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FAQs
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What is the difference between a loan and an overdraft?
HiLoan :Loan refer to the fix amount of money borrow from a bank for fixed period of time with regular repayments.Overdraft Loan :An overdraft facility is the credit given to person or company on current account. The amount you withdraw can vary every day based on your requirement. It’s like a credit card, you can borrow as much as you need upto your credit limit.Difference between Loan & OverdraftOverdraft- In overdraft the interest rate is charged only on the overdraft amount borrowed not on the limit of the overdraft facility and in Loan, the interest is charged on the entire amount borrowed. The interest charged on Overdraft is higher than loans.An overdraft loan is for the short time and you cannot borrow large amount of money due to credit limits. A loan can be for a long time period like 5–30 years say and you can take large amount of funds.For taking overdraft the person should have a current account with the respective bank but in other hand there is no such pre-conditioned while taking loan.Interest in overdraft is calculating on daily basis but in loan, it is computed on a monthly basis.Payment option in overdraft facility will be made in a lump sum amount and can be closed anytime. while a loan is paid in Equated Monthly Instalments (EMI) and have to be paid within the fixed time period.Overdraft is good for short term expenses and loan is good for long period of time.I hope this will help you.Thank You
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How and when did the system of passports, visas and immigration embassies officially come into existence?
Barbwires on the plainThe elite set up walls worldwide to control the movements of population, they installed these administrative walls roughly between 1914 and 1930, this was asked by the USA which wanted to protect themselves from a too strong immigration of the Russian population which ran away from the new bolchevic regime, and it was implemented by the SDN. A series of intergovernmental meetings on the adoption of the passport is held under the aegis of the temporary committee of the communications and the transit of LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the first conference is held in Paris in 1920 then in Geneva in 1926.Because countries implemanted the passport at different pace, it made a big disorder, Certain countries were early to start the expulsions whereas other countries closed their borders, it resulted in stateless persons without passport, they eventually invented the passport Nansen. Certain titles of residence were granted according to the job of the person it could be green and as it always happen extraordinary things to the Jews, we can consider that their yellow star was a part of their passport permanently visible....It brought a new race of Lord, the employee of Prefecture " the testimonies are many who indicate the necessity for the applicants to frequent dedicatedly the lanes of prefectures, negotiate with the state employees to obtain the progress of their case and the acceleration of the procedures. The face-to-face negotiation, and the unpredictable or unequal dimension that it implies, according to the condition of the applicant, its appearance, its master's degree of french, the good will of the agent, transforms the request of card into a an uncertain and, sometimes, indefinite wait.The elite felt the need to set up the system of passports in 1920 while the world population was "only" 1,750 billions of individuals, no need to wonder why the system is still active today with 7 billions of indiv. and let alone will it be active when in 2030 there will be 9 billions of people to be managed, although it will follow tehnology. This history of passport joins a long trend of identification of the people with a side front office (display, labeling), any more or less visible document allowing the person to become identified, and back office (central files keeping the history of these people). The fast evolution of techniques from the end of the XIXth century to licence in the states to find discriminating characteristics among every individual (it was of access of techniques in the former, the photo, the fingerprint in the ink and some anthropometric indications up to the recent techniques, the magnetic card of access, scan of the iris or the hand, the DNA, the flea RFID, the phone triangulation, followed by bank card, IP internet address, electronic signature, to normalize documents and to interconnect them it which became really effective with the creation and the IT interconnection of files.In France the "foreigner" status exists since 1917. France made an “ ID card of foreigner ", by a decree of April, 1917, it was the first experience in Europe of an identification targeted at every resident foreign on the national ground, it marked a fundamental stage in the history of the immigration control in France.", they also had a "central Service of the Russian refugees".The strong European migration in the United States was an economic migration, most of the migrants, English, the Irish, German, French migrated without will of return to participate in the economic life of their new homeland. The dislocation of the tsarist, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empire caused a big movement of the order of 4 million people. In Russia there were several waves, a wave "white" (the Russians white with the name of the color of their uniform opposed to