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FAQs
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How do I file income tax return in India?
Greeting Friends !!!If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov...Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2015–16 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2016–17 (for financial year 2015–16 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you.Which Income Tax Return Form Require to file or applicable F.Y. 2015–16 by Hetal M Kukadiya on Tax Knowledge Bank - IndiaStep 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel or Java utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your all documentsStep 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2016-2017 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: you can Verify online with EVC Pin or Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.Its Advisable to go with CA help for filling Tax return. There are lots of amendment come in every year, to file accurate return and Tax planning benefit etc so Prefer to go with expert like CA, Tax Preparer etc…Be Peaceful !!!
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How should I prepare for GD and PI for top IIMs?
Personal interviewThese are few of the points i feel are most important while tackling an interview1. Focus on your life so far and basic questions on current affairs just to see if you have a view and then make a decision. Show awareness to every possibility before making a decision. Look at the problem from multiple angles - interviewers like that.2. Don’t be someone youre not: theyll catch you easily. Dont lie.3. Be polite at every point. Be humble - smile and say you do not know4. Be chilled out - listen to something funny (videos on youtube maybe?), talk to the people outside, crack a few jokes. Dont revise notes before going in the room.PI they wanna know about you - your life. Nothing more. So however cliched this might sound - know yourself.GDTopics to revise:Basic current affairs should be okay. You should know politics (current PM era, General elections BJP, Congress basic initiatives etc), economics (Indian economy, general world economics, US/China economies maybe), current affairs - general (all headline topics for last 1–2 months prior to GD)These above mentioned topics should be more than enough.Tip: unless you were in Hibernation for 2 months prior to the GD, dont think you should bother about the topics - they’re pretty general and you’ll definitely have an opinion.Key Personality traitsEveryone is unique but i feel you must demonstrate atleast one of these traits in GDs to have a good shot:1.Take a balanced approach to things - aware of pros and cons/ negatives and positives of any topic brought up. Then after weighing them make a rational decision2. Ability to listen to other people: listen to people intently - add to their points and come up with new conclusions. Avoid butting in avoid initiating new lines of debate3. Ability to stand out: this i feel is key - typically 2/3 people out of 10 crack a GD. Surprisingly this is the easiest too. The pressure gets to most people - they get the pressure of speaking up in those 10 minutes - they rush in. Speak calmly. You may argue that you have to be loud to be heard. Yes, you do. But be smart here. Dont try to butt in having a diametrically opposite point. Try this.Example: Person to your left speaking something After she finishes 2 lines you speak up. You speak this “Excellent. This is an excellent point brought up by you (briefly repeat wat she said, demonstrates you heard her properly. Most people focus on their parts alone) - i would like to add this.” Then, quickly do a pros and cons analysis and give your point. Speak clearly, nicely. Once or twice. 45 seconds - 1.5 minutes should be great.Do these 3 points right along with the current affairs topic mentioned and you should do fine in the GD.
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Which NIN albums are the best?
Tough question as answers will be so subjective.Personally, The Downward Spiral takes centre stage. Many reasons spring to mind:Angry, disillusioned young man signNowing a zenith in his abilities to express these difficult emotions in musical terms with utter laser guided precision. The resultant album crystallised the turmoil of his inner spirit with such jaw dropping efficiency and aggression. The album has proven to be timeless and a gift that keeps on giving.Fun with time signatures - no shying away from breaking away from 4/4 song structures. The results were incredible - think March of The Pigs, I do Not Want This, as leading examples.The alchemical nature of its production. Nine Inch Nails may well be Trent Reznor (and more recently Atticus Ross) however at the time TDS was being recorded, it was the alchemy of others such as Chris Vrenna, Robin Finck, Danny Lohner, Flood, Adrian Belew and to an extent the house 10050 Ceilo Drive where the infamous Manson Murders took place. I’d argue that the sound of the album could never have sounded as it does without the characters and location surrounding its productionFourteen tracks where nothing is wasted - not a beat or sample out of place. Not a single disposable song or instrumental. Genius manipulation of layers and sonics. 25 years later, I still notice things that I hadn’t before.For many the album remains misunderstood - TDS had garnered descriptions of being an ‘industrial metal album’ at times. While the shoe can fit superficially, the core of the album is electronic. It always was and always will be. Given how organic and abrasive the sound design was, it is easier to see why it was incorrectly pigeon holed, but drilling deeper into the production sonics, it becomes harder to not be mind blown by the stunning and meticulously crafted electronic production standards buried deep within it. Sampling mastery at its finest.I said this was going to be subjective…I was 23 when this album came out. Thinking of myself as something of a music aficianado, I remember clearly feeling rattled with such a deep unease during the first three plays of TDS. I thought that I’d developed a broad vocabulary for the kind of music I appreciated, thought I could describe it easily. TDS came out and I became lost for words as to what It was. I’d never head music that had got under my skin as much as this before. I remember Eraser being particularly horrifying upon first listen, it actually invoked something close to fear. I haven’t heard a record since then that could affect me in the way that this album did. When I reflect upon this now (an this probably ties back to point 4) the whole album has a deeply unsettling personality, there is the alchemy of the tracks and their sequential arrangement. Because of this detail, with all parts connecting to make the final sum, the album skilfully pulls the listener through a ‘heart of darkness’ and cleverly taps into a variety of dark emotions, concluding with a delicate thread of hope.I could probably continue with an ongoing list in this TDS TL;DR monologue of praise, but I’ll leave it here.I also rate The Slip for being up there in the cream of NIN albums. I found the immediacy of the album incredibly superb. The album is sharp and mostly punchy, therefore has another particular energy characteristic. I know that it was recorded in the spirit of quick production, allowing for imperfections.As a result, The Slip is a fun listen in some respects, it’s the sound of Trent and co-conspirators going Bang-Bang-Bang! firing out tracks in a short space of time compared to other NIN releases. It somehow feels lighter, very lean, attitudinal and unselfconscious. As NIN albums go, this one is as close in sentiment to the saying ‘Dance like nobody is looking, sing like nobody is listening’ There is an inherent rawness to the character of The Slip, making it (in my opinion) one of the best NIN albums in a generally impressive collection. Noteworthy mention here is that The Slip was a ‘Free’ download at the time of release. I still bought a physical copy though.Best of three.I surprise myself by choosing the most recent trilogy of e.p’s - ‘What about the Fragile?!’ Some of you say. I know that a lot of people rate it as the best of NIN, there was a time where with fewer albums under their belt, it would have been in the top three for me. However, further down the line of time, while I acknowledge moments of sublimity, brilliance, menace and beauty, I also have to acknowledge that there are a few tracks that just jar, for personal reasons.The recent trilogy: Not the Actual Events, Add Violence , and Bad Witch on the other hand, can and should be viewed as an album in three acts. I adored NTAE for returning to an earlier almost TDS sound in places, the self referential sonic nuances were a delight, especially as this sounded closer in spirit to what the imagined Hesitation Marks would sound like when pre-release articles mentioned NIN returning to earlier, familiar sound palettes (or words to that effect)The beauty of the e.p trilogy was that it was clear that however the final tracks were honed down and chosen, those that made it were succinct, blunt-force to the point and admirably exploratory in their presentation.Trent and Atticus may often tear up the rule book of what NIN should sound like, which is always refreshing. Sometimes this attitude works brilliantly, at other times you can sense that they just wanted to get something out of their system (Hesitation Marks being a good example)The trilogy presents a plethora of new NIN material, from the familiar to brazenly strange. What I liked the most about this collection was that It never settled on one identity and a consequence of this was that listened to as a whole, this felt like a brand new era of a revived NIN, bursting with imagination and new ideas. I particularly enjoyed the Bad Witch e.p for really taking me out of my comfort zone of what I think NIN should sound like. Those odd moments of Sax or Trent’s alternative approach to vocal delivery at first seemed alien and partly jarring, but then I think It worked on a deeper level, touching upon something Trent had mentioned in interviews at the time where he was recalling ‘working with an album that you may not like at first, but grow to love with each listen’ This is how it turned out for me and for the reasons stated above, the trilogy has cemented itself for being worthy of being in a subjective ‘best NIN albums’ trilogy.Noteworthy also were the first two e.p ‘Physical Components’ I absolutely loved the care and thought that went into the presentation of these two releases. I loved that the additional materials begged to be explored, examined, discussed. It was a masterclass in generating ‘user engagement’ beyond the commonplace boundaries of just playing an mp3/aac etc I hope that this spirit continues in future NIN releases. I personally don’t mind paying a little bit more for having an ‘experience’ that accompanies and extends the scope of the music.
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What is big data and how do I learn about it?
