 5: How is 1928 GR Tonal Spelling better than 1958 Hanyu Pinyin?RAQ 1: Who Needs To Use Romanization?A: Children learning to read and write their native language for the first timeB: Chinese adults who want to# look up the correct pronunciation of less common or problematic words or characters# produce or consult lists or indexes# input characters on a computer or smartphoneC: Foreign students of Chinese, who need a tool for learning and annotating characters, and inputting them on a computer or smartphoneD: Foreign visitors who need an easy way to get around in China (identify people’s names, place names, names of products, items on a menu etc.)E: People outside of China who need easily-identifiable spellings for Chinese people and thingsRAQ 2: What is the purpose of romanization?Groups A & B: Romanization is supposed to correctly and unambiguously annotate the sounds of Chinese. Everything that sounds different to Chinese ears (initials 聲母, medials 介音, finals 韻母, and tones 聲調) should be explicitly marked when romanized. However, because of redundancies that are an integral part of Chinese phonology (音系規則, the Chinese sound system), people (especially computer users) can take shortcuts: tones are often left out, and IMEs (input method editors) can even ignore medials and finals (i.e. a computer user can type HYPY instead of hànyǔ pīnyīn: both yield the same result 漢語拼音).Group C: Foreign students are not aware of how Chinese sounds form patterns. Unlike native speakers, who learn phonology with their mother’s milk (so to speak), foreign beginners have definite trouble dealing with Hanyu Pinyin’s shorthand spellings.Hanyu Pinyin was designed for the convenience of native speakers of Chinese, so it is a less than ideal system for foreign learners, especially in the early stages.Group D: Tourists and short term visitors assume that Chinese is very difficult, so if they can go about their business without too much trouble, they are generally satisfied with Pinyin.Group E: This group has some limited, but very specific requirements that are not at all obvious to Chinese people who spend all their lives in a Chinese-only environment. Chinese people living in other countries need to be easily and unambiguously identified without referring to the Chinese characters of their names. This is where Hanyu Pinyin can cause EXTREMELY SERIOUS PROBLEMS.RAQ 3: Why should everyone use the same romanization?The five groups of users mentioned above have different needs that cannot all be properly served by Hanyu Pinyin. In the 1950s, when Hanyu Pinyin was designed, the world was a different place. The committee that set up and promulgated this romanization only needed to consider the needs of Chinese people within China. 60+ years later, the millions of Chinese who now live, travel or study abroad are affected by the shortcomings of Hanyu Pinyin’s shorthand spellings. Foreigners can also benefit from more than one approach.RAQ 4: Which problems does Pinyin (un)intentionally ignore?In 1956, Pinyin’s designers, who were influenced by Soviet linguists such as А. А. Драгунов 龍果夫, strove to create a simple China-only spelling system with single-letter spellings for each consonant. Thus, hard-to-type letters were used for common sounds: {ç = ch}, {ʐ = zh}, {ч = j}, {ŋ = ng}. Cyrillic, IPA and Latin letters were mixed together with no thought given to ease of use on standard ASCII typewriter keyboards (Why did the Chinese language begin using Latin letters for Pinyin?)The 1958 final revision of Hanyu Pinyin finally settled on an all-Latin alphabet solution “with Chinese characteristics”, including some unique letter values that are not commonly used by European languages, such as q, x, z, c, u and i.Thus, people whose family name is either 徐 Xú or 許 Xǔ (both very common Chinese surnames: Shyu & Sheu in GR Tonal Spelling) are both spelled Xu, which many speakers of English will assume is pronounced the same as “Zoo”. Gross mispronunciations aside, Hanyu Pinyin can lead to much more serious problems.Because Pinyin tone marks are optional, the foreigner-readable versions of birth certificates, diplomas, degrees, household registration papers, hospital records, leases, licenses, passports and other documents do not show