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we pick up part 2 of economic geography by looking at the tertiary sector and the tertiary sector is highlighted by specialization this service sector is where we find jobs that we pay people to do tasks for us so this sector serves our mass consumption society think about the different services that you pay for on a day to day week to week month to month basis you might go to one of these shops found in the image on the bottom of the screen to buy your clothes to buy your over-the-counter medicine to buy your food to grab a cup of coffee to get a carryout meal on the top of the screen we see a luxury resort that's also part of the service sector we pay for recreation we pay for leisure within this the tertiary sector we find semi-to hired skilled labour so you could go into your local branch bank and you might work with a bank teller for a for a simple transaction you might meet with an office manager in the in the bank to talk about setting up a savings account or an IRA or a CD or talk about a loan these are all different jobs these are all different occupations found in this tertiary sector our final sector is a quaternary sector and this is known as the knowledge sector and this is it as a sector that is also in a broader service sector but within the knowledge sector we find decision-making we find research for all the different sectors so when we look at the farm where the chickens are produced right we see a primary sector activity we also see secondary sector activities if we're for growing and harvesting corn to feed the chickens we're looking at tertiary sector activities for the individual who drives the chickens and drops them off at different grocery stores or processing plants the quaternary sector is the one who's going to research the one who is going to make decisions for how many chickens to produce and where to send those chickens which markets are the best fit for that local producer the coronary sector includes intellectual activities and these individuals in the coronary sector are generally our most highly educated workforce some different examples we looked at the the the chicken production or the the top individual with research and development with logistics would be found on the quaternary sector we also see it in our upper offices of government the image on your screen of the Central Intelligence Agency research and design throughout different companies throughout different types of businesses information technology investment decisions health and pharmaceuticals the the employees working in these fields would all be found in this knowledge sector again the sector of the economy that relies heavily on advanced degrees and high skills we're gonna shift gears now from what do we produce and talk about where do we produce and when we look at economic geography not only are we studying what's produced in different parts of the country or different parts of the world we ask ourselves why are those products created there and economic activities in a market economy are going to locate where they can maximize profits so this idea of cost minimizing is paramount and what we're finding as multinational corporations become more and more common as businesses set up operations in different areas to perform different tasks we're really seeing this spatial division of labor evolve in the separate stages of operations in production reflect this attempt to minimize costs now there's a couple ways in which companies look to minimize cost the first is let low wage orientation and this is when work that could be done by a semi skilled worker it's like production assembly sewing this is often found outside of either the country or outside of where the company is is headquartered and when we look at low wage orientation we're looking at a time when transportation costs are greater than wages so it would be cheaper for us to assemble cars in Mexico and ship them back in the United States than it would be to assemble the car here in the United States for our domestic market it's cheaper for us to have our fabric sewn into clothes in Mexico and ship it back into the United States than it would be to hire a factory of seamstresses to produce the clothing here in the US so this place a maquiladora is an assembly plant found just over the border of the United States in New Mexico now within the United States we also have low-wage orientation where we have what are called back office operations so a company that might have a downtown office where executives work they might have a call center or they might have their accounting office or their billing office out somewhere else away from downtown where it's cheaper to house those workers so this low wage orientation comes into play when we start to separate our workforce those are that our most profitable are going to be located in the areas of high demand oftentimes cities where rent is very high where those jobs that are less essential that are non-executive that are semi skilled we're going to send those somewhere else where wages are less where rent is less where we can maximize our profits and these macula Dory's are becoming very popular these cities are growing just over the border in Mexico as we have a workforce there that works for a fraction of the hourly wage that they would make here in the United States the image on the the top right shows you a sewing facility and then the bottom image shows you where these largest mecha doors exist cities like tijuana mexico lee seon juarez these are all what we call border Plex towns where we have production just over the border because wages are less environmental and safety laws are less stringent the demand for higher wages is lower in Mexico so American companies and multinational companies are able to send their goods to Mexico to be assembled and then ship back into the United States this happens with cars this happens with clothing this happens with TVs and electronic components so it's a way in which a company could increase economic development in these border towns while also maximizing profit by not paying high wage American labor the second way that we could minimize cost is through agglomerations and the term agglomeration simply means clustering and when businesses arrived in agglomerations they do so for a couple of reasons the first is what's called a localization benefit the second is known as an urbanization benefit the idea of localization focuses on specialized industries so when a specialized industry and I want you to think for a moment think about a city and think about a an industry that is that reflects that city or that comes to mind right away when you have that specialized industry you have a number of support networks and businesses that arise you also have a skilled labor pool and Technology spillover so if you have those close quarters if your if your proximity to other similar businesses is high you're going to have a lot of spillover of people of technology and ideas and you're also going to have proximity to support networks some examples Hollywood so think about producing a movie what better City than Hollywood in the United States you have the different support networks support networks from lighting special effects to catering crews that come and support the actors and the directors and the producers onset Baltimore Baltimore is a very strong medical industry when we look at Johns Hopkins Hospital and University of Maryland Medical Center think about the different companies that support these groups ranging from insurance agencies to healthcare providers to the actual occupations within the hospital's themselves so this localization means that there are benefits to opening your business and are expanding your business where other similar specialized businesses exist the other type of agglomeration is known as urbanization and this is cost savings through exposure to large markets capital services so when we find malls right malls if you open up your store or your kiosk in a mall the rent might be high but you're already exposed to consumers that are shopping in other places so that location is key you'll find office parks clusters of offices that that pop up next to each other now they get to share infrastructure they get to share different service providers like copying and printing like housekeeping different types of accounting firms that might audit the different companies so they have a lot of these shared resources and services so by clustering together while rent might be a little higher there are other cost savings inherent with that urbanization with that that cluster that agglomeration so when we asked ourselves where do we produce we look at low cost so if we could actually shift production elsewhere you would you would pursue that with rational economic thought sometimes agglomerations even though the rent is a little higher makes sense because of some of these inherent benefits like a specialized industry or just that exposure to a larger market