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FAQs
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Is there any change in the Indian embassy's working style after Narendra Modi became PM?
Yes there has been a signNow change in the working of Indian Embassies around the world especially in the crisis hit nations as the Embassies are now faster in response to the need of the Indian Nationals in that country unlike the earlier years.
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What is the most asked question on Quora (by the number of questions merged into it)?
As someone who writes mostly technology-related answers, I see the following question so much it makes me want to tear my hair out:“Can iCloud Activation Lock be Bypassed?”For those who don’t know, Apple devices that have an iCloud account active on them with Find My iPhone enabled will lock the device to that Apple ID even if it is restored to factory defaults. This is designed to prevent thievery, since stolen devices (typically iPhones) are useless without the Apple ID password they are locked with to unlock it. It is incredibly common for people to sell devices without removing the lock beforehand (likely because they don’t know it exists, or how to remove it) or because it is stolen. Either way, the lock cannot be bypassed without that password… but that doesn’t stop everyone and their mother from asking if it can be done as if the rules somehow don’t apply to them.Instead of viewing the answers on an existing question, or even asking new people to answer that existing question, they make a new one. Every. Single. Time. Quora is absolutely flooded with these questions, and I get A2A requests for them more than anything else.
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How can I force the Bangalore police to track my stolen phone, which is now being used? They refused to write an FIR, saying tha
Filing an FIR is a tedious process.Let me tell you a story ( based on true life events)Day 1It all started with my phone, hardly five month old Moto G5s Plus getting stolen on a Sunday night while I was walking to my home after meeting a friend.It was around 10:20 PM, I was on the side of the road and was on a call. All of a sudden my phone was snatched by a group of 3 men on a bike, a Pulsar to be specific and definitely above 150cc Engine. The incident took place at a junction so there is an immediate left turn. I ran behind them, I tried to chase them with the help of a fellow citizen on bike but that was in vain. The number plate started with KA but could not make out the rest due the light from the tial lamp.In about 5 minutes I went to the Police station hardly 200 metres from there. There was a constable on duty. I explained the whole incident to him. He just wrote down the phone details along with the time at which the incident took place, told me to file a e-lost report on the Bangalore police mobile application and instructed me to come the next morning around 9:30 AM and report it to the crime branch Sub Inspector (PSI).E-Lost ReportDay 2It was 26th Morning, I typed a letter and went to the police station met SI. He explained me that there are two ways it can go down. One with e-lost report or FIR. He explained to me that FIR is time consuming and I'll have to come to police station when call upon also there will be Lawyers involved and multiple number of visits to the court. I said father's friend is a lawyer and I told the PSI that my father's brother is a Deputy Commissioner in Kerala and that he insisted that I file an FIR. He then asked me to get a copy of phone purchase invoice. I immediately went home and took a print of it then back to police station. Now he says the letter I wrote isn't enough there should be more information like...Incident TimeParticular PlaceVehicle Type (Make/model)No of peopleAgeDressVehicle NumberMobile NumberPresent NumberCurrent Mobile ValueRobber Identifiable or notSim card present in phoneIMEI numberI started writing that down, when I was done he was nowhere to be seen. I waited for 2 hours he wasn't to be found, I had some work to do at the college so finished it and went home. Typed a detailed report of the incident with info he said I should mention. Went to police station at 2:30 PM PSI wasn't available.Waited till 5 PM he still wasn't available, the very adjacent building there was Assistant Commissioner’s (AC) office. Went inside AC's office told him