eSign Presentation for Administrative Later
Make the most out of your eSignature workflows with airSlate SignNow
Extensive suite of eSignature tools
Discover the easiest way to eSign Presentation for Administrative Later with our powerful tools that go beyond eSignature. Sign documents and collect data, signatures, and payments from other parties from a single solution.
Robust integration and API capabilities
Enable the airSlate SignNow API and supercharge your workspace systems with eSignature tools. Streamline data routing and record updates with out-of-the-box integrations.
Advanced security and compliance
Set up your eSignature workflows while staying compliant with major eSignature, data protection, and eCommerce laws. Use airSlate SignNow to make every interaction with a document secure and compliant.
Various collaboration tools
Make communication and interaction within your team more transparent and effective. Accomplish more with minimal efforts on your side and add value to the business.
Enjoyable and stress-free signing experience
Delight your partners and employees with a straightforward way of signing documents. Make document approval flexible and precise.
Extensive support
Explore a range of video tutorials and guides on how to eSign Presentation for Administrative Later. Get all the help you need from our dedicated support team.
How To Add Sign in eSignPay
Keep your eSignature workflows on track
Make the signing process more streamlined and uniform
Take control of every aspect of the document execution process. eSign, send out for signature, manage, route, and save your documents in a single secure solution.
Add and collect signatures from anywhere
Let your customers and your team stay connected even when offline. Access airSlate SignNow to eSign Presentation for Administrative Later from any platform or device: your laptop, mobile phone, or tablet.
Ensure error-free results with reusable templates
Templatize frequently used documents to save time and reduce the risk of common errors when sending out copies for signing.
Stay compliant and secure when eSigning
Use airSlate SignNow to eSign Presentation for Administrative Later and ensure the integrity and security of your data at every step of the document execution cycle.
Enjoy the ease of setup and onboarding process
Have your eSignature workflow up and running in minutes. Take advantage of numerous detailed guides and tutorials, or contact our dedicated support team to make the most out of the airSlate SignNow functionality.
Benefit from integrations and API for maximum efficiency
Integrate with a rich selection of productivity and data storage tools. Create a more encrypted and seamless signing experience with the airSlate SignNow API.
Collect signatures
24x
faster
Reduce costs by
$30
per document
Save up to
40h
per employee / month
Our user reviews speak for themselves
-
Best ROI. Our customers achieve an average 7x ROI within the first six months.
-
Scales with your use cases. From SMBs to mid-market, airSlate SignNow delivers results for businesses of all sizes.
-
Intuitive UI and API. Sign and send documents from your apps in minutes.
A smarter way to work: —how to industry sign banking integrate
FAQs
-
Was Donald Trump, Jr. set up?
I think there are two ways to answer this question — what’s likely, and what’s possible.I think what is likely, is that Don Jr. was not set up for anything except failure — meaning that there was no malicious plan to screw him over, he just did it to himself by lacking competence in what he was trying to do.But that’s not the only possibility.There is an argument that can be made that Jared Kushner set him up. Bear with me for a minute while I present it.It basically goes like this — Jared Kushner and Don Jr. were both present at the meeting with the Russians, thus having first-hand knowledge of its content and participants.[1] They also both knew about the intent of the meeting (collusion with the Russian government to support Trump and undermine Clinton) because it’s explicitly stated in the emails they both received. [2]Kushner failed to disclose that meeting — or literally any other foreign contact — on his SF-86 form (this is the form that federal government employees submit for their security clearances). [3] He later amended his SF-86 form two times to disclose that meeting and over 100 foreign contacts.[4]His explanation for why he initially omitted these meetings — from a document that includes a sworn statement under penalty of felony criminal charges that the information within is complete to the best of your knowledge — is that a member of his staff “prematurely” submitted the form in error. [5] As I can personally verify, having gone through the SF-86 process for my own clearance, that’s not really a possibility unless you accidentally clicked the wrong button 28 times in a row, accidentally e-signed it, and accidentally gave your legal medical release as well. (It’s a VERY long form, with a lot of confirmations).