What is big data and how do I learn about it?Big Data is defined by the three V’s:Volume—large amounts of data;Variety—the data comes in different forms, including traditional databases, images, documents, and complex records;Velocity—the content of the data is constantly changing through the absorption of complementary data collections, the introduction of previously archived data or legacy collections, and from streamed data arriving from multiple sources.It is important to distinguish Big Data from “lots of data” or “massive data.” In a Big Data Resource, all three V’s must apply. It is the size, complexity, and restlessness of Big Data resources that account for the methods by which these resources are designed, operated, and analyzed.The term “lots of data” is often applied to enormous collections of simple-format records. For example every observed star, its magnitude and its location; the name and cell phone number of every person living in the United States; and the contents of the Web.These very large datasets are sometimes just glorified lists. Some “lots of data” collections are spreadsheets (2-dimensional tables of columns and rows), so large that we may never see where they end.Big Data resources are not equivalent to large spreadsheets, and a Big Data resource is never analyzed in its totality. Big Data analysis is a multi-step process whereby data is extracted, filtered, and transformed, with analysis often proceeding in a piecemeal, sometimes recursive, fashion. As you read this book, you will find that the gulf between “lots of data” and Big Data is profound; the two subjects can seldom be discussed productively within the same venue.Big Data Versus Small DataActually, the main function of Big Science is to generate massive amounts of reliable and easily accessible data... Insight, understanding, and scientific progress are generally achieved by ‘small science.’Big Data is not small data that has become bloated to the point that it can no longer fit on a spreadsheet, nor is it a database that happens to be very large. Nonetheless, some professionals who customarily work with relatively small data sets, harbor the false impression that they can apply their spreadsheet and database know-how directly to Big Data resources without attaining new skills or adjusting to new analytic paradigms.As they see things, when the data gets bigger, only the computer must adjust (by getting faster, acquiring more volatile memory, and increasing its storage capabilities); Big Data poses no special problems that a supercomputer could not solve. More information please refer to the Office 2019 Guide.This attitude, which seems to be prevalent among database managers, programmers, and statisticians, is highly counterproductive. It will lead to slow and ineffective software, huge investment losses, bad analyses, and the production of useless and irreversibly defective Big Data resources.Let us look at a few of the general differences that can help distinguish Big Data and small data. – Goals small data—Usually designed to answer a specific question or serve a particular goal. Big Data—Usually designed with a goal in mind, but the goal is flexible and the questions posed are protean.Here is a short, imaginary funding announcement for Big Data grants designed “to combine high-quality data from fisheries, coast guard, commercial shipping, and coastal management agencies for a growing data collection that can be used to support a variety of governmental and commercial management studies in the Lower Peninsula.”In this fictitious case, there is a vague goal, but it is obvious that there really is no way to completely specify what the Big Data resource will contain, how the various types of data held in the resource will be organized, connected to other data resources, or usefully analyzed. Nobody can specify, with any degree of confidence, the ultimate destiny of any Big Data project; it usually comes as a surprise.– Locationsmall data—Typically, contained within one institution, often on one computer, sometimes in one file.Big Data—Spread throughout electronic space and typically parceled onto multiple Internet servers, located anywhere on earth.– Data structure and content small data—Ordinarily contains highly structured data. The data domain is restricted to a single discipline or sub-discipline. The data often comes in the form of uniform records in an ordered spreadsheet.PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BIG DATABig Data—Must be capable of absorbing unstructured data (e.g., such as free-text documents, images, motion pictures, sound recordings, physical objects). The subject matter of the resource may cross multiple disciplines, and the individual data objects in the resource may link to data contained in other, seemingly unrelated, Big Data resources.– Data preparationsmall data—In many cases, the data user prepares her own data, for her own purposes. Big Data—The data comes from many diverse sources, and it is prepared by many people. The people who use the data are seldom the people who have prepared the data.– Longevitysmall data—When the data project ends, the data is kept for a limited time (seldom longer than 7 years, the traditional academic life-span for research data); and then discarded.Big Data—Big Data projects typically contain data that must be stored in perpetuity. Ideally, the data stored in a Big Data resource will be absorbed into other data resources. Many Big Data projects extend into the future and the past (e.g., legacy data), accruing data prospectively and retrospectively.– Measurementssmall data—Typically, the data is measured using one experimental protocol, and the data can be represented using one set of standard units.Big Data—Many different types of data are delivered in many different electronic formats. Measurements, when present, may be obtained by many different protocols. Verifying the quality of Big Data is one of the most difficult tasks for data managers. [Glossary Data Quality Act]– Reproducibilitysmall data—Projects are typically reproducible. If there is some question about the quality of the data, the reproducibility of the data, or the validity of the conclusions drawn from the data, the entire project can be repeated, yielding a new data set.Big Data—Replication of a Big Data project is seldom feasible. In general, the most that anyone can hope for is that bad data in a Big Data resource will be found and flagged as such.– Stakessmall data—Project costs are limited. Laboratories and institutions can usually recover from the occasional small data failure.Big Data—Big Data projects can be obscenely expensive. A failed Big Data effort can lead to bankruptcy, institutional collapse, mass firings, and the sudden disintegration of all the data held in the resource. As an example, a United States National Institutes of Health Big Data project known as the “NCI cancer biomedical informatics grid” cost at least $350 million for fiscal years 2004–10.An ad hoc committee reviewing the resource found that despite the intense efforts of hundreds of cancer researchers and information specialists, it had accomplished so little and at so great an expense that a project moratorium was called.Soon thereafter, the resource was terminated. Though the costs of failure can be high, in terms of money, time, and labor, Big Data failures may have some redeeming value. Each failed effort lives on as intellectual remnants consumed by the next Big Data effort.– Introspectionsmall data—Individual data points are identified by their row and column location within a spreadsheet or database table. If you know the row and column headers, you can find and specify all of the data points contained within.Big Data—Unless the Big Data resource is exceptionally well designed, the contents and organization of the resource can be inscrutable, even to the data managers. Complete access to data, information about the data values, and information about the organization of the data are achieved through a technique herein referred to as introspection.– Analysissmall data—In most instances, all of the data contained in the data project can be analyzed together, and all at once.Big Data—With few exceptions, such as those conducted on supercomputers or in parallel on multiple computers, Big Data is ordinarily analyzed in incremental steps. The data are extracted, reviewed, reduced, normalized, transformed, visualized, interpreted, and re-analyzed using a collection of specialized methods.Whence Comest Big Data?Often, the impetus for Big Data is entirely ad hoc. Companies and agencies are forced to store and retrieve huge amounts of collected data (whether they want to or not). Generally, Big Data comes into existence through any of several different mechanisms:– An entity has collected a lot of data in the course of its normal activities and seeks to organize the data so that materials can be retrieved, as needed.The Big Data effort is intended to streamline the regular activities of the entity. In this case, the data is just waiting to be used. The entity is not looking to discover anything or to do anything new. It simply wants to use the data to accomplish what it has always been doing;only better. The typical medical center is a good example of an “accidental” Big Data resource. The day-to-day activities of caring for patients and recording data into hospital information systems results in terabytes of collected data, in forms such as laboratory reports, pharmacy orders, clinical encounters, and billing data.Most of this information is generated for one-time specific use (e.g., supporting a clinical decision, collecting payments for a procedure). It occurs to the administrative staff that the collected data can be used, in its totality, to achieve mandated goals: improving the quality of service, increasing staff efficiency, and reducing operational costs.– An entity has collected a lot of data in the course of its normal activities and decides that there are many new activities that could be supported by their data.Consider modern corporations; these entities do not restrict themselves to one manufacturing process or one target audience. They are constantly looking for new opportunities.Their collected data may enable them to develop new products based on the preferences of their loyal customers, to signNow new markets, or to market and distribute items via the Web. These entities will become hybrid Big Data/manufacturing enterprises.– An entity plans a business model based on a Big Data resource.Unlike the previous examples, this entity starts with Big Data and adds a physical component secondarily. Amazon and FedEx may fall into this category, as they began with a plan for providing a data-intense service (e.g., the Amazon Web catalog and the FedEx package tracking system).The traditional tasks of warehousing, inventory, pick-up, and delivery had been available all along but lacked the novelty and efficiency afforded by Big Data.