about the issue and it's taking a lot of time to file an FIR. He yelled "what's happening in my station" and directed the constable present there to immediately take me to the available PSI and take my complaint. Now this PSI repeated the same thing and told me to wait for the Circle Inspector (CI) to come . Waited another hour and half and met the CI , he said " Information you have provided is sufficient and we'll file FIR". Waited another half an hour the PSI collected the documents I had ie; letter with complete details of the incident, phone purchase invoice and e-lost report. Went home. Around 10 PM two constables came home and told me that I forgot sign on the letter. Again went to police station and signed it. He said something about the case going to court or something in those lines.2. Initial Letter3. Detailed LetterDay 3The next day 27th Feb, knowing that I might get called again, went to the police station. After 5 minutes I got a call from a women constable saying "please come to station". I said I'm already at the station, asked her which room she was in. Went to her room, she asked my father's name , my occupation, age, sub caste. After that she typed the incident report in Kannada and asked me to sign it, it was all online process. She took a print out of it gave it to the crime branch PSI, he then called me. He told me take 5 xerox copy of the print out and come back ASAP. I took copies and came back. PSI told me to sign in one of the copies mentioning " Received copy of FIR". I felt like writing "I made copies of FIR". Then went home I received an SMS with the FIR number and GSC number.4. Received SMS5. FIRTo summarise it all,Met all the officials at the police station ranging from constable to Assistant CommissionerSpend a lot of time at the police station.Even though there were CCTV in nearby shops I don’t know they’ll ever check it.Filing an FIR is tedious as this when coming to theft of phone.They definitely lack personnel and technology.Go with FIR only if you have enough time to spare and be prepared to wait.E-lost report is helpful in getting you a new sim and excempting you from any misuse of the stolen device.EDIT:1Phone recovered, yeah you heard it right.On 16th July I got a call from the police station to come down to station and verify the IMEI of the phone. The phone wouldn’t switch on, I remebered that IMEI is also printed on the sim tray. I removed the sim tray, voila! the numbers match. The police tracked the phone using IMEI number ie; whenever someone else inserts a sim and makes a phone call that record is fetched. In this case the accused turned out to be a 16 year old, yeah really his mother was there to release him.The phone will be returned after due process of the law and paying a court fee(which is very less). It’s been two months after they recovered the phone though.So yeah system works but very very slowly…EDIT:2The case is still pending at courtHere is the latest update.Also I didn’t have to hide the the FIR No. as it’s public record.
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Is the Bengaluru traffic condition really on the alarming situation, or is it just a hype?
Bengaluru traffic condition is on the alarming situation, Yes, but only in 1/4th of bangalore. Other 3/4th of Bengaluru is pretty much okay. When I say okay, it’s not that traffic is less, but the traffic is predictable and people with knowledge of local routes can beat it as well. Whatever you hear and see on the internet about Bengaluru traffic comes from the IT corridor living/working people, because these people belong to that 1/4th of Bengaluru which is developed in a lopsided way. Along with that the same people are the decent earning as well, which makes them use their personal vehicles more than any other group in Bengaluru.A simple google map screenshot can show you, the geographical problems for the 1/4th of Bengaluru suffering this emergency condition. If Bengaluru is divided into square boxes of parts, the major traffic issues are in these boxes.Also only the major main roads have lot of bottleneck, internal roads are generally free, because every one tries to go via the main road and ignore sub roads. Because most of them are unaware of the sub roads, or the sub roads are too narrow for 4 wheelers. The main reasons for emergency situation of traffic in these boxes are:HAL airport, Bellandur lake cover, Defence land cover half of the bottom most box and 