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Those who have card readers at home (to be used with ID-cards) or mobile ID (used, among other things, for bank payments) will log in using their ID to a designated website, pick a candidate, click a few mouse clicks, and done.To ensure anonymity of voting, the hardware used for particular elections will then be publicly destroyed after the votes are counted (the electronic votes are normally taken some days before the physical votes, which sort of gives away some voting tendencies in advance). Still, it doesn’t stop the public from ever wondering each time elections come up about the anonymity and possible abuse of the system. Cases have been known where some heads of households would gather all ID cards of the family (especially old grandparents) and vote for whomever they chose.In recent elections, about 30 per cent of all active voters voted electronically. I know some people who never use this option for fear that records may remain. I personally fluctuate between voting electronically (“Meh, too lazy to go outside today”) and physically (“Elections day, come on family, time to do our citizen duty and have a nice walk!”).Update: just received my new ID card this week, and the envelope with the card reminds me when the next elections happen and encourages me not to waste my vote.

Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.

I think that we all agree that the days of manual prospecting are long gone. If you automate your prospecting efforts you can save a lot of time and money, and streamline your whole sales process. But, since there are lots of prospecting tools in the market, it can be hard to figure out which ones are good and which ones you should avoid.I’ll give you a couple of suggestions based on the tools I used.Email Hunter is a decent little program that can extract a list of every single one company email. All you need to enter is a company domain, and you will soon be able to email any person from a company. You can use either its dedicated Chrome plugin, or you can do your search by means of their browser version. This program can come in really handy if you want to find the email of a particular decision maker and get in touch with them directly.HeadsignNow is another interesting tool that offers more options than Email Hunter as it has some advanced search features. This means that you can search prospects based on various criteria such as name, company, title, or website. You can also expect to find your prospects’ social media handles and memorize your search logs.Autoklose isn’t your average prospecting tool, mainly because it offers much more. It’s actually a sales automation platform that can dramatically speed up your sales cycle, and prospecting is just one of the weapons in its arsenal. Apart from automating your prospecting efforts and saving you a tremendous amount of time, Autoklose will make your job and life easier by automating your email marketing efforts, amplifying your follow-ups, providing you with detailed campaign stats and metrics, and streamlining numerous dull, repetitive tasks that have to be done during the sales process.When it comes to prospecting, Autoklose allows you several powerful methods of filling your funnel with quality leads.Upload your own reliable contacts from .CSV files and Autoklose will import the information in the database so that you can make lists according to various parameters, and additionally segment them in order to create customized outsignNow campaigns and improve your open and click-through rates;Connect your Salesforce account and sync the data with Autoklose thus growing your internal database. What’s great about this platform is that it prevents you from sending the same email to the same person twice;Gain access to a huge B2B leads database and find prospects from virtually any industry. I was impressed with the abundance of prospects that I could actually contact. This database is managed by Autoklose’s reliable third-party providers, and it’s absolutely clean and packed with verified, complete, and updated contact information.It’s clear that Autoklose gives you a plenty of prospecting options, and the fact that you can search for your potential customers by using different parameters makes it in a way similar to HeadsignNow, but one of the main and most important differences is that Autoklose provides you with validated data which undergoes a meticulous 50-point data-scrub, meaning that every missing field is filled in, and every email, phone number, address, and job title is checked both manually and through the proprietary technology. To cut the long story short, Autoklose keeps you covered and gives your prospecting a big boost.