– An entity is part of a group of entities that have large data resources, all of whom understand that it would be to their mutual advantage to federate their data resources.An example of a federated Big Data resource would be hospital databases that share electronic medical health records.– An entity with skills and vision develops a project wherein large amounts of data are collected and organized, to the benefit of themselves and their user-clients.An example would be a massive online library service, such as the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s PubMed catalog, or the Google Books collection.– An entity has no data and has no particular expertise in Big Data technologies, but it has money and vision.The entity seeks to fund and coordinate a group of data creators and data holders, who will build a Big Data resource that can be used by others. Government agencies have been the major benefactors. These Big Data projects are justified if they lead to important discoveries that could not be attained at a lesser cost with smaller data resources.The Most Common Purpose of Big Data Is to Produce Small DataIf I had known what it would be like to have it all, I might have been willing to settle for less.Imagine using a restaurant locater on your smartphone. With a few taps, it lists the Italian restaurants located within a 10-block radius of your current location.The database being queried is big and complex (a map database, a collection of all the restaurants in the world, their longitudes and latitudes, their street addresses, and a set of ratings provided by patrons, updated continuously), but the data that it yields is small (e.g., five restaurants, marked on a street map, with pop-ups indicating their exact address, telephone number, and ratings). Your task comes down to selecting one restaurant from among the five, and dining thereat.In this example, your data selection was drawn from a large data set, but your ultimate analysis was confined to a small data set (i.e., five restaurants meeting your search criteria). The purpose of the Big Data resource was to proffer the small data set. No analytic work was performed on the Big Data resource; just search and retrieval.The real labor of the Big Data resource involved collecting and organizing complex data so that the resource would be ready for your query. Along the way, the data creators had many decisions to make (e.g., Should bars be counted as restaurants? What about takeaway only shops? What data should be collected? How should missing data be handled? How will data be kept current?Big Data is seldom if ever, analyzed in toto. There is almost always a drastic filtering process that reduces Big Data into smaller data. This rule applies to scientific analyses. The Australian Square Kilometre Array of radio telescopes [8], WorldWide Telescope, CERN’s Large Hadron Collider and the Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System) array of telescopes produce petabytes of data every day. Researchers use these raw data sources to produce much smaller data sets for analysis [9].Here is an example showing how workable subsets of data are prepared from Big Data resources. Blazars are rare super-massive black holes that release jets of energy that move at near-light speeds. Cosmologists want to know as much as they can about these strange objects. A first step to studying blazars is to locate as many of these objects as possible.Afterward, various measurements on all of the collected blazars can be compared, and their general characteristics can be determined. Blazars seem to have a gamma ray signature that is not present in other celestial objects. The WISE survey collected infrared data on the entire observable universe.Researchers extracted from the Wise data every celestial body associated with an infrared signature in the gamma-ray range that was suggestive of blazars; about 300 objects. Further research on these 300 objects led the researchers to believe that about half were blazars [10]. This is how Big Data research often works; by constructing small data sets that can be productively analyzed.Because a common role of Big Data is to produce small data, a question that data managers must ask themselves is: “Have I prepared my Big Data resource in a manner that helps it become a useful source of small data?”Big Data Sits at the Center of the Research UniverseIn the past, scientists followed a well-trodden path toward truth: hypothesis, then experiment, then data, then analysis, then publication. The manner in which a scientist analyzed his or her data was crucial because other scientists would not have access to the same data and could not re-analyze the data for themselves.Basically, the results and conclusions described in the manuscript was the scientific product. The primary data upon which the results and conclusion were based (other than one or two summarizing tables) were not made available for review. Scientific knowledge was built on trust. Customarily, the data would be held for 7 years, and then discarded.In the Big data paradigm, the concept of a final manuscript has little meaning. Big Data resources are permanent, and the data within the resource is immutable. Any scientist’s analysis of the data does not need to be the final word; another scientist can access and re-analyze the same data over and over again.Original conclusions can be validated or discredited. New conclusions can be developed. The centerpiece of science has moved from the manuscript, whose conclusions are tentative until validated, to the Big Data resource, whose data will be tapped repeatedly to validate old manuscripts and spawn new manuscripts.Today, hundreds or thousands of individuals might contribute to a Big Data resource. The data in the resource might inspire dozens of major scientific projects, hundreds of manuscripts, thousands of analytic efforts, and millions or billions of search and retrieval operations. The Big Data resource has become the central, massive object around which universities, research laboratories, corporations, and federal agencies orbit.These orbiting objects draw information from the Big Data resource, and they use the information to support analytic studies and to publish manuscripts. Because Big Data resources are permanent, any analysis can be critically examined using the same set of data, or re-analyzed anytime in the future. Because Big Data resources are constantly growing forward in time (i.e., accruing new information) and backward in time (i.e., absorbing legacy data sets), the value of the data is constantly increasing.Big Data resources are the stars of the modern information universe. All matter in the physical universe comes from heavy elements created inside stars, from lighter elements.All data in the informational universe is complex data built from simple data. Just as stars can exhaust themselves, explode, or even collapse under their own weight to become black holes; Big Data resources can lose funding and die, release their contents and burst into nothingness, or collapse under their own weight, sucking everything around them into a dark void. It is an interesting metaphor.GlossaryBig Data resource A Big Data collection that is accessible for analysis. Readers should understand that there are collections of Big Data (i.e., data sources that are large, complex, and actively growing) that are not designed to support analysis; hence, not Big Data resources.Such Big Data collections might include some of the older hospital information systems, which were designed to deliver individual patient records upon request; but could not support projects wherein all of the data contained in all of the records were opened for selection and analysis. Aside from privacy and security issues, opening a hospital information system to these kinds of analyses would place enormous computational stress on the systems (i.e., produce system crashes).In the late 1990s and the early 2000s, data warehousing was popular. Large organizations would collect all of the digital information created within their institutions, and these data were stored as Big Data collections, called data warehouses. If an authorized person within the institution needed some specific set of information (e.g., emails sent or received in February 2003; all of the bills paid in November 1999), it could be found somewhere within the warehouse.For the most part, these data warehouses were not true Big Data resources because they were not organized to support a full analysis of all of the contained data. Another type of Big Data collection that may or may not be considered a Big Data resource are compilations of scientific data that are accessible for analysis by private concerns, but closed for analysis by the public.In this case, a scientist may make a discovery based on her analysis of a private Big Data collection, but the research data is not open for critical review. In the opinion of some scientists, including myself, if the results of data analysis are not available for review, then the analysis is illegitimate. Of course, this opinion is not universally shared, and Big Data professionals hold various definitions for a Big Data resource.ConclusionsConclusions are the interpretations made by studying the results of an experiment or a set of observations. The term “results” should never be used interchangeably with the term “conclusions.” Remember, results are verified. Conclusions are validated.Data Quality Act In the United States the data upon which public policy is based must have quality and must be available for review by the public. Simply put, public policy must be based on verifiable data. The Data Quality Act of 2002 requires the Office of Management and Budget to develop government-wide standards for data quality.Data manager This book uses “data manager” as a catchall term, without attaching any specific meaning to the name. Depending on the institutional and cultural milieu, synonyms and plesionyms (i.e., near-synonyms) for data manager would include technical lead, team liaison, data quality manager, chief curator, chief of operations, project manager, group supervisor, and so on.Data resource A collection of data made available for data retrieval. The data can be distributed over servers located anywhere on earth or in space. The resource can be static (i.e., having a fixed set of data), or in flux. Pseudonyms for data resource is a data warehouse, data repository, data archive, and data store.Database A software application designed specifically to create and retrieve large numbers of data records (e.g., millions or billions). The data records of a database are persistent, meaning that the application can be turned off, then on, and all the collected data will be available to the user.Grid A collection of computers and computer resources (typically networked servers) that are coordinated to provide the desired functionality. In the most advanced Grid