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Investing and trading in cryptocurrency is not limited to a group of people neither should any profession hinder your chance from making extra buck. Presently. Bitcoin and Altcoins are great investment to make for any smart investors. because mere keeping cryptocurrency can make you money while trading and investing can make you much more.but before you start investing in anything, you have to look before you leap. here are few things you should know before you dive into cryptocurrency trading and investment.Here's What Investors Need To Know About CryptocurrencyCryptocurrency investment opportunities abound, but just how valid are they?With all the loud and conflicting talk surrounding cryptocurrency, how can someone gauge whether to invest in it, or the idea behind a digital coin?Last Saturday, Berkshire Hathaway’s Vice Chairman Charlie Munger told attendees at the company’s annual meeting in Omaha that “people who are professional traders that go into trading cryptocurrencies, it’s just disgusting." According to Nobel prizewinning economist Robert Shiller, “We are over-emphasizing bitcoin.” And JPMorgan Chase & Co. CEO and Chairman Jamie Dimon’s view on cryptocurrencies have arced from disdain to ambivalence.While Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETC) are the cryptocurrencies currently holding the first and second largest market cap respectively (BTC $105.3B, ETC $18.8B), there are more than 2,500 other cryptocurrencies according to this list at http://Investing.com. The opportunities abound, but just how valid are they?Crypto Valuation = Philosophy + Technology?Eric Kovalak, a managing partner for Vellum Capital, a hedge fund management firm specializing in crypto assets, says, “People are trying to translate the value of cryptocurrencies into a traditional model where they’d use something like P/E.”While there is a calculation called NVT Ratio (i.e., network value to transactions ratio) that mirrors a kind of P/E ratio for Bitcoin, its creator says it’s “not always” a valuation metric for other cryptocurrencies. According to Mr. Kovalak, putting a value on a cryptocurrency means evaluating the asset against a philosophy and technology. He says investors should ask themselves if the cryptocurrency’s fundamental structure provides a transparent, decentralized solution.Mr. Kovalak says a digital coin should also solve a problem that aligns with the philosophy of a distributed currency solution. For example, digital coin XRP solved the technological problem of allowing Visa- and Mastercard-like volumes of transactions on the network, which has been a challenge for the current structure of Bitcoin. However, XRP operates on a centrally permissioned consensus ledger, not an open peer-to-peer blockchain, and per Mr. Kovalak’s view, not philosophically aligned to the distributed model advocated by many crypto experts.Going Mainstream: “Using Blockchain Without Knowing It”One of the greatest levers for widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies is how easily people can acquire, protect and use them. Just ask your grandmother to pay for something with bitcoin. Her reaction will illustrate some of the challenges to broad adoption. Suffice it to say there’s still a great deal of intellectual know-how required to understand, find and sign into an encrypted portal and begin trading.That said, for believers, the promise of cryptocurrency is its potential to be a first-ever global currency. One cryptocurrency security expert told me, “More than money, crypto is an industry. Imagine you invested in email in 1993 [before browsers provided the platform for mass adoption]; cryptocurrency might be the way to do that today.” It’s a tantalizing thought for investors.The cryptocurrency industry, say experts, hasn’t arrived at its “browser moment” yet. To go mainstream, they say, you would expect people to use a blockchain without knowing they’re using a blockchain—a kind of backdoor “Intel Inside” strategy. The application built on top of it would be simple to use. For example, Brave Software Inc. is offering a browser that allows users to send money to websites they like. What consumers don’t realize is that the Brave browser is integrated with Basic Attention Token, a decentralized ad platform based on Ethereum. And while Brave Software is making the use of cryptocurrency more seamless, pundits and media outlets have given it mixed reviews.Formulating A Crypto Investment StrategyWhen I asked G. Mark Hardy, an expert on cyber security and president of the National Security Corporation, what criteria he would use to assess the value of cryptocurrencies, his answers included:Look at the financial stability and maturity of the cryptocurrency’s core developers and their sponsors.Monitor the consumer acceptance rate over time.Determine if the company behind the coin is solving a particular business issue. With more than 2,500 cryptocurrencies and growing, many simply emulate what an existing currency is already doing.I’ll add this: When PE firms evaluate a privately held company, the experience of the target company’s managers shape any decision to invest. Among the first criterion I’d use to assess a cryptocurrency would be looking at the team behind the digital coin. What’s their experience with encryption, economics, software development, auditing and system architecture?Another criterion is the cryptocurrency’s level of transparency and public statements. For instance, if a company indicates with a news release that it’s struck a valuable partnership with a major company, find out the level of commitment to that partnership. A brand name partnering with a blockchain developer is no guarantee of a successful endeavor.Last year, news of KODAKCoin broke at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Through a licensing agreement with Kodak Co., blockchain developer WENN Digital is apparently building a platform, called KODAKOne, using artificial intelligence to manage digital imagery. KODAKOne is supposed to pay image owners in KODAKCoin. According to recent news accounts, and in spite of the early fanfare and bump in Kodak’s stock, KODAKCoin still isn’t available and critics call the KODAKOne platform no more valuable than Shutterstock. In fact, digital rights management experts question the fundamental business objective of KODAKOne.Cryptocurrencies are still new and unconventional. But even with digital coins, there’s a conventional, albeit boring, two-part answer to assessing which ones to buy: First, investors should decide if these investments are within their sphere of know-how. If, for example, someone is an expert on manufacturing and misses an opportunity to invest in a healthcare start-up, is it really a miss? Next, learn about the organizations behind these digital coins and decide if they’re solving a legitimate problem. If so, can someone buy the asset for a rational price and articulate a clear rationale for how it is positioned to appreciate over several years?For those seeking safety in numbers, Mr. Kovalak offers this novel idea for investing in a new and largely untested industry: Pick your top five crypto investments from among the largest cryptocurrencies measured by market capitalization and manage them like your own mini-crypto-fund.Now, that you know something about cryptocurrency, you should not just wait as a bystander, make money with your little knowledge and get a chance to learn more while you make money by trading and investing alongside other smart investors and traders on Home-AlphaOptionMarket.Home-AlphaOptionMarket is a trading platform that trades in classic currencies and crypto. If you don’t understand what trading classic currencies and crypto means, not too worry this write up is just as relevant for you. At Home-AlphaOptionMarket you can earn up to 95% profit on your funds as bodly written on the website but so far so good the least i have earned was 65% profit on my funds and the highest was 87% so in my opinion I think it’s safe to cut them that slack since we all get how important marketing is.What makes this platform unique is the fact that I did not even know jack about trading. I had access to experts who were ready to help and guide me through it all. I basically just had someone trade my funds for me while i still got to learn.Thats crazy I agree !!!!!!After several trades I was able to start making trades on my own and even though the first few attempts wasn’t as good as when I traded as advised by experts, the point is I made profit.All you need to do is go to http://www.alphaoptionmarket.com... to create an Home-AlphaOptionMarket account. Fill in your details and on successful registration logon to your account.You will be required to verify your account before you can start trading so make sure you have a valid means of ID nearby.The verification process is also very fast and you get assigned an account officer immediately.Go ahead to fund your account and the account officer shall be ever ready to give you pointers.Guess what, immediately you fund your account, you get a deposit bonus which is a percentage of your deposit. Awesome i must say!!!!I can guarantee that trading would be a success this approach.Alot of other advantages really and another thing worth mentioning is the excellent customer care support starting from the live chat on the website to emails and customer relations generally. Far too excellent!!!