What is Digital Signature?A digital signature is basically a way to ensure that an electronic document (e-mail, spreadsheet, text file, etc.) is authentic. Authentic means that you know who created the document and you know that it has not been altered in any way since that person created it.Digital signatures rely on certain types of encryption to ensure authentication. Encryption is the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Authentication is the process of verifying that information is coming from a trusted source. These two processes work hand in hand for digital signatures.How do I get a Digital Signature?Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is a secure digital key that certifies the identity of the holder, issued by a signNowing Authority (CA). There are many companies provide Digital Signature , i.e.SIFYeMudhra(n)codeThese companies gives LRA to several companies that are basically known as LRA. You may directly apply online and purchase from your local authority.Digital Signature for E-tenderingThere are three types of digital signature certificates depending on the validation of identity and type of use. They are:Class I DSC – Individuals get it for validating the email identification of the users and in situations where risk is minimal and here the signature is stored in software.Class II DSC – Business organizations or individuals use this digital signature certificate to validate the information given by the subscriber in the application against the information available in a trusted consumer database and in other such situations where security risk is moderate. In this case a hardware cryptographic device is used for storing the signature.Class III DSC – This digital certificate is directly issued by the signNowing authority and it is required that the person applying for DSC must be present at the signNowing authority’s premises and prove his/her identity in front of the authority and the security risk involved in this case is very high. In this case also a hardware cryptographic device is used for storing the signature.The Necessity of Digital Signature CertificatesFor e-filing of the income tax returns by any individual, the Government of India has made it mandatory to affix digital signatures to the income tax returns documents. For affixing the digital signature one must have digital signature certificates issued by licensed certification authority.In addition, Ministry of Corporate Affairs has set the mandatory guidelines for the companies directing them to file all reports, applications and forms using a digital signature only and this again requires a digital signature certificate.For GST also a company must verify its GST application by affixing a digital signature using digital signature certificate in order to get registered for GST.These days many Government procedures, filling different applications, amendments and forms require digital signatures made by using digital signature certificates.Benefits of Digital Signature CertificatesSaves Money & Time: As there is no need of physical presence you can digitally sign your PDF files and other documents using DSC anywhere & anytime. You need not sign your paper documents and then scan them to send them across through internet if you follow the above given option. You can save the money which would otherwise be spent on printing and scanning the document. You can also go green by saving paper.Secured Data: The digitally signed documents are tamper proof as the digital signatures are secured with a private key and public key and they cannot be edited after digitally signing the document.Authentic: Digitally signed documents are authentic and the receiver can be completely sure about the sender’s identity and integrity. The receiver can easily execute the information in the document without worrying about the document being forged.Certificate (DSC) is essential for companies and organizations that take part or intend to take part in eTendering processes on various Government sites. If a organisation going to apply for any Government eTender needs to have a Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate registered in the name of a representative who is authorized to submit online offers for e-Tendering applications.How to apply digital signature ?We enable compliance with legal and regulatory requirements for end-to-end electronic transactions for any kind of E-Business.What Documents required for Class 3 Digital Signature ?Documents required for Class 3 Digital SignatureApplication Form (Duly Signed)Recent Passport Size Photograph (Pasted on the Application form and Signed across the Photo)Identity ProofPAN CARD * (Income Tax F Filing Portal requires PAN Encrypted DSC)PassportDriving LicensePhoto ID Issued by Central Or State GovernmentVoter IDAadhar CardApply for Digital SignatureAddress ProofPassportDriving LicenseLatest Utility Bills - Not Older than 3 Months (Telephone, Electricity, Water, Tax, LIC)Ration CardVoter IDBank Account Statement ( Not Older than 2 Months)Service Tax/ VAT registration CertificateProperty tax/ Municipal tax ReceiptProof of Right to do Business (Any one of the Following)Certificate of IncorporationMemorandum of Association & Articles of associationRegistered Partnership deedValid Business licenses like VAT , Service Tax RegistrationLicense under shop and Establishment Act (For Proprietorship Concerns)PAN Card of the Company/FirmProof of Right to do Business (Any one of the Following)Latest annual Report / BalancesheetLatest Income Tax ReturnsOrganization Bank Details on Banks Letter Head/ Latest Bank statement attested by BankAuthorization Letter in Favor of the applicationAll Documents to be Self Attested by the applicant & Attested by the Authorised Signatory of the Business with Stamp & Seal. For More information about Best Digital Signature company in kanpur.How can I register a Digital Signature Certificate(DSC)?DSC registration for directors:Click on the 'Register DSC' link available on the MCA portal homepage.On the next screen, click on the 'Director'link