[6] So as anyone whose ever gotten a security clearance can tell you, that explanation is bogus. Now, if you forget to disclose a meeting or two on that form, or you got a date or name wrong — not unusual for very experienced applicants, or people in senior positions in certain fields — you can amend the form to include the names you missed. It’s unusual to do that more than once, or as widely as Kushner did.Now, here’s where it gets really interesting. Look at the timeline —June 9, 2016, is the meeting with the Russians.January 18, 2017: Kushner files his initial SF-86 which fails to disclose the foreign contacts. Kushner allegedly notifies the FBI “the next day” that he would fill in the missing information later. [7]April 6, 2017: New York Times reports that Kushner failed to disclose numerous meetings, including with Russian Amb. Sergei Kisylak. [8]May 11, 2017: Kushner files a first revision to his SF-86, and receives what is believed to be standard questioning from the FBI some time in mid-May.[9]“Third week of June, 2017” (exact date unknown) Marc Kasowitz, Trump’s personal attorney; and Alan Garten, chief legal officer for the Trump Organization, are informed of the existence of the emails, by Kushner’s attorneys (who had “discovered” the emails). [10]June 21, 2017: Kushner files his second revision to the SF-86. This discloses the Russian meeting to the FBI. [11]June 23, 2017: The FBI questions Kushner again over the second revision.[12] This is NOT standard.July 9–11: NY Times breaks the story of the Russian meeting, and the emails. After being contacted by the Times, Don Jr. chooses to release the emails via his twitter, before the Times can publish their story. During this time Don Jr.’s characterization of the meeting is first that it was about adoptions; then that it was about opposition research but they didn’t get any so it ended up being about adoptions; and finally admitting (with the release of the emails) that it was about the damaging information provided from the Russians, as explained clearly in the emails. At least one of these statements was drafted with the consultation of the White House legal team, and was “signed off” on by Trump himself. [13]July 12: Trump says “I only heard of it two or three days ago” (referring to the meeting). [14] In order for that to be true, it would require that two of Trump’s children, his campaign manager, his personal lawyer, the lawyers for his children, and the chief legal officer intentionally kept that information from Trump for at least two to three weeks (or in the case of Kushner/Jr./Manafort, for over a year.)So it begs the question — since Kushner knew of the meetings, had already disclosed them to the FBI (quietly, through the second SF-86 amendment, without trying to draw attention to it), and knew how damaging the information would be to their credibility on the Russia collusion question— why was Don Jr. allowed to make statements that Kushner and others knew weeks in advance were false?The answer is of course up to interpretation, but “what is possible” is that Kushner and Trump, knowing that the contents of the Russian meeting email would be going public sooner rather than later (since the media already had learned of the meeting), are attempting to set up Don Jr. to take the fall. By directing the media’s attention to Jr., who can be laughed off as an incompetent idiot who didn’t know what he was doing, Kushner buys more time for himself, taking some of the heat away from himself and his father-in-law, during the critical days ahead of the Trumpcare healthcare vote. Incidentally, Don Jr. makes for a great fall-guy, because even though he unofficially “advises” his father, he’s technically still an uncleared, private civilian who is subject to far fewer rules on disclosure, transparency, and honesty as Kushner is. And we know that the Trump organization places a high premium on protecting Kushner, who (along with Ivanka) is probably the single most influential person on Trump inside or outside the entire administration. [15]It’s also been speculated that the source of the leaks may not actually be Kushner, but could be Steve Bannon — who dislikes Kushner intensely and has been in a political power struggle with him since the transition.[16] If that’s true, then Jr. isn’t so much being “set up” so much as he’s “collateral damage.”Again, I think the most likely explanation is that Don Jr. is simply an incompetent idiot. But we know Jared Kushner, while he may not be “competent” in the traditional Washington sense, is not an idiot. He’s the one to keep an eye on here, not Don Jr.Footnotes[1] Trump Tower Russia meeting: At least eight people in the room[2] Kushner Omitted Meeting With Russians on Security Clearance Forms[3] Details revealed about Jared Kushner's security clearance forms[4] Details revealed about Jared Kushner's security clearance forms[5] Kushner’s lawyers say he mistakenly left meetings with the Russians off his security forms twice[6] https://nbib.opm.gov/record-prov...[7] People aren't buying Kushner's lawyers' explanation for security clearance form omissions[8] Kushner Omitted Meeting With Russians on Security Clearance Forms[9] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[10] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[11] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[12] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[13] Rancor at White House as Russia Story Refuses to Let the Page Turn[14] Trump says he learned ‘couple of days ago’ of son’s meeting with Russian lawyer[15] Did Jared leak the Donald Trump Jr meeting emails?[16] The Inside Story of the Kushner-Bannon Civil War
-
Was Pakistan ever better than India?