Philip Johnston (1892 - 1978) thought up and presented the idea of the Navajo Code Talkers to the Marines. 29 Navajo with help from a Marine cryptographic officer created the code.Philip was the son of a missionary, William Johnston. His brought them from Kansas to the Leupp (Tsiizizii in Navajo), Arizona area in 1896 when Phillip was 4. It is on the Navajo Reservation east of Flagstaff. He learned Navajo from playing with Navajo kids. In that time and place almost all Navajo were Navajo as a first language, and most were not comfortable with English or did not speak it at all. The area was 98% or more Navajo.Phillip’s father helped broker a peace in the Padre Canyon Incident in 1899. This was when three white cowboys and county lawmen went off and killed two Navajo and one ranch hand was killed. This was on land that the Anglo cattle people moved into and were trying to take from the Navajo. Rev. Johnston acted as mediator between the Navajo and the authorities in Flagstaff. He promised the accused for Native American men that they would get an adequate defense.They surrendered and were brought trial at the Coconino County Courthouse in Flagstaff in September, 1900. On April 11, 1900 an indictment was handed down by the grand jury for the three surviving Navajos for the murder of Montgomery and the serious wounding of two of the posse members. U.S. Attorney for Arizona Territory Robert E. Morrison was assigned to defend the Navajo. He was assisted by E. S. Clark, an attorney provided by the Indian Rights Association of Philadelphia. District Attorney James Loy handled the prosecutionThe injured Navajo, Haastiin Biwoo Adini, addressed presiding territorial Judge Richard E. Sloan and Johnston's son, Philip, 9, translated the speech for the judge. Impressed with the Navajo's stature and words, Judge Sloan found all the Navajo men innocent. On Sept. 20, they were acquitted of all charges. They were acquitted in a town that was mostly made up of white ranchers and lumber people who had not looked favorably on the Indians prior to the trial. This gave the family, and Phillip, good will among the Navajo in the area.Here is Biwoo AdiniBelow 1904 picture with Biwoo Adini at far right with Rev. William Johnston next to him. Mrs. William Johnston is at far left with son Philip Johnston next to her on her right.The incident got national publicity. News went to Washington D.C. In October, Johnston and a contingent of interested parties, met with President Theodore Roosevelt. They carried a map showing where the Navajos lived and how long they could remember their ancestors being there. Philip Johnston translated the Navajo message for the president.The president issued an executive order on Nov. 14, 1901, setting aside the land between the Hopi reservation and the Colorado River and putting it into the Navajo reservation boundaries. These lands became known as the Leupp ExtensionIt was named in English for Francis E. Leupp who helped get the reservations lands increased in this area in 1901 (the the Leupp Extension). Leupp was a member of the Indian Rights Association, a former muckraking journalist, he was appointed Indian Commissioner by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. The Navajo name, , means “hair sack”. It was the Navajo name for a BIA official named Joseph E. Maxwell who was famous for his toupee.As a gesture of appreciation for Rev. Johnston's mediation efforts, Leupp residents invited him and his family to establish a mission settlement at Tolchaco, seven miles downstream from the present-day community of Leupp on the Little Colorado River. That is where Phillip spent the rest of his childhood.Phillip Johnston went the Northern Arizona Normal School,(now NAU). In 1918 he enlisted in the U.S. Army for WWI. He trained in Camp Fremont at Menlo Park, California and then went to France as part of the AEF. He might have heard about Comanches being used to talk on radios (not in code) in WWI France.After the war he went to USC and got a graduate degree in civil engineering degree in 1925. Then he worked for the city of Los Angeles water department.Here is Phillip JohnstonHe continued to keep contact with his Navajo friends both on the Navajo Nation and in the LA area. After the start of WWII and Pearl Harbor, Johnston heard of the American codes being broken. Secure front line radio communications quickly became an issue since many of the Japanese military were proficient at English and traditional codes were too slow and cumbersome for battlefield use and Japanese code breakers had success.He had the idea to use Navajo language. He was still fluent and knew that no one spoke it outside of America. He presented this idea to the Marine Corps. They asked for a demonstration. He recruited four Navajos who were working in the Los Angeles shipyards. By the end of the war, over 24,000 reservation Natives and another 20,000 off-reservation Natives had served. In addition, another 40,000 left the reservations to work in the defense industry.Here are some Native Americans in WWII.Philip’s idea at first was that Navajo language could be used unmodified to transmit military communications. Before the demonstration, after the four Navajo men got some sample messages, the Navajos said that the would need to use word and letter substitution methods to convey the messages. The men discussed it a while and came up with some agreed words.At the demonstration was Communications Officer Major James E. Jones, USMC at Camp Elliott (next to Camp Kearny, now Miramar) in San Diego and Pacific Fleet General Clayton Barney Vogel. The test was done by installing a telephone connection between two offices. Vogel wrote out six messages that were typical of ones during combat. One read "Enemy expected to make tank and dive bomber attack at dawn." This was transmitted as: "Enemy tank dive bomber expected to attack this morning." The remaining messages were translated with similar proficiency. It was done in a few minutes. The codes at the time took a long time with a code book on both ends. After the demonstration someone (it is not clear who) decided as coding system for Navajo had to be created instead of conversational Navajo.General Vogel was convinced and wanted to have the code made. He asked for the Marine Corps to recruit 200 Navajos. He was given authorization to recruit 30 for a pilot project. At the time, military field radios were not equipped with encryption/decryption technology. The enemy to listen to radio traffic. The Japanese were continually breaking the American codes, often with terrible results.In the letter above Vogel says they were the only "tribe that has not been infested with German students during the past twenty years. These Germans, studying the various tribal dialects under the guise of art students, anthropologists, etc., have undoubedtly obtained a good working knowledge of all tribal dialects except Navajo."Here is Phillip Johnston on a recruiting tour of the Navajo Nation in Oct 1942.Here are the first Navajos enlisting for the Code project 1942.Here is First 29 Code Talkers of 382nd Platoon after boot camp at Camp Pendleton in OceansideHere are some of the Navajo Marines at Camp Elliot where they worked out the Code.The first group of 29 that were recruited first did seven weeks of standard Marine recruit training (boot camp). The first all-Navajo Platoon 382 graduated from MCRD, SD on June 27, 1942. The Platoon was then sent to Camp Elliott for about eight weeks of basic communications training. In that time the men were to develop the code. Three more Navajo joined them. The men were guided by a cryptographic officer in the basics of employing letter and word substitution encryption methods. The 32 Navajo created the code.The names of the first 29 Navajo who used the code in battle are: Charlie Sosie Begay, Roy Begay, Samuel H. Begay, John Ashi Benally, Wilsie Bitsie, Cosey Stanley Brown, John Brown Jr., John Chee, Benjamin Cleveland, Eugene Crawford, David Curley, Lowell Damon, George Dennison, James Dixon, William McCabe, Carl Gorman, Oscar Ilthma, Allen June, Alfred Leonard, James Manuelito Sr., Chester Nez, Jack Nez, Lloyd Oliver, Frank Pete, Balmer Slowtalker, Nelson Thompson, Harry Tsosie, John Willfe Jr. and Yazzie William.The Navajo code had at its base a letter substitution code. A teaching code book was developed in San Diego, but it was never taken into the field. There was not code book to be captured. The Navajo had to memorize the whole code. Each letter in English had three possible English words that started with that letter. Then each word was translated into Navajo. For example, “A” was for ant, apple, or axe. That was translated into Navajo. In this example, “ant” was red ant = wóláchííʼ. “Axe” was tsénił. And “apple” was bilasáana. The words were randomly rotated for each letter. nahashchʼidí, shash, and tóshjeeh all translated to words that started with B in English (badger, bear, and barrel). The coders had to memorize 78 letter