on the left hand panel and fill-up your DIN. Please ensure that the DIN is approved and typed correctly.System shall verify that the DIN is valid and approved. If the DIN is filled incorrectly or DIN filled is not approved, system will throw an error message to that effect.Fill-up rest of the particulars and ensure that details filled are as per DIR-3. If the applicant has filed DIR-6, then fill the details as submitted in DIR-6 form.Click on the 'Next' button. The system would verify the details.If the details filled do not match with DIR-3/ DIR-6, as the case may be, for the reason that you do not have your DIN application details, you can get the details from the company in which you are a director.If the details are correct, the system would prompt you to select the DSC.Click on the 'Select Certificate' button to browse and select the certificate. Please ensure that the selected DSC belongs to the applicant, whose particulars are being registered.System shall validate the DSC. If the selected DSC is already registered against given DIN, system will give an informatory message. If a different DSC is already registered against the given DIN, system will ask if the user wants to update his/ her DSC.Type the displayed system generated text for verification in the box provided.Click on 'I agree' button to agree to the declaration that details furnished are correct.Click on the 'Submit' button to register your DSC.Acknowledgement message is displayed to the user.User can take a print-out of the acknowledgement.The applicant can click on the 'Reset' function to clear the data in the fields.Step by step Process for Manager/Secretary/CEO/CFOStep by step process to be followed for registration ofManager’s/Secretary’s/CEO's/CFO's DSC is as under:Click on the 'Register DSC' link available on the MCA portal homepageOn the next screen, click on the 'Manager/Secretary/CEO/CFO' link on the left hand panel and fill-up the particulars. Please ensure that the Income tax PAN and other details are as per the information filed in DIN-3 Form.Click on the 'Next' button. The system would verify the details.If the details are correct, the system would prompt to select the DSC.Click on the 'Select Certificate' button to browse and select the certificate. Please ensure ,that the selected DSC belongs to the applicant, whose particulars are being registered.System shall validate the DSC. If the selected DSC is already registered against given PAN, system will give an informatory message. If a different DSC is already registered against the given PAN, system will ask if the user wants to update his/ her DSC'Type' the displayed system generated text for verification in the box providedClick on 'I agree' button to agree to the declaration that details furnished are correct.Click on Submit button to register your DSC. message is displayed to the user.User can take a print-out of the acknowledgement..The applicant can click on the 'Reset' function to clear the data in theStep 1: First you need to logon to the Income Tax India website for the process of registering and using a digital signature for the purpose of e-filing of your income tax returns.Step 2: Now you have to click on the ‘Log in’ button which appears on the official Income Tax e-filing website.Step 3: Users who have already registered with Income Tax website can log in using their credentials, otherwise you need to register as a user. Fill in the correct details and click login.Step 4: After you have logged in successfully click on the ‘My Account’ button.Step 5: Click the ‘Update Digital Certificate’ option displayed below the ‘My Accounts’ tab and immediately a download starts. A message may pop up with a warning that the file being downloaded may damage your computer as it is from an untrustworthy source. Ignore this message and click on ‘Yes’, ‘Accept’ or ‘Continue’ depending on the type of your browser.Step 6: A file called ‘Store Certificate’ will be downloaded to the computer system at this point. It will store a local copy of your digital signature on your computer.Step 7: Go back to the web page and select the option ‘Upload your USB Token.’ A page immediately opens with a button saying ‘Select Your USB Token Certificate’. Click on this button and then click ‘Browse’. This will open up a selection prompt window.Step 8: Use the selection window to find and select the file that you previously downloaded. The file can be found in the path C:\WINDOWS\system32\eTPKCS11.dll.Step 9: Select the above mentioned file (eTPKCS11.dll) and click ‘Ok’. Then enter the Token password and finally click on ‘Sign’.Steps for Uploading Income Tax Returns Online Along With Your Digital SignatureStep 1: Completely prepare the Income Tax Returns Form by correctly filling up the required details and save this file as an XML file on your local computer system.Step 2: Open the Income Tax India website’s login page and enter your credentials to log in to your private income tax management dashboard.Step 3: Click on the tab ‘Submit Return’ and then select the appropriate assessment year.Step 4: On the page there is a drop down menu which has the ‘Form Name’. Select the ‘Form Name’.Step 5: A question “Do you want to digitally sign the file?” comes in the next field. Now click on the ‘yes’ option.Step 6: In the next field you can select the digital signature that you wish to use among “Sign with .PFX file”, or “Sign with USB Token”. Select the best option depending on your e-filing requirements and then upload your ‘Income Tax Return’ using the selected digital signature certificate and authenticate the same.Using digital signature certificates for e-filing of income tax returns makes the entire process hassle free and transparent. This procedure also makes individual tax players to be more self-sufficient in managing their own finances and prevents any misinterpretations or frauds during e-filing. The Income Tax Department is also facilitated so that it can immediately process the refunds for taxpaying individuals soon after they electronically file their income tax returns.