Invariably yes.India was literally an economic shit hole until early 2000’s. Many set 1991 as the cut off year for segregating a developing India from the past. But then India could not literally grow the bite behind its bark until 2000’s.India did not open up its markets as enthusiastically as many people claim. The ground reality was quite different. Tax regime was super shitty. duties were prohibitively high. Legally doing your business was equivalent to drowning yourself in water.On the other hand, Pakistan aced the development agenda in the 1960’s itself. It was quite an achievement for a post-colonial country. From a modern day perspective, Pakistan was today’s equivalent of South Korea and India, North Korea.But tables did turn around.Putting aside the fact that Pakistan fought three wars with India in four decades, in core economic terms, Pakistan started making the same mistakes India did.By 1974, Pakistan took to the illogical nationalisation spree, the same blunder India made. It literally signed the death warrant for manufacturing sector. It was a step backwards because with manufacturing in limbo, the country had to work backwards relying on output generated from agricultural sector. And of course, service sector did not see any growth whatsoever.Another mistake Pakistan did is by not properly regulating the agricultural sector. Where agriculture is the growth driver and inflation (coming from the same sector) is going beyond growth rates, it means something is fishy with the landlord class. Pakistan did not bring about any land reforms when it needed the most. The result - high income inequalities.Those politicians of Pakistan today who graciously wave their hands at people and give out fiery speeches, and make policies, they can do so because they have lands inherited from generations, with literally nothing to lose. Others had little opportunity in building the country and economy.Staring with 1980’s, Inflation shot up, growth nose dived - the golden spot for stagflation.Those who got rich with the growing commodity prices stuck to their lands. Fragmented land holders and middle classes had no employment, no jobs, since no private enterprise was given an opportunity. The next suicide recipe was ready.Then came the islamisation project to the ‘rescue’ of unemployed idle-dwellers, and the Afghanistan war.To add to the injury, growth was stuck, inflation grew - with an average stagflation margin of 5 percent every year sustained over a period of a decade and a half, starting 1980. Imagine the damage it could have done to Pakistan’s economy and industry. The landlords were the big winners in that decade. Nationalisation of industries and inflation - both benefitted them big time.Even before it full got out of the stagflation mess, the priority in Pakistan was invest resources in nuclear weapons, followed by a war with India, and sanctions. Imagine how hammered Pakistan’s economy could be by now.If one has to look at the economic barometer for Pakistan’s industry, not a single company from Pakistan has actually made it to the fortune 500 listing as things stand today. But the same country started off with a potential similar to South Korea’s.No CPEC, no Silk Road, no external funding can come to its rescue unless the human resource policy is absolutely revamped, local industries are provided sufficient electricity and lesser interference of the government overall in the private sector.The CPEC, again, is a death warrant Pakistan signed up for in haste, unbeknownst, or rather myopic of the policy repercussions. CPEC is, by all means, a debt obligation after all.Unless a miracle falls over Pakistan, recovery is impossible the two coming decades.Capeesh?
-
What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
-
What is the Gorkhaland issue?