substitutions.Then, for some words, the translation being used was difficult to decide. For example one of the words for “D” was chʼįįdii. This is normally translated as ghost. It is the bad disease causing spiritual residue that remains on or near a person’s bones. It is a Navajo cultural idea. However, the coders used it for Devil=D. The others for D were bįįh=deer and łééchąąʼí =dog. Personally, I would have never guessed that a chindi stood for D.Then there were word substitutions to speed transmission. There were about 211 of these at first, and eventually 411 or so. For example, the word “submarine” was “metal fish”= béésh łóóʼ. A fighter plane was a “hummingbird”= dahiitįhii. For a Navajo speaker who did not know the code, and there were a lot of other Navajo on the military in WWII, the code sounded like a long list of words with no grammar or verbs. For non-Navajo the phonemes and tones are very difficult. For speakers of Japanese or English it is hard to tell where one word ends and hard to verbally reproduce or write down.The insertion of code words instead of letters in places made it a little harder. So one would need to know that "cha" (beaver) did not stand for B but was for a cruiser (naval ship). And then one needed to tell it from “chʼah” which means hat and was one of the words for H. The others for “H” were atsiighaʼ (hair), and łįį́ʼ (horse).After the creation and memorizing of the Navajo code, about half the men were assigned to the 1st Marine Division, and 16 were assigned to the 6th Marines and the 2nd Signal Company of the 2nd Marine Division. Three men stayed in San Diego to recruit and train Navajos to become code talkers. Around 400 learned and used it over the war, occupation of Japan and into the Korean War.On Aug. 7, 1942, the first Marine division hit the beaches of Guadalcanal with 15 Navajo Code Talkers. This was the first offensive move in the Pacific arena. The battle was the first where the Navajo code would be tested in actual battle. The Coder worked in teams of two on each end of the radio. One to work the radio and one to transmit the code.“ The Code Talkers successfully translated, transmitted and re-translated a test message in two and a half minutes. Without using the Navajo code, it could take hours for a soldier to complete the same task....the Code Talkers were used in every major operation involving the Marines in the Pacific theater. Their primary job was to transmit tactical information over telephone and radio.During the invasion of Iwo Jima, six Navajo Code Talkers were operating continuously. They sent more than 800 messages. All of the messages were transmitted without error.The Navajo Code Talkers were treated with the utmost respect by their fellow marines. Major Howard Connor, who was the signal officer of the Navajos at Iwo Jima, said, “Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima.” From the CIA website—Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable CodeMost the Navajo had traditional ceremonies done for them. These ceremonies are designed to protect them physically, emotionally and spiritually. A study found that “surprisingly little evidence of serious psychological problems or combat fatigue among the returning Navajo veterans. On the battlefield, they carried medicine pouches containing an arrowhead and corn pollen. Most prayed in Navajo every day.Philip Johnston was not yet on active duty with the USMC and was not present during the creation of the code even though it was his idea. He asked the USMC to serve in the Navajo Code Talking Program as a Staff Sergeant. He then served as a school administrator for the "confidential" program and a recruiter with a Navajo man, Corporal John A. Benally. The next all-Navajo platoon to go through boot camp was Platoon 297 in March 1943.The work of the Navajo Code Talkers was not recognized until after the declassification of the operation in 1968. until then the men were not allowed to even tell their families what the had done in WWII. For a lot of the 400 men who were Code Talkers, this was hard because the were not allowed to say what they had done in the war, even to family members, until 23 years after it ended. As of 2019 there are 5 still alive.When we got out, discharged, they told us this thing you that you guys did is going to be a secret. When you get home you don’t talk about what you did; don’t tell your people, your parents, family, don’t tell them what your job was. This is going to be a secret; don’t talk about it. Just tell them you were in the service, defend your country and stuff like that. But, the code, never, never, don’t mention; don’t talk about it. Don’t let people ask you, try to get that out of you what you guys did. And that was our secret for about 25, 26 years. Until August 16th, 1968. That’s when it was declassified; then it was open. I told my sister, my aunt, all my families what I really did. —Chester Nez, Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004President Ronald Reagan gave the Code Talkers a Certificate of Recognition and declared August 14 “Navajo Code Talkers Day” in 1982.In 2000, the United States Congress passed legislation to honor the Navajo Code Talkers and provided them with special gold and silver Congressional Medals. The gold medals were for the original 29 Navajos that developed the code, and the silver medals for those that served later in the program. A statement in the Navajo language on the back of the medals translates to: “With the Navajo language they defeated the enemy.” President Bill Clinton signed the law which awarded the Congressional Gold Medals. President George W. Bush presented the medals to the four surviving Code Talkers at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington in July 2001.Oh, yes, I’m proud of it, particularly when I shook hands with President Bush in Washington three years ago. He gave me the gold medal. He shook hands with me and then afterwards I spoke. So I spoke in English and then when I got through with my speech I spoke in Navajo, it amounted to about 3 minutes. I said, “You Navajo people that are now on the reservation between the four sacred mountains, I want the people should thank you for using our sacred language. This language was given to us by the Holy People, I don’t know how many thousand years ago,” I said. “We use it for they, to help win for the United States.”—John Brown, Jr., Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004Here are some of the remaining Navajo code talkers in 2014. In 2018 some of the Navajo Code Talkers who were still alive included Thomas H. Begay, John Kinsel, Sr., Peter MacDonald, Samuel Sandoval and Joe Vandever, Sr. There were eight alive at that time.Here, below, is Chester Nez (1921 – 2014). He was the last surviving man of the original twenty-nine Navajo Code Talkers and one of the Code creators. He was born in Chichiltah, NM (Chéch'il Łání). He was Dibéłizhiní clan (Black Sheep), and born for Tsénahabiłnii clan (Sleep Rock).He was sent to boarding schools, where he’d had his mouth washed out with soap for speaking Navajo. At BIA boarding school in schools, in Tuba City, Arizona, Nez was recruited into the Marine Corps. He was 122 pounds in 10th grade, and he barely met the minimum weight requirement for the Marines. The volunteers went directly into basic training without any goodbyes. Nez left behind his sister Dora, his father and his grandmother, who wouldn’t know he was fighting until two years after he left.He saw combat first in Guadalcanal. He said that sometimes, on the battlefield, he could hear the bells of the sheep back home and knew people there were praying for him. Nez wrote in his memoir, “Their prayers were carried across the miles as the pure, bright chime of the bells.” When a battle was over, Marines in their division got R&R while Nez and his fellow code talkers shipped off to another battlefields: Bougainville, Guam, Peleliu. He was at the Battle of Bougainville in New Guinea on November 3, 1943, and then Guam on July 21, 1944, and then on to Peleliu and Angaur in September 1944. He was honorably discharged in 1945.When the Code Talkers got out of the service, “they told us not to talk about what we did,” Nez said. The mission was top secret. He couldn’t talk about it even with other Marines with whom he served; not with his family, even after the war; not with the paper-pusher back home who, when Nez applied for a civilian ID card, smugly told the decorated war veteran that he still was not a full citizen of the U.S.From 1946 to 1952, Nez used the GI Bill to attend the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kan., to study commercial arts. Nez also served in the Marine Corps Reserves and returned to combat in the Korean War.He worked as a painter for 25 years at a V.A. hospital in Albuquerque. Nez retired in the mid-1970s and moved back to Chichiltah to help care for his sister, Dora. In his later years he lived in Albuquerque with his son Mike, daughter-in-law Rita, and their children.In 2001, Nez was one of the four of the five living code talkers who received the Congressional Gold Medal from President George W. Bush. He died at age 93 of kidney failure.Nez's story was published in the 2011 memoir, "Code Talker: The First and Only Memoir by One of the Original Navajo Code Talkers of WWII," which he wrote with author Judith Avila.“Writer Judith Schiess Avila met Nez in January 2007 “through the friend of a friend.” Their friendship grew and he shared his story with her. Captivated by his story, she asked Nez to let her help him write his biography.“He kept saying to me, ‘What if it’s not interesting? I just did my duty,’” she said. “After thinking about it for a couple of days, he agreed to tell his story.”In an earlier interview with ICTMN, Avila said, “I think it was hard for him to talk about himself. [During our interviews] he often stopped and reflected: Was he building himself up? Was he being fair to others? Was he being accurate?”Here is the Navajo Code Talker monument in Window Rock, the capital of the Navajo Nation. The s