Most of the times, a no. of Businessmen who want to incorporate the company, instead of taking the initial help/ consultancy of PROFESSIONALS, try to search the benefits and procedure of incorporation of company on internet. There are a no. of sites/ Blogs which provide the complete and thorough procedure of incorporation of company but after going through the complicated language used and the lengthy procedure in such sites, the individual gets confused and his mind diverted to the other forms of business i.e. Proprietorship/ Partnership Firms. So, here I have tried with my experience to elaborate the simple procedure in just 10 points to incorporate the company which will be beneficial for the Corporates/ Individuals/ Business man as well as Emerging Professionals:1. For incorporating a private limited company, there must be: At Least 2 Promoters: Promoters who will promote/ incorporate the company. Promoters may be individual or body corporate. ANDAt Least 2 Directors: Directors should be individual only. No Body corporate/ HUF or Partnership Firm can be appointed as Directors. For this the individuals will apply for DIN i.e. Director Identification Number in Form DIN 1 along with affidavit of Rs. 10 (Depending upon the stamp duty rates of the States) as an attachment along with PAN card copy and address proof (Driving Licence/ Passport copy/ Voter ID Card/ Electricity Bill/ Telephone Bill) which should either be self attested by Individual or notary attested. This DIN 1 has to be certified by the Professional i.e. CA/ CS/CWA who will signNow that the documents attached is the true copy of the original documents and the photo attached is of the individual who is applying DIN and that individual is known to such Professional or has come to him along with the original documents. The DIN will have then to be applied and will get approved through STP on the basis of Certification of Professional as if correct information is being filed.Generally, in most of the cases, Promoters and Directors are the same in Private Limited Companies.2. One of such two directors must have DIGITAL SIGNATURE who can apply with any of DSC Vender i.e. E Mudra/ Siffy/ TCS etc. These vender are known as signNowing Agencies who are duly appointed office of the Controller of Certification Agencies (CCA) under the provisions of IT Act, 2000. There are a total of seven Certification Agencies authorised by the CCA to issue the Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs). The details of these Certification Agencies are available on the portal of the Ministry Ministry Of Corporate Affairs. This Digital Signature has to be affixed over all the E Forms i.e. Form 1A, Form 1, Form 32 and Form 18 required for incorporation of Company.3. Then the promoters should apply for the name of the company to be approved with the concerned ROC of the State where the company has to be formed in E Form 1A by payment of Rs. 1000 through Credit Card or Net Banking, describing the capital of company, main objects, state in which the company is to be incorporated and to affix the digital of Applicant. The promoter can apply for 6 names amongst which the ROC will approve only 1. If the ROC rejects all the names, the applicant have another two chances to apply the name again with the same fees he has incurred while filing Form 1A.4. After the name is approved, the Directors/ promoters are to draft MOA and AOA. In MOA, the 5 clause mainly i.e. Name Clause, Registered Office Clause, Main Object Clause, Capital Clause and Subscribers Clause will have to take into consideration. And in Articles all the bye laws of the company corresponding to Companies Act, 1956 have to be considered. The names of First Director are mandatory to be given in AOA.5. These MOA and AOA should be followed by the tables of subscribers to be signed by subscribers in their own handwriting along with the shares to be subscribed by them before any person who will act as witness and will sign in the witness column that the subscribers have signed in his presence. The word subscribers here used is because of the reason that these subscribers will subscribe for the shares in the company at time of incorporation and will invest the minimum capital i.e. Rs. 1, 00, 000. They will contribute the amount by way of cash or cheque when the company gets incorporated and shares will be allotted to them followed by the share certificates6. After the MOA and AOA are drafted, Director will take the Professional Service i.e. from CA/ CS/ CWA to incorporate the company. Professional Service is mandatory as for