red), the civil war then the famines of 1921-22 then the extension of the sovietization. It is estimated that after the end of the 1st war 1,500,000 Russians ran away from the Soviet Russia, 1,500,000 Greeks of the Anatolia and the Turkish provinces, 350,000 Armenians of Asia Minor, 120,000 Bulgarians of Greece, 25,000 Assyrians of Iraq, 115,000 German of Germany and another 8,000 of Saar. Without counting Hungarians who ran away before the red terror and the Hungarians who ran away before the white terror, the Italians who ran away before Mussolini, the Spaniards who ran away before Primo de Rivera and the Spaniards who ran away before the Republic. (The Greeks and the Bulgarians were forced to emigrate as a result of the Balkan Wars, the World war and of the Greco-Turkish War in 1923). This turmoil led the USA to protect themselves from a too strong immigrationIn US the existence of a card of identity was always fought as being the mark of totalitarian regimes in practice they use either birth certificates, or numbers of Social Security, or driving licences. This explains the place that FBI set. Thus FBI made in a more or less covered and discreet way what the French prefectures could make in full light. Thus we see that all these countries, that they are democratic as the US, republican as France, fascist as Germany or dictatorial as Russia, was of agreement on a point to set up a world police system, Hitler and Stalin were more brutal than the French Prefets but the will behind was the same. It begins with "Vos papiers!" and it finishes with Interpol.In Russia the tsarist passport was abolished with the Revolution, but an urban passport was restored by the decree of December 27th, 1932, the campaign of passeportisation was presented as a gigantic operation of check of the identity of every inhabitant. For the only year of 1930, the political police recorded 14 000 demonstrations, riots and peasant uprisings, among which a big part in Ukraine, this obliged the central state to develop a police of maintenance of law and order. The central state had to feed not only its cities but also to export products on the international markets to obtain products of the outside as machine tools or tractors but feeding an army what put a new pressure on the agricultural world. Overcome militarily the "Resistance fighters" (soon considered by the central power as botchers, speculators, enemies of people and middle-class person) launched a passive resistance, by working weakly or shooting down the livestock and emigrating on close China. In front of the "passive resistance" Stalin launched the policy of the Gulag and the policy of passports to access cities though avoiding that populations useless to the industrial project came to try to feed in town.What are Westphalian treaties good at?Westphalia did not solve in itself the conflicts of religion, because the treaty of Nuremberg took place before Westphalia and the abolition of the Edict of Nantes took place later. Westphalia serves as narrative to justify the concept of nation state which would have developed in several stages 1648, 1815 (concert of Europe), 1919 (LEAGUE OF NATIONS) and 1945 (United Nations). This system where the elite can play the game of the international relations while choosing the policy to use inside of her zone, brought a solution to the religious wars only because the minority people could emigrate to join a safe zone. This is what made the Huguenots after the revocation of the edict of Nantes and this helped to not having such another story as a new Saint Barthelemty. This migration of the Huguenots off the Bourbon space towards Protestant countries of the North thus remind the exchanges of population between Turkey and Greece, between Germany and Russia, between Pakistan and India as well as the return of the descendants of the Genoese of Tunisia towards Italy. Thus the westphalien system is indissolubly connected to the possibility of emigrating; but since the institution of passports the immigration is forbidden, the consequence of Westphalia + passport is that the peoples do not have other choices than to accept their bad fate if they are stocked in a war zone.Authors wrote on the appearance of these barbed wires on the plain Bertold Brecht "The State takes care of you. It is not anymore as before. (...) As for passports, if we invented them, it is before any a question of order. In this day and age, the order is something absolutely necessary. Let us suppose that you and me, us have a walk without a giving evidence room whom we are: in the daytime or we would want to deport us, impossible to find us: It would be the anarchy "or this Stefan ZWEIG's beautiful text" nothing maybe makes more sensitive the great backward movement than underwent the world since the World War I that the limitations brought to the freedom of movement of the men and, in a general way, to their rights. Before 1914, the earth had belonged to all the men. Each went where he wanted and remained there as long as he pleased him. There were no permissions, no authorizations, and I always have fun with the surprise of the young people, when I tell to them that before 1914 I travelled in India and in America without possessing of passport, without having it seen even never one. We got on the train, we came down from it without asking for anything, unless we asked you for nothing, we did not have to fill the only one of these thousand formulae and declarations which are required today.”
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What is the role of each aircraft in Indian Air Force?