I actually had 2 such events. The first was in Calculus 3 as an engineering student who, back in the 70s, had gone to a high school without any calculus program in high school. Cal 1 was tough for me and Cal 2 was a bit easier but about 2 weeks into Cal 3 - it was like I was instantly one with Cal 3. It was so fascinating to suddenly realize that I could create a math equation for any shape in 3D space and rotate it around a central line or around another line equation and make any 3D shape I could imagine. I started looking at all kinds of plastic bottles and imagining what the equation would be that would define that shape and if I used the same equation but a few thousandths of an inch inside of the first equation I could actually calculate the volume of plastic used in making the bottle. This was too cool. Instantly I started skipping class and still making 100s on all the exams. It was like the world of calculus just opened up before me.The second one was a few years later in Intermediate Partial Diff equations when the instructor spent the first 3 classes writing this massive equation that covered almost every square inch of the black board and he described every variable and every term in great detail. On the final night of this exercise he let us know what it was all about. It was his PhD thesis where he had modeled the population growth of the planet from the time of Noah forward in time. Each variable had covered everything you could think of from disasters to plagues to cures for the plagues to wars of every magnitude and the impact it had on the lost men in a society and the time delay before the birth/death ratio began to right itself. At that time, his model calculated the population to within 1% of the current population. As I reflected back on that it became clear - you really could write a math equation that represented anything BUT BUT BUT you had to concentrate very hard and think through EVERY aspect and every detail and test and retest your results. As computers have matured they do make the math easier and easier but they still cannot account for all the variables. They are still limited to exactly what data we feed into them.

Both terms - “electronic signature” and “digital signature” - are often used interchangeably, they aren’t exactly the same. Electronic signatures could be considered virtual representations of a pen-and-paper (“wet”) signatures. Digital signatures, also called cryptographic signatures, are a type of electronic signature that’s coded and encrypted in order to prevent the impersonation of a signee, tampering, and improve security overall.The main difference is that a digital signature is mainly used to secure documents and is authorized by certification authorities while an electronic signature (e-signature, e-sign) is usually associated with a contract where the signer has got the intention to do so: Difference Between Digital Signature and Electronic SignatureE-signature helps an individual to show his agreement to the conditions and terms of an electronic service. It can also be used to confirm the identity of the message's creator. Many countries give the same legal importance and significance to e-signatures as to traditional ways of executing documents. Here are the features of some most popular tools in this area: Best E-Signature Software Reviews & Comparisons | 2019 List of Expert's ChoicesWith electronic signature tools you avoid signing digital documents by hand - which is tedious cause otherwise you need to print, sign and scan all that stuff - that’s why such tools are on the rise. If you work with such signatures often, maybe you need some simple free tool which is specialized exactly for your business tasks. It really depends on the purpose for which you need this to sign an already typed document - it is often better to use a specialized tool, like Draw Your Signature Online and Sign PDF - CreateMySignature.com (instead of a regular image editor) to streamline your business documents workflow.

The question that everyone is asking. In this answer I will collect available evidence and check their veracity. This will be a long answer because I intend to be thorough. Because of this, I have added a list in the end summarizing the claims that have been made along with the evidence for or against them. You can go straight to the sunmary list if you wish.The conclusion will be a rather underwhelming ‘we don’t know’. I am leaning towards ‘there were deaths but few’ but really, there is not enough evidence to substantiate this conclusion.On the way, we will see how to examine news and identify what is well-substantiated and what the journalists may well have made up. My chief reason for writing this answer is to demonstrate how to critically examine news stories because clearly far too many people fall regularly for fake news.Let us proceed then, in the spirit of investigative analysis.The Early ReportsThe strikes happened at 3 Am on Tuesday morning. The first news of the airstrike came from Pakistan side.Indian Air Force violated Line of Control. Pakistan Air Force immediately scrambled. Indian aircrafts gone back. Details to follow.— Maj Gen Asif Ghafoor (@OfficialDGISPR) February 25, 2019 Indian aircrafts intruded from Muzafarabad sector. Facing timely and effective response from Pakistan Air Force released payload in haste while escaping which fell near Balakot. No casualties or damage.— Maj Gen Asif Ghafoor (@OfficialDGISPR) February 26, 2019 An official announcement from India’s side eventually came from foreign secretary Vijay Gokhale. The pertinent points made in the official announcement were:India had struck a big training camp of JeM in Balakot.“A very large number of JeM terrorists, trainers, senior commanders and groups of jihadis who were being trained for fidayeen action were eliminated.”This facility was headed by Yusuf Azhar, brother in law of Masood Azhar.Reports in Indian media added some further claims which were quoted as having come from ‘sources within the government’. Some of the things that one might have read that day would be:1000 kgs of bombs had been dropped. 300–350 terrorists were killed.3 terror camps had been struck.In the terror camp in Balakot, terrorists were living with five star facilities including a swimming pool.Yusuf Azhar was killed, along with several other prominent JeM operatives. One could find 10–12 names of terrorists in media reports.Most reports said six bombs had been dropped. India Today reported four to five, The Hindu reported five.As we will keep seeing in this answer, information from ‘sources’ has to be viewed with skepticism in the absence of further evidence. Already one can see this - despite government announcement that only one camp was hit, various media outlets were quoting ‘sources’ to say 3 had been hit.[As an aside, let me note that the reporting was also very sloppy, to say the least. To give one example, India Today reported:Gokhale confirmed that the JeM terror facility on Jaba top was destroyed in the operation along with some control centres and an ammunition dump. The ammunition dump reportedly had more than 200 AK series rifles, hand grenades, explosives, and detonators.He had said nothing of that kind as you can check from the official announcement.]Meanwhile, Pakistan officials continued to maintain that no damage had been done.First News from groundA Pakistani student currently residing in US tweeted:So a friend from the area has confirmed that madressa Taleem-ul-Quran (it’s board says run by Hazrat Maulana Masood Azhar) at Mansehra (Balakot) was hit, & there are ~10 ambulances around. But the area is now sealed. Local students told him, ziada nahi marai bachatt hogae.