Sign Arkansas Banking Medical History Later

Industry sign banking arkansas medical history later

all right students I'm gonna be lecturing today over chapter 11 title this chapter is light in the darkness limits of progressive reform 1900 through 1932 okay so just ahead of time if you don't know what progressivism is look into it as a movement what the word means etc like anytime you've come across a word and you've never heard it look it up okay so if you if you're not familiar with that word now be going into lead in the lecture but be a good time for you to do a quick Google search so we're going to talk about New South Arkansas you covered a lot of time in this lecture we're gonna start off mid 1890s and work our way through to 1920 okay so from the mid 1890s through the 1920 the economy in Arkansas did improve okay I was increase in demand for Arkansas products there was an improvement in the number of acres and cultivation crops were becoming more diversified instead of reliance just on one crop cotton in Arkansas is integrating international markets more in milk okay now also here in this time period mid 1890s to 1920 you have World War one take place so urbanization and integration international markets and culture is taking place rural free delivery is changing the face of the countryside's across the state in across the United States in the South World War one broke down isolation in the south and people who had lived a rural Arkansas life were suddenly drafted or enlisted or volunteered for the military to go to these foreign locations and expanded their life experience this time period is also a golden age for many white are Kansans there's still a lot of problems going on in our state unequal prosperity smaller farms increased farm tenancy labor problems so timid timber industry is exhausting state forests and breaking down of old ways led to a lot of racial tensions after World War one I just had someone on my podcast and shared an article as a professor from Ohio State University named Mitchell Lerner dr. Mitch Lerner and he goes into historically needed talks about some Arkansas history about time he's writing a book right now about how throughout our nation's history African Americans who fought in wars did not achieve more civil rights after that right it was always that was kind of always the thought even if you remember we've talked about African Americans in this class I teach since the American Revolution and then being you know sort of like hey fight for your freedom at that time and you know it just it goes on but if you look at World War One World War two Vietnam it's it's always there's always some sort of issue going on with how African Americans are treated right and what we talking about that more and more and I hope that you'd be able to kind of see when we start talking about the Elaine massacre and race riots that happen in 350 cities across the United States after World War on sort of the bigger picture about what I'm talking about so in the 1890s New South Jim Crow would have separate train cars for African Americans right an African American leader named Booker T Washington was a former slave urged African Americans to stay in the south learn a trade in Washington wanted people his race to be allowed to earn a living and receive an education but not press or political equality they would were to be separate but allowed right that this this comes from this idea here comes from a speech that he gave notice Atlanta compromise that was the basement basis for an agreement between Washington the president of the Tuskegee Institute other African American leaders and white southern leaders w eb Dubois he was a Friedman challenged Washington and demand and all the same rights and demanded them now right so this is when African American ideologies begins splintering Washington and Dubois couldn't agree on curriculum for schools whether they would be trade based schools etc and initially some people did side with Washington and then change changed right that they decided with him initially and then you know sort of came to realization they wanted more rights in Washington was calling for okay so this is a very low point for african-americans okay in 1891 state legislature passed a separate coach law meaning that the railroads like I mentioned earlier were to be separate as well in 1896 and nationalism creates some challenges Plessy vs. Ferguson was deliberately challenged to the Louisiana Court now Plessy be Ferguson had decreed separate but equal was constitutional this allowed heard this applied to restaurants theaters transportation schools so Plessy vs. Ferguson held up until brown v board of education where separate-but-equal was deemed unconstitutional so let's get into talking about Jeff Davis okay Jeff Davis is a racist governor who was born in the civil war in 1862 grew up during the Reconstruction era in Dover Arkansas he was educated in Russellville I'm sitting Russell dough right now drove through Dover a couple days ago you know so right here nearby my home base but you know like Jeff Davis interesting character that we're going to be talking about and just sort of how I started off describing I mean it's just