TL,DR: The Fighter Jet fleet of the IAF can be divided into the following categories:Air Superiority Aircraft : Sukhoi 30 MKI, Dassault Rafale*Multi Role Aircraft : MiG 21 Bison, MiG 29 UPG, Dassault Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2, HAL Tejas Mk IDeep Penetration Strike Aircraft : Jaguar DARIN IIIGround Attack Aircraft : MiG 27The Transport Aircraft fleet of the IAF consists of:Heavy Air Lift Cargo Aircraft : IL 76, C 17 Globemaster IIIStrategic Air Lift Aircraft : C 130J Super HerculesMid Air Refuellers: IL 78 MKIMedium Cargo Aircraft : Antonov An-32Light Transport Aircraft : Dornier Do 228Communication and Training Aircraft: Hawker Siddeley HS 748The Rotary wing of the IAF comprises of :Heavy Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-26Medium Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-17 v5Advanced Light Helicopter : HAL DhruvAttack Helicopter : Mil Mi-35, HAL LCH*, HAL RudraLight Utility Helicopter : HAL Cheetah, ChetakThe Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft of the IAF consists of :360 Degree coverage aircraft : Phalcon AEW&C240 Degree coverage aircraft : DRDO NetraThe Trainer Aircraft of the IAF consists of :Basic Trainer Aircraft : Pilatus PC-7 Mk II, HAL HTT 40*Intermediate Jet Trainer : HAL Kiran Mk IIAdvanced Jet Trainer : BAE Hawk Mk 132Caveat: Aircrafts marked with * are in advanced stages of Induction with the IAFA wonderful question, I hope I can do justice to it and the Indian Air Force with my answer.The Fighter jet fleet of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is divided into the following categories:Air Superiority Aircraft : Undoubtedly India owns one of the finest jets in Asia at the moment. The Sukhoi 30 MKI is a wonderful plane with avionics integrated into the air frame from 5 countries. The role of this plane is to gain superiority by driving out enemy jets in an area dominated by an adversary so IAF may carry out its secondary tasks like insertion of the Garuda Commandos to attack air bases of the adversary. The Su 30 MKI are slated to be modified with new AESA radars which will increase its enemy tracking and engaging capabilities manifold. Some Su 30 MKI are being modified to carry the supersonic BrahMos Air to Surface Cruise Missiles. India has identified the Su 30 MKI as a platform to carry Nuclear Weapons should there be a need to fire one.Sukhoi 30 MKI of the IAFMulti Role Aircraft : When the IAF did induct the MiG 21, it was intended to be used an interceptor, to strike kills against other aircraft and strategic air borne assets of the enemies like the Bombers, Para-trooping transport aircraft and much later AWACK’s and Air to Air refuellers. However, with the Bison update the planes has now become a Multi Role Aircraft capable of performing a plethora of operations.MiG 21 Bison of the IAFLikewise, the MiG 29 was inducted to fill the role of an Air Dominance aircraft, operating much before the IAF bought the Su 30 MKI’s. With the UPG update including a bigger fuel tank, extended range, all weather operations, improved radar and sensor suite, the MiG 29 UPG is a redefined aircraft to the core.The MiG 29 of the IAF being modified to the UPG Standard in Russia. Notice the curved bump behind the cockpit which houses a fuel tank to increase the jet’s rangeMirage 2000H, arguably the best fighter jet to have flown with the IAF before the Su 30 MKI’s performs a similar role. The Mirage 2000H has been upgraded to the 2000–5 Mk 2 standard with new engines, Radar along with a better armament package. The Mirages along with the Su 30 MKI and the yet to be inducted Dassault Rafale comprise the core of the Airborne Nuclear Strike Platforms of India.Mirage 2000–5 Mk 2 of the IAF. Please note this snap is of the upgraded Mirage 2000 Trainer AircraftThe Tejas is expected to fill in the void left by the retirement of the MiG 21 Bison and its variants in the years to come. The aircraft is leagues ahead of the aircraft it is slated to replace, with the more powerful Tejas Mk 1A standard aircrafts featuring an AESA Radar, Elta’s ELM-2052, Air to Air Refueling pod, Self Protection Jammers (SPJ) and the like.Tejas Mk I inducted to the IAF this yearDeep Penetration Strike Aircraft : A truly majestic jet which has been the serving the IAF for long. The Jaguar are tasked to enter the enemy airspace undetected and attack vital enemy installations like Forward landing Air bases, RADAR installations, refueling stations and the like. The HAL is upgrading the planes to the DARIN III Standard, which includes Helmet Mounted Displays, Glass Cockpit, GPS Navigators, new mission computers, avionics like Auto Pilot, Air to Air Refueling and a new plant. The negotiations are on with Honeywell to supply the new engines which are lighter, more fuel efficient and produce more thrust.Jaguar Darin II of the IAFGround Attack Aircraft: The MiG 27 is a swing wing aircraft tasked to supplement the ground infantry units with aerial support. The R 29 powerplant issues have never let the IAF use these planes to its full potential with many planes and pilots lost in crashes. These planes are slated to be put out of service at the earliest.MiG 27 of the IAFIn the past, the IAF used to fly the dedicated Reconnaissance aircraft like the MiG 25 Foxbat and bomber aircraft like the English Electric Canberra. These planes have had a stellar contribution in the wars India has fought since it’s independence.EDIT 1 : As suggested by Rejish Menon I am going to expand the scope of my answer to beyond the fighter jet fleet of the IAF.The Transport