computing architecture, requests can be broken into computational tasks that are processed in parallel on multiple computers and transparently (from the client’s perspective) assembled and returned. The Grid is the intellectual predecessor of Cloud computing. Cloud computing is less physically and administratively restricted than Grid computing.ImmutabilityImmutability is the principle that data collected in a Big Data resource is permanent and can never be modified. At first thought, it would seem that immutability is a ridiculous and impossible constraint. In the real world, mistakes are made, information changes, and the methods for describing information changes. This is all true, but the astute Big Data manager knows how to accrue informa-tion into data objects without changing the pre-existing data.IntrospectionWell-designed Big Data resources support introspection, a method whereby data objects within the resource can be interrogated to yield their properties, values, and class membership. Through introspection, the relationships among the data objects in the Big Data resource can be examined and the structure of the resource can be determined. Introspection is the method by which a data user can find everything there is to know about a Big Data resource without downloading the complete resource.Large Hadron Collider The Large Hadron Collider is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator and is expected to produce about 15 petabytes (15 million gigabytes) of data annually.Legacy data Data collected by an information system that has been replaced by a newer system, and which cannot be immediately integrated into the newer system’s database. For example, hospitals regularly replace their hospital information systems with new systems that promise greater efficiencies, expanded services, or improved interoperability with other information systems. In many cases, the new system cannot readily integrate the data collected from the older system.The previously collected data becomes a legacy to the new system. In such cases, legacy data is simply “stored” for some arbitrary period of time in case someone actually needs to retrieve any of the legacy data.After a decade or so the hospital may find itself without any staff members who are capable of locating the storage site of the legacy data, or moving the data into a modern operating system, or interpreting the stored data, or retrieving appropriate data records, or producing a usable query output.MapReduceA method by which computationally intensive problems can be processed on multiple computers, in parallel. The method can be divided into a mapping step and a reducing step.In the mapping step, a master computer divides a problem into smaller problems that are distributed to other computers. In the reducing step, the master computer collects the output from the other computers. Although MapReduce is intended for Big Data resources and can hold petabytes of data, most Big Data problems do not require MapReduce.Missing data Most complex data sets have missing data values. Somewhere along the line data elements were not entered, records were lost, or some systemic error produced empty data fields. Big Data, being large, complex, and composed of data objects collected from diverse sources, is almost certain to have missing data.Various mathematical approaches to missing data have been developed; commonly involving assigning values on a statistical basis; so-called imputation methods. The underlying assumption for such methods is that missing data arise at random. When missing data arises non-randomly, there is no satisfactory statistical fix.The Big Data curator must track down the source of the errors and somehow rectify the situation. In either case, the issue of missing data introduces a potential bias and it is crucial to fully document the method by which missing data is handled. In the realm of clinical trials, only a minority of data analyses bothers to describe their chosen method for handling missing data.MutabilityMutability refers to the ability to alter the data held in a data object or to change the identity of a data object. Serious Big Data is not mutable. Data can be added, but data cannot be erased or altered. Big Data resources that are mutable cannot establish a sensible data identification system, and cannot support verification and validation activities.The legitimate ways in which we can record the changes that occur in unique data objects (e.g., humans) over time, without ever changing the key/value data attached to the unique object.For programmers, it is important to distinguish data mutability from object mutability, as it applies in Python and other object-oriented programming languages. Python has two immutable objects: strings and tuples.Intuitively, we would probably guess that the contents of a string object cannot be changed, and the contents of a tuple object cannot be changed. This is not the case. Immutability, for programmers, means that there are no methods available to the object by which the contents of the object can be altered.Specifically, a Python tuple object would have no methods it could call to change its own contents. However, a tuple may contain a list, and lists are mutable. For example, a list may have an append method that will add an item to the list object. You can change the contents of a list contained in a tuple object without violating the tuple’s immutability.Parallel computing Some computational tasks can be broken down and distributed to other computers, to be calculated “in parallel.” The method of parallel programming allows a collection of desktop computers to complete intensive calculations of the sort that would ordinarily require the aid of a super-computer.Parallel programming has been studied as a practical way to deal with the higher computational demands brought by Big Data. Although there are many important problems that require parallel computing, the vast majority of Big Data analyses can be easily accomplished with a single, off-the-shelf personal computer.Protocol A set of instructions, policies, or fully described procedures for accomplishing a service, operation, or task. Protocols are fundamental to Big Data. Data is generated and collected according to protocols. There are protocols for conducting experiments, and there are protocols for measuring the results.There are protocols for choosing the human subjects included in a clinical trial, and there are protocols for interacting with the human subjects during the course of the trial. All network communications are conducted via protocols; the Internet operates under a protocol (TCP-IP, Transmission Control Protocol-Internet Protocol).Query The term “query” usually refers to a request, sent to a database, for information (e.g., Web pages, documents, lines of text, images) that matches a provided word or phrase (i.e., the query term). More generally a query is a parameter or set of parameters that are submitted as input to a computer program that searches a data collection for items that match or bear some relationship to the query parameters.In the context of Big Data, the user may need to find classes of objects that have properties relevant to a particular area of interest. In this case, the query is basically introspective, and the output may yield metadata describing individual objects, classes of objects, or the relationships among objects that share particular properties.For example, “weight” may be a property, and this property may fall into the domain of several different classes of data objects. The user might want to know the names of the classes of objects that have the “weight” property and the numbers of object instances in each class.Eventually, the user might want to select several of these classes (e.g., including dogs and cats, but excluding microwave ovens) along with the data object instances whose weights fall within a specified range (e.g., 20–30 pound). This approach to querying could work with any data set that has been well specified with metadata, but it is particularly important when using Big Data resources.Raw data Raw data is the unprocessed, original data measurement, coming straight from the instrument to the database with no intervening interference or modification. In reality, scientists seldom, if ever, work with raw data.When an instrument registers the amount of fluorescence emitted by a hybridization spot on a gene array, or the concentration of sodium in the blood, or virtually any of the measurement that we receive as numeric quantities, the output is produced by an algorithm executed by the measurement instrument.Pre-processing of data is commonplace in the universe of Big Data, and data managers should not labor under the false impression that the data received is “raw,” simply because the data has not been modified by the person who submits the data.Results The term “results” is often confused with the term “conclusions.” Interchanging the two concepts is a source of confusion among data scientists. In the strictest sense, “results” consist of the full set of experimental data collected by measurements. In practice, “results” are provided as a small subset of data distilled from the raw, original data.In a typical journal article, selected data subsets are packaged as a chart or graph that emphasizes some point of interest. Hence, the term “results” may refer, erroneously, to subsets of the original data, or to visual graphics intended to summarize the original data. Conclusions are the inferences drawn from the results. Results are verified; conclusions are validated.Science, Of course, there are many different definitions of science, and inquisitive students should be encouraged to find a conceptualization of science that suits their own intellectual development. For me, science is all about finding general relationships among objects.In the so-called physical sciences the most important relationships are expressed as mathematical equations (e.g., the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration; the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance). In the so-called natural sciences, relationships are often expressed through classifications (e.g., the classification of living organisms).Scientific advancement is the discovery of new relationships or the discovery of a generalization that applies to objects hitherto confined within disparate scientific realms (e.g., evolutionary theory arising from observations of organisms and geologic strata). Engineering would be the area of science wherein scientific relationships are exploited to build new technology.Square Kilometer Array The Square Kilometer Array is designed to collect data from millions of connected radio telescopes and is expected to produce more than one exabyte (1 billion gigabytes) every day.
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Is there any Indian who dropped out of college and became a gamer and earning well?
