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today we pick up with the growth of the cattle industry and the cattle industry is based on two different things you've got the pioneer or the image of what the pioneer was and that's going to help to boost the cattle industry and then the Great Plains and what that was capable of producing whereas start with pioneer and the pioneer there's two basic images of that pioneer and who they are and what they did um we have a romantic image which is that they were a hearty people that they were selfless that they were coming out to spread civilization to the unset or the savage tribes of Native Americans on the other hand you have the tragic image of the pioneer and that tragic image was more that they were ruthless and greedy and they were destroying the environment and they are destroying the civilizations Indian civilizations that they were encountering going with that you have the Great Plains now prior to the Civil War the Great Plains were seen as the great American desert they were a thing that you had to get across in order to get to the good stuff on the other side it wasn't seen as having any useful purpose however after the Civil War post-civil war gold is discovered in the Black Hills you have silver that's discovered the land it's finally discovered that is really good farmland some of the best in the nation and because of that railroad start coming through and we get the growth of the cattle industry so um in order to make the cattle industry work to have cowboys and the first cowboys actually came from latin and south america they were called vaccaro's which is the spanish word for cowboys at first these vaccaro's in mexico were native Aztec Indians they started out on foot and then when the Spanish started bringing over horses they adapted to having horses as part of their job the horses were work animals they helped to provide with transportation so it just made their job easier and so these vaccaro's became expert writers they used lariats to grope and control the cattle herds and then eventually they started to move the herds North to provide food for the miners at were mining gold and silver and because it was better grassland available for them to feed their animals feed the cattle and so throughout the course of the cowboy period we can see the influence of the Mexican culture in there Americans are going to learn from the Mexicans on how to how to rope how to brand how to round up and care for their cattle they take from the Mexican Vaqueros that how they dressed what kind of food their vocabulary is going to be influenced by the Mexican vaccaro so like words like spurs and chaps beef jerky ranch corral rodeo all those are adapted from the Mexican Vaqueros vocabulary but the Americans are going to take it the American Cowboys are going to take it and develop it be even beyond what the Mexican Vaqueros had for example the Americans are going to adapt their boots to better suit their purposes their boots will have pointed toes and heels on them in order to better fit in the stirrup of the saddle and make it easier to slide in and out because the fear was that if you got kicked off or bucked off your horse that if your foot slid through the stirrup and your foot was lodged in there that horse would drag you and you could end up severely injured or dead and so that was an adaptation made by Americans in order to prevent that from happening another adaptation was the bandanna and that was purely health reasons just to filter the dust from the air so that made it more breathable and so you weren't Hawking up and dirty loogies all the time um another adaptation was the six-shooter and carrying a weapon with you not every cowboy did but but it was for their own protection not so much against Indians we're going to talk about the mythology later but um but more to protect against wild animals was the bigger concern so that leads us into the importance of rate of the railroad the railroad is the reason that Cowboys exist which is kind of weird because when you think a railroad you don't think Cowboys right away Cowboys were not in great demand until the railroad came through the Great Plains when the railroad came through the Great Plains then there was transportation for getting that cat the cattle to the east coast for the people who wanted that cattle so you needed to be able to get the cattle to the railroad that's what you need the Cowboys for they were there to round up and herd the cattle towards the big cow towns where they would get on the road to the railroad railroad and then be transported back east so the city dwellers they wanted meat because of the civil war and during the Civil War most of the the cattle herds that have been wiped out or at least severely damaged both on the north and south side so the result of this is that you have cattle trains from the South going up to the railroad towns and so you get all kinds of trails for example the the Chisholm Trail which you can see on the map after the Civil War the demand for beef increases like I said so war took a huge toll on people's herds and so you had these huge cattle drives that you need a Cowboys for and then with that you had the development of cow towns because now that you have this new occupation they're getting paid they want to go spend their money so these cow towns are built up around the cattle industry and then you have this concept of Colonel Colts and Colonel colt is basically a nickname for your weapon or for the the Colt six shooter and that's because there really wasn't much law in the Great Plains region yet law enforcement really wasn't very stringent it also wasn't widely around it was very sporadic in terms of there might be a sheriff in the town and there might not be and it might be somebody who could be easily bribed and it might to be so um Colonel cold it was the law of the land that if you your weapon was your law basically um between 1865 and 1885 there were roughly 40,000 Cowboys in existence as as an occupation so not not terribly a