Aircraft Fleet of the IAF:Heavy Air Lift Cargo Aircraft : Ilyushin IL 76 forms the backbone of the IAF Heavy Transport Fleet having provided yeoman service for more than 30 years. There has been news that India is going to upgrade the 17 IL 76 it has to the IL 476 standard that will see the life of the aircraft extended by 15 years having new avionics, more powerful yet fuel efficient engines and obviously a better payload carrying capacity. The Boeing C 17 Globemaster III is rather a recent acquisition of the IAF having more payload carrying capacity than the older IL 76. Another feature of the C 17 is that it can land on unprepared runways and requires a shorter landing and takeoff distance due to features like Thrust Reversal and better engines. India wanted to buy more of the C 17’s, but the production line was stopped in 2015, hence India would have to settle for second hand C 17’s from friendly countries if it wants to increase its fleet from the present 10 aircraft.IL 76 of the IAFC 17 Globemaster III in service with the IAFStrategic Airlift Aircraft : The Lockheed Martin C 130 J Super Hercules is a monster of an aircraft. It is very versatile and is built to sustain adversity. It also has features like Thrust reversal enabling it land on the unprepared runways of India’s ALG’s in the North East. The IAF has used the C130 J’s in situations where it would have been very difficult to operate the older An-32 aircraft namely in the Uttarakhand Flood crisis and the Nepal Earthquake.C 130 J Super Hercules of the IAFMid Air Refuellers : IL 78 MKI is the Air to Air refuelling platform of the IAF, extending the range of its fighters jet so that they may be able to strike deep in the enemy territory if the need be. The IAF has 7 of these aircraft in its inventory.IL 78 MKI of the IAF refueling two Su 30 MKI’s of the IAFMedium Cargo Aircraft : Antonov An-32 has been the linchpin of the IAF for quite some time now providing medium cargo lift capabilities. The aircraft is also used to para-trooping and bombing missions. The IAF has over 100 of these planes in number and all of them are being upgraded to achieve a longer life with new engines, navigation system and avionics.Upgraded An-32 of the IAFLight Transport Aircraft : I think the name is self explanatory, Dornier Do 228 is used as a light transport aircraft to ferry personnel around. Its is also used to search and rescue operations in the IAF and the IN.Do 228 in service with the IAFThe Rotary wing of the IAF consists of :Heavy Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-26 is the largest helicopter build to date. The IAF has bought 4 of them, while 1 has crashed. The remaining 3 helo’s are at the end of their service life and are in need of an immediate upgrade. These helicopters are capable of carrying a payload equal to that of a c 130 J Super Hercules. There has been little clarity as to what the IAF plans to do with these Helo’s. Slated to be replaced with the CH 47F Chinook’s when they enter service. The Chinook’s though not capable of lifting very heavy payloads like the Mi-26, will give the IAF a boost in the Strategic Airlifting operations owing to its high degree of maneuverability and lower Radar Signature.The largest helicopter ever built: Mil Mi-26 operating in the mountainous regions of IndiaMedium Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-17 v5 is the mainstay of the IAF’s Helicopter fleet and is used for a plethora of missions replacing the older Mil Mi-8 helicopters in service with the IAF. The helicopter is extensively used in Search And Rescue (SAR) and counter insurgency operations as well.The latest Mi-17 v5 of the IAFLight Helicopters : The HAL Dhruv, Cheetah and Chetak form an important wing of the IAF. HAL Dhruv, the indigenous helicopter supplements the larger Mi 17’s in its task. The SARANG Helicopter display team also consists of the Dhruv’s. The other two are used for training, rescue and light transport roles including in the high altitude regions. Eventually to be replaced by the Kamov ka-226 and the HAL LUH.HAL Dhruv’s operating in the Nepal earthquake relief operations. Please appreciate the skills of our brave airmen who have landed the Helicopter in such an adverse terrain for an Evacuation operationDhruv’s of the SARANG helicopter Display TeamHAL Chetak of the IAFThe soon to be inducted HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) during its first flight in 2016Attack Helicopter : The Mil Mi-35 was the first Attack helicopter to be inducted into the IAF capable of acting as both as a transport and a gunship helo capabling of inserting the Garuda commandos and providing them over head cover. The disadvantage is that it is not built to operate in the High Altitude regions and hence was not used in the Kargil war where the IAF had to do with the armored and weaponised version of the Mi 17. The Mi 17’s were sitting ducks to the Pakistani Manpads. The Mil Mi-35 are to be replaced by the AH-64 E Apache Attack Helicopters. Further, India has transferred four Mi-35 to its allies, The Afghan Air Force in 2016 to assist the Afghan Security Forces.Hence, a requirement was drawn to build attack helo which would operate in the high altitude regions of India. Thus, the HAL Light Combat helicopter (LCH) was born. It is to be inducted into the IAF in a couple of year’s time. The HAL Rudra is the weaponised version of the HAL Dhruv.The LCH and the Rudra are used for anti-tank operations, close air support to ground forces as a battlefield scout and possibly for anti-surface vessel warfare