People who end up changing the world, for better or for worse, rarely follow the rules. In fact, the only rule that many revolutionary behemoths who lead or have led some of the world’s biggest companies right from Facebook (Mark Zuckerberg) to Apple (Steve Jobs), seem to have followed, is one that flies in the face of the advice all adults seem to impart with unusual solidarity—finish college, get a degree, and then do whatever the hell you have to to stand on your own two feet. By dropping out of college to follow their dreams of learning while doing, as opposed to just learning until the world believed they were fit to do, they’ve managed to join a very long and very antiquated cliché that college dropouts make for some seriously successful entrepreneurs.This theory was a little bit too romanticised for our liking - college dropouts certainly don’t always make it big, and people who make it big aren’t always college dropouts. The only thing we know for certain is that we pay closer attention when the former becomes successful because that would mean everything we’re led to believe is true is actually wrong when it comes to the necessity of a college degree. Our two bits? No one path works for everyone, especially if you’re planning to risk it for the biscuit.We were more intrigued by the strength of character and risk it takes to truly quit a known path, and head over into uncharted territory when it comes to people who do dropout of college. So in this vein, we profiled 14 young Indian entrepreneurs who did exactly this while silencing the world’s advice with their intuition, and got them to share their learnings for anyone who might be in two minds about a similar decision.[Note to readers—this list is presented in no order of preference, and has simply been chronicled in alphabetical order.]I. Akshay Tambe | Spontaneous. Honest. Freak23-year-old Akshay Tambe describes himself as a “self proclaimed photographer and other things you don’t want to know about.”“Dropping out of college made me not have a Plan B and made me give all I have to something I love doing.”Dropout diaries: Before he knew that he wanted to be a photographer, he took up biomedical engineering at Vidyalankar Institute of Technology. However, he wasn’t interested in the course and never attended lectures. “I think somewhere in the second year I happened to lay my hands on a DSLR and a friend of mine explained to me how all of that works. I loved the whole medium of visual language.”However, the idea of taking this up as a profession only came to him after a particular incident. “After bunking lectures for days together, I decided to attend a lecture as the semester was almost ending,” he shares. “But, my professor caught hold of me after the lecture, sat me down and asked me to write down the answer to why I don’t attend lectures. It was really funny.” She chided him for his irresponsible behaviour and reminded him that he was not only wasting his parents’ money but also robbing a deserving student of his seat. “Frankly, I had been thinking of all these things for a while, but I don’t think I would have found the courage to leave if it hadn’t been for her. I simply stood up, handed her the paper and the pen and said, “Thank you so much. I’m not coming to college from now and I am going to be the best photographer you’ll ever hear about.” Till that point I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life, but right there I made a decision and I’ve stuck to it pretty well,” he says.Second thoughts? “I wasn’t really afraid of the consequences. My parents were really supportive of my decision, which helped a lot. There is absolutely no looking back. There’s nothing back there.”On what he has learned from this experience: “What I’m glad about is that I didn’t stay back and study like everyone else. Dropping out exposed me to the world. It was better than wasting my parents money doing something that I didn’t really like.”Follow Akshay and his work on his website, Facebook and Instagram.II. Arz Bhatia | Young. Ambitious. Diligent.20-year-old Arz Bhatia is a UI/UX designer by profession. At present, he is working with OnePlus Inc. in Shenzhen, China, as the Lead Designer of OnePlus’s home-baked version of Android - OxygenOS.“Dropping out of college made me explore.”Dropout diaries: “I explored the internet for the first time when I was in the sixth grade. I have been hooked to technology since then. I was born in a family of architects and I thought that I would be one too. I actually wanted to, till I realised that I wanted to do something different with my life,” he recollects.In 2007, Bhatia became active in one of the many forums deep inside the interweb. Here, he learnt a lot about technology, machines, gaming, cultures, and human behaviour. “I was fascinated by the unique graphic signatures/footers beneath everyone’s post and that made me explore graphic design. By the end of the year, I started creating websites for fun.” At first, he would hand over the websites to anyone who approached him for free. It was a while before he started charging people for this.“By 2010, I became popular as Themer/UI Designer in the Android Community. I was recruited and became the co-founder of one of the biggest custom android development teams. We created an innovative operating system called Paranoid Android along with 12 other core members,” he says, “At the same time, I was creating a business plan for a custom enterprise and design agency. In 2011, Arz Bhatia Design Works was launched.” Under this banner, he provided services ranging from web design to copywriting and business plan development. In 2013, he joined Sushant School of Design, Ansal University Gurgaon, to pursue a course in Visual Communication.“By 2014, I had released three applications/ themes in the Android Play Store that I had developed during my summer vacations. They hit 18,000 downloads in just two days! One day OnePlus Inc. approached me and now, here I am, sitting on a bright green chair at the OnePlus HQ in Shenzhen, China, creating an operating system from scratch along with five other people from the original Paranoid Android team.”Second thoughts? “None really. Everything went pretty smooth. My parents and family were very supportive, my girlfriend was proud and even my college was pretty cool about the whole thing. I tend not to think about things too much. I’m happy with what I’m doing and I’m learning a lot. Sure, there are times when I think I’m missing out on things, but then I think about how I led myself here.”On what he has learned from this experience: “In my case, experience was definitely what mattered more than the course I was pursuing. I believe design is not just about visuals and what looks good—it’s much more! Including presentation, interaction and even handling butt-hurt bosses.”You can find out what Arz has been up to by following him on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.III. Ashwin Baburao | Creative. Energetic. Intriguing31-year-old Ashwin Baburao is the co-founder of Beatworx Studio.“Dropping out of college made me a student of life for life.”Dropout diaries: “I have loved music for as long as I can remember,” he says. “I come from a home where my mum sings and plays the veena. I grew up listening to the soundtrack of Sound of Music and it is one of my favourite soundtracks till date. There was a channel called MCM. They used to play the likes of Daft Punk, Kraftwerk, and Kerri Chandler, and I spent endless nights watching their music videos. I think that is how I knew what I wanted to do.”When Baburao was 16, his father was transferred at his job and his family moved to another city. He stayed back in Bangalore to continue his studies at National Junior College. “Here, I met a bunch of people that also liked electronic music. We’d exchange CDs and tapes, and even go clubbing. At one of the spots I happened to meet a DJ who agreed to let me play there in exchange for some music.” This eventually landed him an afternoon residency at a spot called Downtown Pub in Bangalore. He honed his skills there with his stage name as DJ Inferno. Around the same time, he began working for his cousin who had started a t-shirt company. “Being a startup, I had an abundance of responsibilities on my shoulders. I learnt a lot of things about how a business works in terms of accounting practices, marketing pitches, and sales targets, which is of huge help to me today.”For the next three years, he continued working as a DJ. “My younger brother failed his 12th grade, because he was too busy hacking his computer to install custom operating systems and becoming an oral Wikipedia of all the latest hardware technologies. My parents sent him back to Bangalore so he could spend time with me. At the time, I was fiddling around with a few early music production softwares, but I couldn’t create much. When he came down, I taught him all I had learnt, and together, we started to write music. None of that ever saw the light of the day,” he shares.Two years later their parents moved back to Bangalore, and the brothers moved in with them. They bought their first pair of studio monitors/speakers and set up a tiny little bedroom studio. “We continued working on our music like before and we landed our first release sometime in the end of 2011. We called ourselves Audio Units. We spent the next few years honing our skills. We also signed UnMute as our exclusive managers. This helped us a lot in propelling and propagating our music.” Slowly, people started approaching them for lessons in DJ-ing and music production. “We started out of our bedroom, offering lessons to a few people, and this helped us earn a little extra money. In 2012, I was on the lookout for a place to set up a studio which is a dedicated space for us to make our music and teach. My uncle had a spare room on top of his hospital and even though it sounded ridiculous, it was the only place that fit my budget. We converted an empty hospital ward into a studio from scratch,” he recollects.“We have a huge influx of students coming in from various parts of the country for courses. Our courses are structured in a modular format offering personalised classes with no more than two students in a batch. We have tied up with a bunch of manufactures to sell and service gear. We also write music for ads and other clients, such as Harley Davidson, Set Wet, and YouthGame, amongst others. We now have a regular stream of students who have made a name for themselves in the market and we’re really proud of them.”Second thoughts? “None. Because all we wanted to do, even in the worst case scenario, was to be able to make music. It frightens us more when we feel we’re out of ideas than out of money.”On what he has learned from this experience: “We’ve learned so many life lessons from music. I don’t think any college could have taught us determination and patience, and given us the ability to face the hardships of being an artist and leading an unconventional life. Collaborating with other people has been another amazing experience. It has helped me understand people and to not be judgemental about the work and traits of others. It has brought a newfound meaning for hard work and passion.”Follow Ashwin and his work on Facebook.IV. Dev Bhatia | Intelligent. Aggressive. Dedicated.32-year-old Dev Bhatia is one of the co-founders of UnMute.“Dropping out of college made me work harder and longer, so I could compete with those who had the luxury to attend one.”Dropout diaries: “I was born in Bahrain and brought up in Dubai. After completing high school in Dubai, I started studying BCOM at the University of Pune. I chose the course only because I couldn’t afford to pay a ‘donation’ to get into hotel management. I worked in a McDonald’s at Pune for almost a year so that I could gain some experience. Two years into the course, my dad figured a way to get me into the Oriental School of Hotel Management in Kerala,” he says.After completing a year there, Bhatia lost his father and had to return to Dubai so he could support his family. He started working as an accountant at United Flexible Packaging Company. He stayed there for several years, learning the ropes in several departments. Eventually, he became the go-to guy when anyone from any department would go on leave.