tones.Readers may ask: So what? Foreigners can’t pronounce tones anyway! What difference does it make?Here’s why. Including tones, Mandarin Chinese has about 1200 different syllables. For the sake of argument, let us assume that each and every syllable in Mandarin could be used as part of a name (obviously not true). Because most Chinese names consist of three syllables, GR Tonal Spelling could be used to write a maximum of 1200*1200*1200 = 1,728,000,000 phonetically distinctive names (although this would never be attempted, such a scheme would theoretically be enough for every person in China to have a unique name).How many possible syllables are there in Chinese Mandarin?/answer/Robert-Matthews-%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%B8%E9%80%B2However, because Hanyu Pinyin omits tones, there is only a maximum of 400*400*400 = 64,000,000 distinctive names. Chinese names spelled in GR Tonal Spelling are much more distinctive than toneless Hanyu Pinyin names. 1,728,000,000 [GR] / 64,000,000 [PY] = 27 times more distinctive!Another way to put this: omitting the tones in romanized three-character Chinese names leads to potential information loss of as much as 96%.RAQ 5: How is 1928 GR Tonal Spelling better than 1958 Hanyu Pinyin?[Animated GIF: How abandoning GR Tonal Spelling led to scrambled Chinese surnames][Animated GIF: Different-Sounding Chinese Surnames That Are Unfortunately Blended In Pinyin]GR Tonal Spelling (a.k.a. Gwoyeu Romatzyh, National Phonetic Alphabet Version 2) was created by a small subgroup (數人會) of the committee responsible for creating National Phonetic Alphabet Version 1 (also known by the name Bopomofo or the anachronistic spelling Zhuyin Fuhao).The most important scholar behind the creation and popularization of GR Tonal Spelling is China’s greatest modern linguist, 趙元任 Chao Yuenren, a genius educated in the US who used his knowledge of mathematics, physics, music theory, phonetics and Chinese phonology to create a system based on “native speaker intuition” that also takes English orthographic habits into account (blending the two was not at all an easy task).GR Tonal Spelling is a “green” romanization that follows the Principle of Economy 經濟原則 and its three basic rules: keep, change, add 留改加. The 1st tone is usually the basic, unmodified form (“Keep”). The other three tones are spelled by making minimal changes to the basic form (“Change”), usually a different spelling for a glide vowel. If this is not possible, a letter is added (“Add”).Thus, tiau is a first tone form (spelled tiao in Hanyu Pinyin). The other three tones are spelled tyau, teau and tiaw. Notice how in each case the shape of the glide letter imitates the tone contour: The red bolded strokes of “y”, “e” and “w” are GIANT, indelible tone marks typable on any ASCII keyboard. They also provide valuable mnemonics for foreign learners struggling to remember the correct tones of words such as mae 買 and may 賣: “buy” and “sell”.Robert Matthews (馬學進)'s answer to As an English speaker, what's the best way to learn Chinese?[Animated GIF: 2nd tone tiau → tyau in GR Tonal Spelling; the tone mark is blended with the spelling of the medial vowel][Animated GIF: 3rd tone tiau → teau in GR Tonal Spelling; the tone mark is blended with the spelling][Animated GIF: 4th tone tiau → tiaw in GR Tonal Spelling; 4th tones are always marked at the end of a syllable: the tone mark is blended with the spelling]For almost 1900 years (since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), the 反切 fǎnqiè / faanchieh system has been used to indicate the pronunciation of Chinese characters.Each Chinese syllable is split into two parts: 聲母 shēngmǔ/shengmuu “the initial” (the single consonant, if any, at the beginning of a syllable) and 韻母yùnmǔ/yunnmuu “the final” (the rest of the syllable, including the tone). Bopomofo modifies this tradition by using 2-4 symbols to represent each syllable.First tone 張 (a common surname) is marked in Bopomofo with only 2 symbols, ㄓ+ㄤ (first tone is not explicitly marked).GR Tonal Spelling, Bopomofo’s younger brother, is similarly economical. Only four letters are needed for 張: j+ang (just like in the faanchieh system, ang includes the first tone).Fourth tone 賬 (account) is marked in