1/4th of the other marked boxes not allowing any of the parallel road development. There are only 3 major roads for an abundant office going population. i.e ORR, HAL airport road and Sarjapur road. No escape.Making these roads signal free till the choke point i.e Silk Board, K R Puram and Iblur junction are 3 bottlenecks because rest of the areas are signal free, causing all traffic to come and stop at single location.During development of the areas, the original villages have their decadal structures all the same. So no sub roads. Example: Bellandur village still has the decade old gully roads where no cars can go. Same for marathahalli, and neighbouring villages.More private vehicle owners than any other part of Bengaluru signNow here.Lack of good representation of vote banks. These ares marked are recently populated, with majority of them not being part of Karnataka local vote bank. Most are migrants who do not want to change their electoral location, or unwilling to participate in local bodies. For many of the issues, personally I have raised complaints, although I am living in Basavanagudi.Apathy of officials to build PRR. Nice ring road has been boon for South West and North West Bengaluru, reducing large goods vehicles entering the city. But the PRR has been forever delayed.The IT park owners either do not care for the traffic, or tied up. As answered here Ratnakar Srivastava's answer to Is the Bengaluru traffic condition really on the alarming situation, or is it just a hype?, there should have been a parallel road for ORR behind IT parks, which is still possible. But I don’t see any of them coming forward. If these IT parks and infrastructure development people come together, nothing stops them from building it.Lack of proper bus stops ensures, that the already messy traffic is choked further. And private buses rub salt to the wound.No skywalks making people to cross the road at unmanned locations. 1 man crossing the road can cause stopping of vehicles for half a kilometre.No parking spaces and ineffective use of service roads. Traffic police personnel to monitor are very scarce.Some people who want to add to the chaos, by driving opposite in one way roads, turning randomly from left most lane to right most. Basically lack of civic sense.Existing main roads not evenly lined. Some locations have wider lane spaces and some end up being just 2.5 laned on 3 lane road.Corruption and greed of officers and local land owners. There are homes where the roads should have been present. Local land owners have occupied those spaces illegally either by bribe or the BBMP doesn’t even know that it’s occupied.Lack of smarter traffic signals. I have seen that the Silk board, K R puram traffic signals are poorly maintained. Sometimes when 1 side is totally free, that side itself is allowed for more than 90 seconds, the other blocked side is given only 30.How do we solve this problem? Is it unsolvable? The issue will only worsen during development of Metro in the ORR. But the effect can be reduced to a manageable extent without any major costCivic sense can reduce the traffic issues. This one’s harder though since everyone driving must be made aware.Removal of unnecessary speed breakers, moving trees and transformers where the road is reduced to 2.5 lanes, and service road to 1 lane. - Doesn’t really need much cost, compared to building elevated roadsSkywalks, and intermediate smart traffic signals to adjust the flow of traffic.Train BMTC and Private buses to stop only at bus stops designed, not where people are crowded or want to deboard.Just add more traffic personnel during peak hours.The above solutions are not going to solve/remove the traffic issues, but can reduce it to a threshold bearable level.The remaining 3/4th of Bengaluru has traffic issues only in parts and not really in an emergency situation. These areas although older and centrally located, but have many parallel roads, better designed, more middle class population who don’t travel too much in private cars. Also these areas have better electoral representation, making them get more attention than the outer lying areas.The above answer is by personally observing the traffic across areas, by travelling multiple times via different different possible routes of Bengaluru and also by google maps and uber movement.
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What is the procedure for buying shares through a Demat account?
