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Ah yes.The lifestyle of the rich and famous. Fast cars. Fancy outfits.Little stone statues at the front of the entryway. The allure is undeniable.And for real estate agents, the chance to eat a slice of the luxury pie is an alluring prospect indeed. ...Especially if that slice comes in the form of a 3% commission off of a multi-million dollar listing. But how does a realtor establish themselves as a luxury agent in the first place?Well, it’s not easy. You can obtain a GREL Certification, for starters.This will walk you down the path of becoming a legitimate, certified luxury real estate agent. But regardless, one thing is certain,To deal with luxury real estate, an agent needs to buckle down.Here are a five powerful tips that could fast track your goals to becoming a Luxury real estate agent.#1 YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOINGBefore you even think of moving forward, ask yourself… do I know what I’m doing? There are many newbie real estate agents that jump from taking the test to becoming a luxury real estate agent.Unless you already have the background and experience in real estate, I strongly suggest you get some experience under your belt. That experience could help you avoid lawsuits and save you money.Simply taking 6 months to learn the ropes at a local real estate brokerage, while shadowing another successful luxury real estate agent, could be the difference in your failure or success. That extra experience will help you feel more confident when taking on a luxury listing and the mentor will help you develop the skills needed to be the greatest in your field.#2 YOU NEED TO LOOK THE PARTNormally we encourage real estate agents to relax and be themselves. Your clients will love you and appreciate your authenticity.Are you the laid back but trusted Realtor who wears jeans and flip flops every day? Show that in your marketing. Are you the young and modern Realtor with a focus on minimalism and technology? Show that in your marketing. I encourage agents to use their personality to market their businesses.However, when you are transitioning to luxury real estate, you need to figure out a way to make sure that your marketing and your style represents the luxury industry. Luxury real estate is a visual niche. The house, the car, the owners, the buyers and the agent all look the part.How to look like a luxury real estate agent? Here are some tipsPay for luxury branding – Make sure everything, from your website and business cards to your signs and advertising, is designed and printed to represent your luxury clientele.Dress to impress – Make sure your clothing is clean, pressed and tailored. First impressions go a long way when trying to win a listing. Just starting out? Purchase one or two neutral suits and multiple dress shirts/blouses. Keep them dry cleaned and wear those when meeting new clients or networking. The suits will be so neutral many won’t recognize you’ve worn it before. Switch up the blouses and/or dress shirts and you’ll always look professional and put together.Drive a nice car – It may sound vain, but in the luxury industry it is a necessity to make sure your car is nice, especially if you are driving luxury buyers around to look at homes. Your car should not only look nice but it should be clean and smell good as well. If you can't afford a luxury car, try Uber, a peer to peer taxi service, allows you to taxi luxury cars. Using Uber, you can sit in the back with your clients and they will get that luxury experience while going on walkthroughs.The only thing to look out for when using any taxi service is timing. This is why I don’t suggest using a taxi service when meeting with a seller unless you are paying them to wait for you outside. After presenting an amazing listing presentation you don’t want to be chilling around at a client’s house waiting for your ride.#3 YOU NEED TO UTILIZE THE LATEST IN REAL ESTATE TECHNOLOGYIf you want a luxury buyer to hire you as their agent or if you want to win a luxury listing, you need to show clients that you can provide them with the latest in real estate marketing and technology. Make sure you understand how to utilize the latest technology to find and market homes and that you can effectively combine that knowledge with traditional techniques.Remember, just having flashy tools isn’t enough. You need to know how to use them effectively to increase the client’s ROI.Technology Used by Luxury Real Estate AgentsElectronic signature softwareShowing feedback softwareInteractive yard signsBeautifully designed websites with powerful home search enginesActive social media and blogsCloud document storageVirtual phone numbersThe latest gadgets (Touch screen laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.)#4 YOU NEED A LISTING PRESENTATION THAT WOWSTo win a luxury listing, you need to do more than click through a generic PowerPoint and pass out faded flyers and postcard examples. Instead – tweak your presentation to the property. Imagine the impression you’ll make when the seller sees a postcard with their house on it? And marketing that caters to their neighborhood and their current needs?Making those extra steps to personalize your listing presentation is worth the investment.Here are some key points to help you out.Pay for luxury branding – Make sure your listing presentation, listing package and examples are all professionally designed and printed to represent your luxury brand.Memorize your presentation – Although no two listing presentations will ever be the same, knowing the foundation of your presentation will be valuable. It will allow you to quickly and easily skip sections, answer questions without getting off-track and help you sound professional and knowledgeable about marketing real estate.Encourage participation – Get the sellers involved by allowing them to pretend to be buyers. Show them what happens when they text the number on the yard sign. Take them on a walk-through of their listings from your point of view. Luxury sellers are constantly being “sold” to. To get an edge, show them exactly why they should hire you. Actions speak louder than words.#5 YOU NEED TO SUPERCHARGE YOUR FOLLOW UPPotential clients searching for or selling traditional homes need basic follow-up strategies to convert them into clients. Those strategies include using the information collected in your CRM to send them email marketing, postcards and the occasional phone call.In retrospect, potential clients searching for or selling luxury homes need traditional follow-up combined with action to convert them into clients. Just sending a card that says happy birthday isn’t enough. For wealthy clients, sending gifts on birthdays and invitations to exclusive events in the area are key to establishing a healthy lead flow. Here are few tipsRemember the details – When you run into a potential luxury client, whether by chance or by a scheduled meeting, take notes and/or memorize the small details of their life. These small details include spouses, children, hobbies, vacation spots, etc. Make sure you put these things into your CRM and use these details to come up with innovative follow-up techniques.Use partner resources – Developing a lead funnel for luxury clients can be costly. This is why it is imperative to have partners that can provide discounts and resources to luxury amenities.The decision to buy and/or sell a luxury home isn’t an easy one. The real estate sales and lead cycle is already a long one – add in the luxury component and the lead cycle can be even longer. Don’t be discouraged if a potential client hasn’t responded after following up with them for longer than 3 months. Many times, they are busy, on vacation, or dealing with business. Unless they say “remove me from your list” keep marketing. You’ll be in the front of their minds when they are ready to hire a real estate professional.

The class would be known as the Superior class battleship thanks to input by Brayden Swanson named after the great lakes.The first ship would be known as the USS Superior, named after lake superior, because in my opinion it’s a very superior ship design. (yes, I say so myself, but I spent too much time on this so I’m proud of it. )So my design isn’t going to be your traditional big gun warship because at this point while big guns are great at gunfire support they lack the range to strike far inshore and are quite inaccurate designed to saturate entire map grids leaving nothing standing, but...

[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader

The income tax department has segregated the taxpayer based on their status, source of income , basis of income and other factors. Taxpayer having taxable income are required to file income tax return based on their incomes.ITR 2 is to be filed by individual or HUF (not having income from PGBP ) and not eligible to file ITR 1ITR 1 is to be filed by individual or HUF having total income upto Rs 50L from salary, 1 HP and other sources. Agriculture income should not exceed Rs 5000.ITR 2 can be downloaded and submitted on the income tax website . After successful filing an acknowledgement will be sent to your registered email id which can also be downloaded manually.There are certain category of people who can also submit the return offline.For AY 18–19 , the last day of filing ITR 2 is 31st July 2018 . If it is filed after the due date penalty under Section 234F will be levied.

Thanks for the A2A.Jim Davis's answer to What are the differences between different music genres?Jim Davis's answer to Which music is the best?…and so my answer doesn’t get flagged for brevity:(alphabetically by genre/sub-genre; and no, not “every” genre is included. That would be physically impossible. This is closer to about 10% of all genres/sub-genres. You’re welcome.)Blues:Blues Rock; Similar to Electric Blues, but sometimes acoustic. Blues Rock can be played without having the power turned on. And it rocks. - Stoneground, Tommy Castro Band, Tom Waits, Jeff Healey, Chris Whitley, Paul Butterfield Blues BandChicago Blues; Sort of an urban blues using more piano and saxophone. These guys are quite often named Willie or "Big" something if not some kind of dog. Popular in Louisiana, strangely enough. - Willie Clarke, Willie Dixon, Willie Kent, Willie Murphy, Willie Nix, Big Bill Broonzy, Big Joe Turner, Big John Wrencher, Big Moose, Golden "Big" Wheeler, Eddie Shaw & The Wolf Gang, Hound Dog Taylor, Howlin' WolfDelta Blues; One of the earliest blues styles. The roots of the African-American styles honed in the Delta plains of the US in the midst of harsh mistreatment and soulful survival. Mostly acoustic guitar and harmonica. Best if played on the porch of an old, broken down shack. - Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, Keb 'Mo', Memphis Jug Band, Johnny Shines, Tommy Johnson, Frank StokesElectric Blues; Blues that's plugged in and louder. Primarily guitar-based. When the power goes out it typically becomes Blues Rock.  - B.B. King, Eric Clapton, Magic Slim, Taj Mahal, John Lee Hooker, John Mayall, Charlie MusselwhiteJump Blues; Up-tempo with more swing. upright bass, piano, horns. One might jump if the mood strikes. - Magic Sam, Ruth Brown, Sugar Blue, Hal Singer, Amos Milburn, Ray Charles, Roy BrownNew Orleans Blues; More jazz and island influence. various drums and keyboard instruments. Popular in Texas, strangely enough. - Art Neville, Lloyd Price, Guitar Slim, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, T-Bone Burnett, Rockin' Sidney, Louisiana RedSt. Louis Blues; more piano based. similar to ragtime. Popular in Illinois, strangely enough. - Big Maybelle, Big Walter Horton, Roy Milton, Willie Mabon, Roosevelt Sykes, Yank Rachell, "Ma" Rainey, Percy MayfieldSwamp Blues; incorporates some Zydeco and more aggressive styles. Best when heard from the banks of a swamp and followed to an old, broken down shack. - Sonny Terry, Smiley Lewis, Luther Allison, Irma Thomas, Clifton Chenier, Doctor Ross, Bobby MarchanTexas Blues; more swing than Electric Blues, but more guitar than Jump Blues. Popular in Missouri, strangely enough. - Albert King, Lightnin' Hopkins, Tutu Jones, T-Bone Walker, Smokin' Joe Kubek, Grady Gains, Lafayette LeakeZydeco; more Creole influence. Accordion and alternative percussion instruments. You can't understand a word these guys are saying. - Al Rapone, Zydeco Boneshakers, Wayne Toups, Dr. John, The Mavericks, Buckwheat ZydecoGospel: somewhere between Blues and Country. Dominantly Christian in lyrical form.  - The Staple Singers, Shirley Caesar, Mahalia Jackson, Ira Tucker & The Dixie Hummingbirds, The Golden Gate Quartet, Fisk Jubilee Singers, The Blind Boys of AlabamaCountry:Bluegrass; up-tempo roots country using fiddle, banjo, jug, washtub bass. Should wear one-strap overalls and/or chew on a wheat stalk whilst playing. - Bill Monroe, Doc Watson, Laurie Lewis, The Del McCoury Band, The Cox Family, Don Reno, Carl Story, New Grass RevivalCountry Pop; pop-oriented country without the believable sadness. Mostly fifth and sixth generation Country for the sake of making money. - Carrie Underwood, Faith Hill, Lonestar, Pam Tillis, Juice Newton, Dixie Chicks, Martina McBrideHonky Tonk; up-tempo like Bluegrass, but more party-oriented and public. Drunken out-of-tune pianos and bar fights abound. Mostly second generation Country. - Rex Griffin, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Jim Edward Brown, Red FoleyMountain; vocal harmonies, fast-pickin', nostalgia, and "ya gotta have a fiddle in the band". Judging by their names, they're usually related to someone if not each other.  - Alabama, Oak Ridge Boys, Roy Acuff, The Forester Sisters, The Louvin Brothers, The Stanley Brothers, The Burch Sisters, The Cook Family SingersNeotraditional; the sort of "we wish we'd been alive before country was cool" artists. True to their form, but still "new". Mostly fifth generation Country. - Alan Jackson, Brad Paisley, Garth Brooks, Vince Gill, Mark ChesnuttOutlaw; the real deal. These guys invented the country themes; heartache, loss, being broke, depressed, lonely and/or in jail. Third and Fourth generation Country with no fancy band or artist names; just straight-forward actual names with lots of "N"s and "L"s.  - Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams Jr., Charlie Daniels, David Allan Coe, Rodney Crowell, Leon RussellTraditional; the realer deal. Country for the sake of true mountain/southern expression. Hard workin' white trash sadness and hard times with an occasionally poppy feel later in the genre. Third and Fourth generation Country with lots of steel guitar twang, dobro, wailing fiddle and soft yet straight-forward 4/4 back beats that keep audiences clappin' on 1 and 3.  - Loretta Lynn, Emmylou Harris, Porter Wagoner, Kenny Rogers, George Jones, Tanya Tucker, Ronnie Milsap, Dolly PartonWestern; Out on the range/prairie. Cowboy music of the American Frontier Mostly campfire sing-alongs with little to no percussion. Bouncy rhythms reminiscent of horse galloping. Mostly second generation Country and frequently named a group belonging to an individual.  - Jean Shepard, Kitty Wells, Gene Autry, Tex Ritter, Skeets McDonald, Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys, Curly Williams and His Georgia Peach Pickers, Hank Penny and His Rodeo Cowboys, Leon McAuliffe and His Western Swing Band, Noel Boggs and His Day Sleepers, Tex Williams and His Western Caravan, Jack Guthrie and His Oklahomans, Milton Brown and His Brownies, Johnnie Lee Willis and His BoysElectronica:Acid Breaks; utilizes breakbeats and sampling of small rhythmic grooves to create longer song patterns. It is not a complete sentence explaining how acid reacts when dropped on the floor. - Zak Baney, DJ Icey, K-Swing, NAPT, Vigi, The Sables, Rozalla, C2CAggrotech; darker lyrics than most electronica, using high-mixed synth/saw leads and aggressive bass frequency oscillation. - Lights of Euphoria, Alien Vampires, Amduscia, Cenobita, Unter NullAmbient; emphasizes atmosphere and overall tone over song structure. Mood music.... if you're in the mood to feel ambient. - Etro Anime, Sneaker Pimps, Ceasefire, Aphex Twin, Kinobe, HalcyonColdwave; sort of industrial, electronic, punk. Angst ridden and aggressive, yet nebulous and icy in it’s emotional exposition. Often politically or socially oriented; and usually in an irreverent manner. - Artefact, Jacno, Museum of Devotion, Pavilion 7BDrone; minimalistic, repetitive, clustered patterns sustained throughout a piece with few, if any, alterations to chord/harmonic structure. Imagine a 100′ diameter, futuristic, spherical, steel eyeball floating around a city. The sound that would make? That’s drone. - Faust, Neu!, Phil Niblock, Yoshi WadaDubstep; characterized by sub-bass frequency oscillation and warbling along with broken beats, syncopation and "the drop". If you don't like it you're obviously too old. - Skrillex, Plastician, Magnetic Man, Nero, Deadmau5, SkreamElectronicore; electronic metalcore. There. make sense? A lot of sequencing, auto-tuning and screaming. Angry and “in-your-face” lyrics and breakbeats that figuratively knock your teeth out. But sometimes literally. - Abandon All Ships, Palisades, Himwaterdragon, Fall Emotions, Eskimo CallboyElectropop; Electronic music more accepted by the masses and general public. Deep, grinding electronic tones, frequencies and breakbeats coupled with more pop-friendly vocals and lyrics. Usually fronted by a female. - Elly Jackson, Ke$ha, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, PerfumeGrime; sort of a dirty, wet-floor, smoke-in-the-air, acrid B.O. type of Jungle or grimey-House music. Not music that might be played in a grimey house; but House music that is also grimey. - Boy Better Know, Ghetts, Kano, Newham Generals, Ruff Squad, SkeptaHouse; a style of electronic dance music that grew from disco production and reggae beats. Don't know why it's called "House". Maybe it just sounded cool.  - Chemical Brothers, Daft Punk, MARRS, Sonique, Dirty VegasTechno; a form of EDM synthesizing funk, jazz, African rhythms and a general party-type atmosphere. This music is often directly from the future or outerspace.  - Arab Strap, Rednex, Technotronic, LeClick, Culture Beat, RozallaTrance; repetition repetition repetition. Beats between 125 and 140 with lots of repetition. Melodic themes slowly layer and build to climaxes and then, you guessed it, repeat.  - Life on Mars, Enigma, Blue States, B12, Craig Armstrong, AirTrip Hop; a more experimental style of electronic music that utilizes soul, funk, jazz, and blues forms. Sometimes danceable. Sometimes commercial. But always 100% hip-hop/ambient/soul/jazz/acid/dub/electronica. Or something...  - Moby, Bossa Nostra, Fatboy Slim, Vanja Lazarova, Seph, Electric ChairsFolk:American Roots; 1800s' pre-Country acoustic. Not as upbeat as bluegrass. More akin to Mountain ballads stemming from Irish/Scottish roots in the Appalachian Mountains of the USA.  - The Civil Wars, Mac Wiseman, Pete Seeger, The Wallin Family, Bass Mountain Boys, The Chuck Wagon GangFolk Pop; softer than folk rock. Folk music that people actually like while sober. - John Denver, Simon & Garfunkel, Don McLean, Leonard Cohen, Sonny and Cher, Partridge FamilyFolk Rock; slightly heavier than Folk Pop. Somewhat more instrument-based yet audience-friendly.  - Dave Matthews Band, Indigo Girls, Joan Osborne, Mumford & Sons, KT Tunstall, Suzanne VegaJam; 20 minute dual guitar solos while singer stands, looking at the stage floor, head-bobbing slightly using the microphone stand to keep from falling over. Best enjoyed while under the influence of some sort of psychotropic substance. If sober, turn around and watch the crowd. Usually pretty fun shows but pretty boring albums.  - The Grateful Dead, Bela Fleck & The Flecktones, Phish, Sister Hazel, The Pat McGee BandJazz:Acid Jazz; Jazz....on acid. Or with acid poured over it. I can't quite figure out which but there's definitely some form of actual acid involved and it's likely more potent than lactic or citric. Plus "acid" is a really cool word. Even cooler than "house".  - Exodus Quartet; Medeski, Martin & Wood; DJ Logic, Count Basie, Quiet Boys, RadBebop; up-tempo, exemplifying instrumental mastery while not actually showing off. Lots of improvisation and elements that leant themselves eventually to the progressive rock styles; unison melodies, shrink/grow rhythm backings, solo breaks, etc.  - Charlie Parker, Chet Baker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell TrioBig Band; larger than a small band. Incorporating strong brass, woodwinds and dominant percussion throughout. Typically more happy and bouncy. And big.  - Squirrel Nut Zippers, Glenn Miller Orchestra, Duke Ellington, Chickenhawks, Benny GoodmanJazz Funk; more of a solid back-beat groove than other jazz styles. Makes use of synthesizers and analog tone generation. More groove than pure jazz but more jazz than pure funk.  - Wynton Marsalis, Grover Washington, The Whitefield Brothers, The Woo Woos, Entourage, Joe AugustineJazz Fusion; sort of Progressive Jazz. Fuses jazz with other styles like funk, R&B, rock, etc. "Fuse" is a cool jazzy sounding word. Almost as cool as "acid".  - Plunge, Soulive, Tom Scott, Weather Report, Manhattan Transfer, NiacinLatin Jazz; exactly that. Utilizes latin beats and rhythms along with multiple and various percussion-centric structures. Incorporates anything from Bolero to Rhumba but doesn't quite "fuse" them.....I guess.... - Acoustic Alchemy, Gare Du Nord, Yutaka, Mas Mamones, Kim Pensyl, Al Di Meola, BrasiliaRagtime; socially and chronologically bridged the gap between classical and jazz. Strong syncopated rhythms and metric patterns pulled from African-American music from the early 20th Century. Primarily piano based.  - Scott Joplin, Gene Austin, Ernest Hogan, Dorsey Brothers, Nora Bayes, Ted LewisSmooth Jazz; the music you listen to when you're winding down after a hard day of yoga classes and meditation. Relaxation akin to whale sounds and trickling rivers.  - Yellowjackets, Kenny G, Where There's Smoke, J. Spencer, Ricky Ford, Dave KozSoft Jazz; see Smooth Jazz, but softer. Imagine winding down after a day of winding down after a day of yoga classes and...... you get the picture.  - Mark Baldwin, Victor Goines, Ziggy Elfman, Eric Darken, Pat Coil, Phil WoodsTraditional Jazz; music for music's sake. The guys who originally broke the rules and continue to do so. They even broke the rules of jazz itself with their category name; since "Traditional Jazz" is itself oxymoronic.  - Dave Brubeck, Lord Buckley, Diana Krall, Al Jolson, Elmer Bernstein, Chick WebbVocal Jazz; not all scat and beedoppadoops. The voice as an instrument. Focus on virtuosity of the voice and expression through vocal timbre and fluidity. The best ones were female. Sorry, Louis.  - Nina Simone, Etta James, Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Ethel Waters, Nat King ColeMetal:Avant-Garde Metal; the weird crap. The stuff that people either love or hate. Typically not as talented as the Progressive guys, but less heavy and hardcore than the pure metal guys.  - System of a Down, Faith No More, Buckethead, King Crimson, Sikth, IntronautClassic Metal; where it all started. The first down-tuned, high-action riffs building from the oppressive industrial age in mid-century Great Britain. And the need to kick ass following all that rockabilly crap. - Scorpions, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Dio, Rainbow, Iron Butterfly, MotörheadDark Metal: including…Black Metal; similar to death metal, but slightly more atmospheric and extreme. These guys wear skull face-paint and dress like dead demons and other scary stuff. Lo-fi recordings with tremolo guitar and screeching, wailing vocals atop fast tempos/beats and low, thrumming bass. -Aurora Borealis, Behemoth, Setherial, Satanic Slaughter, Noctuary, Watain, Ethereal WoodsDeath Metal; metal about death. Or metal that sounds like it's dying or killing. Lots of blast beats and atonalities. Fast double-bass drums and down-tuned guitars. Screaming and growling. These guys don't play too many Bar Mitzvahs. - Napalm Death, Abysmal Dawn, Mortification, Dethklok, Fleshgore, Beneath the MassacreDoom Metal; like death metal but more ominous using slower tempos and more atmospheric tones. Lyrics are typically depressing and morose and will leave you wanting to kill others; including yourself. - Thergothon, Orodruin, The Hidden Hand, Mindrot, The Obsessed, Unholy, Witchfinder GeneralGoth Metal; somewhat of a horror theme pervades this category. Often times skull makeup or zombie/vampire/werewolf themes will be prevalent. Names often include prepositions. - In This Moment, Cradle of Filth, Within Temptation, Theatre of Tragedy, Cadaveria, AgathodaimonSludge Metal; usually has a somewhat dirtier, grimier feel to it. Slower deep-tuned crunchy riffs and distortion. Sometimes screaming and growling mixed with somewhat southern rock feeling styles. Themes include pessimism, hopelessness, anger.  - Black Label Society, Rollins Band, Mastodon, Corrosion of Conformity, Haste, Soilent Green, EyehategodEmo Metal; usually pretty heavy and angst-ridden, but with some clear-voice singing and wailing throughout. Not all screams and growls like Metalcore; and sometimes no screaming or growling at all. Just sort of, “Life is tough and I’m gonna bitch about it” music - but good. -Anberlin, Good Charlotte, Motionless in White, My Chemical Romance, SkilletFusion Metal: including…Folk Metal: including…Celtic Metal; reminiscent of ancient Celtic/Irish battle music. Heavy and grinding, but with an air of ambient atmosphere and possibly pan flutes. Yes definitely pan flutes. One must paint one’s face blue and wear a loin cloth to fully appreciate this genre. - Agalloch, Cruachan, Finntroll, Eluveitie, Mael Mórdha, Geasa, SuidrakaGypsy Metal; crunchy, heavy guitars with fiddles and percussion instruments that might be found hanging in the fortune teller’s wagon of a traveling circus. Some themes get pretty heavy and mythological and really make little sense. But hey…it’s Metal. - Inspirit, Kultur Shock, Stella Arja, Tribe of Gypsies, The Crooked Fiddle BandMedieval Metal; similar to Doom Metal in that the mood is more somber and morose and oppressive. Imagine metal that’s been living in a dungeon for 650 years and has just now stepped out into the sun. Yeah. That. - Heimataerde, In Extremo, Letzte Instanz, Morgenstern, Saltatio Mortis, SkycladPagan Metal; Metal that stays true to the original pagan/wiccan image. Metal that rails against organized religion; especially monotheism. Metal that revels in worldly idolatry and basks in the indulgence of the physical. Lots of symbolism and iconography used on album covers. - Arkona, Asmergin, Finsterforst, Korpiklaani, Obtest, MoonsorrowPirate Metal; exactly what it sounds like. Swashbuckling, rum-guzzling, peg-legged, patch-eyed, hook-armed, parrot-perched ne’er-do-wells prowling the waters in wooden ships carrying gold, gems and ghosts of the sea. At least that’s what they sing about. I think in real life they’re just normal people who drive cars and pay taxes like the rest of us. - Alestorm, Blaxon Stone, Cat O’ Nine Tails, Iron Seawolf, Red Rum, Silverbones, SwashbuckleViking Metal; metal having to do with Vikings (mostly lyrically) and their respective culture. Many reminders that Vikings are likely the most "metal" culture in the history of the world. - Mortiis, Heidevolk, Hel, Turisas, Wolfchant, Grand Magus, BorknagarFunk Metal; relatively self-explanatory. Metal, with some funk. Or funk with a heavier vibe. Heavy crunchy; yet funky and danceable; grooves. slap-bass and wah-wah guitar often rear their heads. Tightly tuned snare drums and snappy bass drums with a lot of emphasis on the hi-hat; usually. -Infectious Grooves, Living Colour, Mordred, Primus, Fishbone, Mind FunkJazz Metal; metal with an air of pretense. Not as esoteric as Avant-Garde Metal and more artsy than Funk Metal. Elements of Jazz like improvisation and off-kilter chord structures prevail. -Conflux, Gru, Sithu Aye, Shining, Naked CityNeoclassical Metal; these guys would be composing for their respective local monarchs had they lived 200 years ago. This is metal with classical tendencies, but not necessarily classical instrumentation. Mostly guitar virtuosi hang out here. Their bands are typically comprised of musical over-achievers who don’t quite have what it takes to be fully progressive. -Yngwie Malmsteen, Vinnie Moore, Timmo Tolkki, Joshua Perahia, Marty FriedmanRap Metal; Pretty self-explanatory. Combines rap and metal.  - Linkin Park, P.O.D., Kid Rock, Rage Against The Machine, Papa Roach, Crazy Town, Limp BizkitSymphonic Metal; - again, pretty self-explanatory. Metal guys don't like to waste time with esoteric nomenclature like "Trip Hop" or "Bluegrass".  - After Forever, Dimmu Borgir, Blind Guardian, Nightwish, Seraphim, Interfector, AyreonGlam Metal; including…Hair Metal; all about glitz and glamour. Make-up, hair-spray, tight red leather pants and ripped-off blues riffs. I love it. So do you. Many names include animals or a reference to something white. Or both.  - Whitesnake, White Lion, Great White, Ratt, Def Leppard, Zebra, Bon Jovi, Firehouse, PoisonSleaze Metal; akin to Hair Metal, but with more grime. More about sex and drugs in the deviant and slimy way. Not really about partying, but about the actual sex and drugs. More leather and fringe than hairspray and makeup. Though you will find some hairspray. And makeup. -Billy Idol, Guns ’n’ Roses, Skid Row, Mötley Crüe, L.A. Guns, ExtremeGroove Metal; Metal with slightly more funk than pure Metal, slightly more balls than Jazz Metal and slightly more balls than pure Funk Metal. Imagine Funk Metal more laid back and less aggressive. Like….if Motown made Metal. Channel Zero, Soulfly, Tad, Fight, DevilDriver, Byzantine, Bleed From WithinIndustrial Metal; more digital sound than raw analog metal. Sometimes just one or two guys doing it all. Can become over-commercialized due to its attainability by the masses.  - Rob Zombie, Front Line Assembly, God Lives Underwater, Skinny Puppy, NIN, Filter, The Union UndergroundMetalcore; growling, screaming and yelling. Angry people reside here; somewhere between extreme metal and hardcore punk. Hey wait.....Metalpunk? no....Extrard? no.....Punkstreme? no. Metalcore! There. That works.  - SOiL, Drowning Pool, Biohazard, The Agonist, Trivium, HelmetNu Metal; guys who use digital production techniques and a more refined sound. Good hardcore stuff, but not raw and dirty. Often have numbers or present tense verbs/gerunds in their names. - 10 Years, 3 Days Grace, 30 Seconds To Mars, Breaking Benjamin, Dropping Daylight, Shinedown, Sevendust, Finger Eleven, KoЯnPower Metal; metal that combines the powerful elements of classic metal, speed metal and a bit of symphonic metal for added drama. These guys are in your face but not in a Death/Doom/Black Metal way. There’s more life and less death here. Not always happy, but driven and motivational. -Alestorm, Powerwolf, Metal Church, Iced Earth, Kamelot, HelloweenProgressive Metal; including…Classical Prog; Heavy, yet classical virtuosity runs rampant. Complex orchestrations and thematic derivatives abound. Their album covers are usually pretty Dungeons & Dragons-esque. - Adagio, Blind Guardian, Symphony X, Triumph, The Devin Townsend ProjectDjent; pretty much onomatopoeiaic. Those crunchy guitar sounds that are mimicked by Metalheads using their voices to project “DJENT DJENT DJENT DJENT….” as they mouth along with the kickass guitar riffs. - Animals As Leaders, Meshuggah, Mnemic, Periphery, Sikth, TesseracTMathcore; the guys who are more into technique than groove. Music that exhibits what a theoretical physicist’s chalkboard might sound like if transferred to aural perception. - Benea signNow, Botch, Daughters, Ion Dissonance, Psyopus, Spiral ArchitectMelodic Prog; the guys who are more about melody and tonality than about technical virtuosity. Don’t get me wrong, they’re still damn good, but they produce more memorable and catchy tunes than some other Progressive groups. - Crimson Glory, A Perfect Circle, Tool, Queensrÿche, Rhapsody of Fire, Shadow GalleryOmni Prog; the guys who can do it all. Classical, Rock, Jazz, Funk, Groove, Technique, Passion, Virtuosity, Acoustic, Electric, Slow, Fast, Flamenco, Baroque, etc. Pretty much the embodiment of “Musicians’ Bands”. - Dream Theater, Fates Warning, King’s X, Pain of Salvation, Liquid Tension Experiment, PlatypusPower Prog; virtuosity tempered with sheer power. Hard-driving beats and riffs with high-volume, in-your-face ass-kicking. - Adrenaline Mob, Frameshift, Nevermore, Orden Ogan, Ne Obliviscaris, Seventh WonderTechnical Death Metal; similar to the Mathcore guys but heavier. That’s about it. There are lots of prime numbered time signatures in this genre. - Cynic, Green Carnation, Obscura, Odious Mortem, PsycropticPunk: including…Garage Punk; early sixties punk that was raw, lo-fi, scratchy, distorted and fuzzy. Simple chords (I mean…it IS Punk…) and even simpler lyrics. - Black Lips, The Hives, The Humpers, The Mummies, TeengenerateGlam Punk; Punk railing against the status quo with high shock value. Makeup and crazy hair and facial prosthetics abound. - Cherry Vanilla, Flash Bastard, The Hot Dogs, New York Dolls, Shady Lady, Sick Six CrushHardcore; faster, more aggressive Punk. Same simple chords and song themes, but played faster and with more aggression. Usually very fast and/or aggressive. Basically…fast and aggressive Punk. With lyrical themes occasionally treated a bit more seriously for the sake of actual social commentary. - Bad Religion, Black flag, Fugazi, Sworn Enemy, Raised Fist, Social DistortionOi!; the UK scene that tried to bring Punk back to its roots and steal it back from all the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Music is raw, unproduced, natural; yet maintains an honesty that’s rare in a lot of musical styles. - Last Resort, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, Public Enemy, Street Dogs, SuperYob, Toy DollsPop Punk; music by and for the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Punk in the mainstream. The use of Punk stylings and techniques for the sake of selling albums and making money and becoming famous and rich. - American Hi-Fi, The Ataris, Green Day, OffspringPost-Punk; the evolution of Punk into a more personally stylistic and individually nuanced style. More experiementation and removal from the classic Punk traditions created a sort of Avant-Garde Punk movement which culminated in Post-Punk. - 23 Skidoo, Au Pairs, Bauhaus, Big Black, The Chills, The Cult, The StranglersProto-Punk; the ones who started it all. The original punks. The artists who originally went against the grain of the conventional Rock or Pop of their day to create what would become the Punk movement. - Iggy & The Stooges, MC5, NEU!, The Patti Smith Group, The Sonics, TelevisionPunk Rock; those groups that don’t really fit into any subgenre of Punk and just encapsulate what the common culture knows as “Punk”. - The Clash, The Jam, The Ramones, Sex Pistols, Sprung MonkeySpeed Metal; exactly that. Speed. Even the band names are so fast they only use one word.  - Helloween, Overkill, Impellitteri, Cranium, Atomkraft, Annihilator, Sodom, Kreator, GravediggerThrash Metal; the guys you likely know best. The original Bay-Area metalheads themselves. - Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax, Sepultura, Pantera, Slayer, Metal Church, Exodus, TestamentOrchestral:Broadway; the music that's played during those plays on Broadway in NYC. - Les Miserables, Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon, Jesus Christ SuperstarClassical; the dominant Western music from 1750 to 1830.  - (composers) Antonin Dvořák, Claude Debussy, Franz Schubert, Hector Berlioz, Ludwig Van Beethoven, Wolfgang Mozart, Frédéric Chopin - (performers) Yo-Yo Ma, Mike Wollenberg, Lang Lang, Andre Rieu, The London Philharmonic, Woody PhillipsMovie Scores; the music that's played during those movies you watch sometimes. Either in NYC or elsewhere. - Alan Silvestri (Back to the Future, Forrest Gump); Danny Elfman (Batman, Beetlejuice, Pee-Wee's Big Adventure); James Horner (Titanic, Braveheart); John Williams (Star Wars, Indiana Jones, E.T., Jaws, Jurassic Park, Superman); Hans Zimmer (Gladiator, The Rock); Harold Faltermeyer (Beverly Hills Cop, Fletch, Top Gun)New Age; the music you listen to during your hard day of yoga classes and meditation. - Andreas Wollenweider, Jordan Rudess, Turin Brakes, Yanni, Gordon HemptonVocal; the vocal instrument applied to the rigors of Classical instrumentation - Andrea Bocelli, Josh Groban, Sarah Brightman, Luciano Pavarotti, Il Divo, Brooklyn Tabernacle ChoirPop:Adult Contemporary; a fancy name for the lame music your parents probably listened to. Mostly maudlin tunes about the lives and thoughts of privileged, white, middle-aged hipsters.  - Anne Murray, Barry Manilow, Wilson Phillips, Neil Diamond, Carly SimonBeat Pop; the British invasion of back-beat driven pop icons of the late 50s and early 60s. Most bands are "The" something.  - The Beatles, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Kingsmen, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Cuff Links, The Hollies, The Newbeats, The Left Banke, The Zombies, Gunhill RoadDance Pop; the popular music to dance to. Not as counter-culture as EDM, but slightly heavier than Bubble Gum Pop; which I didn't list as a category.  - Bananarama, Billy Ocean, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Debbie Gibson, EMF, Will to Power, TiffanyDisco; formed from funk, psychedelic and soul; this style rebelled against the rock music of the day in a more visceral, primal way. All about body movement, dancing and the human spectacle, it stole colorful clothing and drugs from the Hippies, up-beat driven rhythms from the Beatniks and combined them in a sexy, seductive libido-based production praising dance and expressive human life. It is currently "dead".  - ABBA, The Bee Gees, The Village People, KC & The Sunshine Band, Gloria Gaynor, Lipps Inc.Doo Wop; yet another mainstream derivative of African-American music, doo wop uses more nonsensical phrases and sounds to emphasize harmony and melody over lyrical substance. These names also are often "The" something.  - The Dominoes, The Platters, The Tune-Weavers, The Casinos, The Dreamlovers, The Passions, The Penguins, The Rivieras, The Esquires, Bob & Earl.Indie Pop; somewhat contradictory, the emphasis on self-reliance and the whole DIY perspective is exploited to assure popularity and mainstream success. But somehow it works. - The Ting Tings, Fine Young Cannibals, Nil Lara, Karry Walker, Sundays, Hang UpsLatin Pop; exactly that. Pop with better beats and more complex rhythms that actually force you to dance even if you are unwilling.  - Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias, Pit Bull, Shakira, Miami Sound Machine, Lou BegaPop Rock; slightly edgier pop. Or slightly more commercialized rock. Take your pick. - Fiona Apple, Jewel, Avril Lavigne, Natalie Imbruglia, Eric Carmen, Maroon 5Power Pop; high production music for the sake of performance. - Journey, Rick Springfield, Survivor, Duran Duran, Huey Lewis & The News, Go-Gos, Cutting Crew, The B52sSurf Pop; the music you listen to while watching people surf. Somehow this style became separate from other closely related similar styles and is audibly evident in every group it houses. - The Ventures, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris, Jan and Dean, The Rip-Chords, Dick DaleSynthpop; like power pop, but with the emphasis on synthesizers.  - Tears For Fears, OMD, Herbie Hancock, When In Rome, Falco, Dead or Alive, Thomas DolbyTraditional Pop; the crooners. The original pop vocalists whose reputations continue to dazzle and impress. The Rat Pack. The Vegas Lounge Lizards. No, those aren't band names. - Perry Como, Wayne Newton, Tom Jones, Bobby Vinton, Frank Sinatra, Mel TormeR&B:Alternative Hip Hop; Hip Hop that doesn't quite fit the mold of standard R&B. Somewhat left of center and progressive by R&B standards. - Outkast, Black Eyed Peas, Jurassic 5, Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, N.E.R.D., Insane Clown PosseFunk; emphasis on rhythm and groove rather than melody and harmony. Chords aren't as important as the bass line underneath them or the drum beat behind them.  - The Brothers Johnson, Commodores, Kool & The Gang, George Clinton & the P-Funk All Stars, Curtis MayfieldNeo Soul; Soul, but newer. Neo is just a cool word for "new". Though not as cool as "acid". OOH!!! Acid Soul! Is that a genre?! If it isn't then it should be.  - Jamiroquai, Amy Winehouse, Beyonce, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Terence Trent d'ArbyNew Jack Swing; "Neo Jack Swing" would sound pretentious and the R&B genre is anything but pretentious. And "Acid Jack Swing" would sound like drug or sex slang. These guys combined Urban Contemporary beats and Dance Pop composition to create a very catchy sound that showcased a lot of soulful melodies and harmonies. This was "The bomb" in the late '80s and early '90s.  - Boyz II Men, Bel Biv DeVoe, En Vogue, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, New Edition, Kid 'n' Play, MC Hammer, Paula AbdulRap; talking. mostly. Though talking very well and rhyming with complex rhythms and rhyme schemes on top of looped beats and melody lines.  - Eminem, Cypress Hill, Timbaland, Snoop Dogg, Grandmaster Flash, Digital Underground, Ludacris, Beastie BoysSoul; the s%*t that makes you wanna f%*k.  - Teddy Pendergrass, The Righteous Brothers, Lionel Richie, Aaron Neville, Hall & Oates, Luther Vandross, John LegendUrban Contemporary; a combination of EDM, Reggae, Dance Pop, Soul and Rap that creates a very broad range of styles and expressions.  - Usher, Nikki Minaj, Justin Timberlake, Missy Elliott, Trey Songz, Rihanna, Ne-Yo, Flo-Rida, DrakeReggae:Dancehall; Jamaican pop that strips down Reggae to the most crucial dance vibes necessary, though it added more digital instrumentation and faster rhythms. - Leonard Dillon, Toots Hibbert, Wailing Souls, Ebony Steelband, Aswad, Big MountainDub; mostly instrumental remixes of existing Reggae recordings. - Third World, Black Uhuru, Yellowman, Sly & Robbie, Freddie McGregorRagga; primarily electronic Reggae. Slower and more laid back than Dancehall, but more produced and digitized than Roots. - Steel Pulse, Trinidad Steel Drum Band, Inner Circle, Desmond Williams, Lasana Bandelé, Joe HiggsRoots; spiritual Rastafarian expression of life and experiences. Primal, raw and unmistakably catchy. - Bob Marley & The Wailers, Greyhound, Dhaima, Crucial Vibes, Kojak & Liza, Shorty the PresidentRock:Alternative; not quite squeezed into the "Rock" definition, but not quite squeezed out of it either.  - Soul Asylum, U2, The Wallflowers, Jesus Jones, Beck, Toad the Wet SprocketAmericana; the music about the working class. The hopes and dreams of the free American people. Driving rock that you can hear in bars and stadiums alike. - Bruce Springsteen, Bryan Adams, The Traveling Wilburys, John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, John FogertyClassic Rock; the original rockers. If you haven't heard of these guys you haven't heard of Rock.  - Led Zeppelin, The Who, Steve Miller Band, Queen, Eagles, Fleetwood Mac, The Rolling Stones, The TroggsCollege Rock; rock for the sake of getting laid in college. These guys pandered to the more sensitive female audience, thereby creating the necessity for the male audience to like them as well. Typically pretty stupid and nonsensical sounding names. - Vertical Horizon, Iffy, Counting Crows, Hoobastank, Goo Goo Dolls, Fastball, Dishwalla, Hootie & The Blowfish, Matchbox 20, Emmet SwimmingDark Wave; slightly more despondent and depressed. More morose and well......dark.  - The Church, The Cure, Blue October, Depeche Mode, The Stone Roses, Joy DivisionFunk Rock; pretty self-explanatory. - Primus, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Spin Doctors, 311, Mother's Finest, Tina & The B-side MovementGrunge; these guys killed Glam Metal. But it was already beginning to show signs of weakness. This music stripped away all image and pretense and left us with guys who were just good enough at their instrument to still allow every high-school boy in America to be able to play along...... to all their pretty songs......and shoot his gun.  - Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice In Chains, Garbage, L7, Mudhoney, Stone Temple Pilots, Local H, Love Battery, The MelvinsHard Rock; not Classic. But not Soft. Or Grungy. Just hard. Though not as hard as Metal. So maybe really hard wood or stone. Yeah that's it. Hard Rock. - Velvet Revolver, Audioslave, Midnight Oil, Pat Benatar, Billy Squier, Drivin' 'N' Cryin', LoverboyIndie Rock; rock that does it's own thing despite what the industry tells it to do. - R.E.M., Florence + The Machine, Monks Of Doom, The Connells, Cake, Juliette & The Licks, They Might Be GiantsNew Wave; more frenetic and impulsive than former rock, disco and punk. More guitar licks and rhythms that didn't just sit you down and leave you there. Somewhat electronic and experimental. Some might say, "new".  - INXS, The Police, Crowded House, Spandau Ballet, Oingo Boingo, Shiny Toy Guns, Corey HartPost-Grunge; came after grunge, and was slightly more produced than grunge, but still held on to some of that Grunge angst that made it so successful. - Stone Sour, Ugly Kid Joe, Hinder, Collective Soul, Nickelback, Flyleaf, Candlebox, GodsmackProgressive Rock: including…1970s; Progressive Rock artists of the 1970s. Pretty self-explanatory. These guys were near the birth of what is known as Progressive Rock. Some of the earliest pioneers and trailblazers of the genre.- Deep Purple, Emerson Lake & Palmer, Rush, Kansas, Jethro Tull, Frank Zappa, GenesisArt Rock; Slightly skewed but still rock. More experimental and “out there”. Costumes are common. As is make-up and characterization. -David Bowie, Peter Gabriel, David Byrne, Velvet Underground, Radiohead, Incubus, Talking HeadsCanterbury Scene; named after a bunch of improvisational dudes from Canterbury got someone’s attention. These guys shifted into and out of each other’s bands all the time. Constantly changing and altering their lineups. - Caravan, Short Wave, Supersister, In Cahoots, Gong, Egg, GilgameshPost-Progressive; the spawn of and next generation following 1970s Progressive Rock. These guys adapted to the current zeitgeist and pushed the boundaries even more than their predecessors. I mean….that IS the definition of Progressive. - Attention Deficit, Bozzio Levin Stevens, Somnambulist, Transatlantic, Dali’s Dilemma, Chroma Key, BravePsychedelic Rock (Acid Rock); quirky, drugged-out hysterical nonsense rock with a lot of outward expression against normalcy. Fun shows that led to a lot of deaths; by drug and alcohol consumption; and pregnancies......by drug and alcohol consumption.  - Big Brother & The Holding Company, The Doors, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Moody Blues, Sopwith Camel, Vanilla Fudge, DonovanRIO (Rock In Opposition); akin to the Canterbury guys I mentioned earlier, these Progressive musicians got pissed that no one was recognizing their talent and banded together against the music industry itself. Surprise: they still didn’t get very popular. - Aksak Maboul, Etron Fou Lelouban, Henry Cow, Art Bears, Stormy Six, Art ZoydPunk; the rebels who hated society and weren't afraid to let it be known. They'd bleed on stage, rip off their clothes and surf the crowd naked, dump buckets of sweat and other bodily fluids on the crowd while screaming and railing against authority and tradition. Oh and they sometimes held instruments too. - Sex Pistols, Bad Religion, Ramones, Iggy & The Stooges, The Clash, American Hi-FiRockabilly; what some call the original Rock & Roll. A combination of hillbilly and rock containing a western swing and a bouncing party vibe. With elements of piano-based Jump Blues and electric boogie woogie, it made it's mark on the music scene indelibly. Almost everyone's named contained a "Y".  - Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Tommy Sands, Johnny Rivers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Freddy Cannon, Chubby Checker, Little RichardSka; rock with horns. This provided all those high school kids who chose to play brass in the school band a way to be cool... For about 18 months in the late '90s.  - No Doubt, Fighting Gravity, Dispatch, Blue Meanies, Toots & The Maytals, Jack FridaySoft Rock; the rock you listen to on the radio when driving to your yoga or meditation class.  - Traffic, Glenn Frey, Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Kim Carnes, Gerry RaffertySouthern Rock; rock from the south. Lots of twang and rough gravelly vocals mixed with two-step rhythms that keep audiences head-bobbin' and wavin' confederate flags. When "Free Bird" is yelled at one of these shows, it will be played.  - Lynyrd Skynyrd, 38 Special, Blackfoot, Pride & Glory, Molly Hatchet, The Georgia SatellitesWorld: (please forgive my American/Euro-Centric categorizations. And please don't be offended if I've misplaced something that you feel should go elsewhere; in all the previous categories or in the following geographic generalizations. These are mostly all regional folk or traditional music of general locations named accordingly, and just those that I am familiar with and like. I know full well that many and various styles and cultures exist within the overall regions I’ve specified here.)African  - Zap Mama, Zwabesho Sibisi, Eleja Choir, Turtle Island String Quartet, Habib Koité and Bamada, Coco LeeMiddle Eastern  - Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan; Kaila Flexer; Ilhan Ersahin; Ighigou Haile; S-Tone, Inc.Asian  - Liu Huan, Yungchen Lhamo, Itsuki No Komoriuta, Bhoora Singh and Party, Hoang Vuy, Imperial Household OrchestraEastern European  - Goralska Orkestra, Stephanya G. Penchevya, Nikollë Nikprelaj, Raderman Beckerman Orchestra, Efta Botoca, Petrică PaşcaIrish/Celtic/Gaelic  - Loreena McKennitt, Michael O'Suilleabhain, The Pogues, Enya, The Chieftains, The Tannahill Weavers, WolfstoneIsland  - Sean Na'auao, Les Tamaru, Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Andi Thakambau, Lord Composer, Kealoha KonoLatin/Hispanic  - Ruben Blades, Tu Abandono, Adam Del Monte, Brian Keane, Elvis Crespo, Los UmbrellosMediterranean  - Triki Triki, Stellákis Perpiniádhis, La Nina Del Los Peines, Márkos Vamvakáris, Effisio Melis, Marika KanaropoulouScandinavian  - Värttinä, Hållbus Totte Mattson, Arto Järvelä, Gjallarhorn, Angelit, Annbjørg Lien, Sari Kaasinen...and that's all I can think of off the top of my head.