Many people across India are curious about the Gorkhaland issue, but most of them do not know about the issue very well and are of the false impression that Gorkhaland is a demand by the Gorkhas for separation from India.Hence, the following paragraphs below would help those, who are not familiar with the Gorkhaland issue. As one will read the story, they can view that the demand for Gorkhaland is a just and moral demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland within the geographical and constitutional contours of India.To make it for an easy read, I have made a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), which has been answered, thus acting as a guide to Gorkhaland issue.Q. Who are Gorkhas in the Indian context?A.The 'Gorkhas' in the Indian context are Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity, who live across the length and breadth of India. The term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is used to differentiate the Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity from the citizens of Nepal, who prefer to be called 'Nepalese.'Many a time, people mistake the Indian 'Gorkhas' with Nepalese 'Gorkhali'. It is to be noted that in terms of Nepal, 'Gorkhali' refers to the people from the 'Gorkha' region. However, the use of the term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is very different than in Nepal's context. Therefore, the term 'Gorkha' refers to different groups of people depending on the country they are being used in reference to.Q. Did the Gorkhas immigrate to India?A. Majority of the people who identify themselves as 'Gorkhas' in India are sons and daughters of the soil, and their forefathers 'came with the land.' They did not immigrate to India. However, it is well recognized that there are many immigrants from Nepal, who have also settled in India, post-independence.Q. What do you mean by 'came with the land'?A.The Nepali kingdom in the 17th and 18th Century was spread all over the Himalayas. In the year 1777, Nepal had appropriated the Kingdom of Sikkim (that included most of the present day Darjeeling district) in the east and had also successfully invaded and conquered the Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra in the west. The Nepali Kingdom was spread from the east of rivers Teesta to the west of river Sutlej.However, following the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-1816, Nepal agreed to cede most of the Terai region, the lands of Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra to the British through the Treaty of Sugauli (Sugauli Sandhi), which was signed on 4 March 1816. After the Anglo-British war of 1865, the British appropriated the lands that are today known as Kalimpong and Dooars. Therefore, all the people of Nepali, Sikkimese and Bhutanese origin, who were living in these tracts automatically came under the British and subsequently under India (after the British left), hence the term – 'came with the land.'Q. Were there Gorkhas in Darjeeling region prior to the British coming to India?A.Recorded history shows that the region was inhabited as early as the 9th century. When Guru Padmasambhava had passed through this region in the 9th century, he had established Buddhism in the region – which indicates the presence of people living in the area way, before the British ever landed in Asia.In the Indian context, the word 'Gorkha' is an umbrella term used to identify a varied group of people, as one unified entity, in terms of Darjeeling, communities such as the Róng – Lepchas, the Tsong – Limbus, the Kirat – Rai, the Dukpas and the Magars are the aboriginal/ethnic/native people of the region, who constitute a large chunk of the 'Gorkha' people living in the Darjeeling region. Hence, it can be safely said that the majority of the 'Gorkhas,' who belong to these communities and are living in Darjeeling, ethnic to the region.In addition, other groups of people such as the Gurungs, Thapas, Chettris, Newars, Sunwars, Bahuns, Kamis, Damais, Sarkis, Bhutias, Thamis etc., came to the region following subsequent wars. For instance, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1642 brought in a large Bhutia population from Tibet and Bhutan into the region. Similarly, the Nepali incursions starting from as early as 1700s brought many present day Nepalis to the region. Hence, it can be safely concurred that the 'Gorkha' presence far supersedes the British arrival in the region.Q. What historical claims does West Bengal have over the Darjeeling-Dooars region?A.Ironically None! There is no shared history between the Darjeeling-Dooars region, and the rest of West Bengal till the year 1935. The only common thread that connects Darjeeling and the rest of Bengal prior to 1935 is that they shared a common Governor (for administrative ease).It is interesting to note that following the partition of Bengal in 1905, the administration of Darjeeling was handed over to the Bhagalpur Division in Bihar Presidency between 1905-1907, following which a demand for a separate administrative unit for the Darjeeling-Dooars region (a la Separate State in today's term) was first raised by the Hillmen's Association in 1907, making the demand for a separate state constituting the hills, Terai and Dooars region the oldest demand for statehood in India.The only reason as to why such a demand was not entertained by the British Government, is because the Darjeeling and Dooars region were already declared a "non-regulated area", which meant that the rules and laws developed for the rest of India would not be automatically applicable to the region.Q. Why is Darjeeling a part of West