“I still tried to pursue my passion of being in a hospitality-like industry. I saved up so that I could do an Airport Operations Course with Emirates Airlines. I was really intrigued by this industry. But even after securing 95 percent in my exam, I was the only person from my batch who didn’t get a job,” he muses. “I guess that’s because there was something else in my destiny.”He began working for FM radio with the Arabian Radio Network. He started as a sports producer on Dubai 92 and 104.4 Awaaz and went on to become a radio show producer along with an RJ friend, Ravi. “I really loved the job and I tried to gain as much knowledge as I could through colleagues who’d been in the industry for years. Eventually, I decided to venture back to India to work in the then-emerging radio scene there,” he says.Even though he wanted to work in Mumbai, he realised all the openings were in Delhi. “I was stranded in Delhi. I didn’t know anyone. Somehow I was introduced to Ash Roy by a friend from Dubai. Ash really helped me settle down during my initial days.” Bhatia joined the 93.5 RED FM Delhi programming team as a show producer. At the same time, he joined Jalebee Cartel as their manager. “I used to work full-day shifts at radio and then go manage Jalebee gigs at night. It was a no-sleep phase for me, but I loved it. In 2010, I joined ibibo.com during the launch phase of their mobile radio/games platform as the Creative Head. I helped create a studio, put together a programming team and launched the product, which went live via Airtel and Vodafone. ”By 2012, Jalebee Cartel had become one of the premier electronic acts in the country and were playing over 100 shows a year. So it was getting harder for him to work on both fronts, which meant a decision had to be made. ”I was toying with the idea of an agency to extend the backend we had created for Jalebee to other artists as well. There was a huge hole in the dance music management space. One serious conversation with Arjun Vagale led to our partnership and the eventual launch of UnMute with some of our friends on the first roster. That was it for me. Three years in, I’d like to think we’ve changed the way the industry functions from an agency’s perspective by bringing in a more professional approach. Subsequently, we are also lucky to be working with some of the finest talent from the country and across the world.”Second thoughts? “I didn’t really have a choice. I had to be brave and do it myself.”On what he has learned from this experience: “Practical experience is great and is much needed, but what’s most important and is largely missing in most professions is the application of common sense. I still miss and rue the fact that I missed out on college (given a chance I would go back to do it even now) and think it’s important to complete it if one has the opportunity. However, I also believe that there’s nothing like early practical experience on a day-to-day basis.”Find out what Dev has been up to on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.V. Justine Rae Mellocastro | Free-spirited. Calm. Honest.25-year-old Justine Rae Mellocastro is the co-founder of The AnaRae Store. She also works as a freelance hairstylist.“Dropping out of college made me whole.”Dropout diaries: “Six months into my B.A course at Jai Hind College, I decided that I didn’t want to continue with it. At the time, I was interested in learning how to style hair and I had the chance to intern with one of India’s best hairstylists at her salon. For almost a year, I attended college in the morning and worked at the salon in the evening. Then, I decided that I wanted to be in the salon full time, so I quit college. I thought I would continue a correspondence course, but that didn’t work!” she shares.She worked with the salon for four and a half years and then went on to freelance on her own. Since then, she has worked with top fashion magazines, photographers, and actors. “I met my partner, Ria, three years ago. She lived in Kenya at the time and it was during one of our Skype conversations that we conceptualised The AnaRae Store.” The duo works with artisans around the world who craft jewellery, scarves and other accessories, with the aim to provide heirloom pieces at reasonable prices, while re-introducing the concept of heritage craft. “We believe in providing our artisans with fair and consistent pay for their craftsmanship, so whenever you buy an AnaRae accessory you know exactly who made it, their story, and where it came from.We launched the brand this February and so far we’ve done two collections, one from Rajasthan and one from Kenya. We get to travel a lot, photograph and meet beautiful people, learn their stories and share them with the world. I get to dabble in photography and styling for the brand,” she says, “It is all very exciting.”Second thoughts? “I always knew that I wanted to start working early, so when I had the chance, I took it. It has been the best ride ever. I have very supportive parents, which made it much easier to make the decision.”On what she has learned from this experience: “I’ve learned to be resilient and brave, to take chances and to not be afraid of the future. You can’t always calculate how things are going to turn out. You have to learn to be spontaneous and live every day to the fullest.”Follow Justine’s work with The AnaRae Store on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.VI. Krishna Bahirwani | Inquisitive. Thinker. Learner.22-year-old Krishna Bahirwani is a contributing editor with DNA and is solely responsible for the creation and running of DNA’s weekly Technology page. He is currently a part of the organising committee for the UNIC Young Changemakers Conclave and heads their social media team.“Dropping out of college made me let go of my conditioning and look at the world with a fresh pair of eyes.”Dropout diaries: Krishna joined R.D National College to pursue a Bachelors in Information Technology, but he decided to drop out after his second year. “I attended lectures where teachers would read out portions of the textbook for students to write down without any thought given to whether the student actually understood what they were being told to memorise,” he shares. “I found my course really rigid and that is the case with most degrees offered by Mumbai University. There is just one subject in my entire course which I could theoretically (my college did not offer any of the alternatives) swap for something I was more interested in. It did not make sense to me that I had to study things that would not help me in the future and instead I had to learn those things in my spare time only because I needed a piece of paper that was necessary for me to get a job.”Ever since his first computer class when he was just four years old, he had been interested in technology. “I always believed communication, research and an understanding of technology were my biggest skill sets. I felt that writing about technology is where I could put these skills to optimal use,” he says. “When I saw an advertisement for DNA’s Shadow Editorial Board, an internship designed for students to shadow an editor and learn how they work. I jumped at the opportunity. About a month after my internship, the editor-in-chief asked me to come in full time and create something of my own within DNA. I came up with a technology page called Phish n Chips (Now called DNA of Technology), a weekly page written and curated entirely by me. The page has been active for over 60 weeks now and I could not be happier with the progress I have made,” he says.Second thoughts? “There is a lot of risk involved when one decides not to take the conventional path. Indians look at degrees as validations for an individual’s skills and knowledge, and they are not open to other alternatives. It’s a lot of pressure. I live with three senior citizens and any failure on my part will stress them out. I am also my sister’s role model and my mom’s only support. I would be lying if I said it wasn’t hard—it is. But like anything in life that is worth achieving, it pays off. It’s not like I disagree with the fact that a college degree could be helpful. I just feel like my twenties is the most productive time I am going to get and I can definitely make better use of them. There is no single way to any goal, so I don’t think there is any reason I won’t be able to find my own ways to my own goals.”On what he has learned from this experience: “There aren’t many better ways to spend time than on my own development. I got a chance to try a professional industry and learn a lot, so I took it. I never did a course on journalism, but I feel like my six-month internship taught me enough to get me started and kept me more motivated and committed than ever. Because I wasn’t limited to the structure and ‘best’ practices taught in colleges, I was able to think of the most intuitive ways to do my job—and before I knew it I was writing front page stories.”VII. Mikhail Mehra | Hungry. Open. Focussed24-year-old Mikhail Mehra works as a director, editor and producer. He has his own video production company, Motion Eccentrica and a live events/music distribution agency called Oji.“Dropping out of college gave me a whole different perspective on College Dropout by Kanye West. One of my favourite albums of all time.”Dropout diaries: “I was at the Academy of Art University in San Francisco studying motion picture and television production,” he begins. “While I was there, a bunch of my friends exposed me to the rave culture. I fell completely in love with the EDM and dubstep scene. Under the guise of shooting a documentary, I would get in touch with promoters who would let me film their shows. I didn’t own a camera or any editing equipment, so I borrowed my friend’s camera.”He used his college’s editing lab to edit the footage and then sent the promoters a montage of their events. Slowly, he started charging for the videos. As time progressed, it became harder for him to juggle this with his college work. “I started reading a lot of literature about colleges and the education industry in the US. It seemed that most Americans were becoming increasingly disillusioned with their college system. People were graduating with mountains of debt and having a degree was not the golden ticket it once was. Fortune 500 CEOs were actively encouraging young people to skip college. I knew that my art degree would be meaningless in the real world,” he shares.The fetishisation of the college degree, especially an American one, seemed to be an Asian/Indian trait to him. Wasting his prime to get a degree did not sit well with him. The fact that none of the greatest filmmakers of all time went to film school—and that the few who did go dropped out—made him feel like dropping out of film school was a rite of passage. “All the working directors that I looked up to shared the common idea that the best way to succeed was to go out and make films—to practice. So that is what I decided to do. I learnt a lot in my year at film school, but I had to go out and grind by myself.Second thoughts? “I was confident of my path, I didn’t really see another way forward in life.”On what he has learned from this experience: “I learnt how the real world works—how to interact with people, how to negotiate. I’ve been part of startups that failed. Honestly, there’s been a lot of screw ups, but none from which I haven’t learnt or made me better. Making mistakes isn’t bad. But not trying is the worst. All of this isn’t to say that everybody should drop out of college. College can be a great place, and often required, depending on your career choices. It just wasn’t for me.”Stay updated with Mikhail’s latest works on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.VIII. Mohammed Saif Qureshi | Passionate. Creative. Audacious.21-year-old Mohammed Saif Qureshi is an aeronautical engineering dropout-turned-education entrepreneur. He founded Intelaeon in 2011.