— Syed (@gypsy_heart6) February 26, 2019 According to him, there was a Madrasa in the area run by Masood Azhar which had been hit. 10 ambulances were seen. Students of that Madrasa said that not many had died.By afternoon the first ground reports began emerging. The first ground report to come was from Reuters. The report said:Villagers confirmed that Jaish-e-Mohammad had been operating in the Balakot area for a long time. Jaish used to have a training camp which they later turned into a madrasa.This Jaish-run Madrasa stood on a hilltop and villagers said that they were not allowed close to it.Villagers heard four loud bangs in succession at around 3 AM.But none of the bombs hit the madrasa. Villagers claimed that they exploded about a kilometer away from the madrasa.By this time the area about the madrasa had been sealed by Pakistan army and according to reports, not even local police was allowed to enter.A report from BBC Hindi quoted Jaish-e-Mohammad sources who said that they no longer used that camp as a training area and Yusuf Azhar had not been present.This seemed to be the conclusion Western media had also drawn. For instance, NYT reported:The view that little had been damaged was supported by military analysts and two Western security officials, who said that any militant training areas at the site, in the Pakistani province of Khyber-Pakhtunkwha, had long since packed up or dispersed.Later that day, Pakistan admitted that four bombs had been dropped but none had done any damage.Preliminary conclusionsOnly a few of the claims made in the media were corroborated by more than one independent source.First, the existence of a Jaish-run madrasa. This was corroborated by both the Reuters report and the Pakistani student Syed who had tweeted from US. According to locals, it used to be a terrorist training camp. It appeared that this madrasa must have been the target of the strikes.If locals were to be believed, there were four strikes and all had missed. But if Syed was right, then the madrasa had been hit. There was a good chance of his telling the truth, first because he was a disinterested party and second because he had been the first to report the existence of this madrasa which was later confirmed by Reuters.But even if there was a successful strike, were terrorists present? Both Western officials and Jaish ‘sources’ said that they no longer ran any active camps there.Further News from ground and elsewhereSome more information about this mysterious madrasa came to light from different sources.A US Department of Defense memo dated January 31, 2004 that had been leaked by Wikileaks in 2011, indicated the existence of "a [JeM] training camp that offers both basic and advanced terrorist training on explosives and artillery" located near Jaba.Further, an article in Jaish-e-Mohammad publication Al Qalam mentioned an event in the same Madrasa in April 2018. It was reported that Yousuf Azhar attended this event and JeM leader Abdul Rauf Ashgar spoke in praise of Jihadi ideology:The youths of this madrasa have broken the arrogance of the Kashmiri mountains and have lit the torch of Jihad there, and will keep it alight.In the subsequent days, more reports from the ground started coming.There were reports from Reuters, Al jazeera and Pakistani anti-establishment journalist Hamid Mir. All reportedThe existence of four bomb sites in forest areas.That locals denied that anyone had been killed.The nearest hospital denied anyone had been brought there for treatment.These four bombs had clearly missed the target.What about the madrasa? It still remained sealed, two days after the bombing.Al Jazeera reported:"The madrassa [religious school] there, at the top of the mountain, that is a training camp for mujahideen [religious fighters]," said one resident, gesturing in the direction of the school. He spoke on condition of anonymity given the sensitivity of the subject."Everyone here knows there is a Jaish camp there, at the madrassa," said another 31-year-old local resident, also on condition of anonymity. "It is an active training centre, they teach people how to fight there."Others, however, disputed that claim.Signboard for the madrasa. It mentions Masood Azhar’s name as benefactor. The board was removed by the military.Al Jazeera reported that they had not managed to access the madrasa.The report by Reuters saidPeople in the area said Jaish-e Mohammad did have a presence, running not an active training camp but a madrassa, or religious school, about one km from where the bombs fell.“It is Taleem ul Quran madrassa. The kids from the village study there. There is no training,” said Nooran Shah.A sign which had been up earlier in the week identifying the madrassa’s affiliation to Jaish-e Mohammad had been removed by Thursday and soldiers prevented reporters from gaining access.But it was possible to see the structure from the back. It appeared intact, like the trees surrounding it, with no sign of any damage of the kind seen near the bomb craters.Meanwhile, Western officials maintained that there were no terror camps and the Indian reports were exaggerated.Reuters reports:Western diplomats in Islamabad also said they did not believe the Indian air force hit a militant camp.“There was no militant training camp there. It hasn’t been there for a few years – they moved it. It’s common knowledge amongst our intelligence,” said one of them.South Asia expert Michael Kugelman tweeted:Thanks for the offer :) But I've already seen plenty of credible reports on the ground (and there is also satellite imagery) that make quite clear that Indian claims of killing hundreds of terrorists-or even of destroying terrorist facilities-are spurious if not outright false. https://t.co/gOTVi1y1vp— Michael Kugelman (@MichaelKugelman) March 1, 2019 On being pressed for details, Indian Air Vice Marshall R.G.K Kapoor told media“There is fairly credible evidence with us which proves that there was damage to the camps. We hit the intended targets and caused the damage that was intended. However, it will be premature to say what is the number of casualties we have been able to inflict on those camps and the number of deaths. Whatever we intended to destroy we have got the result.”However India has not released those satellite images. There were some claims in the media that ‘sources’ said satellite images will prove damage done. Again, these are just claims.Ground reports from Far awayTwo ‘ground reports’ came from people far away.Rome based journalist Francesca Marino claimed that she had communicated with locals through ‘encrypted communication’ and reported that thirty five had died. She wrote that her sources were local government employees and could not speak openly.Apart from the questionable credibility of ‘encrypted communication’, Marino is also known to be hostile to Pakistan, close to separatist Baloch leaders and had evicted been from Pakistan in 2011. Without independent corroborating her account can hardly be trusted. However the number she reports is consistent with ’10 ambulances’ reported by Syed.Exiled Pakistani journalist Taha Siddiqi posted an audio clip on Twitter which he claimed was a sermon in a JeM seminary:#Exclusive: In a sermon in #Pakistan, #JaisheMohammad leader accepts Indian planes were targeting their center in #Balakot. He criticizes @ImranKhanPTI for releasing #IndianAirForce pilot #Abhinandhan. He also calls Pakistanis for joining #jihad in Indian-administered #Kashmir pic.twitter.com/j4pQ4WG96T— Taha Siddiqui (@TahaSSiddiqui) March 2, 2019 Transcript:Indian planes did not bombard the headquarters of any (military) agency. Look at the the target of India’s bombs. What kind of place (makam) was it? Was it a place where agencies hold their meetings? Or was it a place where students in the light of the Quran and Sunnah, learned about jihad and helping Kashmiri Muslims as their duty? That is the place where it was attacked.The decision is in your hands. Will you still call it the jihad of the agencies, even when India has crossed from its territory, entered our country and attacked our centre (markaz) and has made jihad a reason to defend ourselves. It is said that when ants are near the end of their lives, they sprout wings and when hyenas know their end, they turn towards the city. Indian ants sprouted wings and flew to Balakot. Indian hyenas’ end is near and they turned towards the city of Balakot. Now it is up to lions like you whether you crush this ant under your feet or hunt the hyena or act like the Niazi rulers (hukmaran).Earlier, a Niazi gave away half of the country and 90,000 soldiers. Today, another Niazi after returning the Indian pilot has turned victory into loss, bowed his head down in front of the enemies and embarrassed the Muslim ummah.Satellite ImageryExperts were able to find the location of the bomb sites and the Madrasa on the map. You can look it up - the madrasa is at is 34.464042, 73.318427 (Google Earth link). (Note: An incorrect location had been identified as the Madrasa in another Quora answer).Nathan Ruser, a researcher at Australian Strategic Policy Institute’s International Cyber Policy Centre, studied Google satellite images from 27th Feb (after the strike) and claimedno