Bengal?A.The Darjeeling region only became a part of West Bengal Presidency in the year 1935, when it was required to send an elected member to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was done purely for the then administrative ease, as the British could control the Darjeeling region better from Bengal than from Bhagalpur in Bihar.Q. Why are people in Darjeeling demanding Gorkhaland?A.The demand for a separate administrative unit (separate state in today's term) for the Darjeeling region had started as early as 1907. However, the influx of Bangladeshi refugees starting in 1965 and later state sponsored illegal immigrants from Bangladesh post-1971 for vote bank by subsequent West Bengal governments led to marginalization of the ethnic Gorkha, Kamtapuri and the Rajbanshi communities of the region. The demand for Gorkhaland is a demand to protect the identity, culture, history, traditions and the rich bond of people from Darjeeling region, which they share with their land.Furthermore, the Gorkhas from the Darjeeling region have continued to be labeled by the fascist and state sponsored Bengali organizations such as Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Samity, Amra Bangali, Jan Jagaran Morcha, Jan Chetna Morcha as illegal immigrants and the demand for Gorkhaland illegal. They have rendered the ethnic Gorkha people as an intruder in his/her own ancestral lands. This has caused widespread socio-economic and political marginalization of the Gorkhas. All these factors have resulted in the Gorkhas being under-represented, stereotyped and communally discriminated in almost all sectors.Moreover, Bengal has always been colonial in its approach to this region. The large revenues collected from Darjeeling region have been used to develop other parts of Bengal, while neglecting even the basic infrastructure in the region.Case in point: the National Highway 55, which used to be the artery connecting the hills of Darjeeling to the rest of India, has been closed due to land slide since 2009 and the West Bengal government has done nothing to rebuild it. Last year alone, there were over 20 malnutrition related death (death due to starvation) reported from the Dooars region and yet the West Bengal government did nothing to alleviate the sufferings of the people in the region.Q. Is the proposed Gorkhaland region economically viable?A.The proposed Gorkhaland region is rich in bio-diversity, scenic views, hydro potentials, tourism, NTFP, Tea and numerous other resources. Darjeeling Tea has been accorded the Geographical Indicator status recently by the WTO, which has caused the price of Darjeeling Tea to double in the world market. The demand for tea from the Dooars region is also at an all time high. Even the most conservative estimates put the revenue potential from tea, tourism and hydro from the proposed Gorkhaland area at over 1600 Crores per annum. It is estimated that the revenues from Tea and Tourism alone will make the proposed Gorkhaland region a revenue surplus state. The revenues collected from hydro development, NTFP, cross-border trades and other resources will make the proposed state of Gorkhaland as one of the most economically vibrant states in India.Q. Is the demand for Gorkhaland illegal?A. No, to demand for a separate state is the democratic right of every Indian citizen, and the formation of new states is enshrined in our constitution.Article 3 of the Indian constitution specifically deals with the issues regarding the formation of new states:Article 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States—Parliament may by law—(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;(b) increase the area of any State;(c) diminish the area of any State;(d) alter the boundaries of any State;(e) alter the name of any State:Hence, the demand for Gorkhaland is a legitimate demand.Q. Why is West Bengal opposed to the formation of Gorkhaland?A. The state of West Bengal is one of the most economically backward states in India. Even though, it is the 5th largest in terms of its size, but due to the high debt burden of over Rs. 2.5 lakh Crores, West Bengal is practically bankrupt and is highly dependent on the Central Government and the revenues generated from the proposed Gorkhaland region for its sustenance and economic survival. A conservative estimate indicated that if the proposed Gorkhaland state is formed, West Bengal is expected to lose over 40% of its revenue stream.So despite all the rhetoric stating, "Darjeeling is Bengal's Abhinno Aanga," Bengal is scared of loosing its hen, which is currently laying the golden eggs. It is scared of losing the cash cow that has continued to discount the development of Bengal's other regions over and over since independence.Further, Bengal has always held a parochial, colonial and discriminatory attitude towards the proposed Gorkhaland region and continues to do so. Late. Subash Chakraborty a Minister in the CPI(M) Government had said to the Gorkhas "khetey diyechi, sutey chai?" [Meaning: "we have given you food to eat, now you want a space to sleep?"] Hinting that the Bengalis have been benevolent towards the Gorkhas in allowing the Gorkhas to live in Bengal, while ungraciously ignoring the fact that the Gorkhas are ethnic to the land. Similarly, many Bengali scholars [such as Sumanta Sen of The Telegraph] and politicians [such as Dr. Mukund Majumdar and Mr. Ashok Bhattacharjee] continue to call the ethnic Gorkhas foreigners and intruders, which gives a sense of insecurity amongst the ethnic Gorkhas – thus, the demand for Gorkhaland.Compiled by Upendra Mani Pradhan, Meri News
-
What is the best Christmas present ever?