what I had in my Arkansas history notes and you know I was talked to one of the offices of the textbook choir activity and he's the guy that I got the note for and that is that is not uncommon right we talked about when we were finishing up Reconstruction period how many former Confederates became governors in our state's history in the later 1807 Civil War so Jeff Davis is a race ago he was born in 1862 but he keeps coming today's during Reconstruction era he couldn't spell so he can't go to West Point I was known for being able to speak on the fly anywhere he ends up going to Vanderbilt law school at age 19 and he has 12 kids eight of which lived to adulthood he was a Democrat and he ran on a platform of racism and reform by 1890 he was a prosecuting attorney in Polk County and he's what they call a free silver Democrat you've never heard of it get up and in 1898 he won the Attorney General he would file suit against insurance companies because the companies would drop the entire state from fire insurance and 1900 he ran for governor but the other person running died newspapers circulated this story [Applause] bringing attention which only helped Davis right but his accomplishments as governor weren't significant is known for excessive drinking a prison see handle the anti insurance law was causing problems in the Baptist Church in Little Rock this built him right Davis infuriated people for example a man in judge wood threw a punch at him on a platform in Advent which he dodged but fell off the platform and did it Davis talked to our Kansans in a language could understand even those who didn't like him said he put on a good performance racism fueled his entire third term went while running for governor and he wanted the primaries to be open to everyone because he thought he could win a guy named senator Barry is running against him so Jeff Jeff Davis is now going to the Senate but didn't want to lose the state so 1906 he supports a man named little to run for governor little ends up having to step down due to mental issues now the new governor hated Davis and even moved Davis's picture from the men's bathroom in 1905 Davis was supposed to give a welcoming address but declined to go to dinner because of pal Clayton's presence and this is at a time where Roosevelt is speaking right davus decline together.dinner again because of pal clayton if you remember pal Clayton is former Union Calvary officer who was governor of Arkansas and instituted martial law and Jeff Davis openly talked about lynching is acceptable Act so let's get into progressivism okay there was some change for the better right it wasn't all people like Jeff Davis fist fighting with people on stages in front of their constituents right a progressive movement is going to move Arkansas in a different direction right it's going to steer steer the state a little bit so the progressive movement was an attempt by various interest groups to come to terms with society amidst dramatic change and transformation large corporations industrialization and increase in urbanization threaten the status quo and people who responded to these changes or people did respond to these changes by trying to create reforms now due to Arkansas due to economic issues in Arkansas the state lagged behind other states many other southern states and particularly northern states and progressive reform during this time education became very important was emphasized as well as the environment african-americans are left out and race is omitted from the ideals of the progressive movement women achieves a right to vote following World War one with the passage of the 19th amendment a emphasis is placed on expertise or training education efficiency and the environment during the progressive movement prohibition comes out of the progressive movement which leads to a rise and bootleggers and South as consequence if you live in Arkansas now you know that we still have dry counties we still have we talked about blue laws recently but certain businesses not being open or allowed to do things on Sundays to serve alcohol on Sundays etc now some of that is starting to change right but these are the sort of we've been talking about the origins of these traditions in the last last couple lectures progressive or optimistic that humans could make society whatever you wanted to be by bettering education and by bettering peoples environment that you could change them right progressivism upholds the idea that mankind is perfectible changeable if you could change the environment you could change the person right so this blending of government and progressivism okay so I want you guys better listening to this kind of think critically about that and ask yourself the question of whether or not and if they have is government capable of administering these type of changes right and do they work so this is the big divide in politics as to we need more government or less government progressives are wanting to use the government to create posit what they proceed to be positive change they felt the government should be involved in society so think about should the government be very involved in society in people's lives now progressives believed