evidence of damage to the facility or nearby areas is visible on the images.He was able to identify “three clear impact areas between 150 and 200 metres from the edge of the facility.”The same conclusion was signNowed by Michael Jakob Sheldon, a Digital Forensic Research Associate at the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab.The takeaway is that while impact areas were the bombs fell could be identified, no damage to the facility nor any impact area close enough to it to have killed anyone were found by the experts.Final ConclusionsThere can be little doubt that the madrasa was the the target of the attack.Evidence from different sources suggest that the Madrasa was, at the very least, a place for dissemination of Jihadi ideology and a recruitment center. Whether it was a terrorist training camp or not is not confirmed, but it is plausible.All evidence suggests that four of the bombs certainly missed. How could highly accurate bombs miss is an open question. This highly informative twitter thread by an expert tries to shed some light on this.Finally, was the madrasa hit? Satellite image experts conclude that there was no damage done to the buildings or local vegetation comparable to the other bomb sites. Reuters report confirms that the madrasa was seen standing.On the other hand, Pakistan military have still not let anyone in that madrasa. What are they hiding, that too for so long? If there was some material that would prove it was a Jaish recruitment center that could be removed quickly enough.There must be something more incriminating. One possibility would be that there is some evidence that it had been used as a training ground in the recent past.The other is that there had been a bomb strike close to it.My speculation is that there was a smaller, fifth bomb. Not 200–225 kg like the others. This bomb hit close enough to the madrasa to do some damage. Not nearly as many deaths as Indian media reported, but enough to require 10 ambulances as Syed had reported.That’s my speculation, but there is very little to substantiate it. The proper answer is that the evidence is inconclusive.Claim: 3 areas were hit. Supported by : ‘sources'. Contradicted by: Official announcement by Indian govt, interviews of locals etc.Verdict: False. Only one area was hit.Claim: There was a madrasa ran by Jaish-e-Mohammad in the area where bombs were dropped.Supported by: Locals, a Pakistani student based in US called Syed who tweeted about it with info from his friend, Satellite imagery, signboard of the madrasa. (Syed's tweet was that the madrasa had been hit, 10 ambulances were in the scene and local students told his friend that not many had died.)Verdict: True.Claim: This madrasa used to be a terrorist training camp.Supported by: Locals, Western diplomats, A US defense memo leaked by Wikileak.Verdict: TrueClaim: This madrasa was an ideological recruitment center where the message of spreading Jihad to Kashmir was psignNowed.Supported by: Locals, an article in JeM publication, an audio recording of a JeM seminary presented by an exiled Pakistani journalist.Verdict: TrueClaim: This madrasa was still a terrorist training camp.Supp by: Some locals.Opposed by: Other locals, Western diplomats and officials whose intelligence reports suggested that terror camps had been moved from the area.Verdict: UnclearClaim: Terrorists were living in a 5 star level resort with swimming pools.Supp by: ‘Sources' of Indian media.Opp by: Satellite imagery, locals.Verdict: FalseClaim: India targeted this madrasaSupp by: Inference drawn from the true statements above, the audio clip of JeM seminary which directly mentioned this.Opp by: Pak govt claims that IAF fighters just dropped the payload randomly and left.Verdict: TrueClaim: 4 bombs missed any target, including the madrasa.Supported by: Locals, journalists who visited the area, satellite imagery analysis done by two independent experts from Aus and USA.Verdict: TrueClaim: The madrasa was hit and heavy damages were done.Supp by: Official announcement by Indian govt.Opp by: Satellite imagery which showed no substantial damage to the madrasa, locals, Syed's tweet which said not many had died.Claim: madrasa had not been hit.Supp by: locals, Reuters report which said it could be seen standing, Satellite imagery.Opp by: Indian government, Syed’s tweet, report by a Rome-based journalist who claimed to have communicated with locals from Rome. She said 35 were killed. However she is known to be anti-Pakistan.Verdict: UnclearClaim: Pakistani army is trying to hide something about the madrasa.Supp by: The fact that they have kept the madrasa sealed since the blast till date and have not allowed anyone in.Verdict: TrueClaim: The madrasa was hit by a smaller bomb and a small number were killed.Supp by: Syed's tweet, the secretive behaviour of Pakistan army around the madrasaOpposed by: Locals, lack of direct evidence from satellite imagery.Verdict: Unclear.Final verdict: The madrasa may or may not have been hit. If hit, it was either by a smaller bomb or by a bomb that hit close to the madrasa and a relatively small number of people died.(Note: After I was halfway through writing this I found this Wire article which did a better job at collecting and examining evidence. )

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Before I answer the question, it would help first to establish why IP geolocation might be important to you and your organization.Indeed, knowing the physical whereabouts of a specific IP address presents many tactical and strategic advantages. It’s like a directional map that helps a user, say, a marketing executive, find his or her way towards the different elements that help tailor a selling message to a prospective customer identified through geolocation data.Some of the details uncovered by the technology include city, country, latitude, and longitude, language, ISP and currency of a visitor and therefore hold valuable insights that can help focus analytical capabilities to conform to a target’s exact circumstances.Specialists from different fields find IP geolocation information extremely useful. Apart from marketing, they include cybersecurity and law enforcement professionals, experts in digital advertising, and many more.What makes geolocation possible?Technology plays a big part, of course, and so does smart recordkeeping. Traditional sources of data collection are Internet Service Providers, Regional Internet Registries tasked with allocating and recording IP addresses, and domain information from WHOIS. GPS is also used to provide geolocation data although not as extensively.Determining data accuracy and reliability would depend on the integrity of the registries, i.e., validated or updated. This factor is important to the question of what is the best IP Geolocation API. After all, the effectiveness of an API depends on the credibility of the IP geolocation database and the ease with which location queries are facilitated.Currently, there are many providers to consider, some offering the service for free while others do so for a fee. Let’s start by reviewing two of them to get an idea about what is being made available to customers.1) IP Geolocation Lookup ToolI personally think that a provider should have the capacity to offer a wide coverage of IP addresses so as to give its users the ability to check as many websites in as many different industries as may be required. Certainly, the inconvenience of having to cross over to another provider in order to make up for what one lacks would be easily avoided if you can have everything you need from one source.With that in mind, IP Geolocation Lookup Tool is a tried-and-tested source to instantly find the geolocation of an IP address from 8+ million IP blocks in 250 countries. That’s a substantial number which, to date, accounts for 99.05% of all IP addresses in use on the Internet.The output — The search result can be obtained in either JSON or XML format, although the default is JSON. It will show the target’s location details: country, region, city, latitude, longitude, postal code, time zone, ISP, the array of domains, autonomous system number, system name, API system route, and autonomous system website’s URL. In general, these are more than what other providers usually supply in their search results and, therefore, present a source of advantage for users.IP geolocation database — the company’s IP Geolocation API is supported by a comprehensive geolocation database download that is said to be updated weekly. Their location data enfolds IPv4 and IPv6 addresses with more than 340,000 unique locations in 120,000+ towns and cities around the world. The company gets data from various sources and has legal agreements with large ISPs to ensure thoroughness and accuracy.IP Geolocation Lookup Tool says its Geo IP database can be integrated into any platform and is, as well, available for download in CSV and JSON formats for that purpose.Database specifications — The data feed comes in a