in the future.The Mil Mi-35. Notice the Low Capacity transport compartment behind the cockpitHAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) during it’s High Altitude trialsThe third prototype of the HAL LCHHAL Rudra with it’s weapon complementEDIT 2: The “Eyes in the skies” of the IAF. The Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft of the IAF consist of :Phalcon AEW&C : One of the most advanced AEW&C in the world now, it consists of an the EL/W-2090 AESA (Active Electronic Scanned Array) Radar mounted on a Russian A-50 platform which is based on the IL 76 design. With a coverage on 360 degrees and a range of 500 Km these radars can track upto 100 targets simultaneously. These operations are supported by the onboard ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) and ECCM (Electronic Counter Counter Measures) systems for electronic warfare. The IAF currently three of these aircraft with two more placed on order.A Phalcon AEW&C flying in formation with three MiG 29’s of the IAFDRDO Netra : It is India’s first indigenous Air borne radar to join the IAF ( Not to be confused with the quadrotor developed by DRDO). Not as potent as its elder brother, the Phalcon these aircraft are aimed to supplement the bigger aircraft as well as giving the Indian scientists an opportunity at making an indigenous AESA Radar. The aircraft has a 240 degree coverage area with a range of 300 Km. Even with the reduced operational parameters formidable gains in detection ranges are can be achieved across the Himalayan Ranges on the northern borders where Radar Units can’t be located due to the inhospitable terrain.The indigenous DRDO NetraEDIT 3: Introducing the Trainer Aircraft Fleet of the IAF,The Trainer Aircraft Fleet of the IAF consists of:Basic Trainer Aircraft : The IAF currently uses the Pilatus PC-7 Mk II as its Basic Trainer Aircraft (BTA). The PC-7 replaced the indegenous HAL HPT-32 Deepak aircraft in service with the IAF after there were widespread concern about the flight safety of the Deepak’s. The IAF plans to augment its BTA fleet with the addition of the indegenous HAL HTT-40 BTA which had its inaugral flight last month.Pilatus PC-7 Mk II of the IAFThe first flight of the HAL HTT-40 BTAIntermediate Jet Trainer : The IAF uses the indegenous Kiran Mk II aircraft as the Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT). In the early 1980’s, the IAF used to deploy the Polish Iskra and the HAL kiran Mk I airacraft for the Intermediate and Advanced Jet Training sorties. However, the Iskra’s were susceptible to stall while going on for more than one Spin. Hence, the IAF used the Kiran aircraft for the spin sorties while the Iskra was reserved for the applied combat sorties. The Iskra’s had been decommisioned long ago with the BAE Hawk Mk 132 filling its shoes. The Kiran Mk II version continues to fly strong. The HAL HJT-36 Sitara project was supposed to replace the Kiran aicraft but there are still too many issues to be solved in the Sitara, with the IAF loosing interest in the peoject as time passes by.A Kiran aircraft, formerly a part of the IAF’s Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT)The aerobatic team of the IAF and IN, the Surya Kiran and the Sagar Pawan were associated with the Kiran aircraft. The Sagar Pawan team still flies on the Kiran while the Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) are flying the Hawk AJT nowadays. This was done as the IAF had to disbandon the team as there was shortage of the Kiran for Intermediate Jet Training purposes. The Sitara was supposed to replace the Kiran in the SKAT as well but given its spin and stall issues, it was decided to keep the team's legacy alive by using the Hawk Mk 132 AJT.The SKAT in a nine aircraft formation with the Kiran aircraftHAL HJT-36 Sitara IJT, an aircraft beset by design deficienciesAdvanced jet Trainer : The BAE Hawk Mk 132 is used to impart advanced combat and applied weapons training to the cadets. The Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) stage was added in order to bridge the lacunae between handling the Supersonic aircraft in service with the IAF and the subsonic aircraft on which the cadets are being trained. This training aimed to reduce the cases of Pilot Error as the Hawk aircraft is capable of manoeuvring in Transonic and Supersonic speeds (only in cases where the aircraft is going in a dive, else the aircraft can go Transonic in level flight). HAL has also signed an MoU with BAE Systems to develop a weaponised version of the Hawk, to serve as a Close Combat Support aircraft having limited Air to Air capabilities as well.The BAE Hawk Mk 132 AJT in service with the IAFThe IAF has resurrected the SKAT in 2015 with six of these aircraft in its inventory, replacing the Kiran Mk II Trainer Aircraft formerly in service with the team.A BAE Hawk Mk 132 aircaft with the IAF’s Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team's new liveryIn addition to the three stage aircraft training imparted by the IAF, it also conducts aircraft specific training for its pilots. The IAF has Units like the MiG Operational Flying Training Unit or MOFTU, which imparts training to the young pilots on the MiG 21 aircaft which has a reputation of very high speed landings and take-off. This is done to aclimatize the pilots to the unforgiving supersonic MiG’s of the IAF.I would fail in my duty if I don't mention our courageous Pilots and tireless Technicians who keep our rotors churning, jets running all year long. These machines are nothing without the men behind them.JAI HIND !