[BAD EARLY DRAFT - This is being continually revised and updated, with important edits from - I hope - you. If I use your suggestion, I will credit you (unless you prefer otherwise). I especially welcome help from developers, cyrptographers, cypherpunks and other writers. I have not coded since high school.]With your help, the best annotation of the Bitcoin white paper will be below - co-built by you, me and other Quorans working together.Our annotation will be the most informative, most plain English and most entertaining annotation of the Bitcoin white paper.Here we go.Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemPeer-to-peer means you and me and indirectly hints at no centralized entity.Electronic cash system means a way to move money (cash) over the internet. Think PayPal instead of paper dollar bills.Bitcoin is 9 years old and is barely used as electronic cash right now.People HODL (stick their Bitcoin under a virtual mattress), use Bitcoin as a capital flight conduit (from e.g. Venezuelan Bolivar to BTC to USD, Swiss Francs, gold, etc.)As inception, Bitcoin was not intended to be digital gold but maybe it’s destined to be that.This is changing as big exchanges like Coinbase (investor) add SegWit and Lightning.Satoshi Nakamoto satoshin@gmx.com http://www.bitcoin.orgSatoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym. We still don’t know who wrote the paper. Though the NSA might. How the NSA identified Satoshi Nakamoto – CryptoMuse – MediumAbstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.The phrases “purely peer-to-peer”, “sent directly” and “without going through a financial institution” strongly suggests the author’s anti-centralization DNA.Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.Now we get at one of the foundational things the paper and the Bitcoin code solves. Bitcoin is a digital asset that I can give you, but if I do that, I can’t give it to someone else because the Bitcoin blockchain code does not permit it.We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.Bitcoin removes central points of failure.The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.Immutable. No one can change the Bitcoin transaction that happened. At all.The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power.Satoshi didn’t foresee the mining pool oligopoly that permeates Bitcoin and most Proof of Work cryptocurrencies today.As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers.What does controlled by nodes mean? Many people run nodes but only a few mining pools mine almost all the Bitcoin.This is also known as the 51% attack. But you just need one more node than 50% (e.g., 50% + 1) so it is more accurately a majority attack.The network itself requires minimal structure.Because?Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.As Alex Seewald notes in the comments below, Satoshi is probably referring to best effort delivery. Best-effort delivery - WikipediaWho is doing the broadcasting?Like everything else in Bitcoin, you as a runner of full nodes are free to come and go as you please. That’s why many Bitcoin maximalists argue Bitcoin Core is not centralized.However, others disagree.Quantifying Decentralization – news.earn.com1. IntroductionCommerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments.I think Satoshi is anti-bank, anti-PayPal and anti-Western Union. This is one reason why.While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model.A key facet of Bitcoin is that it is trustless. You don’t have to trust JP Morgan.Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes.Unlike Bitcoin.The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non- reversible services.Debit cards payments are hard to reverse. Cash payments are even harder to reverse. Especially when either is combined with an “All Sales Final” condition.With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads.Yes and many Americans prefer trusting American Express’ customer service over some random merchant on the internet that might rip you off.Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need.BItcoin is just reallocating the risk from merchants back to consumers. It’s kind of anti-consumer tbh.A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable.Yes, just like how so many of my friends have lost some crypto stolen or lost. Seems unavoidable!These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.He should have said much earlier, “Unlike physical currency…”What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.Proof of work.Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers.Decentralized escrow? Are buyers to trust a third party centralized escrow service over American Express? As a buyer, I’m not doing that.In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions.Making it easier to follow the money i mean Bitcoin.The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.Bitcoin relies (trust?) the majority of full node runners to be honest. Here’s hoping mob rule, centralized mining or mass hysteria never takes over.2. TransactionsWe define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures.Very unexpected IMO. How is this anything like a normal coin? It is a ledger ledger of all the transactions relating to one asset, which isn’t even totally fungible with others. It seems we can literally give you the coin from Satoshi’s genesis block or another coin that we all know was mined today by F2Pool or whatever.Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin.Moving the digital signatures off the main chain is a bit scary to some folks - that’s why some dislike SegWit - which does that.A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.Who the heck wants to do an electronic title search every time they spend $100 of Bitcoin? This makes sense for big purchases like real estate and collectibles but not for small or even medium sized purchases.I’m not sure how pragmatic Satoshi was. He built great tech. He was not as great at guessing use cases and what unmet, urgent need Bitocin actually meets.Transaction[Would love it if someone can please help me and copy paste in the diagrams.]Owner 0's SignatureOwner 1's Private KeyTransactionOwner 1's SignatureOwner 2's Private KeyTransactionOwner 2's SignatureOwner 1's Public KeyOwner 2's Public KeyOwner 3's Public KeyHashHashHashThe problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin.Satoshi focuses a lot on double spending.A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending.Mints and the entity that checks for double spending can be two different entities, no? In the analog world, the US government prints money. Maybe a private third party company like a PayPal checks for double spending among its users and customers.After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent.This is bad if you believe, like Ray Dalio, government should increase the money supply (issue new coins) when no one’s spending, everyone’s HODLing and the token economy is shrinking. And you should decrease money suply (burn coins) if there is high or hyperinflation.The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank.Broadly speaking, we have not really gotten away from that in Bitcoin. We just replaced banks with centralized mining chip makers, mining pools, developers, maintainers, client implementations, exchanges, wallets, owners, etc.We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions.This seems like a total pain. No wonder Hashcash didn’t work.For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend.What are the implications of this, if any?The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions.Awful.In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first.To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received.The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received.3. Timestamp ServerThe solution we propose begins with a timestamp server.A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5].Hmmm…The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash.Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it.Owner 3's Private KeyHashHashBlock2BlockItemItem...ItemItem...VerifyVerifySignSign4. Proof-of-WorkTo implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof- of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts.Adam is the relatively (compared to unctuous CTO Greg Maxwell) cypherpunk and CEO of the controversial Blockstream, funded in part by Tencent in China.The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits.The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash.For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits.[Can someone help translate all this into plain English?]Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work.Immutable.As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making.If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs.Wonder what Satoshi thought of Proof of Stake at the time he wrote the white paper in 2008.Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote.Does hash rate matter more than full nodes?The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it.Some developers like Gavin Andressen IIRC tweeted that the real Bitcoin is the one with the longest chain, and that might be Bitcoin Cash.If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains.This is why small blockers want to ensure that blocksizes per second remain small - or become even smaller - so that many people - not just miners - can run full nodes and keep miners honest and reduce the risk of miners colluding and engaging a majority attack.To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes.It would appear that Bitcoin is only immutable to the extent that most of the CPU power is controlled by honest nodes.We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.Arguably Bitcoin becomes harder to attack as blocks grow.To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.5. NetworkThe steps to run the network are as follows:1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.2) Each node collects new transactions into a block.3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash.Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof- of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one.3BlockBlockPrev HashNoncePrev HashNonceTxTx...TxTx...New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to signNow all nodes. As long as they signNow many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one.6. IncentiveBy convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free.The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.7. Reclaiming Disk SpaceOnce the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored.BlockBlock Header (Block Hash)Prev HashNonceRoot HashHash01Hash23Hash0Hash1Hash2Hash3Tx0Tx1Tx2Tx3BlockBlock Header (Block Hash)Prev HashNonceRoot HashHash01Hash23Hash2Hash3Tx3Transactions Hashed in a Merkle Tree After Pruning Tx0-2 from the BlockA block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.48. Simplified Payment VerificationIt is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it.Longest Proof-of-Work ChainBlock HeaderBlock HeaderBlock HeaderPrev HashNoncePrev HashNoncePrev HashNonceMerkle RootMerkle RootMerkle RootHash01 Hash23Merkle Branch for Tx3Hash2 Hash3Tx3As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification.9. Combining and Splitting ValueAlthough it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender.It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history.5TransactionInOutIn......10. PrivacyThe traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were.Traditional Privacy ModelTransactionsNew Privacy ModelIdentities TransactionsAs an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner.11. CalculationsWe consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent.The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1.The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to signNow breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever signNowes breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]:p = probability an honest node finds the next block q = probability the attacker finds the next block qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behindIdentitiesTrusted Third PartyPublicq ={ 1 if p≤q} z q/pz if pq6CounterpartyPublicGiven our assumption that p > q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind.We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late.The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction.The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value:=z q pTo get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point:∞ ke−{q/pz−k ifk≤z} ∑k=0 k!⋅ 1 ifkzRearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution...z ke− z−k 1−∑k=0 k! 1−q/p Converting to C code... #include double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); }return sum; }7Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z. q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 Solving for P less than 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12. ConclusionWe have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power.Do coins have a majority of CPU power?The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them.Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism.The controversial UASF (User Activated Soft Fork) push for SegWit was arguably an example of consensus and honest folk running full nodes forcing the Bitcoin community (miners) to make SegWit an option for users, merchants, exchanges, etc. and pave the way for SegWit adoption.8References[1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998.[2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999.[3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.[4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993.[5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.[6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/h..., 2002.[7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.[8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.9

So How Do You Go About Doing ThisStep - 1 "Thought Is The Seed Of Action" Assimilate your thoughts and begin assembling all the relevant documents you need.Collect the Form 16 which contains information on your salaried income and the amount of tax deducted from your salary.Form 16A is a TDS Certificate which certifies the amount of TDS deducted. Over the course of a year you would have conducted a number of   business transactions. You would need to collect this form from all the people who have deducted tax while making   payments to you. This may be necessary if you have rented out your property.Collect and summarize all the bank account statements showing the necessary income and expenditure.If you have bought property you would require details of rent collected, if any municipal tax paid, and if this property is bought on a loan , the loan details and a copy of the certificate showing interest paid.All documents pertaining to sale and purchase of assets as well as the documents showing investments made and if necessary, prepare a profit and loss account before calculating the taxable income.Step - 2In life we are faced with a number of choices. Here we use decision making skills. This is basically making of the right choice when there are a number of choices to be made. Don’t we all fret when we have to make those difficult decisions in life? Career Oriented Decisions or decisions made in life threatening situations.Here we have to choose the right Income tax return form.ITR -1: Income from salary or pension, Family Pension, Income from agricultural activity. Income from one  house or property, interest received (taxable/exempt).ITR -2 :  Income from salary or pension, Income from house or property, Income from other sources and winning a lottery or a horserace.. Earning through short and long term capital gains.ITR -3 : This is used by an individual who is a partner in a firm. Here he gains income through interest, salary, bonus, commission, remuneration received from the firm or by virtue of being a partner in the firm.ITR -4 : This is applicable both to individuals and HUF who carry out a business or a professional activity in addition to having sources of income applicable to ITR -3.ITR  -V :  This is basically a verification form for the taxpayers which serves as an acknowledgement form.Step - 3 Here you can file your returns physically or electronically. Take a print out of the respective ITR Form along with acknowledgment form ITR-V and file it with the income tax officer.E-Filling Of Income Tax ReturnsThis is a process of electronically submitting the income tax returns to the Income tax department.Manual Calculation : Those that allow you to enter the income tax data but do not calculate the income tax and tax refunds.Automatic Calculation : Those that allow you to enter the income tax data and automatically calculate the income tax and tax refunds.Signing The Income Tax Returns : An ITR is an important document and must be signed manually or digitally.How Is It DoneFirstly select the form that is suitable for you, say if you are a Doctor with your own clinic ITR-4 will apply to you.Download the form and fill up all the relevant details regarding income, losses and do it offline. Once you are done you must validate these by clicking on the "Check Form" Button.Once you have filled this form offline proceed to generate an XML file out of it by clicking on Export To Excel.If you are e-filing your returns for the first time you need to register yourself creating a user id and a password on the website   https://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in. Use your user id and password and log unto the portal. Browse and select your offline XML file and upload it on the site .Now you will have to attach the digital signature and file your returns.Remember to print The ITR –V an acknowledgement slip which is generated after filing the income tax returns online.Benefits Of Using The E-filing RouteUnder this method tax returns can be calculated and processed very fast and refund claims are processed very quickly.A very high degree of accuracy is obtained.These returns can be filed from anywhere and at anytime providing for great flexibility , speed , time boundaries and geographical boundaries are not a factor.Easy access to data and storage of all relevant data and documents for future use.Remember those long queues at the Income Tax department when you had to file your returns. All these hassles are removed through the e-filing process.What Happens If I Could Not File My Returns On Time?Let us consider the case where you have already paid all your taxes before March 31st 2011.but could not file the returns within the due date. Here for the financial year of 2010-2011 returns can be filed before March 31st 2013.However you might incur a penalty if the returns are furnished after March 31st 2012. Here let us consider that you did not get that income tax refund because your tax returns were filed incorrectly. We would like to revise these returns. The following cases show us how to file the revised returns.Steps To File Revised ReturnsOpen the Excel file in which you have filled original return.Enable Macros.Update and Do the necessary corrections.Mention the return as a revised returnHere we have Section 139 (5) for omissions or wrong statements.Fill the acknowledgement and the date of original ITR-V downloaded after filing of the original return.Click compute tax again .Validate each sheet .Generate a new XML file and upload it on the Income Tax India  e-filing site after loging into the portal using our earlier generated user name and password found during the original e-filing.Download revised ITR-V and sign it.Send Old and New ITR-V to the CPC Bangalore Office at Electronic City.When Must You File The Revised Returns?Pan Number is incorrect.Gender is filled incorrectlyResidential Status is wrong.TDS Details are incorrectIncorrect bank details or an incorrect MICR CodeIncorrect advance tax and self assessment tax deposit details.visit : Financial Advice : Life, Health, Auto Insurancefor more information and we also have a handy income tax calculator :http://indianmoney.com/tax-plann...Hope this helps you.....or even you can give us a missed call for further help....