December has always been a very special month in my life. It is not only because of the cool winter breeze, but also because of the festival Christmas which is celebrated around the world with great zeal and enthusiasm. Most of us including me eagerly wait for this time of the year. This is because it also brings holidays with it.I fondly remember, when I was a child we used to celebrate Christmas in school. There were different kinds of delicacies which my friends brought to eat such as cakes, pastries, etc. . It was so much fun back then. We all used to play a game called ‘Secret Santa’ where we were asked to choose 1 chit from the bucket. Whosoever name came out from that chit , had to bring a gift for that person. I was studying in 12th grade, which marked the last year of my schooling . It was the month of December and like every year we were to play the Secret Santa game. We all chose 1 chit and we were supposed to bring the gift, the next day. I brought a pencil box as a gift. The gift I received in return was a gift that I could never forget. I still carry it with me now also wherever I go. It was a tiny locket of Jesus Christ. The one from whom I received the gift, her name was Rose . She was one of my best friends in school. Now the time has passed and we all have parted our ways but the gift that I received will be with me forever.They say, ‘LOVE THE GIVER MORE THAN THE GIFT’ and for me, I loved the giver and I loved what she gave.
-
Why has the demand for Gorkhaland erupted all of a sudden after remaining dormant for long? Is it a ploy to discredit Mamta prio
This answer was a forward from a friend of mine and even though I could not verify about Col Sarabjit Singh, the content of the article is an eye opener to the issue of Gorkhaland.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Who are Gorkhas and why Gorkhaland? Excellent article written by a non Gorkha Col Sarbjit Singh. Please share it with your non Gorkha friends to let them know about our history and about the Gorkhaland movement.Gorkhas are Very Much Indians like you and me. They are backbone of Indian Army from Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times . Do not be misguided by politicians, issue needs to be resolved before it takes ugly turn .Many people across India are curious about the Gorkhaland issue, but most of them do not know about the issue very well and are of the false impression that Gorkhaland is a demand by the Gorkhas for separation from India. Hence, the following paragraphs below would help those, who are not familiar with the Gorkhaland issue.As one will read the story, they can view that the demand for Gorkhaland is a just and moral demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland within the geographical and constitutional contours of India.To make it for an easy read , someone has made a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), which has been answered, thus acting as a guide to Gorkhaland issue.Q. Who are Gorkhas in the Indian context?A. The 'Gorkhas' in the Indian context are Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity, who live across the length and breadth of India. The term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is used to differentiate the Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity from the citizens of Nepal, who prefer to be called 'Nepalese.'Many a time, people mistake the Indian 'Gorkhas' with Nepalese 'Gorkhali'. It is to be noted that in terms of Nepal, 'Gorkhali' refers to the people from the 'Gorkha' region. However, the use of the term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is very different than in Nepal's context. Therefore, the term 'Gorkha' refers to different groups of people depending on the country they are being used in reference to.Q. Did the Gorkhas immigrate to India?A. Majority of the people who identify themselves as 'Gorkhas' in India are sons and daughters of the soil, and their forefathers 'came with the land.' They did not immigrate to India. However, it is well recognized that there are many immigrants from Nepal, who have also settled in India, post-independence.Q. What do you mean by 'came with the land'?A.The Nepali kingdom in the 17th and 18th Century was spread all over the Himalayas. In the year 1777, Nepal had appropriated the Kingdom of Sikkim (that included most of the present day Darjeeling district) in the east and had also successfully invaded and conquered the Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra in the