incorporation, E Forms 1, 18 and 32 are to be filed which are to be Digitally signed by any One Director followed by Digital Signatures of Professional who signNow that all the documents and information is correct one.7. Form 1, 18 and 32 are to be filed online after the MOA and AOA are drafted. The E Forms have been described as follows:E Form 1: In such form, the Director is to give declaration that he is going to incorporate the company and the information filled is true and to the best knowledge to him. Information entered in E Form 1 is: The Authorised and Paid up capital of the company, Particulars of Promoters along with information of at least 2 Directors, The information about the companies in which such promoters are already acting as directors, The Stamp Duty fees to be paid and to attach the scanned copies of MOA and AOA along with their tables, duly signed by all the directorsE Form 32: In this E Form, the applicant is to give information about the first Directors of the company i.e. email id etc along with their(i) DESIGNATION i.e. Director/ Additional Director/ Managing Director(ii) Category i.e. Promoter/ Professional/ Independent/ Chairman/ Executive Director/ Non Executive DirectorThis E Form 32 is then digitally signed by one Director followed by signatures of Professional who will give verification that the appointed director has given declaration to the company that he/ she is not disqualified and not declared as an offender by any Court. The attachment in case of Private Limited Company in form of consent by Director to act as Director is optional but it is better to attach the same.E Form 18: The Applicant is to give here the office address as well as nearby police station address. Here the Applicant is required to attach the scanned copies of Rent Agreement for the office in case the office is taken on rent OR NOC from the person/ entity if the office is not taken on rent. The Proof of registered office address is mandatory which can be electricity bill/ telephone bill on any individual name but must be of that building where the office is to situate exhibiting that the building is in existence and not a fake one. This documents is to be digitally signed by the Director followed by Professional signNowing that he has visited the particular address given in E Form 18 and verified the same.8. The Applicant will then make the payment of Government Fees as well as Stamp Duty Fees through Credit Card or Net Banking after the E Forms are filed if the Government Fee is less than Rs. 50, 000 and can pay by challan to be deposited in bank if the fee is more than Rs. 50, 000. The E Forms then will be checked by the ROC at their level. And will approve if found all the information in order or may not approve if require some extra information or of the information is not in order. Then the applicant is to give that information and to file the necessary documents if requisite E Form 61 or to re-submit the forms if any form is not found in order.9. If the E Forms are found to be in order and gets approved by ROC, Certificate of Incorporation will be generated and will be dispatch online at the email id of the person/ entity given in the e forms.10. The Directors are to get the MOA AOA printed and to comply all the compliances after the company gets incorporated.Conclusion: Hope this above article will serve the purpose of incorporation of the Private Limited Company Registration for those Individuals/ Professional/ Business Man who does not find the required matter/ detailed Practical information etc. over the internet or somewhere else.

Greeting Friends !!!If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov...Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2015–16 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2016–17 (for financial year 2015–16 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you.Which Income Tax Return Form Require to file or applicable F.Y. 2015–16 by Hetal M Kukadiya on Tax Knowledge Bank - IndiaStep 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel or Java utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your all documentsStep 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2016-2017 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: you can Verify online with EVC Pin or Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.Its Advisable to go with CA help for filling Tax return. There are lots of amendment come in every year, to file accurate return and Tax planning benefit etc so Prefer to go with expert like CA, Tax Preparer etc…Be Peaceful !!!