I am a Practitioner of Surya Namaskar for the past several decades. I have been practicing Surya Namaskar from my childhood, though without understanding any deeper significance of the same. I am writing this note from my personal experience. I can confidently vouch for the immense benefits of Surya Namaskar.During childhood and early part of life, I used to do it as part of our Sanskar. We had a religious attitude towards this practice. In India, in many households, a child is taught to practice Surya Namaskar as an essential part of his daily routine. We used to consider it as a particular form of Surya worship with bonus benefits of the good health and memory gain.Surya Namaskar literally means salutation to the Sun. Sun is considered as a symbol of the Soul of the Universe and Source of Life.By Surya Namaskar we are evoking the physical, mental and spiritual energies which are latent in us by vividly visualizing the external Sun in physical form as well as in our mind and activating our inner energy field through an esoteric principal of correspondence.The hermetic maxim “As above, so below; as below so above” well explains this principle.This esoteric principle embodies the truth that there is always a Correspondence between the laws and phenomena of the various planes of Being and Life. It gives us a way of solving many a dark paradox, and hidden secrets of Nature. We need to understand that there are planes beyond our knowing. When we apply the Principle of Correspondence to them we are able to understand much that would otherwise be unknowable to us. This Principle is of universal application and manifestation. It is applicable on the various planes of the material, mental, and spiritual universe. It is a Universal Law. Our ancient spiritual scientists (Rishi) have discovered this principle and applied it by designing various rituals and kriyas. Surya Namaskar is one such example.After reading about it in books and later on through online sources, I came to know about the immense interest it has generated in scientific community and general population world over. I have discovered that Surya Namaskar is a ‘SMART POWER CAPSULE’ of Yoga, Psychology and Esoteric Science. We can call it Ashtanga Yoga – Yoga having eightfold aspects – sort of. In this fast paced world with paucity of quality time, it offers immense benefits packed in just 10 minutes of practice. Therefore it perfectly ‘fits’ into our tight schedule.In this note, I will not dwell on the historical origin and religious aspect of this practice. Curious reader can refer to the source material given at the end for quenching his thirst. Instead, let us focus on the direct benefits Surya Namaskar offers to us in our Life.Let me clarify some mis-conceptions about Surya Namaskar.1 Surya Namaskar is neither restricted to the Hindu religion alone, nor it is completely a-religious practice. It is a Supra-Religious practice. By the term ‘Supra-Religious’ I mean it is a religious practice which is not restricted just to the confines of Hindu religion. It is religious practice of the whole humanity. Persons of all faith – Hindu, Christian, Jews, Islam – can practice this Kriya as a part of Universal Religion of Humanity. I will explain how.2 Surya Namaskar is not just a ‘physical posture’ – Asana. It is that and much more. It is a sort of Kriya Yoga.3 Surya Namaskar is not just an activity impacting our physical body. It involves our mental processes as well as having spiritual aspects. Surya Namaskar helps in rapidly accelerating spiritual development and engendering a profound state of tranquility and God-communion.4 The Mantra to be chanted while performing Surya Namaskar are an essential part of the whole Kriya for getting best results. One can however translate it into his own language.Occult SecretThe occult secret of the Surya Namaskar is the most important aspect of this whole process, which if followed meticulously and scientifically will result in tremendous benefits surpassing all the other benefits.Let us take an example of mobile phone. We have three ingredients in its functioning :1 The hard wired electronic gadget2 Electricity to make it function3 Wireless Frequencies to signNow out4 Internet Portals to get activated and respond to our messages5 Human being to signNow out to other person and communicate with him, to signNow online sources like Quora and receive useful knowledgeSurya Namaskar works in a similar manner1 We have yogic postures which are similar to the electronic gadget2 We have specific breathing techniques to make this occult principle work. To VIVIFY this instrument, to enliven it, to animate it.3 We have special evocative mantra to be chanted while doing the physical posture of Surya Namaskar. These Mantras are of specific vibrations which set in motion occult principles of action4 We have various types and degrees of Occult Powers in the Higher Planes of Universe. These are like Internet Portals.5 We have an emotional, conscious and living human being who signNow out these powers and invoke their potentialities into his being. This he does by consciously living in the meaning of these mantras and their corresponding emotional states as is explained in the note that follows. This is the most important and crucial part. Without this part, Surya Namaskar will become a mechanical process without the real cream of the benefit. We need to meditate on the meaning of the Mantra and its esoteric meaning while doing its respective physical posture.All the five elements mentioned above has to be performed in a very precise and ‘fully involved’ manner. Our body, mind and spirit must be fully absorbed in this process. As a final culmination, at its apex level, we signNow out the source of all life and energy and abundance in this universe, the highest authority, the President of our Universe - Surya. At this stage we enliven the Spiritual Sun in our inner being as a direct reflection of the Sun in the Universe.Health benefits of Surya YogaIt has signNow effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory and autonomic nervous systems. It positively impacts on respiratory muscle activity, ventilation efficiency, chemoreflex and baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, blood flow dynamics, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiorespiratory coupling, and sympathovagal balance.Surya Namaskar has a close association with endocrine system of our body through Chakra. Out Endocrine System plays a vital role in our health and well being. It is part of the biological control mechanism. It comprises of a number of ductless glands that produce the hormones, acting as chemical messengers, that are secreted into the bloodstream from particular organs to stimulate or inhibit physical processes. By adjusting the hormone levels, the endocrine system works to maintain the body in a state of optimum health.Chakra SystemThe Chakras are linked with the glands responsible for creating the hormones. Tthe positions of the Chakras correspond to the positions of the glands in the endocrine system and have an effect on their functioning. We need to keep a balance in our emotional and mental state. In today’s stressful lifestyle, stress is a main culprit in much of our ill health and immune system. The stress affects our energy field which in-turn affects the Chakra. This imbalance of Chakras disturbs the perfect synchronization of interior and exterior rhythms of human energy field and universal energy field. The practice of Surya Namaskar not only restores this balance, it also re-energize our Chakra.Our physical body is a mammoth reservoir of energy field. Much of this energy is remaining latent, unexplored, unused. A continuous energy exchange takes place between the environment and the human body. Chakras are ‘transponder gadget’ for metaphysical and biophysical energy of the human body. Through the practice of Surya Namaskar, we activate these Chakra (I am using the word ‘Chakra’ in singular as well as in plural form. I feel that the common practice of its plural form ‘Chakras’ is wrong) and open them.Esoteric Aspects of Surya NamaskarEvery position and action in Surya Namaskar has its esoteric interpretation which reveal deeper significance of spiritual universe.Samasthiti AsanaWe start with Samasthiti Asana. It gives us a sense of balance as the Sanskrit name signifies.Anjali MudraWe then pay homage to the Cosmic Consciousness with Anjali Mudra. We seek its blessings and evoke it to descend and be planted in human wombHasthpadasanaOur hands and feet are our main organs of work and execution (karmendriya). By touching the earth by our hand we signify that I have taken birth on the Earth to fulfill my karmic debt.PrasarithautanasanaAs a soul in fetus remembers his previous births and makes promise to Lord, I look up at the Celestial Beings and reinforce my journey in this life on Earth.When I stretch my neck, I signify that I confirm my faith in my evolution.Chaturdhandasanasignifies 4 pillars of life – Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. It is also four stages of my life – Ashrama – Brahmacharya, Grahastha, Vanaprastha and at the end Sanyasa.KokilasanaI go the vicissitudes of life easily and happily with the lightness of a bird.MeruasanaI am firmly rooted in life with the strength and stability of a mountain.Mukha BhastrikaAs with deep breathing I clean my lungs from dirt, all my past Karma is also cleansed.Prasarita UttanasanaI am now filled with a sense of gratitude. I am now looking at all the pervading space of Shiva and reinforce my evolutionary journey. Like my position in the Prasarita Uttanasana, I am stretched from life to death. Just as my body is half erect, I am midway between life and death.Hasthpadasana –Getting back to Hasthpadasana, I again pay my respect to the mother Earth. My physical body is an integral part of the mother Earth.Anjali MudraI am now paying my homage to the Supreme Consciousness.Samasthithi Asana –I am now getting to an elevated state of balanceMy salutations to Sun who is my Guru. May he dawn in me the wisdom of ages.Sanskrit Mantra to be chanted and their esoteric significance1. ॐ मित्राय नमः। Om Hram mitraya namaha Salutations to the Friend of all. Sun is my Friend. He is there to help me and support me and remove my loneliness in the world. He is the source of all life. The first position, pranamasana, embodies the attitude of reverence to the source of all life. The sun is regarded as the universal friend, endlessly giving light, heat and energy to support this and all the other planets.2. ॐ रवये नमः। Om Hrim ravaye namaha Salutations to the Shining One. He brings light in my life and show me path towards my mission in a shining light. Ravaye means one who shines and offers divine blessings upon all life. In the second position, hasta utthanasana, we stretch our whole being upwards towards the source of light to receive these blessings.3. ॐ सूर्याय नमः। Om hroom suryaya namaha Salutations to One who induces activity. He brings me energy and helps me in moving on my Path full of enthusiasm and passion. Here the deity Surya is saluted who represents the sun’s dynamic aspect. In ancient vedic mythology Surya was worshipped as the Lord of the Heavens, pictured crossing the sky in his fiery chariot, drawn by seven horses. This is a beautiful analogy interpreting the seven horses as seven rays or emanation of the supreme consciousness, which manifests as the seven planes of existence: blu (earthly, material), bhuvar (intermediate, astral), suwar (subtle, heavenly), mahar (the abode of the devas), janah (the abode of divine souls who have transcended ego), tapah (the abode of enlightened siddhas) and satyam (the ultimate truth of reality). Surya symbolizes the supreme consciousness itself, which controls all these planes of manifestation. Surya is regarded as the most concrete of the solar gods, one of the original vedic triad - his place being in the sky - while Agni (fire) is his representative on earth.4. ॐ भानवे नमः। Om hraim bhanave namaha Salutations to the One who illumines. He illumines my inner world and removes darkness of ignorance from my heart. The sun is the physical representation of the guru or teacher who removes the darkness of our delusions, just as the darkness of the night is removed with every dawn. In the fourth position, ashwa sanchalanasana, we turn our face towards this illumination and pray for an end to the dark night of ignorance.5. ॐ खगाय नमः। Om hraum khagaya namaha Salutations to the One who moves swiftly. He is my charioteer and enables me to move quickly towards my goal. It is the sun’s daily movement through the sky which is the basis of our measurement of time, from the earliest use of a sun dial to the sophisticated devices used today. In parvatasana, we offer obeisances to the one by whom time is measured and pray for progress in life.6. ॐ पुषणे नमः। Om hraha pushne namaha Salutations to the Giver of Strength and Nourishment. He gives me vitality and force which is ever increasing. He keeps me in good health. The sun is the source of all strength. He nourishes us with energy, light and life. We offer respects in ashtanga namaskara by touching all the eight corners of our body to the ground. In essence we are offering our whole being in the hope that he may bestow mental, physical and spiritual strength and nourishment upon us.7. ॐ हिरण्यगर्भाय नमः। Om Hram hiranya garbhaya namaha Salutations to the Golden Cosmic Self. He brings me wealth and prosperity. I get reborn into the womb of gold. Hiranyagarbha is also known as the golden egg, resplendent as the sun, in which Brahma was born as the manifestation of Self-existence. Hiranyagarbha is the seed of causality, thus the whole universe is contained within Hiranyagarbha in the potential state prior to manifestation. In the same way, all life is potential in the sun, which represents the great cosmic principle. We offer respects to the sun in bhujangasana, the seventh position, pyaying for the awakening of creativity.8. ॐ मरीचये नमः। Om Hrim mareechaya namaha Salutations to the Lord of Dawn. He brings new hope in the darkness of my mind. He inspires me for the bright days ahead. Maricha is the name of one of Brahma’s sons. Similarly, rays of light are produced from the sun. It also means mirage. In our whole life we seek after a true meaning or purpose. We are like a thirsty person who seeks water in a desert but is fooled by mirages dancing on the horizon, produced by the sun’s rays. In the eighth position, parvatasana, we pray to distinguish between the real and the unreal.9. ॐ आदित्याय नमः। Om hroom adityaya namaha Salutations to Son of Aditi, the Infinite Cosmic Mother. Aditi is the mother of the Gods. She is also the mother of all twelve zodiacal spirits from whose cosmic matrix the heavenly bodies were born. As celestial mother of every existing form and being, the synthesis of all things, she is associated with space (Akasa) and with the mystic speech (Vac). She is also seen as a feminized form of Brahma and associated with the primal substance (mulaprakriti).10. ॐ सवित्रे नमः। Om hraim savitre namaha Salutations to the Lord of Creation. Savitre is known as the stimulator; the arouser.. He also also represents the same posture, padahastasana. Savitre is said to represent the sun before rising, stimulating and arousing man into waking activity, and Surya is said to represent the sun after sunrise, which activity begins. Therefore, in the tenth position, padahastasana, we salute Savitre to obtain the vivifying power of the sun.11. ॐ अर्काय नमः। Om hraum arkaya namaha Salutations to the One who is Praiseworthy. Arka also means “energy”. The sun is the source of most of the energy in the world we know. In the eleventh position, hasta utthanasana, we are offering respects to this source of life and energy.12. ॐ भास्कराय नमः। Om hraha bhaskaraya namaha Salutations to the One who leads to Enlightenment. In this final salutation we offer respects to the sun as a symbol of the great revealer of all transcendental and spiritual truth. He lights up the pathway leading to our ultimate goal of liberation. In the twelfth position, pranamasana, we pray that this pathway may be revealed to us.As you might have noticed, I have omitted the Bija Mantra in Sanskrit Script from above Sanskrit Mantra for the sake of avoidance of mis-pronouncing the same.13. ॐ श्रीसवित्रसूर्यनारायणाय नमः। Om Shri Savitur Suryanarayanaya Namah At the end of these 12 positions a thirteenth mantra is recited 'Om Shri Savitur Suryanarayanaya Namah'. This is a sort of concluding Mantra. It is a comprehensive Mantra of all the above 12 Mantra. We conclude this process by a master mantra as॥ आदित्यस्य नमस्कारन् ये कुर्वन्ति दिने दिने आयुः प्रज्ञा बलम् वीर्यम् तेजस्तेशान् च जायते ॥It means “Those who perform Surya Namaskar daily enjoy abundance, long life, intelligence, strength, valour, good health and shining glory”Physical Postures and their health benefitsPosture 1 The first posture is Pranamasana This posture stimulates the respiratory system, exercises shoulder, back and neck muscles.Posture 2 The second posture is Hasta Utthanasana This posture promotes digestion, exercises arms and shoulder muscles, tones the spine and promotes flexibility of the back and hips.Posture 3 The third posture is Padahastasana This posture promotes blood circulation, tones abdominal tracts, stretches the back and leg muscles, stimulates spinal nerves and lymphatic system.Posture 4 The fourth posture is Ashwa Sanchalanasana This posture exercises the spine, strengthens hand and wrist muscles.Posture 5 The 5th posture is Parvatasana This posture Stimulates blood circulation, strengthens the heart, strengthens wrist and arm muscles, relieves neck and shoulder tension.Posture 6 The sixth posture is Ashtanga Namaskaara This posture Strengthens leg and arm muscles, increases flexibility in neck and shoulders, stretches arms, shoulder, neck and back muscles, exercises back muscles, releases tension in neck and shoulder.Posture 7 The seventh posture is Bhujangasana This posture Stimulates circulation to abdominal organs, tones digestive tract, stretches upper and lower body, promotes flexibility in the back, stimulates nerves in Lower the buttocks and hips.Posture 8 The 8th Posture is Parvatasana The benefits are the same as posture 5.Posture 9 The posture 9 is ashwa sanchalanasana The benefits are the same as posture 4.Posture 10 The posture 10 is Padahastana and the benefits are the same as posture 3.Posture 11 Posture 11 is Hasta Utthanasana and the benefits of this asana are the same as posture 2.Posture 12 Posture 12 is Pranamasana and the benefits are the same as posture 1.Tantra in Surya Namaskar - Bija MantraIn Vedic tradition, “Bija Mantra” are used as tools for the expansion and widening of one’s mind by utilizing the power of sound vibrations. “Mantra” is a Sanskrit word made up of two syllables: “man” (mind) and “tra” (liberate). Thus in its most literal translation the word “Mantra” means “to liberate one’s mind”. In Sanskrit a “seed” is called “Bija.” The word “Mantra” when translated by virtue of its practical use relates to a sound that can “create transformation.”Certain sounds which cannot be translated into a literal meaning but have the power to create great transformative growth and expansion in humans at the physical, emotional and spiritual levels are known as “Bija” or Seed Mantra.Great level of accuracy of pronunciations is needed in order to make these Bija Mantra effective. These Bija Mantra were considered as TOP MOST SECRET in order to avoid its misuse. They are like nuclear power. In order to pass them down through generations without revealing their explicit existence distinctly, they were camouflage in other words. These Bija Mantra are not invented by any human being. They have directly descended from their respective deity.ह्रां , ह्रीं , ह्रूं , ह्रैं , ह्रौं , ह्रः , ह्रां , ह्रीं , ह्रूं , ह्रैं , ह्रौं , ह्रःThese Bija Mantra have their own unique ‘signature’ in terms of acoustic vibration patters which are ‘designed’ to cause specific effect in the physical as well as in the astral world. Any misuse will cause harmful effects by the working of the pure laws of tantra. It is something like the process of ‘enriching of uranium’. This enriched uranium can be used for the benefit of mankind in production of electrical energy or it can be used for destructive purposes in the form of Atom Bomb.As you have seen from above, Surya Namaskar have much ‘evocative’ power. In order to get full benefits, I recommend following preliminaries to be followed1 Morning time upto 9 am is most beneficial.2 Taking bath and becoming fresh is needed.3 The ground should be clean. It is recommended that you personally, physically clean the floor with broom. Even if the floor is clean, still do it as a token.4 Do NOT use any Yoga mat or carpet. It is essential that your feet should be in direct contact with the Earth.5 Face East towards the rising Sun6 Except morning hot tea, coffee or milk, nothing else should be eaten. Empty stomach is needed.7 Do not play any background music.8 The place should be airy. It is recommended that you do it in an open place if possible.9 Give some time in practicing for a correct pronunciation of the Mantra. You are at liberty to use the translation in your own language, instead of the Sanskrit Mantra as given below. Do it meditating on the meaning as explained above. However, I will still recommend that for full benefits you chant the original Sanskrit Mantra. After practicing for millennia through antiquity, these Mantra have ‘engraved’ a channel in the cosmic world tapping the infinite source of energy therein. Using this same channel in the form of these Mantra saves us time in doing our own engraving hard work.10 Take help from a practitioner in doing correct physical postures. This is very essential.In conclusion, I will say that Surya Namaskar is a fantastic super power packed all inclusive yogic-cum-tantric-cum-spiritual practice which will definitely produce beneficial results in just 10 minutes of your time every day. It will be beneficial even without getting into the nitty gritty of their meanings, analysis, etymology and grammar. Even an illiterate person can immensely benefit from its practice.Happy Thought and Be BlessedReferencesIndian Express (4 September 2010)..Carol Mitchell (2003). Yoga on the Ball. Inner Traditions. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-89281-999-7.Jane MacMullen (1988). Yoga Journal: Ashtanga Yoga. September/October. Active Interest. pp. 68–70.Krishan Kumar Suman (2006). Yoga for Health and Relaxation. Lotus. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-81-8382-049-3.Mark Singleton (2010). Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. 180–181, 205–206. ISBN 978-0-19-974598-2.Donahaye, Guy (2010). Guruji: A Portrait of Sri K Pattabhi Jois Through The Eyes of His Students. USA: D&M Publishers Inc. ISBN 978-0-86547-749-0.Ramaswami 2005, p. 213-219.Singleton 2010, p. 176.Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1, page 124Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1, pages 180-181, 205-206Alter 2000, p. 99.Alter 2004, p. 23.S.P.Sen, Dictionary of National Biography; Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta 1972 Vols.1-4; Institute of Historical Studies, vol 3, p.307Royal India: A Descriptive and Historical Study of India's Fifteen Principal States and Their Rulers By Katherine H. Diver, Maud Diver, (year 1942)Ref : Donna Schuster (1990). Yoga Journal. October-November. Active Interest. p. 57Video - Physiological Biological Explanation from Medical ScienceScientific Research into the benefits of Surya Namaskar : http://medcraveonline.com/SMDIJ/...The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy humanhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc...http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/...http://www.esotericonline.net/gr...http://icyer.com/documents/SN_es...