Bopomofo with three symbols, ㄓ+ㄤ+ˋ, and GR Tonal Spelling still only requires four letters: j+anq (again, just like in the faanchieh system, anq includes the fourth tone).Hanyu Pinyin follows the all or nothing European approach of either ignoring all tones or marking all of them with tiny optional diacritics not found on ASCII keyboards. Pinyin thus uses 6 symbols for 1st tone 張 z+h+a+ˉ+n+g (a+ˉ are combined) and six symbols for 4th tone 賬 z+h+a+ˋ+n+g (a+ˋ are combined)Hanyu Pinyin is a system better suited to native speakers who are intimately familiar with the Mandarin phonological system.Thus, in Hanyu Pinyin the letters “i” and “u” have multiple pronunciations:(1) When “i” is preceded by z, c, or s, it is automatically pronounced as an unusual (for European ears) apical vowel /ɿ/, a mosquito-like buzzing sound.(2) When “i” is preceded by zh, ch or sh, it is pronounced as a similar-sounding /ʅ/.(3) When “i” is preceded by any other consonant and not followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a very different-sounding “normal” vowel /i/.(4) When “i” is preceded by any other consonant and followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a semi-vowel /j/.(5) When “i” is preceded by “u”, it is pronounced as /ej/ (not /ui/), as in 對 dui “correct”Hanyu Pinyin’s “u” follows similar rules.(1) When “u” is preceded by z, c, or s, it is pronounced as /u/.(2) When “u” is preceded by zh, ch or sh and not followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as /u/.(3) When “u” is preceded by zh, ch or sh and followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a semi-vowel /w/.(4) When “u” is preceded by j, q, x, but not followed by any other vowel letter, “u” is pronounced as a front rounded vowel /y/.(5) When “u” is preceded by j, q, x, but followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a semi-vowel /w/.(6) When “u” is preceded by “i”, it is pronounced as /jow/, as in 休 xiu “to rest”, pronounced /ɕjow/, not /ziu/.Despite this hidden complexity, many foreigners who cut their teeth on Hanyu Pinyin swear by it and insist that it is much easier and more “reasonable” than GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh)’s traditional 反切 based approach, with its three basic rules.Hanyu Pinyin economizes on symbols by assuming that its users are native speakers who can figure out what sounds right (“i” and “u” rules) automatically. Foreign beginners and casual readers (people who only occasionally need to pronounce Chinese words) have a very difficult time.GR combines Bopomofo’s traditional Chinese 反切 analysis with an ingenious spelling system that is mnemonically-based (letters with shapes that resemble tone contours are used to spell tones) and much more foreigner-friendly than Hanyu Pinyin (even foreigners who have never learned any Chinese at all can usually make a passable guess).Basically, whatever looks different in Gwoyeu Romatzyh sounds different to Chinese ears, and whatever sounds different looks different, including the four tones of Mandarin Chinese.GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh) is widely used for spelling the names of well-educated people in Taiwan (doctors, lawyers, professors etc.).In Hanyu Pinyin, the following four names (Shy, Shyr, Shyy and Shyh) are blended together. Millions of people are forced to share one artificial giant surname (Shī + Shí + Shǐ + Shì —> Shi) created for administrative convenience when producing foreigner-readable documents. Typing tone diacritics is a hassle: let Mr. Chabuduo handle everything.[1st tone surname 施 SHy in GR Tonal Spelling] [Shī][2nd tone surname 石 SHyr in GR Tonal Spelling] [Shí][3rd tone surname 史 SHyy in GR Tonal Spelling] [Shǐ][4th tone surname 釋 SHyh in GR Tonal Spelling] [釋 is a surname adopted by Buddhists who give up their worldly property, including their original surnames] [Shì]A real-life example of potential confusion:(1) The PRC Ambassador to the German Federal Republic is 史明德 (spelled Shǐ Míngdé in “official” Pinyin).(2) Taiwan’s most famous political activist is 施明德 (spelled Shī Míngdé in “official” Pinyin).Imagine the confusion and embarrassment that would result if the PRC ambassador (Shi Mingde in “Street” Pinyin) was erroneously refused entry to a country that had banned the Taiwan activist (they seem to have exactly the same name)!Such problems could be easily eliminated if Chinese names were written using GR Tonal Spelling. 