in things like conducting meat inspections for example anti-gambling is comes out of this time period think about our lottery that is the first allowance in Arkansas history of statewide gambling right this happened in 2008 with the passage of proposed constitutional amendment number three which amended the state's constitution to make a statewide lottery program legal the whole house is it comes out as time period look into that I will see if I can't find an encyclopedia article to share with you on the whole house but women's houses spring up in an attempt to attack the evils of a society right and whole house is one of those examples now in Arkansas the three major goals of progressivism are better roads better schools and better health ok so moving on now to another important figure it's going to be George Washington Donahey his years are 1856 to 1937 he's born in Louisiana he settles in Conway Donaghy is who really brought progressivism to Arkansas as he served two terms two two-year terms as the 22nd governor of Arkansas from 1909 to 1913 he spent one year at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville he ends up becoming a carpenter and works his way to becoming a restrict a respected major contractor he lived in his he lived in Conway with his wife Lavinia Wallace was instrumental in bringing universities to Conway he became active in local politics and helped rid Conway of its saloons so no University is going to come into a town if there are saloons in the town now look on the Arkansas encyclopedia online and you can read about these this issue a saloons I've shared that article in blackboard for my students so he becomes a wealthy railroad contractor from 1899 to 1903 moves to Little Rock continues to pursue politics and the Democratic primary as a candidate for governor in 1903 in which he defeated William F Kirby Kirby was sponsored by Jeff Davis and proved to be the first defeat for someone from the Davis political machine he easily defeated Republican candidate John Worthington in the general election of 1908 was 71 percent of the vote and in 1909 this is the one of the big takeaways here he established for agricultural schools these schools were developed into colleges and they are Arkansas State University or ASU at Jonesboro Arkansas Tech University in Russellville which is my alumni where I received my bachelor's and master's degree from southern Arkansas University in Magnolia and University of Arkansas at Monticello established high schools reform schools for use push for better teacher salaries and believed in compulsory or required education he won a second term in 1910 he's defeated for a third term by Jody Robinson Donna he believed that reason and science could make people's lives better a very progressive way of thinking he saw that prisoners were treated harshly and abused in jails across the state and the animates were overworked and Donna he wanted to bring and into this he before leaving office in 1913 pardoned 360 inmates in attempt to end the convict leasing program which is described in the Arkansas history textbook Arkansas concise history as well as in an encyclopedia article on the Arkansas online encyclopedia so be sure you look into that after leaving office he dedicated himself to charity work helped with an endowment to Little Rock Junior College which is now the University of Arkansas Little Rock he suffered a heart attack on December 13th 1937 at 81 years old the progressiveness he established stayed in Arkansas after he left office considerable progress is made during Donna his time as governor and Donna he even had a proposal to rewrite the Constitution another very progressive thought of his opponents however argued that this would raise taxes during this time people started to see better salaries a decline of illiteracy there was a State Board of Health state transportation the problem was how to pay for these services if people weren't willing to pay more taxes also during this time race relations are not getting been any better they're honestly getting worse [Music] let's talk about prohibition this is the effort to limit or ban the sale or consumption of alcohol Arkansas always had attempts to eliminate sale and consumption of alcohol in some form think about dry counties mention those a minute together the organized temperance movement in Arkansas began in earnest with the formation in 1831 the Little Rock Temperance Society right so which was closely aligned also with local churches okay Methodists were usually the most ardent in supporting prohibition while Baptist were not widely involved in opposing alcohol until after the Civil War at first Arkansas temperance advocates spoke against whiskey and other hard liquors while tactically condoning beer and wine consumption significantly the Little Rock Temperance Society unlike other such organizations allowed women to join its ranks opening the door for greater female participation and state politics women eventually formed the heart of the prohibition movement all Arkansas opposing alcohol as a threat to the family structure now the prohibition movement gained momentum in the first decade of the 20th century as Arkansas and indeed much