“Dropping out of college made me believe that being ‘safe’ is truly the riskiest thing we can ever do in our lives.”Dropout diaries: “When I was five years old, I went on my first ever flight. That journey had me hooked to the idea of becoming a pilot. After my 10th standard exams, I even got all the necessary health clearances from the DGCA and was ready to take flying lessons,” he says.With the recession settling in, he couldn’t afford the flying lessons and the pressure of all his peers joining coaching classes pushed him to do the same. However, he dropped out after a few months. “Close to the 12th standard exams, when everyone was filling out forms to engineering colleges, I was figuring out flying schools and attempting to talk to current pilots and airlines. It was a time when airlines weren’t doing so well and it made sense to have a backup. The closest thing to becoming a pilot was becoming an aeronautical engineer.” He applied to colleges in the US, UK, India and Singapore and from the ones he was accepted , he chose the University of Glasgow. “After a few months here, I met a few employees from Airbus, Boeing, BAE Systems and Rolls Royce. Meeting them made me realise that I would hate most of the jobs I would be offered, and be overqualified for the ones I’d enjoy,” he muses. “I always had a dream of starting my own venture. I had no idea what kind of venture, but I always assumed that I would work for several years, save a lot, quit, and start something on my own. But, with time, I realised that no time was better than right now.”Qureshi knew that he wanted to make a difference in the education sector, and so, in 2011, he registered Intelaeon as a legal business entity. He roped in two of his friends and they began researching, curating and hosting live quiz events in India. He returned to university with the full intention to quit, but his friends convinced him to stay. During his second year, one of his friends happened to visit a school in the slums of Howrah, West Bengal. She put up a post on Facebook looking for people who would be interested in taking online classes with the students. He volunteered to take weekly classes from the UK.“During one of the classes, a little girl asked me, ‘What is the meaning of education?’ I fumbled, stuttered, and meekly uttered a nonsensical answer. After the class, I began exploring what my definition of education was. This question took me far and wide, until I finally quit university early in my third year, returned to India, and began working full time on Intelaeon.”Qureshi works towards improving the learning ecosystem and building better capacities within the teachers and administration of schools in rural and slum areas. He began working with a few students from IIT-Delhi to develop an edu-tech startup called Pleolabs. They worked with several schools, governmental organisations, UNICEF and UNESCO to implement programs that would help improve the Indian education system. After two and a half years of building, Pleolabs was acquired in April 2015.“At Intelaeon we are currently working on creating programmes to nurture creativity within schools, colleges and companies. We are also working on a launching a magazine on creativity, and a technology product for students and potential employees is under R&D. Our long term goal is to start unique creative schools across the globe,” he adds.Second thoughts? “I was terrified. My mind would go from bliss to extreme chaos and fear. Almost everyone around me was focused on getting a degree, and here I had an idea to quit everything and start something on my own. I had nothing but an idea to hold onto. “On what he has learned from this experience: “Life is unbelievably short. Discover yourself. Become self-aware. Life will suddenly become vivid—if you find your true calling and have the courage to chase it.”To know more about Mohammad, check out his website and Facebook page.IX. Monisha Ajaonkar | Quirky. Enthusiastic. Eccentric.26-year-old Monisha Ajaonkar is a professional photo-maker.“Dropping out of college made me a…CrackerJack entrepreneur.”Dropout diaries: “I was studying psychology at DJ Ruparel College in Mahim and I realised that I did not want to study this particular subject, so I quit.” she confides. She spent an entire year sitting at home exploring different possibilities. Later, she joined the JJ School of Art. “I did not benefit much from that either. I had a crush on this girl and she loved attending concerts. So, to impress her, I went with her to cover the concert with my camera. Things did not really work out with her, but I found my true love—photography.”She I started off by covering gigs and started freelancing for Rolling Stone, and Bombay Times parties and fashion events. “Once, I went to shoot my friend’s wedding as I was very interested in Catholic weddings. That was the start of The Photo Diary and it has been two years now. We are planning to go international next year and set up in America or Canada.”Second thoughts? “I was really scared about making this decision, but it was completely worth it. You have only one life and I wanted to make the most of it. I was working earlier in some other firm and it did not work out well. Hence I started my own thing. My friend, Nidhi Shetty, helped me make this decision and pushed me in the right direction .She has been a godmother to my project. It was a very scary journey, but I somehow managed. I had to begin from scratch and it was very difficult to make a mark as a one-stop company.”On what she has learned from this experience: “School and college is a great medium of learning, but there are some practical experiences that teach us to be more professional. You can only know a certain job or business when you actually begin to work in it. The skills you need, the people you need, the connections you make, all becomes a part of the exposure you have had. I have been learning on my job every single day. I think learning comes from failure, and when you have actually failed you learn way more than when you fare well in an examination. Failure can teach you how to rise and become even better because even if you don’t know what has to be done at least you know what you should not do. You cannot depend on anyone else. You have to be your own friend.”To know more about Monisha’s project take a look at her website, Facebook , Instagram and Twitter pages.X. PS Ashrith Govind | Visionary. Geek. Hippie.21-year-old PS Ashrith Govind is the co-founder of PingCloud Automation.“Dropping out of college enabled me to think out of the box,it helped me execute and work towards my vision early in life,rather than traditionally holding a degree and hunting for a job.”Dropout diaries: PS Ashrith Govind designed his first portable power bank using a nine-volt battery and transistor that he bought with Rs. 50 when he was 10 years old. Since then, he has dedicated his life towards research and development. “When I was 12, I hosted an online community forum called Hacker Source. We had over 6,000 active users discussing various vulnerabilities and the ways to deal with them. I even started selling some custom games that I designed for Sony’s PSP.” When Govind turned 15, he started working with his uncle towards his vision of ‘Plug and play automated night clubs’He joined Jain College after his 10th because they were lenient about attendance, which meant he could work with his uncle without any hitches. He had taken up commerce because he thought it would be easy, but the course helped him realise the relevance of commerce and entrepreneurship. “It helped a lot that my uncle was in the hospitality industry. I explored this trending technology called the ‘cloud’ that revolutionises the way technology works. It is a game changing medium that essential for centralisation of a chain of outlets. It allows multimedia to be streamed from a central location and the franchise cannot download the media. I programmed my first application that would help waiters with taking orders, and this enabled me to learn programming which would change the way I would logically solve problems.”He would often moonlight as a DJ so that he could learn the technical aspects of being one. He even spent hours bartending, and when he realised that bartenders could actually cheat a lot, he created an automated bar system. The machine was programmed to dispense the right amount of alcohol and it was linked to the billing software he had designed. By the time he completed the 12th grade, he had programmed several utilities and apps, but he still didn’t have a proper medium, resources, or a team to help build his vision. He took up the BBM course from Jain College and hated it. During this time, he met Shirish Narsepalli, and he knew that together, they could build a potentially big trajectory. “Since the startup culture was starting to boom in Bangalore, we knew that it was the right time for us. We formed a company called PingCloud Automation. Our main aim was to explore opportunities with technology and see if it would give us the right scale,” he says.“By the end of my second year, I went to collect my hall ticket, but I was denied due to my lack of attendance. I didn’t care enough to go back. My parents were a little disappointed initially, but my goals and vision were clear to me. My parents gradually accepted my decision. If I hadn’t quit, the kind of success I have had would never have been possible.”They realised that there was a huge scope for providing free WiFi to people and that this medium could be used by hoteliers to understand the loyalty of their customers through their database and visiting patterns. “We started working towards the creation of ‘WiLoop’, a series of free WiFi zones. We proposed our product to many lounges, cafes and retail places and they were excited about the concept. We hired a couple of freelancers, built our product, and tested it in my uncle’s lounge and saw that people actually loved it.” In the last four months alone, they have covered over 95 places across Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai. “We want to extend our services even to villages where there is no connectivity.”Second thoughts? “I did panic about dropping out of college, but sometimes you just have to follow your instinct and passion. At the end of the day, that is what is most important. You can either try to control your own life or let others do it—but eventually, everyone realises that controlling your own makes more sense.”On what he has learned from this experience: “I believe that a big sacrifice leads to something that you actually want to do and care about. I would not say that BBM was a waste. I met some great people who became part of some of the best moments of my life. I also think bunking classes connected us more than attending them, but dropping out definitely made me think out of the box.”You can follow Ashrith’s work on his website, Facebook and Twitter. You can also check out his blog for more information.XI. Satyarth Shaurya Singh | Tall. Not-so-dark. Handsome.26-year-old Satyarth Shaurya Singh is an independent filmmaker and the founder of Lights On Films.“Dropping out of college made me much more conscious about my work, career, and the decisions I take at every step.”Dropout diaries: Satyarth went to Symbiosis Institute of Design, Pune, and pursued visual communications under Communication Design. He decided to drop out of college in the final year when he was told that he had to complete a backlog from his fourth semester in order to be able to do his degree project. “Completing the backlog meant that I had to give one more year of my life to the same place, for nothing but a degree. On the other hand, I had the opportunity to do a project with a bunch of guys and I would get paid a little for it. So, I decided to take up the work and leave the backlog.”Working for the project, he realised that real time experience counted more than the theoretical knowledge he would have gained from college. He went on to intern for a Delhi-based production house Carrot Films for about 6 months. Here, he gained exposure in documentation for corporate/documentary shoots. Post that, he worked as a Production Head at GoodOneYaar Productions for another four to five months.