史明德, the ambassador, would be spelled Shyy Mingder and 施明德, the political activist, would be spelled Shy Mingder. The 1928 official spelling prevented such unfortunate misunderstandings.In Taiwan, even people with less common names use GR Tonal Spelling:[Surnames Jin 金 and Jinn 靳 (GR Tonal Spelling, Gwoyeu Romatzyh)]Surnames Bau 包 and Baw 鮑1. Professor Bau Da-Tian 包大靝http://webap.cmu.edu.tw/TchEport...Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University2. Dr. Bau Tzong-ho 包宗和Professor of Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University監察院 - 人權主題網 ─ Members1. Aser Baw 鮑美瑟Animal Behavior Resource AssociationABRA國際認證訓練師資歷：2014 第二屆亞洲訓練師行為治療師培訓取得ABRA國際認證 LE 資格2. Wayne Baw 鮑維芳Wayne Baw 鮑維芳 (@waynebaw)https://www.linkedin.com/in/wayn...3. Spencer Baw鮑穎https://www.youtube.com/channel/...Identity Theft And Other Serious Problems Caused By Spelling ConfusionOutside of China, Hanyu Pinyin’s toneless version can lead to or facilitate:1) Mistaken Identity Arrests2) Identity Theft3) Credit Card Fraud4) Medical ErrorAll of these problems can cause financial pain or have life-changing consequences, such as job loss, imprisonment or even worse.1) Mistaken Identity ArrestsA policeman conducting a routine traffic stop may wind up arresting the driver. Why?For one thing, suspect descriptions on warrants can apply to many people: “A black-haired, thin Chinese man in his 20s”. Having a non-distinctive (no tones indicated), Pinyin-only name that is identical to the one on a warrant certainly wouldn’t help.[this subsection was upgraded from my reply to a comment by Ni Ming]:Taiwanese police have an excellent reputation for tracking down criminals and cracking difficult cases. I'm sure the mainland police are equally intelligent and professionally dedicated. Unfortunately, such praise is hard to apply to their American militarized counterparts, who have a reputation for shooting first and asking questions later.Even small town police departments use SWAT teams and armored personnel carriers to handle routine, non-violent cases (such as seizing a child with a fever late at night to take it to see a doctor). They use battering rams to smash down doors, shoot family dogs (even a chihuahua has been viewed as a “threat”) and leave extensive trauma in their wake, especially when they barge in on completely innocent people.If you Google “cops” + “wrong house”, or “cops” + “shoot dog”, you will get a flavor. I very much doubt American cops will stand patiently while listening to an explanation of the subtle tonal difference between three different Chinese surnames who are forced to share one single toneless spelling.Real people with false homonym namesForeigners outside of China have no way of knowing that 古真福, 顧振福, 辜振甫, 辜振富 are four different people. If they have PRC-issued ID documents, all four seem to have exactly the same name: Gu Zhenfu.Hanyu Pinyin: Gu Zhenfu ← Gǔ Zhēnfú, Gù Zhènfú, Gū Zhènfǔ, Gū ZhènfùThese are all real people:"古真福" - Google Search"顧振福" - Google Search"辜振甫" - Google Search辜振富 (Facebook)GR Tonal Spelling (different people, different names): Guu Jenfwu, Guh Jennfwu, Gu Jennfuu, GU JennfuhIf any one of these people commits a crime (such as ignoring a pile of unpaid parking tickets), the other three could mistakenly be arrested by a policeman whose warrant only says “Gu Zhenfu: wanted for being a scofflaw”.American police don’t fool around. Strictly following the law and making arrests improves their chances of promotion. What’s not to like?