of the nation continued to ban saloons in 1906 sixty percent of American towns had done so and you the anti-saloon League found in 1899 urged for more restrictions in this period Arkansas governor's such as George Donaghy would lead a fight for tighter control of alcohol now race played a control-r played a role in local referendums in 1913 when the legislature passed a bill that required petitions in support of a new saloon to be signed by a majority of white voters in an area of in an era of widespread african-american voter disenfranchisement bike opinion on alcohol was simply ignored or suppressed by 1914 only nine counties had managed to keep their saloons open in 1915 the General Assembly passed a Newberry Act effectively ba ning the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state in addition the Act failed to exempt selves alcohol for medicinal purposes during the 20s temperance formed an unlikely partnership with the resurgence resurgent Ku Klux Klan which claimed to have over 50,000 members in Arkansas at its peak right for instance Lila marquel the former president of the Arkansas chapter of the WCTU was the Imperial commander of the women of the Ku Klux Klan Jyoti Robinson a longtime Democratic senator from Arkansas was never a supporter of prohibition and he used the sweeping Democratic Party victory in the 1932 elections as an opportunity to draft legislation ending prohibition the onset of the Great Depression this had occurred many Americans to be repealing the ban of alcohol is economically beneficial indeed by the early 30s the public's move toward alcohol softened with the repeal of the 18th amendment in 1933 the entire state was once again wet while the national prohibition movement collapse following World War One World War two rather Arkansas temperance advocates still pushed for dry counties but also had to reconcile with Arkansas's changing attitudes towards consumption efforts to prohibit the sale and consumption of alcohol had existed throughout Arkansas history from before the territorial era to the present day I made mention of this man a couple of times already Jyoti Robinson he's the 23rd governor of Arkansas is elected in 1913 Joseph Taylor Robinson governor for a short time before taking office as a u.s. senator he became Senate Majority Leader during the Great Depression after his nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for vice president the first southern office holder on a major ticket after the Civil War Robinson's career took many rapid turns in 1912 he announced he would run for the Senate against incumbent Jeff Davis but after assessing Davis's strength he changed his mind he ran for governor instead besting Donahey by nearly a two-to-one margin before Robinson's inauguration recently reelected Davis died of a heart attack Robinson won a close vote for Davis's Senate seat as governor Robinson pushed through a progressive agenda for the state he proposed the legislature in a clause creating a state banking board a state Health Board and the Arkansas Highway Commission he also oversaw the reform in attention Airy systems including paid oversight a paid oversight board and outlined the notorious convict leasing program he also worked for ratification of the 17th amendment and the direct election of senators by the people but on March 8th nineteen thirteenth he resigned the governorship to take his Senate seat causing a crisis in the state as Arkansas did not have the position of lieutenant governor you in the Senate Robinson became a politician of national stature he stood by President Woodrow Wilson leading fights for progressive legislation such as a proposal to end child labor and for wartime measures the arming of merchant ships and the declaration of war against Germany in 1917 you the war he helped direct the unsuccessful battle for ratification of the Versailles Treaty earning a reputation as a master tactician and excellent parliamentarian in recognition of his efforts he was chosen as the permanent chairman of the 19th 20 Democratic National Convention his fame and power grew throughout the 20s and 1923 he became Democratic leader of the Senate as the Great Depression of the 1930s Cruz suited Robertson's prestige after the 32 election the Democrats in control of the federal government Robinson became majority leader of the Senate from this position he pushed FDR's New Deal legislation through a sometimes reluctant Senate 1933 he guided the emergency Banking Act through the Senate and introduced and pushed we fact the work Relief Act the homeowners loan act and also the coordination act one more time on those conservation cores Civilian Conservation Corps is the Federal Emergency Relief Act the work Relief Act the homeowners loan act and the railroad coordination act Robinson Robinson's career came to an end in 1937 during one of the most heated Senate conflicts of 20th century Roosevelt's plan to enlarge the Supreme Court in June of 37 Roosevelt offered Robinson a seat on the court if he could get the Senate to support up to six new justices for the next month Robinson led the floor fight in a bitter battle over the Roosevelt proposal in a the hot Senate chamber suddenly on July 