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What evidence is there that Russian hackers tried to influence the US presidential election?
Before discussing evidence, it’s important to be clear that the assessment of the U.S. intelligence community is unanimous: Russia interfered with the election. It happened.The FBI, CIA, NSA, and ODNI all said so when they were run by Obama appointees, and they continue to say so now that they’re run by Trump appointees. DHS says so, too.Presidents, too. Obama said it. Bush said it. Trump said it. He tries to downplay it, but he said it. And his CIA Director and Secretary of State say they aren’t going to stop.And Congress, as well. Members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees from both parties have said it.That’s two branches of government, two political parties, partisans and civil servants; Republicans, Democrats, and dedicated professionals living and breathing national security every day.Outside the U.S. government, private sector companies specializing in computer forensics have said it, even those that compete with each other and have strong incentive to prove the others wrong. More on that shortly.To be as clear as possible before moving on, the FBI, CIA, and NSA, through the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, published the following assessment:President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.So, we’re confident the Russians attempted “an influence campaign” to interfere with the 2016 U.S. election, but what form did this take?The effort was multi-pronged:Establishing contact with the Trump campaign and those receptive to Russian overtures.Hacking into Democratic servers and leaking stolen information.Organized trolling using Russian agents and bots to maximize the propaganda value of the leaked emails, spread disinformation, disrupt political discourse, foment anger and vitriol, support Trump messaging, etc.BsignNowing U.S. election systems, either for 2016 or to set up actions for future elections.Item #1 relates to the ongoing collusion investigation of contacts between Russia and the Trump team. That would be a whole answer on its own, and it’s not even necessary to show evidence of the Russian interference, so I’ll just offer this quick summary:At least 12 Trump associates had contacts with Russians during the campaign or transitionThere were at least 19 face-to-face interactions with Russians or Kremlin-linked figuresThere were at least 51 communications -- meetings, phone calls, email exchanges and more.This flies in the face of at least nine blanket denials from Trump world of any contacts with RussiaIf you want to read the details behind that, go ahead: By the numbers: The Trump orbit's contacts with Russians is a good start, or for a more in depth timeline: All the known times the Trump campaign met with RussiansThe majority of this answer will focus on #s 2, 3, and 4.Now that we’ve established what we know, we can move on to how we know it. That part gets a bit more complicated.Although all those U.S. government entities say so with high confidence, they can’t exactly “show their work” to the general public without telling the Russians all the ways they used to catch them. If they did, they would not only be telling them how to avoid detection in the future, but endangering the lives of human intelligence sources (our spies and assets) and the continued viability of any electronic or cyber intelligence sources, such as any vulnerabilities we’ve exploited in their systems.Usually, it’s not just the sources and methods that are kept secret but everything. Generally, the public doesn’t get told anything U.S. intelligence knows, except in serious situations, like when they discovered Russia’s previous management, the Soviet Union, was secretly installing nuclear missile sites 90 miles off the coast of Florida, a scary incident known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.In this case, when they decided to go public, they made two reports, but we only got to see the unclassified one, which leaves out the sensitive details about how we know what we know. Here’s how it’s explained in the report:“Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections” is a declassified version of a highly classified assessment that has been provided to the President and to recipients approved by the President.The Intelligence Community rarely can publicly reveal the full extent of its knowledge or the precise bases for its assessments, as the release of such information would reveal sensitive sources or methods and imperil the ability to collect critical foreign intelligence in the future.Thus, while the conclusions in the report are all reflected in the classified assessment, the declassified report does not and cannot include the full supporting information, including specific intelligence and sources and methods.Since they can’t tell us their evidence, any answer to this question on Quora will be missing the majority of the evidence.However, even without them spilling all their secrets, there’s quite a bit that’s publicly known. And the preceding two sentences taken together should underscore just how overwhelming the evidence must be.One last thing before diving in, a quick note of caution: Do not be confused by talk about “the dossier” or “the Nunes memo” as they have little to do with this.Ok, so here’s some of the evidence that’s publicly known:Democratic servers were hacked by Russians. Although the government isn’t willing to expose all their evidence for this, we have plenty.Let’s