west. The Nepali Kingdom was spread from the east of rivers Teesta to the west of river Sutlej.However, following the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-1816, Nepal agreed to cede most of the Terai region, the lands of Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra to the British through the Treaty of Sugauli (Sugauli Sandhi), which was signed on 4 March 1816. After the Anglo-British war of 1865, the British appropriated the lands that are today known as Kalimpong and Dooars. Therefore, all the people of Nepali, Sikkimese and Bhutanese origin, who were living in these tracts automatically came under the British and subsequently under India (after the British left), hence the term – 'came with the land.'Q. Were there Gorkhas in Darjeeling region prior to the British coming to India?A.Recorded history shows that the region was inhabited as early as the 9th century. When Guru Padmasambhava had passed through this region in the 9th century, he had established Buddhism in the region – which indicates the presence of people living in the area way, before the British ever landed in Asia.In the Indian context, the word 'Gorkha' is an umbrella term used to identify a varied group of people, as one unified entity, in terms of Darjeeling, communities such as the Róng – Lepchas, the Tsong – Limbus, the Kirat – Rai, the Dukpas and the Magars are the aboriginal/ethnic/native people of the region, who constitute a large chunk of the 'Gorkha' people living in the Darjeeling region. Hence, it can be safely said that the majority of the 'Gorkhas,' who belong to these communities and are living in Darjeeling, ethnic to the region.In addition, other groups of people such as the Gurungs, Thapas, Chettris, Newars, Sunwars, Bahuns, Kamis, Damais, Sarkis, Bhutias, Thamis etc., came to the region following subsequent wars. For instance, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1642 brought in a large Bhutia population from Tibet and Bhutan into the region. Similarly, the Nepali incursions starting from as early as 1700s brought many present day Nepalis to the region. Hence, it can be safely concurred that the 'Gorkha' presence far supersedes the British arrival in the region.Q. What historical claims does West Bengal have over the Darjeeling-Dooars region?A.Ironically None! There is no shared history between the Darjeeling-Dooars region, and the rest of West Bengal till the year 1935. The only common thread that connects Darjeeling and the rest of Bengal prior to 1935 is that they shared a common Governor (for administrative ease).It is interesting to note that following the partition of Bengal in 1905, the administration of Darjeeling was handed over to the Bhagalpur Division in Bihar Presidency between 1905-1907, following which a demand for a separate administrative unit for the Darjeeling-Dooars region (a la Separate State in today's term) was first raised by the Hillmen's Association in 1907, making the demand for a separate state constituting the hills, Terai and Dooars region the oldest demand for statehood in India.The only reason as to why such a demand was not entertained by the British Government, is because the Darjeeling and Dooars region were already declared a "non-regulated area", which meant that the rules and laws developed for the rest of India would not be automatically applicable to the region.Q. Why is Darjeeling a part of West Bengal?A.The Darjeeling region only became a part of West Bengal Presidency in the year 1935, when it was required to send an elected member to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was done purely for the then administrative ease, as the British could control the Darjeeling region better from Bengal than from Bhagalpur in Bihar.Q. Why are people in Darjeeling demanding Gorkhaland?A.The demand for a separate administrative unit (separate state in today's term) for the Darjeeling region had started as early as 1907. However, the influx of Bangladeshi refugees starting in 1965 and later state sponsored illegal immigrants from Bangladesh post-1971 for vote bank by subsequent West Bengal governments led to marginalization of the ethnic Gorkha, Kamtapuri and the Rajbanshi communities of the region. The demand for Gorkhaland is a demand to protect the identity, culture, history, traditions and the rich bond of people from Darjeeling region, which they share with their land.Furthermore, the Gorkhas from the Darjeeling region have continued to be labeled by the fascist and state sponsored Bengali