14th 1937 is skirmish and the Senate ended when Robinson died in his apartment apparently the victim of a heart attack so post-world War one let's talk about a few things in relation to this era 1917 through 1920 okay so Arkansas is flourishing throughout World War one the United States is entering the war with this idealism that they would make the world safe for democracy now after World War one and pull the Elaine riots and there was a reversal of Arkansas fortunes afterward agriculture is hit very hard prices start declining from 1919 to 1921 Arkansas loses manufacturing companies banks are in trouble and in September of 1920 cotton is six cents per pound and keeps declining which leads to an agricultural depression the flood of 27 is going to cause some serious issues and devastate Arkansas and there's also a boll weevil infestation efficiency is declining in the timber industry is also in decline the urban middle class movement was growing and so were cities even in the 1920s major trends come to an end the Great Depression season economic downturn which begins in Arkansas years before the crash to the stock market 29 the 20s weren't quite so roaring in Arkansas and already bad economy was falling to lower levels from 1920 to 1935 there's a movement of people going back to land to survive it's also a time of increasing dramatic and undesired change the conservative reaction against progressiveness in the 1920s of a couple of things fundamentalist religion and the rise of conservative politics now in terms of fundamentalist religion ideas here would be literal interpretation of the Bible belief in the virgin birth physical resurrection second coming of Jesus prohibited and opposed teaching evolution evolution was condemned in Arkansas in 1924 when an act was initiated where people started a bill to recall the law a petition or initiative to pass law against evolution is passed but eventually overturned the rise of conservative politics in Arkansas or the rise of the second or the resurgent KKK or the second rise of the KKK in the second KKK opposed wifebeaters Catholics Jews immigrants foreigners bootleggers anything they beamed an American okay the greatest strength in the mid for the Klan was in the Midwest in Indiana in the 1920s and up to 25,000 strong and Arkansas during this time they claimed as I mentioned previously to be as strong as 50,000 many prominent leaders in the state were a part of the Klan they claimed to be attempting to preserve morality and saw themselves as guardians of old Victorian morality KKK tried to take over the political party of the Democrats and candidates had to have the endorsement of the Klan this led to a backlash this is a backlash rather against progressivism Arkansas continued to make some progress despite the social political and economic climate of the state caryl money Hahn states that the events of the 20s brought major trends to an end it's the Great Depression economic downturn began years before the stock market crash the 20s again not so roaring in Arkansas and the already bad economy is suffering and falling to lower levels the New South movement is illusory at the end of the 1920s from reconstruction until nineteen at the end of Reconstruction until 1929 there are closer links to the national economy and national culture society as weak support race relations are the lowest point in history of the new South particularly in Elaine Arkansas where they are arguably the toughest [Music] someone talked with you about the Elaine massacre of 1919 it's a very intense and unfortunate event in our state's history so let's talk about the Elaine massacre in 1917 african-americans had served the country in World War one following World War one in 1919 race riots occur in 350 cities across the United States and the Elaine massacre was by far the deadliest racial conference staged confrontation in Arkansas history and possibly one of the bloodiest racial conflicts in the history of the United States it is while its deepest roots lie in the state's commitment to white supremacy the events of Elaine stem from tense racial relations and growing concerns about labor unions and this leads to an incident which occurred at a meeting of progressive of the progressive farmers and household Union which escalates into mob violence on the part of the white people in Elaine which is located in Phillips County in surrounding areas although the exact number is unknown estimates the number of African Americans killed by White's range into the hundreds while five white people lost their lives the conflict began on the night of September 30th 1919 when approximately 100 African Americans mostly sharecroppers on plantations of white landowners attended a meeting of progressive of the progressive farmers and household unions of America at a church in a Phillips County three miles north of Elaine black sharecroppers in Elaine were trying to obtain better payments for their cotton crops from white plantation owners who dominated the area during this Jim Crow period these individuals were often exploited in their efforts to collect payments for their cotton crops sharecropping was keeping laborers in debt and creating a cycle that