EDIT: The question used to be, "What is some good music?" Hence the length of my answer. Somehow "some good" got changed to "the best" and now my answer isn't quite right for the question. Oh well. I'll leave it. Just bear that in mind. :)My favorites are progressive and symphonic metal. Dream Theater, Symphony X, After Forever, A Perfect Circle, Adagio, Evergrey, Pain of Salvation, Nightwish, Therion...But since this isn't Twitter and I'm not confined to 140 characters or fewer...Blues:Blues Rock; Similar to Electric Blues, but sometimes acoustic. Blues Rock can be played without having the power turned on. And it rocks. - Stoneground, Tommy Castro Band, Tom Waits, Jeff Healey, Chris Whitley, Paul Butterfield Blues BandChicago Blues; Sort of an urban blues using more piano and saxophone. These guys are quite often named Willie or "Big" something if not some kind of dog. Popular in Louisiana, strangely enough. - Willie Clarke, Willie Dixon, Willie Kent, Willie Murphy, Willie Nix, Big Bill Broonzy, Big Joe Turner, Big John Wrencher, Big Moose, Golden "Big" Wheeler, Eddie Shaw & The Wolf Gang, Hound Dog Taylor, Howlin' WolfDelta Blues; One of the earliest blues styles. The roots of the African-American styles honed in the Delta plains of the US in the midst of harsh mistreatment and soulful survival. Mostly acoustic guitar and harmonica. Best if played on the porch of an old, broken down shack. - Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, Keb 'Mo', Memphis Jug Band, Johnny Shines, Tommy Johnson, Frank StokesElectric Blues; Blues that's plugged in and louder. Primarily guitar-based. When the power goes out it typically becomes Blues Rock.  - B.B. King, Eric Clapton, Magic Slim, Taj Mahal, John Lee Hooker, John Mayall, Charlie MusselwhiteJump Blues; Up-tempo with more swing. upright bass, piano, horns. One might jump if the mood strikes. - Magic Sam, Ruth Brown, Sugar Blue, Hal Singer, Amos Milburn, Ray Charles, Roy BrownNew Orleans Blues; More jazz and island influence. various drums and keyboard instruments. Popular in Texas, strangely enough. - Art Neville, Lloyd Price, Guitar Slim, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, T-Bone Burnett, Rockin' Sidney, Louisiana RedSt. Louis Blues; more piano based. similar to ragtime. Popular in Illinois, strangely enough. - Big Maybelle, Big Walter Horton, Roy Milton, Willie Mabon, Roosevelt Sykes, Yank Rachell, "Ma" Rainey, Percy MayfieldSwamp Blues; incorporates some Zydeco and more aggressive styles. Best when heard from the banks of a swamp and followed to an old, broken down shack. - Sonny Terry, Smiley Lewis, Luther Allison, Irma Thomas, Clifton Chenier, Doctor Ross, Bobby MarchanTexas Blues; more swing than Electric Blues, but more guitar than Jump Blues. Popular in Missouri, strangely enough. - Albert King, Lightnin' Hopkins, Tutu Jones, T-Bone Walker, Smokin' Joe Kubek, Grady Gains, Lafayette LeakeZydeco; more Creole influence. Accordion and alternative percussion instruments. You can't understand a word these guys are saying. - Al Rapone, Zydeco Boneshakers, Wayne Toups, Dr. John, The Mavericks, Buckwheat ZydecoGospel: somewhere between Blues and Country. Dominantly Christian in lyrical form.  - The Staple Singers, Shirley Caesar, Mahalia Jackson, Ira Tucker & The Dixie Hummingbirds, The Golden Gate Quartet, Fisk Jubilee Singers, The Blind Boys of AlabamaCountry:Bluegrass; up-tempo roots country using fiddle, banjo, jug, washtub bass. Should wear one-strap overalls and/or chew on a wheat stalk whilst playing. - Bill Monroe, Doc Watson, Laurie Lewis, The Del McCoury Band, The Cox Family, Don Reno, Carl Story, New Grass RevivalCountry Pop; pop-oriented country without the believable sadness. Mostly fifth and sixth generation Country for the sake of making money. - Carrie Underwood, Faith Hill, Lonestar, Pam Tillis, Juice Newton, Dixie Chicks, Martina McBrideHonky Tonk; up-tempo like Bluegrass, but more party-oriented and public. Drunken out-of-tune pianos and bar fights abound. Mostly second generation Country. - Rex Griffin, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Jim Edward Brown, Red FoleyMountain; vocal harmonies, fast-pickin', nostalgia, and "ya gotta have a fiddle in the band". Judging by their names, they're usually related to someone if not each other.  - Alabama, Oak Ridge Boys, Roy Acuff, The Forester Sisters, The Louvin Brothers, The Stanley Brothers, The Burch Sisters, The Cook Family SingersNeotraditional; the sort of "we wish we'd been alive before country was cool" artists. True to their form, but still "new". Mostly fifth generation Country. - Alan Jackson, Brad Paisley, Garth Brooks, Vince Gill, Mark ChesnuttOutlaw; the real deal. These guys invented the country themes; heartache, loss, being broke, depressed, lonely and/or in jail. Third and Fourth generation Country with no fancy band or artist names; just straight-forward actual names with lots of "N"s and "L"s.  - Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams Jr., Charlie Daniels, David Allan Coe, Rodney Crowell, Leon RussellTraditional; the realer deal. Country for the sake of true mountain/southern expression. Hard workin' white trash sadness and hard times with an occasionally poppy feel later in the genre. Third and Fourth generation Country with lots of steel guitar twang, dobro, wailing fiddle and soft yet straight-forward 4/4 back beats that keep audiences clappin' on 1 and 3.  - Loretta Lynn, Emmylou Harris, Porter Wagoner, Kenny Rogers, George Jones, Tanya Tucker, Ronnie Milsap, Dolly PartonWestern; Out on the range/prairie. Cowboy music of the American Frontier Mostly campfire sing-alongs with little to no percussion. Bouncy rhythms reminiscent of horse galloping. Mostly second generation Country and frequently named a group belonging to an individual.  - Jean Shepard, Kitty Wells, Gene Autry, Tex Ritter, Skeets McDonald, Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys, Curly Williams and His Georgia Peach Pickers, Hank Penny and His Rodeo Cowboys, Leon McAuliffe and His Western Swing Band, Noel Boggs and His Day Sleepers, Tex Williams and His Western Caravan, Jack Guthrie and His Oklahomans, Milton Brown and His Brownies, Johnnie Lee Willis and His BoysElectronica:Acid Breaks; utilizes breakbeats and sampling of small rhythmic grooves to create longer song patterns. It is not a complete sentence explaining how acid reacts when dropped on the floor. - Zak Baney, DJ Icey, K-Swing, NAPT, Vigi, The Sables, Rozalla, C2CAggrotech; darker lyrics than most electronica, using high-mixed synth/saw leads and aggressive bass frequency oscillation. - Lights of Euphoria, Alien Vampires, Amduscia, Cenobita, Unter NullAmbient; emphasizes atmosphere and overall tone over song structure. Mood music.... if you're in the mood to feel ambient. - Etro Anime, Sneaker Pimps, Ceasefire, Aphex Twin, Kinobe, HalcyonColdwave; sort of industrial, electronic, punk. Angst ridden and aggressive, yet nebulous and icy in it’s emotional exposition. Often politically or socially oriented; and usually in an irreverent manner. - Artefact, Jacno, Museum of Devotion, Pavilion 7BDrone; minimalistic, repetitive, clustered patterns sustained throughout a piece with few, if any, alterations to chord/harmonic structure. Imagine a 100′ diameter, futuristic, spherical, steel eyeball floating around a city. The sound that would make? That’s drone. - Faust, Neu!, Phil Niblock, Yoshi WadaDubstep; characterized by sub-bass frequency oscillation and warbling along with broken beats, syncopation and "the drop". If you don't like it you're obviously too old. - Skrillex, Plastician, Magnetic Man, Nero, Deadmau5, SkreamElectronicore; electronic metalcore. There. make sense? A lot of sequencing, auto-tuning and screaming. Angry and “in-your-face” lyrics and breakbeats that figuratively knock your teeth out. But sometimes literally. - Abandon All Ships, Palisades, Himwaterdragon, Fall Emotions, Eskimo CallboyElectropop; Electronic music more accepted by the masses and general public. Deep, grinding electronic tones, frequencies and breakbeats coupled with more pop-friendly vocals and lyrics. Usually fronted by a female. - Elly Jackson, Ke$ha, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, PerfumeGrime; sort of a dirty, wet-floor, smoke-in-the-air, acrid B.O. type of Jungle or grimey-House music. Not music that might be played in a grimey house; but House music that is also grimey. - Boy Better Know, Ghetts, Kano, Newham Generals, Ruff Squad, SkeptaHouse; a style of electronic dance music that grew from disco production and reggae beats. Don't know why it's called "House". Maybe it just sounded cool.  - Chemical Brothers, Daft Punk, MARRS, Sonique, Dirty VegasTechno; a form of EDM synthesizing funk, jazz, African rhythms and a general party-type atmosphere. This music is often directly from the future or outerspace.  - Arab Strap, Rednex, Technotronic, LeClick, Culture Beat, RozallaTrance; repetition repetition repetition. Beats between 125 and 140 with lots of repetition. Melodic themes slowly layer and build to climaxes and then, you guessed it, repeat.  - Life on Mars, Enigma, Blue States, B12, Craig Armstrong, AirTrip Hop; a more experimental style of electronic music that utilizes soul, funk, jazz, and blues forms. Sometimes danceable. Sometimes commercial. But always 100% hip-hop/ambient/soul/jazz/acid/dub/electronica. Or something...  - Moby, Bossa Nostra, Fatboy Slim, Vanja Lazarova, Seph, Electric ChairsFolk:American Roots; 1800s' pre-Country acoustic. Not as upbeat as bluegrass. More akin to Mountain ballads stemming from Irish/Scottish roots in the Appalachian Mountains of the USA.  - The Civil Wars, Mac Wiseman, Pete Seeger, The Wallin Family, Bass Mountain Boys, The Chuck Wagon GangFolk Pop; softer than folk rock. Folk music that people actually like while sober. - John Denver, Simon & Garfunkel, Don McLean, Leonard Cohen, Sonny and Cher, Partridge FamilyFolk Rock; slightly heavier than Folk Pop. Somewhat more instrument-based yet audience-friendly.  - Dave Matthews Band, Indigo Girls, Joan Osborne, Mumford & Sons, KT Tunstall, Suzanne VegaJam; 20 minute dual guitar solos while singer stands, looking at the stage floor, head-bobbing slightly using the microphone stand to keep from falling over. Best enjoyed while under the influence of some sort of psychotropic substance. If sober, turn around and watch the crowd. Usually pretty fun shows but pretty boring albums.  - The Grateful Dead, Bela Fleck & The Flecktones, Phish, Sister Hazel, The Pat McGee BandJazz:Acid Jazz; Jazz....on acid. Or with acid poured over it. I can't quite figure out which but there's definitely some form of actual acid involved and it's likely more potent than lactic or citric. Plus "acid" is a really cool word. Even cooler than "house".  - Exodus Quartet; Medeski, Martin & Wood; DJ Logic, Count Basie, Quiet Boys, RadBebop; up-tempo, exemplifying instrumental mastery while not actually showing off. Lots of improvisation and elements that leant themselves eventually to the progressive rock styles; unison melodies, shrink/grow rhythm backings, solo breaks, etc.  - Charlie Parker, Chet Baker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell TrioBig Band; larger than a small band. Incorporating strong brass, woodwinds and dominant percussion throughout. Typically more happy and bouncy. And big.  - Squirrel Nut Zippers, Glenn Miller Orchestra, Duke Ellington, Chickenhawks, Benny GoodmanJazz Funk; more of a solid back-beat groove than other jazz styles. Makes use of synthesizers and analog tone generation. More groove than pure jazz but more jazz than pure funk.  - Wynton Marsalis, Grover Washington, The Whitefield Brothers, The Woo Woos, Entourage, Joe AugustineJazz Fusion; sort of Progressive Jazz. Fuses jazz with other styles like funk, R&B, rock, etc. "Fuse" is a cool jazzy sounding word. Almost as cool as "acid".  - Plunge, Soulive, Tom Scott, Weather Report, Manhattan Transfer, NiacinLatin Jazz; exactly that. Utilizes latin beats and rhythms along with multiple and various percussion-centric structures. Incorporates anything from Bolero to Rhumba but doesn't quite "fuse" them.....I guess.... - Acoustic Alchemy, Gare Du Nord, Yutaka, Mas Mamones, Kim Pensyl, Al Di Meola, BrasiliaRagtime; socially and chronologically bridged the gap between classical and jazz. Strong syncopated rhythms and metric patterns pulled from African-American music from the early 20th Century. Primarily piano based.  - Scott Joplin, Gene Austin, Ernest Hogan, Dorsey Brothers, Nora Bayes, Ted LewisSmooth Jazz; the music you listen to when you're winding down after a hard day of yoga classes and meditation. Relaxation akin to whale sounds and trickling rivers.  - Yellowjackets, Kenny G, Where There's Smoke, J. Spencer, Ricky Ford, Dave KozSoft Jazz; see Smooth Jazz, but softer. Imagine winding down after a day of winding down after a day of yoga classes and...... you get the picture.  - Mark Baldwin, Victor Goines, Ziggy Elfman, Eric Darken, Pat Coil, Phil WoodsTraditional Jazz; music for music's sake. The guys who originally broke the rules and continue to do so. They even broke the rules of jazz itself with their category name; since "Traditional Jazz" is itself oxymoronic.  - Dave Brubeck, Lord Buckley, Diana Krall, Al Jolson, Elmer Bernstein, Chick WebbVocal Jazz; not all scat and beedoppadoops. The voice as an instrument. Focus on virtuosity of the voice and expression through vocal timbre and fluidity. The best ones were female. Sorry, Louis.  - Nina Simone, Etta James, Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Ethel Waters, Nat King ColeMetal:Avant-Garde Metal; the weird crap. The stuff that people either love or hate. Typically not as talented as the Progressive guys, but less heavy and hardcore than the pure metal guys.  - System of a Down, Faith No More, Buckethead, King Crimson, Sikth, IntronautClassic Metal; where it all started. The first down-tuned, high-action riffs building from the oppressive industrial age in mid-century Great Britain. And the need to kick ass following all that rockabilly crap. - Scorpions, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Dio, Rainbow, Iron Butterfly, MotörheadDark Metal: including…Black Metal; similar to death metal, but slightly more atmospheric and extreme. These guys wear skull face-paint and dress like dead demons and other scary stuff. Lo-fi recordings with tremolo guitar and screeching, wailing vocals atop fast tempos/beats and low, thrumming bass. -Aurora Borealis, Behemoth, Setherial, Satanic Slaughter, Noctuary, Watain, Ethereal WoodsDeath Metal; metal about death. Or metal that sounds like it's dying or killing. Lots of blast beats and atonalities. Fast double-bass drums and down-tuned guitars. Screaming and growling. These guys don't play too many Bar Mitzvahs. - Napalm Death, Abysmal Dawn, Mortification, Dethklok, Fleshgore, Beneath the MassacreDoom Metal; like death metal but more ominous using slower tempos and more atmospheric tones. Lyrics are typically depressing and morose and will leave you wanting to kill others; including yourself. - Thergothon, Orodruin, The Hidden Hand, Mindrot, The Obsessed, Unholy, Witchfinder GeneralGoth Metal; somewhat of a horror theme pervades this category. Often times skull makeup or zombie/vampire/werewolf themes will be prevalent. Names often include prepositions. - In This Moment, Cradle of Filth, Within Temptation, Theatre of Tragedy, Cadaveria, AgathodaimonSludge Metal; usually has a somewhat dirtier, grimier feel to it. Slower deep-tuned crunchy riffs and distortion. Sometimes screaming and growling mixed with somewhat southern rock feeling styles. Themes include pessimism, hopelessness, anger.  - Black Label Society, Rollins Band, Mastodon, Corrosion of Conformity, Haste, Soilent Green, EyehategodEmo Metal; usually pretty heavy and angst-ridden, but with some clear-voice singing and wailing throughout. Not all screams and growls like Metalcore; and sometimes no screaming or growling at all. Just sort of, “Life is tough and I’m gonna bitch about it” music - but good. -Anberlin, Good Charlotte, Motionless in White, My Chemical Romance, SkilletFusion Metal: including…Folk Metal: including…Celtic Metal; reminiscent of ancient Celtic/Irish battle music. Heavy and grinding, but with an air of ambient atmosphere and possibly pan flutes. Yes definitely pan flutes. One must paint one’s face blue and wear a loin cloth to fully appreciate this genre. - Agalloch, Cruachan, Finntroll, Eluveitie, Mael Mórdha, Geasa, SuidrakaGypsy Metal; crunchy, heavy guitars with fiddles and percussion instruments that might be found hanging in the fortune teller’s wagon of a traveling circus. Some themes get pretty heavy and mythological and really make little sense. But hey…it’s Metal. - Inspirit, Kultur Shock, Stella Arja, Tribe of Gypsies, The Crooked Fiddle BandMedieval Metal; similar to Doom Metal in that the mood is more somber and morose and oppressive. Imagine metal that’s been living in a dungeon for 650 years and has just now stepped out into the sun. Yeah. That. - Heimataerde, In Extremo, Letzte Instanz, Morgenstern, Saltatio Mortis, SkycladPagan Metal; Metal that stays true to the original pagan/wiccan image. Metal that rails against organized religion; especially monotheism. Metal that revels in worldly idolatry and basks in the indulgence of the physical. Lots of symbolism and iconography used on album covers. - Arkona, Asmergin, Finsterforst, Korpiklaani, Obtest, MoonsorrowPirate Metal; exactly what it sounds like. Swashbuckling, rum-guzzling, peg-legged, patch-eyed, hook-armed, parrot-perched ne’er-do-wells prowling the waters in wooden ships carrying gold, gems and ghosts of the sea. At least that’s what they sing about. I think in real life they’re just normal people who drive cars and pay taxes like the rest of us. - Alestorm, Blaxon Stone, Cat O’ Nine Tails, Iron Seawolf, Red Rum, Silverbones, SwashbuckleViking Metal; metal having to do with Vikings (mostly lyrically) and their respective culture. Many reminders that Vikings are likely the most "metal" culture in the history of the world. - Mortiis, Heidevolk, Hel, Turisas, Wolfchant, Grand Magus, BorknagarFunk Metal; relatively self-explanatory. Metal, with some funk. Or funk with a heavier vibe. Heavy crunchy; yet funky and danceable; grooves. Slap bass and wah-wah guitar often rear their heads. Tightly tuned snare drums and snappy bass drums with a lot of emphasis on the hi-hat; usually. -Infectious Grooves, Living Colour, Mordred, Primus, Fishbone, Mind FunkJazz Metal; metal with an air of pretense. Not as esoteric as Avant-Garde Metal and more artsy than Funk Metal. Elements of Jazz like improvisation and off-kilter chord structures prevail. -Conflux, Gru, Sithu Aye, Shining, Naked CityNeoclassical Metal; these guys would be composing for their respective local monarchs had they lived 200 years ago. This is metal with classical tendencies, but not necessarily classical instrumentation. Mostly guitar virtuosi hang out here. Their bands are typically comprised of musical over-achievers who don’t quite have what it takes to be fully progressive. -Yngwie Malmsteen, Vinnie Moore, Timmo Tolkki, Joshua Perahia, Marty FriedmanRap Metal; Pretty self-explanatory. Combines rap and metal.  - Linkin Park, P.O.D., Kid Rock, Rage Against The Machine, Papa Roach, Crazy Town, Limp BizkitSymphonic Metal; - again, pretty self-explanatory. Metal guys don't like to waste time with esoteric nomenclature like "Trip Hop" or "Bluegrass".  - After Forever, Dimmu Borgir, Blind Guardian, Nightwish, Seraphim, Interfector, AyreonGlam Metal; including…Hair Metal; all about glitz and glamour. Make-up, hair-spray, tight red leather pants and ripped-off blues riffs. I love it. So do you. Many names include animals or a reference to something white. Or both.  - Whitesnake, White Lion, Great White, Ratt, Def Leppard, Zebra, Bon Jovi, Firehouse, PoisonSleaze Metal; akin to Hair Metal, but with more grime. More about sex and drugs in the deviant and slimy way. Not really about partying, but about the actual sex and drugs. More leather and fringe than hairspray and makeup. Though you will find some hairspray. And makeup. -Billy Idol, Guns ’n’ Roses, Skid Row, Mötley Crüe, L.A. Guns, ExtremeGroove Metal; Metal with slightly more funk than pure Metal, slightly more balls than Jazz Metal and slightly more balls than pure Funk Metal. Imagine Funk Metal more laid back and less aggressive. Like….if Motown made Metal. Channel Zero, Soulfly, Tad, Fight, DevilDriver, Byzantine, Bleed From WithinIndustrial Metal; more digital sound than raw analog metal. Sometimes just one or two guys doing it all. Can become over-commercialized due to its attainability by the masses.  - Rob Zombie, Front Line Assembly, God Lives Underwater, Skinny Puppy, NIN, Filter, The Union UndergroundMetalcore; growling, screaming and yelling. Angry people reside here; somewhere between extreme metal and hardcore punk. Hey wait.....Metalpunk? no....Extrard? no.....Punkstreme? no. Metalcore! There. That works.  - SOiL, Drowning Pool, Biohazard, The Agonist, Trivium, HelmetNu Metal; guys who use digital production techniques and a more refined sound. Good hardcore stuff, but not raw and dirty. Often have numbers or present tense verbs/gerunds in their names. - 10 Years, 3 Days Grace, 30 Seconds To Mars, Breaking Benjamin, Dropping Daylight, Shinedown, Sevendust, Finger Eleven, KoЯnPower Metal; metal that combines the powerful elements of classic metal, speed metal and a bit of symphonic metal for added drama. These guys are in your face but not in a Death/Doom/Black Metal way. There’s more life and less death here. Not always happy, but driven and motivational. -Alestorm, Powerwolf, Metal Church, Iced Earth, Kamelot, HelloweenProgressive Metal; including…Classical Prog; Heavy, yet classical virtuosity runs rampant. Complex orchestrations and thematic derivatives abound. Their album covers are usually pretty Dungeons & Dragons-esque. - Adagio, Blind Guardian, Symphony X, Triumph, The Devin Townsend ProjectDjent; pretty much onomatopoeiaic. Those crunchy guitar sounds that are mimicked by Metalheads using their voices to project “DJENT DJENT DJENT DJENT….” as they mouth along with the kickass guitar riffs. - Animals As Leaders, Meshuggah, Mnemic, Periphery, Sikth, TesseracTMathcore; the guys who are more into technique than groove. Music that exhibits what a theoretical physicist’s chalkboard might sound like if transferred to aural perception. - Benea signNow, Botch, Daughters, Ion Dissonance, Psyopus, Spiral ArchitectMelodic Prog; the guys who are more about melody and tonality than about technical virtuosity. Don’t get me wrong, they’re still damn good, but they produce more memorable and catchy tunes than some other Progressive groups. - Crimson Glory, A Perfect Circle, Tool, Queensrÿche, Rhapsody of Fire, Shadow GalleryOmni Prog; the guys who can do it all. Classical, Rock, Jazz, Funk, Groove, Technique, Passion, Virtuosity, Acoustic, Electric, Slow, Fast, Flamenco, Baroque, etc. Pretty much the embodiment of “Musicians’ Bands”. - Dream Theater, Fates Warning, King’s X, Pain of Salvation, Liquid Tension Experiment, PlatypusPower Prog; virtuosity tempered with sheer power. Hard-driving beats and riffs with high-volume, in-your-face ass-kicking. - Adrenaline Mob, Frameshift, Nevermore, Orden Ogan, Ne Obliviscaris, Seventh WonderTechnical Death Metal; similar to the Mathcore guys but heavier. That’s about it. There are lots of prime numbered time signatures in this genre. - Cynic, Green Carnation, Obscura, Odious Mortem, PsycropticPunk: including…Garage Punk; early sixties punk that was raw, lo-fi, scratchy, distorted and fuzzy. Simple chords (I mean…it IS Punk…) and even simpler lyrics. - Black Lips, The Hives, The Humpers, The Mummies, TeengenerateGlam Punk; Punk railing against the status quo with high shock value. Makeup and crazy hair and facial prosthetics abound. - Cherry Vanilla, Flash Bastard, The Hot Dogs, New York Dolls, Shady Lady, Sick Six CrushHardcore; faster, more aggressive Punk. Same simple chords and song themes, but played faster and with more aggression. Usually very fast and/or aggressive. Basically…fast and aggressive Punk. With lyrical themes occasionally treated a bit more seriously for the sake of actual social commentary. - Bad Religion, Black flag, Fugazi, Sworn Enemy, Raised Fist, Social DistortionOi!; the UK scene that tried to bring Punk back to its roots and steal it back from all the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Music is raw, unproduced, natural; yet maintains an honesty that’s rare in a lot of musical styles. - Last Resort, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, Public Enemy, Street Dogs, SuperYob, Toy DollsPop Punk; music by and for the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Punk in the mainstream. The use of Punk stylings and techniques for the sake of selling albums and making money and becoming famous and rich. - American Hi-Fi, The Ataris, Green Day, OffspringPost-Punk; the evolution of Punk into a more personally stylistic and individually nuanced style. More experiementation and removal from the classic Punk traditions created a sort of Avant-Garde Punk movement which culminated in Post-Punk. - 23 Skidoo, Au Pairs, Bauhaus, Big Black, The Chills, The Cult, The StranglersProto-Punk; the ones who started it all. The original punks. The artists who originally went against the grain of the conventional Rock or Pop of their day to create what would become the Punk movement. - Iggy & The Stooges, MC5, NEU!, The Patti Smith Group, The Sonics, TelevisionPunk Rock; those groups that don’t really fit into any subgenre of Punk and just encapsulate what the common culture knows as “Punk”. - The Clash, The Jam, The Ramones, Sex Pistols, Sprung MonkeySpeed Metal; exactly that. Speed. Even the band names are so fast they only use one word.  - Helloween, Overkill, Impellitteri, Cranium, Atomkraft, Annihilator, Sodom, Kreator, GravediggerThrash Metal; the guys you likely know best. The original Bay-Area metalheads themselves. - Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax, Sepultura, Pantera, Slayer, Metal Church, Exodus, TestamentOrchestral:Broadway; the music that's played during those plays on Broadway in NYC. - Les Miserables, Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon, Jesus Christ SuperstarClassical; usually considered the dominant Western music from 1750 to 1830; but spans a bit farther in both directions. Typically divided up into eras instead of genres; at least when separating Composers from Performers. ___________________________________________________________________ (composers)500–1600 - Medieval: Dom Dinis, Leorenzo da Firenze, Jaufre Rudel, Sordello, Bernard of Cluny1401–1600 - Renaissance: Biquardus, Jefimija, Isaiah the Serb, Garnier, Annibale Padovano1601–1750 - Baroque: Gaspar Sariz, Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, Domenico Scarlatti, Tomaso Albinoni1751–1830 - High Classical: Franz Schubert, Wolfgang Mozart, Gioacchino Antonio Rossini, Arunachala Kavi, Franz Joseph Haydn1831–1900 - Romantic: Antonin Dvořák, Claude Debussy, Hector Berlioz, Ludwig Van Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin1901–2000 - 20th Century: Aaron Copland, Paul Dukas, Joaquin Rodrigo, George Gershwin, Aram Il’yich, Khachaturian2001-Present - Contemporary: Max Richter, Krzysztof Penderecki, Steve Reich, Michael Van der Aa ________________________________________________________________ (performers)Yo-Yo Ma, Mike Wollenberg, Lang Lang, Andre Rieu, The London Philharmonic, Woody PhillipsMovie Scores; the music that's played during those movies you watch sometimes. Either in NYC or elsewhere. - Alan Silvestri (Back to the Future, Forrest Gump); Danny Elfman (Batman, Beetlejuice, Pee-Wee's Big Adventure); James Horner (Titanic, Braveheart); John Williams (Star Wars, Indiana Jones, E.T., Jaws, Jurassic Park, Superman); Hans Zimmer (Gladiator, The Rock); Harold Faltermeyer (Beverly Hills Cop, Fletch, Top Gun)New Age; the music you listen to during your hard day of yoga classes and meditation. - Andreas Wollenweider, Jordan Rudess, Turin Brakes, Yanni, Gordon HemptonVocal; the vocal instrument applied to the rigors of Classical instrumentation - Andrea Bocelli, Josh Groban, Sarah Brightman, Luciano Pavarotti, Il Divo, Brooklyn Tabernacle ChoirPop:Adult Contemporary; a fancy name for the lame music your parents probably listened to. Mostly maudlin tunes about the lives and thoughts of privileged, white, middle-aged hipsters.  - Anne Murray, Barry Manilow, Wilson Phillips, Neil Diamond, Carly SimonBeat Pop; the British invasion of back-beat driven pop icons of the late 50s and early 60s. Most bands are "The" something.  - The Beatles, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Kingsmen, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Cuff Links, The Hollies, The Newbeats, The Left Banke, The Zombies, Gunhill RoadDance Pop; the popular music to dance to. Not as counter-culture as EDM, but slightly heavier than Bubble Gum Pop; which I didn't list as a category.  - Bananarama, Billy Ocean, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Debbie Gibson, EMF, Will to Power, TiffanyDisco; formed from funk, psychedelic and soul; this style rebelled against the rock music of the day in a more visceral, primal way. All about body movement, dancing and the human spectacle, it stole colorful clothing and drugs from the Hippies, up-beat driven rhythms from the Beatniks and combined them in a sexy, seductive libido-based production praising dance and expressive human life. It is currently "dead".  - ABBA, The Bee Gees, The Village People, KC & The Sunshine Band, Gloria Gaynor, Lipps Inc.Doo Wop; yet another mainstream derivative of African-American music, doo wop uses more nonsensical phrases and sounds to emphasize harmony and melody over lyrical substance. These names also are often "The" something.  - The Dominoes, The Platters, The Tune-Weavers, The Casinos, The Dreamlovers, The Passions, The Penguins, The Rivieras, The Esquires, Bob & Earl.Indie Pop; somewhat contradictory, the emphasis on self-reliance and the whole DIY perspective is exploited to assure popularity and mainstream success. But somehow it works. - The Ting Tings, Fine Young Cannibals, Nil Lara, Karry Walker, Sundays, Hang UpsLatin Pop; exactly that. Pop with better beats and more complex rhythms that actually force you to dance even if you are unwilling.  - Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias, Pit Bull, Shakira, Miami Sound Machine, Lou BegaPop Rock; slightly edgier pop. Or slightly more commercialized rock. Take your pick. - Fiona Apple, Jewel, Avril Lavigne, Natalie Imbruglia, Eric Carmen, Maroon 5Power Pop; high production music for the sake of performance. - Journey, Rick Springfield, Survivor, Duran Duran, Huey Lewis & The News, Go-Gos, Cutting Crew, The B52sSurf Pop; the music you listen to while watching people surf. Somehow this style became separate from other closely related similar styles and is audibly evident in every group it houses. - The Ventures, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris, Jan and Dean, The Rip-Chords, Dick DaleSynthpop; like power pop, but with the emphasis on synthesizers.  - Tears For Fears, OMD, Herbie Hancock, When In Rome, Falco, Dead or Alive, Thomas DolbyTraditional Pop; the crooners. The original pop vocalists whose reputations continue to dazzle and impress. The Rat Pack. The Vegas Lounge Lizards. No, those aren't band names. - Perry Como, Wayne Newton, Tom Jones, Bobby Vinton, Frank Sinatra, Mel TormeR&B:Alternative Hip Hop; Hip Hop that doesn't quite fit the mold of standard R&B. Somewhat left of center and progressive by R&B standards. - Outkast, Black Eyed Peas, Jurassic 5, Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, N.E.R.D., Insane Clown PosseFunk; emphasis on rhythm and groove rather than melody and harmony. Chords aren't as important as the bass line underneath them or the drum beat behind them.  - The Brothers Johnson, Commodores, Kool & The Gang, George Clinton & the P-Funk All Stars, Curtis MayfieldNeo Soul; Soul, but newer. Neo is just a cool word for "new". Though not as cool as "acid". OOH!!! Acid Soul! Is that a genre?! If it isn't then it should be.  - Jamiroquai, Amy Winehouse, Beyonce, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Terence Trent d'ArbyNew Jack Swing; "Neo Jack Swing" would sound pretentious and the R&B genre is anything but pretentious. And "Acid Jack Swing" would sound like drug or sex slang. These guys combined Urban Contemporary beats and Dance Pop composition to create a very catchy sound that showcased a lot of soulful melodies and harmonies. This was "The bomb" in the late '80s and early '90s.  - Boyz II Men, Bel Biv DeVoe, En Vogue, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, New Edition, Kid 'n' Play, MC Hammer, Paula AbdulRap; talking. mostly. Though talking very well and rhyming with complex rhythms and rhyme schemes on top of looped beats and melody lines.  - Eminem, Cypress Hill, Timbaland, Snoop Dogg, Grandmaster Flash, Digital Underground, Ludacris, Beastie BoysSoul; the s%*t that makes you wanna f%*k.  - Teddy Pendergrass, The Righteous Brothers, Lionel Richie, Aaron Neville, Hall & Oates, Luther Vandross, John LegendUrban Contemporary; a combination of EDM, Reggae, Dance Pop, Soul and Rap that creates a very broad range of styles and expressions.  - Usher, Nikki Minaj, Justin Timberlake, Missy Elliott, Trey Songz, Rihanna, Ne-Yo, Flo-Rida, DrakeReggae:Dancehall; Jamaican pop that strips down Reggae to the most crucial dance vibes necessary, though it added more digital instrumentation and faster rhythms. - Leonard Dillon, Toots Hibbert, Wailing Souls, Ebony Steelband, Aswad, Big MountainDub; mostly instrumental remixes of existing Reggae recordings. - Third World, Black Uhuru, Yellowman, Sly & Robbie, Freddie McGregorRagga; primarily electronic Reggae. Slower and more laid back than Dancehall, but more produced and digitized than Roots. - Steel Pulse, Trinidad Steel Drum Band, Inner Circle, Desmond Williams, Lasana Bandelé, Joe HiggsRoots; spiritual Rastafarian expression of life and experiences. Primal, raw and unmistakably catchy. - Bob Marley & The Wailers, Greyhound, Dhaima, Crucial Vibes, Kojak & Liza, Shorty the PresidentRock:Alternative; not quite squeezed into the "Rock" definition, but not quite squeezed out of it either.  - Soul Asylum, U2, The Wallflowers, Jesus Jones, Beck, Toad the Wet SprocketAmericana; the music about the working class. The hopes and dreams of the free American people. Driving rock that you can hear in bars and stadiums alike. - Bruce Springsteen, Bryan Adams, The Traveling Wilburys, John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, John FogertyClassic Rock; the original rockers. If you haven't heard of these guys you haven't heard of Rock.  - Led Zeppelin, The Who, Steve Miller Band, Queen, Eagles, Fleetwood Mac, The Rolling Stones, The TroggsCollege Rock; rock for the sake of getting laid in college. These guys pandered to the more sensitive female audience, thereby creating the necessity for the male audience to like them as well. Typically pretty stupid and nonsensical sounding names. - Vertical Horizon, Iffy, Counting Crows, Hoobastank, Goo Goo Dolls, Fastball, Dishwalla, Hootie & The Blowfish, Matchbox 20, Emmet SwimmingDark Wave; slightly more despondent and depressed. More morose and well......dark.  - The Church, The Cure, Blue October, Depeche Mode, The Stone Roses, Joy DivisionFunk Rock; pretty self-explanatory. - Primus, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Spin Doctors, 311, Mother's Finest, Tina & The B-side MovementGrunge; these guys killed Glam Metal. But it was already beginning to show signs of weakness. This music stripped away all image and pretense and left us with guys who were just good enough at their instrument to still allow every high-school boy in America to be able to play along...... to all their pretty songs......and shoot his gun.  - Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice In Chains, Garbage, L7, Mudhoney, Stone Temple Pilots, Local H, Love Battery, The MelvinsHard Rock; not Classic. But not Soft. Or Grungy. Just hard. Though not as hard as Metal. So maybe really hard wood or stone. Yeah that's it. Hard Rock. - Velvet Revolver, Audioslave, Midnight Oil, Pat Benatar, Billy Squier, Drivin' 'N' Cryin', LoverboyIndie Rock; rock that does it's own thing despite what the industry tells it to do. - R.E.M., Florence + The Machine, Monks Of Doom, The Connells, Cake, Juliette & The Licks, They Might Be GiantsNew Wave; more frenetic and impulsive than former rock, disco and punk. More guitar licks and rhythms that didn't just sit you down and leave you there. Somewhat electronic and experimental. Some might say, "new".  - INXS, The Police, Crowded House, Spandau Ballet, Oingo Boingo, Shiny Toy Guns, Corey HartPost-Grunge; came after grunge, and was slightly more produced than grunge, but still held on to some of that Grunge angst that made it so successful. - Stone Sour, Ugly Kid Joe, Hinder, Collective Soul, Nickelback, Flyleaf, Candlebox, GodsmackProgressive Rock: including…1970s; Progressive Rock artists of the 1970s. Pretty self-explanatory. These guys were near the birth of what is known as Progressive Rock. Some of the earliest pioneers and trailblazers of the genre.- Deep Purple, Emerson Lake & Palmer, Rush, Kansas, Jethro Tull, Frank Zappa, GenesisArt Rock; Slightly skewed but still rock. More experimental and “out there”. Costumes are common. As is make-up and characterization. -David Bowie, Peter Gabriel, David Byrne, Velvet Underground, Radiohead, Incubus, Talking HeadsCanterbury Scene; named after a bunch of improvisational dudes from Canterbury got someone’s attention. These guys shifted into and out of each other’s bands all the time. Constantly changing and altering their lineups. - Caravan, Short Wave, Supersister, In Cahoots, Gong, Egg, GilgameshPost-Progressive; the spawn of and next generation following 1970s Progressive Rock. These guys adapted to the current zeitgeist and pushed the boundaries even more than their predecessors. I mean….that IS the definition of Progressive. - Attention Deficit, Bozzio Levin Stevens, Somnambulist, Transatlantic, Dali’s Dilemma, Chroma Key, BravePsychedelic Rock (Acid Rock); quirky, drugged-out hysterical nonsense rock with a lot of outward expression against normalcy. Fun shows that led to a lot of deaths; by drug and alcohol consumption; and pregnancies......by drug and alcohol consumption.  - Big Brother & The Holding Company, The Doors, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Moody Blues, Sopwith Camel, Vanilla Fudge, DonovanRIO (Rock In Opposition); akin to the Canterbury guys I mentioned earlier, these Progressive musicians got pissed that no one was recognizing their talent and banded together against the music industry itself. Surprise: they still didn’t get very popular. - Aksak Maboul, Etron Fou Lelouban, Henry Cow, Art Bears, Stormy Six, Art ZoydPunk; the rebels who hated society and weren't afraid to let it be known. They'd bleed on stage, rip off their clothes and surf the crowd naked, dump buckets of sweat and other bodily fluids on the crowd while screaming and railing against authority and tradition. Oh and they sometimes held instruments too. - Sex Pistols, Bad Religion, Ramones, Iggy & The Stooges, The Clash, American Hi-FiRockabilly; what some call the original Rock & Roll. A combination of hillbilly and rock containing a western swing and a bouncing party vibe. With elements of piano-based Jump Blues and electric boogie woogie, it made it's mark on the music scene indelibly. Almost everyone's named contained a "Y".  - Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Tommy Sands, Johnny Rivers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Freddy Cannon, Chubby Checker, Little RichardSka; rock with horns. This provided all those high school kids who chose to play brass in the school band a way to be cool... For about 18 months in the late '90s.  - No Doubt, Fighting Gravity, Dispatch, Blue Meanies, Toots & The Maytals, Jack FridaySoft Rock; the rock you listen to on the radio when driving to your yoga or meditation class.  - Traffic, Glenn Frey, Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Kim Carnes, Gerry RaffertySouthern Rock; rock from the south. Lots of twang and rough gravelly vocals mixed with two-step rhythms that keep audiences head-bobbin' and wavin' confederate flags. When "Free Bird" is yelled at one of these shows, it will be played.  - Lynyrd Skynyrd, 38 Special, Blackfoot, Pride & Glory, Molly Hatchet, The Georgia SatellitesWorld: (please forgive my American/Euro-Centric categorizations. And please don't be offended if I've misplaced something that you feel should go elsewhere; in all the previous categories or in the following geographic generalizations. These are mostly all regional folk or traditional music of general locations named accordingly, and just those that I am familiar with and like. I know full well that many and various styles and cultures exist within the overall regions I’ve specified here.)African  - Zap Mama, Zwabesho Sibisi, Eleja Choir, Turtle Island String Quartet, Habib Koité and Bamada, Coco LeeMiddle Eastern  - Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan; Kaila Flexer; Ilhan Ersahin; Ighigou Haile; S-Tone, Inc.Asian  - Liu Huan, Yungchen Lhamo, Itsuki No Komoriuta, Bhoora Singh and Party, Hoang Vuy, Imperial Household OrchestraEastern European  - Goralska Orkestra, Stephanya G. Penchevya, Nikollë Nikprelaj, Raderman Beckerman Orchestra, Efta Botoca, Petrică PaşcaIrish/Celtic/Gaelic  - Loreena McKennitt, Michael O'Suilleabhain, The Pogues, Enya, The Chieftains, The Tannahill Weavers, WolfstoneIsland  - Sean Na'auao, Les Tamaru, Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Andi Thakambau, Lord Composer, Kealoha KonoLatin/Hispanic  - Ruben Blades, Tu Abandono, Adam Del Monte, Brian Keane, Elvis Crespo, Los UmbrellosMediterranean  - Triki Triki, Stellákis Perpiniádhis, La Nina Del Los Peines, Márkos Vamvakáris, Effisio Melis, Marika KanaropoulouScandinavian  - Värttinä, Hållbus Totte Mattson, Arto Järvelä, Gjallarhorn, Angelit, Annbjørg Lien, Sari Kaasinen...and that's all I can think of off the top of my head. So there's some good music.