法律就是法律，美國警察不講人情.These supposed scofflaws will be thrown in jail, and they will wait for a judge to (hopefully) sort out the mess. How many innocent Chinese people have suffered because of an incomplete romanization that doesn’t work properly outside of China?1. Why Mistaken Identity Arrests Happen2. Can You Be Arrested with a Warrant for Someone Else? | WK LawBeing arrested, even if later proven to be a mistake, can have financial (expensive lawyers) and social consequences (job loss, shunning, shaming of one’s children), and there is sometimes nothing one can do.3. Man jailed based on mistaken identity can't sue, court rules***Examples of Mistaken Arrests Due to Having the Same Name1. Man With Accused Criminal's Name Battles Mistaken Identity2. Man Sues Police Over Mistaken Identity Arrest | Hartford Criminal Defense Attorney3. Woman held in case of mistaken identity to seek compensation [New Zealand]4. Innocent man arrested, jailed twice because of name5. This Woman Lost Kids and Job After Being Mistaken for Drug Trafficking Suspect with Same Name6. Mistaken identity leads to physical arrest of Victorville man at his front door7. Mistaken identity of same-name men causes wrong arrest by Edmond policehttps://www.edmondsun.com/news/m...8. When the Only Crime is a Common Name...9. Grandmother Arrested, Spends 5 Days in Jail.....Whoops, Wrong Person.2) Identity Theft3) Credit Card FraudIdentity theft is a serious problem that is often connected with credit card fraud. Because the US does not have a national ID card, other types of ID are used, some of which are easily forged.A case in point is signatures. Because they are not intimately familiar with Latin alphabet handwriting, many Chinese rely on a very simple foreign signature that is easily copied (to combat this problem in my university language classes, I often included instruction in cursive handwriting).Handwriting University Forgery Proof[Unhappy Consequences of Using Toneless Pinyin On Foreign Documents]A. Report: Medical Identity Theft – The Information Crime that Can Kill YouDefinition: “when someone uses an individual's identifying information, such as their health insurance information or social security number, without the individual's knowledge or permission, to obtain medical services or goods, or to obtain money by falsifying claims for medical services and falsifying medical records to support those claims.”Medical Identity theft can have all sorts of cserious consequences, including:1. Financial losses (you may be required to pay for someone elese’s expensive medical care),2. Harm from false entries in your medical record (such as being given the wrong type of blood)3. Insurance caps signNowed (Someone may have used up all of your coverage; any further treatment may be prohibitively expensive)Victims of medical identity theft find out the truth in many unexpected ways:1. collection notices (a collection agency insists that you have to pay a penalty for unpaid bills that have nothing to do with you)2. Notification by law enforcement, an insurance company, or a health care provider that you have a problem3. Your insurance company tells you that benefits have run out, or a “lifetime cap” has been signNowed (you have supposedly used up all of the benefits provided by your medical insurance)Report: Medical Identity Theft - The Information Crime that Can Kill YouB. Exploring Medical Identity TheftDesla Mancilla, MPA, RHIA, principal investigator and Jackie Moczygemba, MBA, RHIA, CCS, secondary investigator, associate professorPerspect Health Inf Manag. 2009; 6(Fall): 1e. || PMCID: PMC2804460 || PMID: 20169017Exploring Medical Identity TheftC. Medical Identity Theft in the Emergency Department: Awareness is CrucialMichelino Mancini, DOWest J Emerg Med. 2014 Nov; 15(7): 899–901. || doi: 10.5811/westjem.2014.8.22438 || PMCID: PMC4251251 || PMID: 25493150“According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), medical identity theft accounted for 3% of identity theft crimes, or 249,000 of the estimated 8.3 million people who had their identities stolen in 2005. More recently, the Ponemon Institute calculated that there were 1.84 million victims of medical identity theft in 2013.”Medical Identity Theft in the Emergency Department: Awareness is CrucialImage Credits (Public Domain images)Digital Camera, Happy Tooth images by Clker-Free-Vector-Images (Clker-Free-Vector-Images | Pixabay)Bubbleman images by Peggy und Marco Lachmann-Anke from Pixabay (3dman_eu | Pixabay)Blender image: OpenClipart-Vectors from PixabayShi Mingde (the bigshot): CC BY-SA Raimond SpekkingShi Mingde (the Taiwanese activist): Public Domain image