PASSPORTS(1) While applying for a fresh passport attach two copies of the following documents:(a) Proof of address (attach one of the following):Applicant’s ration card, certificate from Employer of reputed companies on letter head, water /telephone /electricity bill/statement of running bank account/Income Tax Assessment Order /Election Commission ID card, Gas connection Bill, Spouse’s passport copy, parent’s passport copy in case of minors. (NOTE: If any applicant submits only ration card as proof of address, it should be accompanied by one more proof of address out of the above categories).(b) Proof of Date of Birth (attach one of the following):Birth certificate issued by a Municipal Authority or district office of the Registrar of Births & Deaths;Date of birth certificate from the school last attended by the applicant or any other recognized educational institution; or an Affidavit sworn before a Magistrate/Notary stating date/place of birth as per the specimen in ANNEXURE ‘A’ by illiterate or semi-illiterate applicants.N.B.: In the case of applicants born on or after 26.01.89, only Birth Certificate issued by the Municipal Authority or the Office of the Registrar of Births & Deaths is acceptable.(c) Citizenship Document if applicant is a citizen ofIndia by Registration or Naturalization.(d) Government/Public Sector/Statutory body employees should submit “Identity Certificate” in original (ANNEXURE B) along with Standard Affidavit Annexure I.(e) If the applicant is eligible for “ECNR” attach attested copy of supporting document (see COLUMN 15 of the INSTRUCTIONS AND GUIDELINES FOR FILLING UP THE APPLICATION FORM).(f) If the applicant was repatriated at Government cost, enclose documents to show that the expenditure, if any, incurred by the Government of India on his/her repatriation has been fully refunded to the Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs.(g) If the applicant was ever deported toIndia, give details of Emergency Certificate/Passport.(2) When applying for reissue of a passport after 10 years, attach:(a) Old passport in original with self-attested photocopy of its first four and last four pages, including ECR/ECNR page.(b) Document mentioned at (1) (d), if applicable.(c) Document mentioned at (1) (e), if the old passport did not have ECNR stamp or it was issued when the applicant was a minor.(d) If there is any change in address, document mentioned at 1 (a).(e) If the old passport does not contain spouse name, copy of marriage certificate issued by the Registrar of Marriage or affidavitas per specimen in Annexure `D’.(3) When applying for a minor’s passport attach:(a) A Declaration affirming the particulars furnished in the application about the minor child as per ‘Annexure-H (signed by both parents), Annexure “C” (Single parents who are separated but not formally divorced/Single parent of the child born out of wedlock), Annexure “G” (when passport is being applied for by single parent or legal guardian) . Annexure “I” (when a minor between 15-18 years of age applies for a full validity 10 year passport OR in case either parents who do not hold valid Indian passport while applying passport for their minor child), as the case may be.(b) Attested photocopy of passport, if any, of both parents, applicable.(c) Original passports of parents should be presented for verification of particulars.(d) If one parent is resident abroad, a Sworn affidavit by the parent resident abroad attested by the Indian Mission along with affidavit from parent residing inIndiaas well be submitted.N.B.: Ordinarily the consent of both parents is required for issue of a passport to a minor (below 18 years of age). However if it is absolutely not possible due to any reason, the parent applying for a passport for his/her minor child may submit an affidavit (Annexure G) and based on the same passport application will be processed. In case where

Following are the easy steps for registration :Step 1. Application for Director Identification Number (DIN) in form DIR-3 & DSC (Digital Signature Certificate)What is a Director Identification Number (DIN)?Director Identification Number (DIN) is a unique identification number issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), for an existing director or a person intending to become a director of a company.Documents required for DIR-3 ApplicationIn case of Indian National a) Identity Proof: Copy of PAN Card (Income Tax Permanent Account Number (PAN) is mandatory in case of Indian National and in such cases applicant details should be as per Income tax PAN)b) Address Proof: Copy of Passport or Election/Voter ID or Ration Card or Driving license (address having pin code) or Electricity/telephone (Utilities) bill or AADHAR Card. All this should be in the “Name of Applicant” only and it should not be older than 2 months from the date of filing of the e-form.c) Passport Size Photograph (latest) : 1 photocopy or a soft-copy in (.JPEG format)d) *Current Occupatione) *Email Address of the Applicantf) *Mobile/Cell Numberg) *Educational qualificationh) *Verification to be signed by the Applicant. Important Notes :1. All the documents require “Self attestation”.2. In case, the director is residing outside India, the attached supporting documents should be attested by the Consulate of the Indian Embassy, Foreign Public Notary. In case of director, supporting documents can also be attested by Company secretary in full time employment / CEO / Managing director of the Indian company in which he / she proposed to be a director.3. DIR-3 shall be digitally signed by the same person i.e. applicant who is filing the application and by either of the following:a) Company Secretary (in whole-time practice) or a Chartered accountant (in whole-time practice) or Cost accountant (in whole-time practice)b) Company secretary in full time employment or Director of the company in which the applicant is to be appointed as a director4. While making DIR-3 Application following details are mandatory :First Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Details of father of an applicant (even in case of a married woman)In case of a Married woman, a photocopy of the Marriage Certificate is required (If DIN needs to be in the “Changed Name”)5. There could be instances of DIR3/DIN Rejection. 