Trading account is the one which is opened with your trading member. It is this account that you use to place your buy and sell orders. A demat account is simply like a savings account in your bank. IT simply holds your stocks and other dematerialized securities. THe demat account is opened with one of the depositories viz. NSDL or CDSL. When you want to buy a share of a company, as a retail investor, you will need to place it through your stock broker. An investor is not allowed to place orders directly with the stock exchanges. The broker then transmits this order to the exchanges, typically on a real time basis. Inside the exchange, the order goes into the trading system. Depending on the order category, the order is sent for execution (market orders) or to the order book (limit order). [There are some more order categories, but I will not go into those details for the sake of simplicity].A market order is executed against the first opposite order that comes along i.e your buy order is executed against the first sell order available. All orders in the order book are prioritised by price-time priority. So a limit order goes and sits in the order book accordingly and will be executed only when the price of your order is signNowed. Till then it remains in the order book as open order. If the trading session ends before your order is executed, your order is automatically cancelled by the exchange. Once an order is executed, the process of clearing and settlement begins. Here the money is taken from the buyer i.e. you and given to the seller of the security. Simultaneously, the share is taken from the demat account of the seller and transferred to the demat account of the buyer. All these processes are done transparently to both the buyer and the seller and are done jointly by the exchanges, the trading members, the clearing members, the custodians and the banks. To get the complete detailed process of clearing and settlement, you can refer to the NSE website here http://www.nseindia.com/products...The broad outline of the clearing and settlement process is as followsStep 1: Trade details from exchange to NSCCL (clearing house of NSE)Step 2: NSCCL notifies the trade details to Clearing members/ CustodiansStep 3: Download of obligation/ pay-in advice of funds/ securitiesStep 4: Instructions to clearing banks to arrange funds by pay-in timeStep 5: Instruction to depositories for sameStep 6: Pay-in of securitiesStep 7: Pay-in of fundsStep 8: Pay-out of securitiesStep 9: Pay-out of fundsStep 10: Depository informs custodians/ Clearing members through DPStep 11: Clearing banks inform custodians/ Clearing members.It is at the end of step 8 that you as a buyer get your stocks in your demat account and at the end of step 9, the seller of that stock gets the money in his linked bank account. Please note that the pay-in of funds/securities in steps 6 and 7 refer to the obligations of the trading members. As a retail investor, you will typically have to transfer the money/securities (to your stock broker) along with the order placement. This is an elementary level-1 risk management process followed by the members to ensure that the investors buying or selling actually have the money to buy or securities to sell.
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Was Pakistan ever better than India?
Invariably yes.India was literally an economic shit hole until early 2000’s. Many set 1991 as the cut off year for segregating a developing India from the past. But then India could not literally grow the bite behind its bark until 2000’s.India did not open up its markets as enthusiastically as many people claim. The ground reality was quite different. Tax regime was super shitty. duties were prohibitively high. Legally doing your business was equivalent to drowning yourself in water.On the other hand, Pakistan aced the development agenda in the 1960’s itself. It was quite an achievement for a post-colonial country. From a modern day perspective, Pakistan was today’s equivalent of South Korea and India, North Korea.But tables did turn around.Putting aside the fact that Pakistan fought three wars with India in four decades, in core economic terms, Pakistan started making the same mistakes India did.By 1974, Pakistan took to the illogical nationalisation spree, the same blunder India made. It literally signed the death warrant for manufacturing sector. It was a step backwards because with manufacturing in limbo, the country had to work backwards relying on output generated from agricultural sector. And of course, service sector did not see any growth whatsoever.Another mistake Pakistan did is by not properly regulating the agricultural sector. Where agriculture is the growth driver and inflation (coming from the same sector) is going beyond growth rates, it means something is fishy with the landlord class. Pakistan did not bring about any land reforms when it needed the most. The result - high income inequalities.Those politicians of Pakistan today who graciously wave their hands at people and give out fiery speeches, and make policies, they can do so because they have lands inherited from generations, with literally nothing to lose. Others had little opportunity in building the country and economy.Staring with 1980’s, Inflation shot up, growth nose dived - the golden spot for stagflation.Those who got rich with the growing commodity prices stuck to their lands. Fragmented land holders and middle classes had no employment, no jobs, since no private enterprise was given an opportunity. The next suicide recipe was ready.Then came the islamisation project to the ‘rescue’ of unemployed idle-dwellers, and the Afghanistan war.To add to the injury, growth was stuck, inflation grew - with an average stagflation margin of 5 percent every year sustained over a period of a decade and a half, starting 1980. Imagine the damage it could have done to Pakistan’s economy and industry. The landlords were the big winners in that decade. Nationalisation of industries and inflation - both benefitted them big time.Even before it full got out of the stagflation mess, the priority in Pakistan was invest resources in nuclear weapons, followed by a war with India, and sanctions. Imagine how hammered Pakistan’s economy could be by now.If one has to look at the economic barometer for Pakistan’s industry, not a single company from Pakistan has actually made it to the fortune 500 listing as things stand today. But the same country started off with a potential similar to South Korea’s.No CPEC, no Silk Road, no external funding can come to its rescue unless the human resource policy is absolutely revamped, local industries are provided sufficient electricity and lesser interference of the government overall in the private sector.The CPEC, again, is a death warrant Pakistan signed up for in haste, unbeknownst, or rather myopic of the policy repercussions. CPEC is, by all means, a debt obligation after all.Unless a miracle falls over Pakistan, recovery is impossible the two coming decades.Capeesh?