lot and they were only around for about a 20 year period so it's not not like it was for a hundred years or anything um so it's kind of interesting that they're so widely known but the truth about cowboys it's kind of interesting because cowboys are kind of our native mythology we don't have a native mythology not like European countries that have Greek gods or the Norse gods or even Asian mythology about how the world started our country is not old enough we have a very young country compared to very well basically the rest of the world and so we kind of felt left out and what Americans did we made up our own mythology and we create this mythology around heroes and one of the earliest heroes is going to be the cowboy the heyday of the cowboy 1867 to 1887 roughly so you know it's about not a 20-year period and the fiction behind it the the story or the mythology behind it is that these Cowboys were mostly white they were out fighting bad guys you know taking down train robbers and bank robbers and fighting the Indians and shootouts and all that kind of stuff they were heroes they were romanticized but the truth is they really were not like that the truth is that these cattle boys work 10 to 14 hours a day on the ranch so they don't really have a whole lot of time to go fight crime when they're on the trail they were working 18 hours their average age was about 24 so they're fairly young this was a young man's job it's not something for an older generation by the time they're 40 they're pretty broken down because of health concerns their health is poor due to the weather that they're in breathing in all that dust is not healthy their hygiene it's kind of hard to stay clean on the trail and a lot of them end up being bowl egged because um being in the saddle so much they were constantly their bones will form to that barrel shape so it did makes for some interesting walking styles i guess they may have carried a gun but if they did it was rarely used like i said it was mostly for protection against wild animals like rattlesnakes or wolves or coyotes or some things like that it was not if they you know they had it they really didn't have much contact with Indians so if they saw one they really weren't gonna shoot him mostly Indians by this time we're on reservation systems so it was a not something that they did that wasn't part of their job description in the summer they worked on the ranch and in the winter they lived off their savings because the ranch didn't need them anymore so they don't have a steady job it was a seasonal job is only in the summers and so in the winter they would travel from ranch to ranch trying to pick up an odd job may be mending a fence or helping out on on the farm with calving or something like that so they really didn't have a whole lot that they could do in the winter so if they didn't save up their money which a lot of them spent it right away um it did make for some some tough times for them um but throughout this you get the the legends of the Cowboys and the legends when we talk about the legends we're talking about like Billy the Kid Wild Bill Hickok or Buffalo Bill Cody you know those those people but most of them were never Cowboys in the true sense of the word they may be in their youth did a year or two as a cowboy but the vast majority of them end up being entertainers or expert marksman or actually some of them turn to crime and so it does cause some difficulty calling them Cowboys when they weren't really Cowboys but their lives and their deeds a lot of it was made up we're spread by these dime novels that the people back east just ate up they thought it was amazing what these people were doing and these dime novels your little books that you could buy for a diamond and it told of the exploits of Billy the Kid you know the shootout that he had or whatever the vast majority of it was made up it's not even true so that brings us to the end of the cattle frontier the end of the cattle frontier comes about because of several things the first is natural disasters they just started having some problems they were over grazing their their pastures they didn't know about conservation and how to make sure that you're going to have enough grass for the next year in addition they had a drought in 1883 and 1886 that's going to lead to prairie fires which is going to destroy more of the grazing land there's also a huge blizzard in 1887 and that blizzard last three days it drops to a negative 68 degrees it snowed an inch an hour and so a lot of rangers lost 42 ninety percent of their herds and so it that is the big thing that kind of brings about the end of the cattle industry the second major thing is barbed wire now joseph glidden invents this in 1873 and the idea behind it is that it was to UM portion off pieces of land that you didn't want the cattle grazing on because of the drought because of the blizzards a lot of farmers decided to raise hey in order to offset any bad weather and so you didn't want your cattle eating up your hay crop you wanted that to be able to use in the winter or if you had a drought again and so you got to keep the cattle out well joseph glidden figured out a way to close off that grazing land and that was with barbed wire so this was to prevent the trampling basically so a lot of Rangers begin putting up barbed wire fences it was cheap it was easy to use it doesn't take much to put it up it's pretty simple pretty easy and it catches on pretty fast in 1874 just one year after it was invented joseph glidden sold 10,000 pounds of it and four years later at 1878 27 million pounds so you can see how fast it it caught on and and how prevalent and becomes and it so it's one of the things that's going to lead to the end of the cattle industry just because there's so much barbed wire and everything is is portioned off that there's no way to do a cattle drive anymore without running into barbed wire running into somebody else's property and so instead we're going to see farming agriculture develop as opposed to ranching develop on the Great Plains