6. * Starred items are mandatory fields of DIR-3 application What is a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)?Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is the digital equivalent (i.e. electronic format) of physical or paper certificates. Examples of physical certificates are driver’s license, passport. Certificates serve as proof of identity of an individual for a certain purpose; for example, a driver’s license identifies someone who can legally drive in a particular country. Likewise, a digital certificate can be presented electronically to prove your identity, to access information or services on the Internet or to sign certain documents digitally. Since MCA accepts electronic submission of Forms on its website the DSC is mandatory for all the users.Documents required for obtaining DSCa) Digital Signature Certificate application Form (duly signed by an applicant). An applicant is required to sign across the photo.Download the DSC Application form (Class II Individual Certificate)b) All other documents are same as required for the DIR-3 ApplicationNote: All the documents require “Self attestation” and identity proof and address proof should be attested by either a Gazetted officer (Class I) or Bank manager or Post Master.Step 2. Search for the Company Name availabilityThe Promoters have to provide at least 6 names in the order of their preference/priority. The Promoters can themselves search for the available names by visiting the MCA Website: Check Name Availability It is also advisable to check any pre-existing Trademarks already registered with the Company name being Proposed, since RoC normally scrutinises the same & may reject the Proposed names on that basis (if similar TM Name is already registered). Promoters should search for any existing Trademark using Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks (CGPDTM) / website Check Trademark .Step 3. Application for the Name availabilityAfter drafting of Main Object of the proposed company, need to file e-Form INC-1 (Application for reservation of name) with Registrar of Companies for name availability. The Applicant needs to give 6 proposed names in preference/priority along with their meaning and significance of each word.Also refer MCA General Circular on Use of word ‘National’, ‘Bank’, ‘Exchange’, ‘Stock Exchange’ in the names of Companies or Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs). Step 4. Drafting of Memorandum of Association (MOA) & Articles of Association (AOA)What is a Memorandum of Association?Memorandum of Association covers fundamental provisions of the company’s constitution. It covers main object and other objects of the company.What is Articles of Association?Articles of Association contain rules and regulations governing the internal management of the company. It is a binding contract between company and its members and members among themselves defining their rights and duties.As per Section 4(5)(i) of the Companies Act 2013 upon receipt of an application under sub-section (4), the Registrar may, on the basis of information and documents furnished along with the application, reserve the name for a period of sixty days from the date of the application.After name approval from ROC, the next step is to draft MOA & AOA. The subscribers need to specify Name, Address, and Occupation in their own handwriting & sign the subscription pages of MOA & AOA.Where subscriber to the memorandum is a Foreign National (residing outside India), please refer Chapter 2 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014 notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs for knowing the procedure of obtaining attestation and notary while signing subscription pages of Memorandum and Articles of Association and other relevant document.Step 5. Filing of e-forms with RoC (Registrar of Companies)Following Forms to be filed/uploaded on the MCA Website.a) Form INC-7 : For application of Incorporation of the Companyi) Mandatory attachments to e-form INC-71. Memorandum of Association2. Articles of Association3. Declaration by Professional in INC-84. Affidavit from the subscriber to the Memorandum in Form No.INC-95. Proof of residential address which should not be older than two months6. Proof of identity7. Verification of signature of subscribers i.e. Form No. INC-10, in case the company is not having share capital.8. It is mandatory to attach entrenched Articles of association if any of the articles are entrenched.ii) Optional attachments depending upon case1. Copy of in principle approval granted by the Reserve Bank of India or any concerned authority in case proposed company shall be conducting