start with the strong forensic information from multiple private sector firms.The Democratic National Committee suspected something happened but wasn’t sure what, so they “called in CrowdStrike, a security firm that specializes in countering advanced network threats.”While the infiltration was very advanced, within just two hours CrowdStrike discovered reams of evidence that left little doubt that not only did the Russians hack them, but two different Russian agencies had.Knowing that this was a big claim, they published their evidence. Their report is pretty specific. It’s not that long but includes all sorts of technical details, including excerpts from the actual code, among other things. Feel free to read it if you want to get deeper into the weeds.It’s not just the company the Democrats hired saying so: “Two competing cybersecurity companies, Mandiant (part of FireEye) and Fidelis, confirmed CrowdStrike's initial findings that Russian intelligence indeed hacked the DNC.” Now, we’re up to three saying so.Then a fourth cyber security firm “examined the forensic data from the DNC hack themselves, and endorsed Crowdstrike’s conclusions.” This company you might’ve even heard of: Symantec.The U.S. government confirmed the findings as well. A separate report we’ll get into later reiterated many of the points raised by CrowdStrike, including when each of the Russian intelligence agencies they identified infiltrated the DNC (the hacks were done at different times).Part of the evidence is that CrowdStrike had seen these digital fingerprints before. They investigate 15,000 hacks every year, so when their software analyzes systems, it recognizes that certain sequences of actions taken form patterns that become a unique signature. Wired explains, “Every action at a system level on the DNC's computers was recorded and checked against CrowdStrike's bank of prior intelligence (the company processes 28 billion computer events a day).” There are “a handful of small but signNow tells: data exfiltrated to an IP address associated with the hackers; a misspelled URL; and time zones related to Moscow.”In other words, the companies are familiar with these hackers and know what to look for. Here’s a little blurb about how familiar they are with their modus operandi:“Security companies can tell you much more about these groups, their code, their infrastructures, and their methods. (The Finnish security firm F-Secure has an excellent 34-page write-up of [one of the Russian intelligence agency hacker groups], and FireEye has a deep dive into [the other Russian hacker group], among many other reports by different companies.) (PDF) From analysis of the dozens of malware packages used exclusively by these hackers, researchers can tell you that…“They’re usually compiled on machines with the language set to Russian.”“Both groups operate during working hours in Russia, and take Russian holidays off.”“Their targets are radically different from those of for-profit criminals hackers in Eastern Europe or anywhere else—no banks, no retailers with credit card numbers to steal—always governments, companies, journalists, NGOs, and other targets that the Russian government would be interested in.”One part of the hack involved tricking DNC employees with phony links that were used in previous hacks tied to Russia.As good as the Russians were at hacking, they made mistakes, during and after the hack. For example, they inadvertently left Russian-language metadata in the leaked files.Oops.There’s even Russian language error messages accidentally embedded due to the way they exported the docs. Crowdsourcing spotted that, not just the cyber firm. A Twitter user who used to work for British intelligence did some great analysis."error! invalid hyperlinks" in Russian... pic.twitter.com/T9jmLnNiKF— davi (((
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Does stealth fighter take advantage against normal fighter jet?
Yes! That’s the main idea behind having a stealthy fighter.With a stealthy fighter you are able to avoid most if not all situations such as going toe-to-toe in an all out dogfight with a conventional fighter; not having to fly into eyeball range before engaging that conventional fighter.With stealth you can down a standard fighter before the pilot even knows you’re there.Example: When the F-35 Lightning II was pitted against the vinerable F-16 Fighting-Falcon at Nellis Air Force Base to see how it stood up against the older fighter, the F-16 won all engagements in all scenarios hands-down! Most were totally shocked! Was the F-35 a dud? Was it a waste of time effort and money?The Air Force ran the tests again only instead of making it a totally conventional dogfight the participating F-35s were allowed to use all their tricks. The results were just about the reverse of the first test.Allowed to use their stealth capabilities to the fullest they turned the tables of the grand old F-16.Once an air-to-air missile is launched it’s a matter of trying to avoid it. A pilot is too busy trying not to get blow-up by the on-coming missile to try to track back to where it came from and it wouldn’t matter anyway because the attacking stealth fighter is instantly back into it’s stealth mode; way beyond the point where it launched its missile and weapons bay doors rapidly closed again making it very stealthy again and difficult to pick up by IR seeker or radar.Simply you can’t fight what you have difficulty in seeing or even knowing where it actually is.
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What are some must have Android apps?