format of blocks with detailed information. To gain access, users need to submit credentials such as username and password or personal API Key which can be obtained from the website.Making a query — To make a location search input, a personal API key is again required. Search options are quite advanced: by IP address, domain name, or email address.Bulk processing — Apart from the IP geolocation API and database download, the company offers an online Bulk IP Geolocation lookup service that allows multiple requests of up to 100,000 IP addresses in one transaction. Again, the results can be downloaded in either CSV, JSON, or XML formats.Signing up — An IP Geolocation API account automatically entitles customers to a free subscription plan limited to 1,000 requests per month. API access can be purchased annually through the API Enterprise Package where the price for access is based on the number of monthly queries with per-minute rate limits. This pricing structure makes it possible to predict usage during business planning. The package also offers customers a choice to purchase from any of 5 API tiers structured as bundled options.2. https://geo.ipify.org/Geo.Ipify is another provider which I found to have the advantage of extensive coverage. Their website claims that they can provide users with precise IP geolocation service from 15M IP blocks and locations. Again, I checked the figures and confirmed that they comprise practically all of the existing IP addresses now in use, which allows any user to check out as many IP addresses as possible from a diverse range of business categories. This must be a big part of the reason why their IP geolocation API currently counts more than 1,100 satisfied subscribers.The output — The query result showed me the target’s location details which include country, region, city, latitude and longitude coordinates, postal code, and time zone. The output can be displayed in either XML or JSON format depending on the user’s preference. I also saw that their sample codes are available in 8 programming languages — i.e., C#, Java, PHP, NodeJS, Perl, PowerShell, Python, and Ruby. This allows for easy integration into any system.Sample output:IP geolocation database — Geo.ipify’s accumulated geolocation data is said to contain the records of almost 5 million IP ranges from 249 countries with 216,709 unique locations, or 99.5 % of all known IP addresses. All of them are in their Geo IP database which is available in CSV and JSON formats. Despite the large volume of data involved, I was able to download the entire database in a file size of only 50 Mb zipped.Additionally, to be accurate, a database needs to be updated constantly. In this regard, this provider claims to update their database monthly and offers it to users for one-time purchase or through monthly or yearly subscription.Making a query — To make a search request, you need the target’s IPv4 IP address. A personal API key is also required, and users can get it from this provider’s subscription page.Signing up — It took me two minutes to activate an account which also automatically entitled me to a free subscription plan limited to 1,000 queries per month. I think this is a practical feature for those who wish to try the service first before making a full subscription.IP Geolocation Use CasesBefore I continue reviewing the other providers I discovered, I think it’d make sense to mention a few critical IP geolocation applications that can benefit individual users and organizations as a whole. I’m going to briefly discuss six of them where knowledge of target users’ whereabouts can help.Cybersecurity — IP geolocation is proving to be cybercriminals’ nemesis. For one, its data can help identify IP addresses that hackers use to launch cyber attacks. It can also enable malicious servers’ detection thus alerting system administrators to restrict these through geo-blocking immediately. As for business email compromise (BEC) scams, IP geolocation can uncover where fraudulent messages are coming from. Cybersecurity professionals can also use the data to pinpoint threat sources and strengthen their organizations’ network infrastructure.Intellectual property management — IP geolocation data also allows fighting internet piracy. One way is by controlling access to content depending on the location or a country’s licensing agreement. And if it’s not enough, it’s also possible to restrict or even block content from being downloaded to prevent plagiarism. Depending on the region, trademark owners can also use IP geolocation details to enforce licensing rights as well as adhere to guidelines on content management and distribution.Digital advertising — The availability of IP geolocation data is helping advertisers zero in on their targets with bull’s eye precision. That’s because the information is revealing where they are, where they might hang out, and more. This allows branding professionals to create products or make customized offers that might appeal to specific buyers.Law enforcement — Law enforcers are able to more effectively do their jobs with accurate leads from IP geolocation data. Using an API can make it easier for them to identify and apprehend cyber criminals whose whereabouts can be tracked or monitored by analyzing questionable IP addresses. Authorities can also trace malicious entities by comparing their details with confirmed suspicious domains or email senders. Any match can foil possible phishing attacks, money laundering activities, and other schemes from criminal organizations.Geomarketing — Selling goods or services is easier when marketers know what customers want at a certain time or place. IP Geolocation can give the clues because it provides data that can give an idea not only about the location of prospective buyers, but also about their timezone, currency, and even their Internet service providers. Such details combined with other important data can shed light on customers’ lifestyles, which in turn points to a correct reading of buying preferences.Content personalization — When trying to make a connection with prospective customers, IP geolocation data can push the right buttons that make the content match their expectations. For example, it allows speaking to them in their language. It can help create landing pages that reflect their preferences. And the messages can even take into account the prevailing weather.With a better understanding of the applications and use cases of IP geolocation, one would be in a better position to select the right API that can suit specific needs, especially since different providers offer different services. I will now review more of them in search of the best IP Geolocation API in the market.3. https://www.ipligence.com/geoloc...IPlligence claims to provide IP Geolocation Database Solutions which are available in three packages: IPligence Lite, IPligence Max, and IPligence Pro. I reviewed each one and found that they differed in terms of the output data, although all of them entitle users to one-year free updates. In addition, I saw that the provider offers a free IP Geolocation API that gives users real-time data and bulk lookup capability, among others. Rounding up their service is a free email tracer which, upon trial, allowed me to find the origin of an email sender, particularly its location, city, and country.4. https://www.iplocate.com/en/Iplocate has what it calls an IP Intelligence API that offers customers a very simple geolocation service. I made a trial application and was given an API key which identifies the holder in their system and allows making a real-time IP lookup on a given IP address. I saw and compared the search results which were made available in either XML, JSON, or plain text (raw) format. I also learned that customers have a choice of opening either a basic, developer, professional, or enterprise account at varying rates. Apart from those, the company has a developer service which entitles customers up to 100 free queries per day.5. https://www.digitalelement.com/g...Digital Element has been in operation since 1999. I think the experience has enabled them to develop a proprietary IP geolocation technology which, I learned, is capable of tracking the location of IP addresses as well as determine demographic data, Internet connection types, and server proxies. I also found that users can query 35,000 IPs per second with quite high accuracy rates. This provider covers almost all known IP addresses and does not gather or store personally identifiable information, in compliance with the GDPR regulation.6. https://www.iplocate.io/Free IP Address Geolocation API differed from the other providers because its IP geolocation API’s service rates vary depending on API usage. I looked further and found that it can range from 10k, 100k, 500k, or 2M requests per day, which should cover different users with varying requirements. Regardless of the frequency of use, every customer also gets free 1,500 requests daily with no need to sign