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Why is India not holding a plebiscite in Kashmir?
India is not afraid to hold plebiscite in Kashmir.The premise of the question is wrong Kashmir has no right on plebisciteit was and is an offer which was made to entire state of Jammu and Kashmir as it existed on and before 22 nd October 1947, the day Pakistan invaded independent and soveirgn state of Jammu and Kashmir recognised by Pakistan by signing a STANDSTILL agreement with the Maharaja of the state.I have ANALYSED many discussion on the issue (which are available on YouTube ) involving Pakistani commentators and Kashmiri sympathisers arguing very passionately on the demand of Plebiscite and squarely blaming India and describe the Pakistani sponsored terrorism as freedom struggle .I am always surprised by the lies propagated and partial explanation of UN resolution despite being aware that original documents are available on UNSC and UN website and can be downloaded by any one free of cost and their LIES will be exposed.The lies and untruths taught to generations of Pakistani students were exposed by Prof. KK Aziz in his book murder of history.Some truths which are not taught or discussed in Pakistan and ignored by Kashmiri separatist (despite being aware of Truth) in their enthusiasm to be on the right side of their masters in Pakistan are:A. The division of India into Muslim majority Pakistan and India under India independence act was applicable to BRITISH INDIA. Not to principalities.B. State of J & K was a principality where india independence act was not applicable.C. Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan signed STANDSTILL agreement recognising independent and soveirgn state of J & K.D. Pakistan under command of Brig. Akbar Khan invaded independent & soveirgn state of J&K on 22nd Oct 1947.E. The above fact was confirmed and is on record by PM of Pakistan Liaqat Ali Khan in Feb 1948 in front of UN fact finding mission when it visited Karachi .F. As per India independence act the soveirgn had right to decide on accession to either domain but if the soveirgn belonged to community different from majority community of state the final decesion on accession was taken after conducting Plebiscite in state .G. The maharaja signed accession document to India on 26 October 1947 in Srinagar.H. India airlifted its forces to Srinagar on 27 October 1947.H. The UN resolutions clearly said :1. Pakistan is aggressor in state.2. Issue is between State of J & K and India.3. Pakistan has to vacate all occupied territory in state and handover the vacated territory to India.4. India has to remove all its forces leaving aside enough to maintain law & order.5.. India to conduct plebiscite in state.I. Pakistan asked for time to vacate its occupation but it never complied .J. As 1/3 state of J& K was under occupation of Pakistan and this was taken as noncompliance of conditions leading to plebiscite, hence India could never conduct plebiscite in state of J & K.K. The state is defined as it existed on or before invasion of Pakistan on 22 nd October 1947. And includes present territory of POK, GIlgit, Baltistan , Jammu, Laddhak and Kashmir valley.Reference :A. Raiders in Kashmir by Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan.B. Murder of history by K K Aziz.C. UNSC resolutionsD. Soldiering with Dignity - a biography of FM Sam ManekshawE. Freedom at midnight by Dominique Lappaire and Larry Collins F. YouTube channel of KNPG. Dr. Shabbir Chodhry , Taraq Fateh, Hassan Nissar, Najam Sethi , Dr. Christine Fair, stephen. Cohen, Hussain Haqqani and many more.H. Various Pakistani news channels .ADDENDUM:I have seen many replies on this answer many of them have been down voted and in some my replies have been termed as insensitive and not understanding a Kashmiri view point , issues like AFSPA and human rights violation by security forces have been brought in which has compelled me to write this addendum . I would like to place few facts on records :A. Historically The issue of state of. J & K has been confirmed in international forum as LEGAL issue between India and State of J & K.B. This question of legality has its origin in the India Independence act where the decesion to merge with either India or Pakistan was given to Soveirgn of the state but if he belonged to different relegion