“Slowly, I started planning something of my own. I wanted it to be something that brought some sort of depth and meaning to the content that is being created, rather than just being a documentary. After a lot of contemplation, in January 2012, I started Lights On Films, trying to keep the focus on underground/urban culture,” he says. “The first project I did was a documentary on the independent music scene in Delhi with artists like BLOT, Dualist, SkaVengers, Teddy Boy Kill, and Space. Since then we have done about three or four documentaries, a few music videos, and one short fiction film. We have also worked with clients like Audi, Porsche, Whirlpool, Jameson Whiskey, Discovery, Microsoft, and TVS.”Second Thoughts? “I was very scared of making this decision. Most of my friends did not agree with my decision. At that time, these things tend to hit you more. When all your friends, with whom you have spent almost every waking minute for four years, graduate and leave you behind...it was quite hard to take in. My mom and dad were really upset, but I had made up my mind. It was a very hard decision for me to make, but it was a risk I was willing to take. Looking back, I don’t think I could have made a better decision.”On what he has learned from this experience: “Well, honestly, I think going to college is a great experience. You get to meet like-minded people and do things you could have not even imagined. But, I think there are things that one can learn much better when you are out there doing it. While you are in college, people and professors tend to judge you by your marks, but I never understood that idea. Right now, no one asks me what GPA I had in college. All they care about is my work.”If you want to know more about Satyarth’s work, do take a look at the Facebook page for Lights On Films.XII. Setu Goyal | Relentless. Fearless. Artistic20-year-old Setu Goyal is the owner of Busker’s Corner. This Ahmedabad-based entrepreneur is a jack of all trades—a cook who has completed several workshops in theatre and photography, and can play four instruments.“Dropping out of college made me independent and fearless.”Dropout diaries: “I remember telling mom to withdraw my admission from school back in grade nine. This was not because I hated studying, but because I wanted to educate myself in areas that interested me. My mother has always been very understanding, and explained that I might grow up and regret that decision. She also said that she would let me take any form of education after completing school.”After finishing school, Goyal appeared for four different entrance exams—three to design colleges and one for hotel management with IIHM-JEE. “I cleared three of them. My mom told me that she would be okay if I still chose to not enter any of these institutes,” he recollects fondly. “I was scared to lose this opportunity. Besides, Mumbai was a dream for me. I picked NIFT Mumbai. After six months of college, I was appearing for my jury, and one night before the geometry jury, out of sheer pressure and laziness, I borrowed a senior’s work from the previous year. I was caught and detained for a whole semester.” Goyal refused to let this be a setback and when he returned home, he started learning the tabla. He also joined the Darapana Academy of Performing Arts. “I was at peace,” he muses. “I always had a dream of starting up a food venture. I decided it was time to go and do my own thing. I researched into street-side food ventures, and in 2014, I set up Busker’s Corner right opposite IIM Ahmedabad’s campus with a meagre investment of Rs. 15,000 that I had borrowed from my mother.” He started out with a small menu comprising of three variants of pancakes and crepes. Being an amateur musician himself, he knew there were many artists and performers in the city who needed an audience. “I felt busking would be a great way to gain some traction, but many thought of it as a form of begging or an activity practiced only by the lower strata of society. Social media helped me gain popularity. I was interviewed by two radio stations and several local online media platforms wrote about me. It helped get me in touch with more people who would encourage the idea of performing on the streets.”Unfortunately, after running for two months, they had to deal with some legal issues due to which they stopped. After waiting for more than a year, they found a perfect place to reopen Busker’s Corner. “In this span of one year I had the opportunity to attend an intensive six month guitar workshop and intern at Radio One FM 95 for other six months. So it is all good,” he adds.Second thoughts? “I was most definitely scared, but there was an inner voice, saying, ‘Setu, just do it! If you don’t, you are going to regret it.’ I wasn’t sure about where dropping out of college would lead me, but I was pretty sure of where continuing it would—and I was sure I didn’t want to go there.”On what he has learned from this experience: “I would have never learnt how to clean coal tar stains with diesel, how to deal with cops in India, how to manage inventories, and how to deal with people, if I had still been in college. It taught me how to take constructive criticism from people and utilise it to my growth.”Ever looking for an audience to play for, there is always Busker’s Corner. Check out their website to find out more about them.XIII. Soumya Iyer | Passionate. Creative. Dedicated21-year-old Soumya Iyer had been painting for years before she decided to become a professional photographer and painter.“Dropping out of college made me what I really wanted to be.”Dropout diaries: “I have loved painting and art since childhood. So, taking up painting at Rachana Sansad College after my junior college was a no-brainer,” she shares. However, after completing two years at the art college, she was not satisfied with what she was learning. She dropped out of college and decided to study fashion communication from Raffles Design International.“I genuinely liked the course and learnt a lot, but I hated the fact that I was dealing with something so restrictive. I was itching to do something creative, and strangely, I missed my art school,” she says. After a year here, she realised that there was no point in staying on, and she dropped out. Even though photography was never her passion, she had taken it as one of her subjects at Raffles. “It was a short course comprised of eight lectures, but we had to buy a DSLR for it. When I first bought the camera, it was nothing but a showpiece. But, once I started using it, there was no going back.”“I had the freedom to do what I wanted. I could make my own images, compose what I wanted—it was almost like deciding what you wanted to paint on your canvas. I always wanted to do something creative and I would never have been happy with a nine-to-five desk job. I needed the freedom to create,” she muses. “I have such a strong belief in what I am doing right now. It took me so long to figure out what was right for me. Taking up photography helped me learn so much more about myself.”Second thoughts? “Well, I was definitely afraid to take the decision initially. Not because I wasn’t sure about dropping out, but because I was afraid about how my parents might react to it. It took me really long to convince them, but things are fine now. They like what I do.”On what she has learned from this experience: “What I learned, no college or school could obviously teach me. I learnedx to take risks, and un-learned so many things that I had been taught. I joined two colleges of my choice and still wasn’t satisfied. I realised that the only way you can be satisfied is by finding what you really want.”Follow Soumya and her work on Facebook.XIV. Zaheer C | Zestful. Artistic. Genuine25-year-old Zaheer Chhatriwala is a professional tattoo artist.“Dropping out of college simply made me an open-minded person. It taught me some of life’s biggest lessons.”Dropout diaries: “I was pretty decent child growing up. I performed very well academically, even though I was naughty, distracted and high strung by nature. I never really had any plans for myself. I just did what I was told,” he says. “After the 10th, I joined National College and decided to pursue science, simply because everyone said that it was the best field. I also continued my training in art. However, that was seen as a mere hobby. In college, I was exposed to a new culture, where having fun was the priority. I didn’t care about studying and spent my time smoking, getting high, drinking, and having a blast. It was no surprise that I failed my FYJC.”Even though his family was shocked by the news of his failure, they tried to be as supportive as possible. It didn’t take long for them to realise that he was not interested in finishing the course. “That phase was very difficult for me. I became socially awkward. Even though I excelled in art, it wasn’t considered as an achievement and I felt a lot of pressure on me. Somehow, I cleared my 12th and heaved a sigh of relief because I was done with science.” He joined MIT, Pune, to pursue a course in product and graphic design.Independence and freedom from his family helped him break away from his inhibitions. “I started exploring my freedoms artistically and in some ways, anarchically. I was drinking and smoking heavily. I barely attended lectures and even though I created praiseworthy work, I started getting noticed for my devil-may-care attitude by the faculty and they started developing a grudge towards me. During the last semester exams, I was asked to leave the college, even though I had passed all my papers.”Angered and hurt by this failure, he wanted to deprogram certain views that had been drilled into him. The more he thought about it, the more he hated the idea of being a product of an institutionalised educational system and structured institutions like religion. “ I realised that I did not agree with any of the conventional career prospects. After a lot of thought and research, I decided to take the risk of telling my already disturbed and scared parents about my new passion to be a tattoo artist.”Eventually, they accepted thi decision of his under the condition that he would do a diploma course in fine arts. “I had learned from my failures that I needed to balance things out and that helped me to manage my college with my new love for tattooing.”Second thoughts? “I was terrified, but then I realised that one can only be scared for so long. I was worried about how people would react, but I was confident about my dream., I knew that if I worked hard I could achieve something spectacular that would make them proud of me. Now, I can proudly say that even after so many setbacks and failures along the way, my family is very proud of me. The course I had to do did nothing except fill a hole on my wall with a certificate and make a few friends and memories.”On what he has learned from this experience:“Failing and dropping out of college, twice, was the worst phase in my life. I lost my self respect, my family lost all hope, I lost my reputation as a person, and more importantly, I had lost myself as a person. But, I learned to face problems head-on and to fight for what I believed in. It showed me the ugly side of life, but at the same time, it taught me that my actions have consequences. It made me wiser, confident and more diligent. It also taught me to be sensitive towards those around me.”
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