up. Paid plans are available monthly or yearly, with the latter entitling customers to two months of free service. Once registered, I learned that it’s possible to get the option to either upgrade or downgrade anytime. A lookup request needs an API key and produces data output in the company’s JSON default format, or in either YAML, XML, or CSV which customers can specify.7. https://db-ip.com/api/DB-IP claims to offer a zero-maintenance IP Geolocation API which they back up with an up-to-date database. After a careful review, I can say that their service makes it quite easy for customers to use real-time IP geolocation without having to host and maintain huge amounts of data. Their API is classified into three types. The Basic type is designed for users who wish to get GPS coordinates as well as a location’s place in the Geonames open database. A Core IP Geolocation API provides location information plus ISP connection data to users who wish to know how prospective buyers are connected to the Internet. An Extended IP Geolocation API adds security data that I think can help cybersecurity teams to protect their organizations against cyber attacks.8. https://ip2location.com/IP2Location offers an IP geolocation lookup technology that covers both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses which are contained in their database and accessible through the IP geolocation API. I think the company was able to design the tool in such a way that it can be easily integrated into software platforms and programming languages used to retrieve or process geolocation data. Its IP Geo solution is available in a choice of database packages depending on the specific business requirements.9. https://ipapi.co/IP Address Location API claims they try to combine speed, reliability, security, and diversity with their IP geolocation API. Their API supports both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses with the database undergoing regular updates. I also learned that all calls are done over HTTPS, and payment transactions are handled with encryption. They have a free plan and a paid flexible one which gets the locations of multiple IP addresses. Additionally, IP Address Location API provides a limited Bulk IP lookup.10. https://ipwhois.io/http://Ipwhois.io positions their product as one of the most functional and easily accessible IP geolocation API for checking out IP addresses for a variety of use cases. They’re backing it up with servers that are spread worldwide for speed and reliability. I also found that their database is integrated with multiple channels allowing it to stay updated with recent data. They have a free API service that seems to let users make 10,000 requests each month. They also offer a paid ‘pro service’ that allows unlimited queries, dedicated customer support, and SSL encryption.11. https://extreme-ip-lookup.com/Extreme-IP provides the IP type which can either be Business, Education or Residential. If the IP is a business establishment or an educational institution, the API will return their names whenever available. This provider’s IP Lookup Geolocation API can be tried for free and entitles users to a maximum of 50 requests per minute. If more search volume is required, I found that they offer a Pro Package which allows unlimited requests for a monthly fee. All geolocation information from their API is provided in JSON, JSONP, and CSV formats.12. https://ipinfodb.com/I think IPInfoDB has its share of users because I’ve seen it provide quick IP geolocation information through a range of free services. I also found that all of them are based on their IP geolocation database, which is free as well. Their services include online geolocation lookup; an IP geolocation API that displays data in XML, JSON, and CSV formats; an API for detecting e-commerce fraud; and another API to translate IPv4 address range into CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) format. The company also updates its geolocation database monthly and supports IPv6 addresses.13. http://ip-api.comIP-API.com - Geolocation API offers free IP geolocation for non-commercial use. I found that users are not required to have a personal API key to gain access to their data. The developers claim that the tool can be easily integrated into a company’s system and the output is available for download in JSON, XML, CSV, Newline, and PHP formats. They update as soon as they receive new information and promise to achieve an average response time of under 50 milliseconds. The company sets a limit of 150 requests per minute from an IP address.—To sum up, I must conclude by saying that the choice on what is the best IP Geolocation API would be subject to how well it can handle the speed, accuracy, and reliability requirements for finding geolocation data, as well as its ability to be integrated into various systems.Based on my survey, I would recommend geoipify.whoisxmlapi.com and geo.ipify.org since those are the ones which I am most familiar with, as being equipped with both the technical and data resources necessary to measure up to individual requirements as well as the costs that customers are willing to spend to get what they need.

A lot of “marketing gurus” have been psignNowing that “blogging is dead.” The truth is that it’s not: blogging has simply morphed and changed into a much broader category. Where and how you start your blog has become very different than what it used to be.Challenges faced in bloggingThe reason why internet marketers say blogging “is dead” is because people are still spending time and energy writing blog posts on their personal website but not getting the organic traffic that they’re used to.  There’s nothing wrong with having a blog on a personal website--I have one. But the problem is that nobody knows how to drive traffic to their site to read their writing in the first place. Nobody is doing the work to master the art of SEO, or Facebook dark posts, or Pinterest, or answering questions on Quora or anything else that can drive to their personal blog or website.Social networking as a blogThink about it: Starting a blog has never been easier with Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, and Medium.Social media has become a new version of blogging. Take Twitter for example. Twitter was known flatout as a microblogging platform. Now people are using platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Medium to get them more exposure than a just posting on a personal website does. As a matter of fact, I’m even asking people to write book reviews on Instagram for the #AskGaryvee Book instead of on their personal blog. My advice would be to try putting out native content on the platforms that make most sense for you and your audience. Then, start engaging with those who you think should see it.Driving Traffic to your BlogWhat has happened over the last decade is that the attention graph, the visualization of where people’s attention is right at this very moment and where can you meet them, is shifting. People’s willingness to jump somewhere to consume content is certainly not down, but their willingness to leave the platform they are already engaging on (Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat) is. To get them to click out, you have to be smart. Really smart.Jab,Jab,Jab, Right Hook - Being Smart about itSomething I’m really passionate about (and I’d like to think my book Jab, Jab, Jab, Right Hook helped with this) is that social shouldn’t be used purely for awareness. It’s true that that’s part of what social media is there for, and that’s great, and it’s fun to create “viral content”, but it’s massively naive for companies to ignore social’s DR and sales capabilities. I’m excited to see more and more brands throwing right hooks (which is to say going in for the ask) and treating social media as a way to funnel in viewers, and not just broad awareness platforms. It’s not about putting out as much content out there as you can. It’s about learning what drives your users. Find out what they care about and engage with them.Remember: Just because you jab and jab and jab, doesn’t mean you’re automatically going to drive audience members to your blog. It just allows you to have the audacity to drive them there. Putting out great content and see what resonates with your audience.To Sum it all up, while the term “blogging” has evolved to become more than just having a personal blog or website, don’t feel like you need to abandon traditional blogging. Instead, learn how you can use these social media to drive traffic to your site. Try engaging your audience using social media to really understand what drives your users. Start by putting out great content nuggets on the platforms that make the most sense for you and your audience. Test headlines, test out different syndication platforms. The bottom line is that you can’t just blog and expect people to come to you. The key is that you need to start engaging with those who you think should see it.