NBFI (Non-Banking Financial Institution) activities2. NOC in case there is change in the promoters (first subscribers to Memorandum of Association)3. Proof of nationality in case the subscriber is a foreign national4. PAN card (in case of Indian national)5. Copy of certificate of incorporation of the foreign body corporate and proof of registered office address6. Certified true copy of board resolution/consent by all the partners authorising to subscribe to MOAb) Form INC-22 : For Notice of situation of registered officeAttachments to e-form INC-221. Proof of Registered Office address (Conveyance/Lease deed/Rent Agreement along with the rent receipts) etc.2. Copies of the utility bills (proof of evidence of any utility service like telephone, gas ,electricity etc. depicting the address of the premises not older than two months is required to be attached).3. No Objection Certificate or permission to use4. Certification of e-form INC-22 by CS/CA/CWA (in Whole Time Practice)c) Form DIR-12 : For providing information about particulars of appointment of Directors of the company and Key Managerial PersonnelAttachments to e-form DIR-12Following are the Mandatory attachments in case of an appointment of a Director / Manager / Company Secretary / CEO / CFO.1. Letter of appointment2. Declaration by first director in Form INC-93. Declaration of the appointee director, managing director, in Form No. DIR-2Step 6. Payment of RoC Fees & Stamp DutyAfter filing of documents online, we need to make payment of RoC fees and Stamp Duty electronically which is based upon the Authorised Capital of the Company.Step 7. Verification of documents / forms by RoCAfter payment of all RoC Fees & Stamp duties, RoC verifies/scrutinises all the documents and forms and may suggest few changes to be made in the attachments or form itself. We need to make necessary changes accordingly.Step 8. Issue of Certificate of Incorporation by RoCOnce all the Forms are duly approved by RoC, the digitally signed “Certificate of Incorporation” is emailed to the Directors.As part of the Green Initiative by the MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs), few Certificates including “Certificate of Incorporation” are now issued only in the electronic format i.e. soft-copy (having digital signature of RoC Registrar). Once the Incorporation Certificate is received, Company can start it’s operations.Reference - Ministry of Corporate Affairs WebsiteThanks for A2A !

In India, the procedure for marriage registration is common for all States. There is no such separate laws for different states. In India, a marriage can be registered under either of the two Marriage Acts: the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 or the Special Marriage Act, 1954.The Hindu Marriage Act is applicable only to the Hindus, whereas the Special Marriage Act is applicable to all citizens of India. The Hindu Marriage Act provides for registration of an already solemnised marriage. It does not provide for solemnisation of a marriage by the Registrar. The Special Marriage Act provides for solemnisation of a marriage as well as registration by a Marriage Officer.Procedure to apply marriage certificate in India-Under the Hindu Marriage Act-Parties to the marriage have to apply to the Registrar in whose jurisdiction the marriage is solemnised or to the Registrar in whose jurisdiction either party to the marriage has been residing at least for six months immediately preceding the date of marriage.Fill the Application form duly signed by both husband and wife.Verification of all the documents is carried out on the date of application and a day is fixed for the appointment and communicated to the parties for registration.Both the parties have to appear before the Registrar along with their parents or guardians or other witnesses.The Certificate is issued on the same day.Documents Required-Completely filled application form signed by both husband and wife Proof of Address- Voter ID/ Ration Card/ Passport, Driving License;Proof of Date of Birth of both husband and wife 2 passport sized photographs,1 marriage photographSeparate Marriage Affidavits in prescribed format from Husband & Wife Aadhaar Card All documents must be self attested.Marriage Invitation Card.2. Under the Special Marriage Act:The parties to the intended marriage have to give a notice to the Marriage Officer in whose jurisdiction at least one of the parties has resided for not less than 30 days prior to the date of notice.If either of the parties is residing in the area of another Marriage Officer, a copy of the notice should be sent to him for similar publication.The marriage may be solemnised after the expiry of one month from the date of publication of the notice, if no objections are received.If any objections are received, the Marriage Officer has to enquire into them and take a decision either to solemnise the marriage or to refuse it.Registration will be done after solemnisation of the marriage.However, for marriage in India the bridegroom and the bride must have completed 21 years and 18 years of age respectively. Documents for both will be same.If you are in need of a top most Lawyer for Marriage Registration in Maharastra then you can signNow out to Legalresolved which is an online platform where you can find solutions to your legal queries, contact lawyers for legal aid, and manage appointments with the best and topmost lawyers in your city or you can also contact us on 08929-902-903.