I'll give you a straight and unbiased answer.Operating system:Apple has its own operating system. iPhones run on iOS while Mac/Macbooks run on MacOS. This itself makes Apple quite different from the other brands. This makes Apple products unique in some way. You aren't getting android or windows in any of the Apple products.Sleekness:Apple decided to remove the headphone jack from their phones to make their phones sleek. Now, some might argue that this did not really make the phone sleek and all this was just a gimmick so that Apple could earn some extra money by selling AirPods. I won't go deeper into this topic. For whatever reason Apple decided to remove the headphone jack, the phones they manufacture are definitely very sleek compared to other brands.Durability: Every Apple product is very durable(if handled carefully). The built quality is great and all their products feel premium. The products they manufacture won't really give you any major problems till a long time.Innovation: Now, people might argue that Apple hasn't really innovated anything and they just bring the same old formula to their products. The best example is of the essential phone. Essential (a smartphone company) was the first one to bring the notch to life. This did not really succeed. But when Apple used the notch in their phones, it worked like a bomb. The name matters, you see? If Apple did not really use the notch in their phones, there was a chance that the notch would have never gained this much popularity or controversy.Optimisation: 2GB RAM in an iPhone is more than enough to handle heavy games while android phones struggle to handle these games even with 4GB RAM.Powerful chipsets :iPhone SE is still considered a powerful beast and can still outrun few of the android phones in 2019.Weight: I'm talking about the MacBook air here. It's ultra light. Easy to carry. Works smoothly for years together.Display : Don't let the pretty names Apple gives to their displays fool you. Samsung makes their displays and the displays on iPhones are great.After sales service : Apple and Samsung both give good after sales service. Apple may charge you a bomb for shattering your screen but well if you've bought a phone worth a thousand dollars, then you shouldn't be afraid to shell out some more on your premium device.Camera: While the iPhone cameras might not beat the pixel phone cameras or even the Huawei mate 20 pro cameras, they still do a good job.Security :Apple devices are considered to be one of the most secure devices. That's the reason behind why most of the celebrities choose Apple over other companies.Long time support : Apple continues to give updates to the older models of their devices for a long time. You can compare this support to the one Google gives to their pixel handsets.Resale value :Apple products give you an amazing resale value even after two years of usage.Despite all this I still feel that Apple products are overpriced. This is purely my opinion.Edit:I expected a lot of hate for this answer. Surprisingly, no one messaged me saying that I'm poor and can't afford an Apple product. This shows how matured people are on Quora. If I had posted the same answer on another platform, I would receive a lot of hate. It's good to see that people here are ready to read other people's opinions without criticising them. Cheers for that!Hope I helped. Thanks for reading! :)

Lord cornwallis is known as the father of Indian Civil Service. Now let us dive deeper into this.The 1833 charter act tried to introduce a open competition for selection of civil servants and stated that Indians should not be debarred from holding any place. But it was highly opposed by the Court of Directors.In the charter act of 1853 an open competitive examination was introduced and Indians were allowed to participate. Thus a committee on Indian Civil Service- Macaulay Committee was formed in 1854. The first examination was held in 1855.Initially the principal posts were reserved for the British only. But after The Indian civil Service Act, 1861, it was mentioned that a person, whether Indian or European could be appointed to any post(covenanted or uncovenanted) if he had resided for minimum 7 years in India.The Indian Civil Services Act of 1870 carried the process of Indianization of civil services forward. Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian to get selected in the Indian Civil Services.