they would never get out of white law enforcement comes to the meeting a white man is shot more whites come back and shoot up the blacks 25 blacks and five whites are killed in this exchange right now some say that the grand total moving forward from this incident and including this incident that there's me as two hundred blacks killed and dumped in the Mississippi River before its end the event sees machine gun crews holding African Americans and concentration camps African Americans were burned whipped and beaten evidence shows that mobs of whites slaughtered african-americans in and around Elaine for example HF Smitty one of the white witnesses at the massacre swore an eyewitness account in 1921 the several hundred of them began to hunt Negroes and shotting them as they came to antidotal evidence also suggests that the troops from Camp Pike engaged in indiscriminate killing of African Americans in the area which if true was a replication of past militia activity to put down perceived black revolts in 1925 sharp done away an employee of the Democratic or of the Arkansas Gazette alleged that soldiers in Elaine had committed one murder after another with all the calm deliberation in the world either too heartless to realize the enormity of their crimes or too drunk on moonshine to give a continental darn within days of the initial shootout 285 African Americans were taken away from temporary stockades to the jail and Helena the county seat although the jail had only space for 48 to white members of the Phillips County Posse TK Jones and HS Smitty stated in sworn affidavit affidavits that they in 1921 that they committed acts of torture at the Phillips County Jail and named others who also participated in the torture on October 13th 1919 the Phillips County grand jury charged 122 African Americans with crimes stemming from the racial disturbances the charges ranged from night riding a charge akin to terroristic threatening the trials began the next week white attorneys from Helena were appointed by Circuit Judge J M Jackson to represent the first 12 black men to go to attorney Jacob Fink was appointed to represent Frank Hicks and they admitted to the jury that they had not interviewed any witnesses he made no motion for a change of venue nor did he challenge a single prospective juror taking the first 12 jurors they called by November 5th 1919 the first 12 white men given trials had been convicted of murder and were sentenced to die in the electric chair and as a result of this 65 others quickly enter a plea bargains and accept sentences of up to 21 years for second-degree murder others had their charges dismissed or ultimately were not prosecuted had they had pleaded guilty and not taking these or had they not have taken these bargains they would have been lynched by mob following this event both blacks and whites ignored what had happened out of fear and Little Rock and at the headquarters of the n-double a-c-p in New York efforts begin to fight the death sentences handed down in Helena led in part by a man named Scipio africanus Jones that is he if you want to look up Scipio africanus is a famous figure in history that was able to defeat or Carthage for Rome right Rome is getting their butt kicked by the Carthaginians and Scipio is the one guys able to turn all around for him like really like their Savior now Scipio Jones of Little Rock is the leading black attorney of his era in Arkansas and he began to raise money in the black community in Little Rock for the defense of the elaine 12 as a convicted man came to be known the case of the elaine 12 were litigated on two separate tracks and the retrials of the defendants began May 3rd 1920 during the trials Murphy becomes ill and Jones becomes principal counsel hostility towards him was so great from local white residents and out of fear for his life he was said to sleep at a different black family's home every night during the trials the convictions were again affirmed governor bro BR o ugh her bra once again stayed there executions until the Arkansas Supreme Court could again review the cases ultimately the defendants were freed by the Arkansas Supreme Court after two terms of court had passed and the state of Arkansas made no moves to retry the men in 1925 all that had been charged were released so if you want to do a little additional research look into what I was talking about there are over 350 of these events that happened across the United States in 1919 Elaine is is one okay so I'll look into that if you want to look a little bit about some articles online by the professor I mentioned earlier dr. earner that talked about some of these riots and talked about African Americans World War one and how they went to fight for our country but they they didn't emerge with any more mobility or rights or respect or anything right but that was the assumption is that that is what they would be able to achieve okay so that is all for chapter 11 everybody appreciate you listening let me know if you have any questions you can write them in the comments or you can send me an email Wilson at uaccm edu or you can sure you can find me online somehow right thanks for listening once again we'll talk to you all soon