Edit: I wrote this answer for “must have Android apps” but these are same apps which have changed the way I used to live my life. Each and every App has helped me in one or the other way. I hope you will also find them helpful and a bit life changing. So here is the list: 10. Psiphon For those who use WiFi with proxy settings. So Psiphon bypasses and tunnel the websites or app through a different IP Address. 9. Mirror It's a simple app to record your mobile screen. Based on the concept of CamStudio in PC where you can record your screen, Mirror offers recording of your Mobile screen. 8. NTES- National Train Enquiry System If you are from India and you want to know the running status, cancelled train (partial or fully), Live Station and other features, this App is a must have. 7. VOLT Simple but effective for those who want to learn new vocabulary. That's too obvious, then why not others? Coz here you get the “memory key” which helps you relate the words and easier to remember them. 6. Parchi It a note making app. But here’s a catch. You can view, review, edit and add right from your lockscreen without need to open the app. Isn't that amazing! I personally find this app very useful. 5. edX If you are student or a learner who wants learn something new everyday, and cannot afford to go in the prestigious institutions like MIT, Harvard University, Cambridge, IITM, etc ten it is a must have app. Enroll yourself in any course and Bazinga!! You are ready to learn from the most amazing professors. Similar to edX, we have Coursera. 4. Walnut Manage your expenses on your finger tips. Its easier then that. It shows you your monthly expenditure, ATM locations, bill remainders and many more features. Its a must have app. 3. CamScanner Everyone doesn’t own a scanner but most of us have camera. So click the pic, upload to CamScanner and voila you are done. You have the scanned copy of your documents, notes, Marksheet and upload them on your DigiLocker. 2. inshorts Till now you all must be knowing this app. The tagline is also simple “News in 60 words” and trust me it is worth having. In this “I don't have time” world, you need news to be fast and accurate so here it is. 1. DigiLocker If you have this app then you don’t need to carry your personal documents like driving license, Adhar card, voter ID card, or even your Marksheets. Keep them safe in actual locker and leave the rest to your DigiLocker. And the best part is that it is acceptable as the original ones at every governmental or non governmental institution because it is developed under Digital India initiative. That's it for the day. Thank you and Enjoy !!! Update 1: Today I came across two new apps which I found useful. Hope it would help you all. 1.Forest : Stay focused Features • A self-motivated and interesting way to help you beat phone addiction • Stay focused and get more things done • Share your forest and compete with friends • Track your history in a simple and pleasant way • Earn reward and unlock more tree species • Customize your whitelist : Leaving Forest and using apps in whitelist won’t kill your tree. 2. Swachh Bharat Toilet Locator Swachh Bharat Toilet Locator is specifically useful for Indians who're committed for Swachh Bharat. Update 2: So I am back with yet another interesting app for you all. And trust me it is worth hanving. You are bored just go through it and kaboooom !!! You are into a black hole. Enjoy the ride. 3. Curiosity It is the latest app I installed but got addicted to it. It’s exactly works like its name, generates a curiosity which inturn increases your knowledge. It covers a large field of scope from Humanity to science to faith and many more. This app deserves more snapshots but why to increase the length of my answer. Comment below if you think the list should be updated? Thank you.
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Which is better, Russian Sukhoi PAK FA T-50 or the US F-22 Raptor? Why?
There are a number of reasonable statements that can be made to compare these jets.Keeping things fairly simple, we can say:1) The F-22 should be stealthier, by a good margin from the front and by a very large margin from the sides. 2) The eventual production standard PAK FA should have some degree of a maneuverability advantage over the F-22, owing to assumed advantages in thrust/weight ratio and the fact that PAK FA thrust vectoring is planned to be 3 dimensional rather than 2. (This assumes that Russia succeeds in developing a next-generation engine, beyond the 117, and that western assumptions about the weight of the aircraft are correct. Initial production versions using the 117 engine will likely be more closely matched, kinematically, with the Raptor.)3) The Raptor should have a substantially better radar system, to some extent because of superior technology, but especially because of presumptive advantages in software development and computing power due to America's long history of superior defense electronics and generally world-leading tech sector. (These advantages are perishable, obviously, but it will likely be many years before they are overcome.)4) The Raptor will probably have an advantage in other information areas as well, such as radar warning, electronic warfare, and data fusion, mostly for the same reasons mentioned above. 5) The jets might turn out to be similar in their altitude and supercruise capabilities, but from today's perspective it seems likely that the PAK FA will probably trail the F-22 somewhat in this area, with a supercruise capability somewhat lower than the Mach 1.8 of the F-22. Certainly the burden of proof will fall on the PAK FA in this area, to show that it can rival the Raptor.6) The PAK FA will have an electro-optical sensor, whereas the F-22 does not. 7) F-22 networking will probably be better, once again thanks to the American tech sector.So where does all this leave the question of which is better? Well, it all depends on how you think future air combat will work....Factual comparisons of aircraft (or estimates) don't automatically yield results about which is better, but instead must be interpreted via general opinions about the kinds of tactics and technologies that might work best. If you are a believer in the by-now traditional 4th generation theories of energy maneuverability, you might think that the PAK FA will probably end up being somewhat better. If you're more in the camp of favoring stealth and information, you should conclude that the Raptor will be better. (All of this as regards air-to-air, which is all I've been concerned with in this post...)Of course, to have any REAL knowledge of anything, you'd have to understand the whole of the battlespaces these aircraft would be working in, of which the attributes of the fighters themselves might be of less relevance than you'd think. (Example: if an adversary can blow up all your airfields easily, the attributes of your jets are quite irrelevant!)
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