than majority of population of state this accession was considered as PROVISIONAL and need to be confirmed by a PLEBISCITE in the state.C. Again. It was in India Independence act that it was duty of dominion to which the state merged to get the PLEBISCITE conducted.D. There was no third party or independent or international agencies role in the conduct of PLEBISCITE.E. What happened in the state in 1947-48 has been explained in above answer.F. It is a fact on records that after the UNSC resolution was passed PAKISTAN asked for time to vacate the occupied territory.G. It is also a fact that in 1950 A DIXON plan was mooted which said the territory occupied by India to remain with India and territory occupied by Pakistan to remain in Pakistan and PLEBISCITE to be conducted only in KASHMIR valley .H. As nothing was moving and Pakistan had no intention to vacate its occupation India started discussion on Completion of merger of India occupied territory Into Indian Union.I. This discussion resulted in article 370 of induan constitution.J. Under article 370 a constituent assembly was elected in the state in 1951 to finalise its constitution .K. This constituent assembly passed a unanimous resolution in 1955 confirming the merger of State of Jammu and Kashmir with India.L. There was always a silent minority in State which wished to merge with Pakistan.M. But presence and popularity of leaders like sheikh abdullah always deterd them to come out in open.N. Pakistan has always tried to to create and encourage separation in Kashmiri leadership.O. The separatist leadership has failed to venture beyond Kashmir valley .P. This leadership has forgotten that there is big Muslim majority in dustricts like Kargil, DODA, POONCH etc.Q. Just understand the progress of separatist movement from talking about entire state of J & K to only talk about Kashmir Valley.R. No militants, separatist, independence lover now talks about The entire state all only talk about Valley.S. Legally they have no case as the dispute is between state of J & K and union of India and valley is just a small part of it.T. They do not talk About POK or Gilgit or Baltistan and their status under India independence act and UN SC resolution.U. If you listen carefully the present discourse by separatist has an undertone of idea that " Muslims cannot live as minority under a Hindu majority " and as valley is now 98% Muslim it has right to ask for accession"V. And the discourse is emotional catering to the lowest possible denominator but it has no LEGAL or HISTORICAL validity.W. Thee separatist leadership has copied the Palestenian protests and now days we see young boys on street pelting stones on slightest instigation the latest being in support of Zakir Naik.X. The separatist leadership just like in Palestine in an effort to wean spotlight away from their insecurities and failure and incompetence has brainwashed a generation of youth on false promise of UMMAH, Independence, Etc. Which have no legal standing and no chance of achieving ever.Y. I would like any Kashmiri to explain what Zakir Naik, Salafi or WAHABI system has in common with Kashmiriyat which ihas been exploited to the hilt.Z. Will the adherence RISHI order and the great saints remain in Kashmir or in their enthusiasm to their narrow political goal they are ready to kill Kashmir as it existed since centuries.AA. It is my opinion that Indian state has accommodated kasmiri dissident fir long and it is time for some plain speak and articulating the legal positions very clearly.AB. Regarding AFSPA and human rights these separatist call their struggle JIHAD and in every language of the world JIHAD means WAR and a WAR is fought to win and nobody has human rights when in war.AC. And ever side uses its best mind and tactics to win a war so nobody should grumble on AFSPA or human rights of terrorist or collateral damage if any from both the sides.AD. And a question to separatist , independence supporters their supporters in India academia, NGO if it is JIHAD then fight FAIR and SQUARE and accept the results even defeat gracefully .AE.Kindly do not hide behind Nivedita Menins, Arundhati Roys and other leftists of this world as they will ditch you as soon as they have another cause.
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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