organizations such as Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Samity, Amra Bangali, Jan Jagaran Morcha, Jan Chetna Morcha as illegal immigrants and the demand for Gorkhaland illegal. They have rendered the ethnic Gorkha people as an intruder in his/her own ancestral lands. This has caused widespread socio-economic and political marginalization of the Gorkhas. All these factors have resulted in the Gorkhas being under-represented, stereotyped and communally discriminated in almost all sectors.Moreover, Bengal has always been colonial in its approach to this region. The large revenues collected from Darjeeling region have been used to develop other parts of Bengal, while neglecting even the basic infrastructure in the region.Q. Is the proposed Gorkhaland region economically viable?A.The proposed Gorkhaland region is rich in bio-diversity, scenic views, hydro potentials, tourism, NTFP, Tea and numerous other resources. Darjeeling Tea has been accorded the Geographical Indicator status recently by the WTO, which has caused the price of Darjeeling Tea to double in the world market. The demand for tea from the Dooars region is also at an all time high. Even the most conservative estimates put the revenue potential from tea, tourism and hydro from the proposed Gorkhaland area at over 1600 Crores per annum. It is estimated that the revenues from Tea and Tourism alone will make the proposed Gorkhaland region a revenue surplus state. The revenues collected from hydro development, NTFP, cross-border trades and other resources will make the proposed state of Gorkhaland as one of the most economically vibrant states in India.Q. Is the demand for Gorkhaland illegal?A. No, to demand for a separate state is the democratic right of every Indian citizen, and the formation of new states is enshrined in our constitution.Article 3 of the Indian constitution specifically deals with the issues regarding the formation of new states:Article 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States—Parliament may by law—(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;(b) increase the area of any State;(c) diminish the area of any State;(d) alter the boundaries of any State;(e) alter the name of any State:Hence, the demand for Gorkhaland is a legitimate demand.Q. Why is West Bengal opposed to the formation of Gorkhaland?A. The state of West Bengal is one of the most economically backward states in India. Even though, it is the 5th largest in terms of its size, but due to the high debt burden of over Rs. 2.5 lakh Crores, West Bengal is practically bankrupt and is highly dependent on the Central Government and the revenues generated from the proposed Gorkhaland region for its sustenance and economic survival. A conservative estimate indicated that if the proposed Gorkhaland state is formed, West Bengal is expected to lose over 40% of its revenue stream.So despite all the rhetoric stating, "Darjeeling is Bengal's Abhinno Aanga," Bengal is scared of loosing its hen, which is currently laying the golden eggs. It is scared of losing the cash cow that has continued to discount the development of Bengal's other regions over and over since independence.Further, Bengal has always held a parochial, colonial and discriminatory attitude towards the proposed Gorkhaland region and continues to do so. Late. Subash Chakraborty a Minister in the CPI(M) Government had said to the Gorkhas "khetey diyechi, sutey chai?" [Meaning: "we have given you food to eat, now you want a space to sleep?"] Hinting that the Bengalis have been benevolent towards the Gorkhas in allowing the Gorkhas to live in Bengal, while ungraciously ignoring the fact that the Gorkhas are ethnic to the land. Similarly, many Bengali scholars [such as Sumanta Sen of The Telegraph] and politicians [such as Dr. Mukund Majumdar and Mr. Ashok Bhattacharjee] continue to call the ethnic Gorkhas foreigners and intruders, which gives a sense of insecurity amongst the ethnic Gorkhas – thus, the demand for Gorkhaland.
-
How distorted is Indian history?
The history taught in schools is Very distorted!While school-history textbooks are adorned with Mughal history, contemporary rulers of the time are hardly given the importance and the prominence they deserve. Then there are some great historical figures of whom hardly anything is known. I am citing some examples here:The VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE - 1336 -1646 ceimage: Google - 10 Greatest Empires of IndiaWhile the Mughal rule - Babur to Aurangzeb - (thereafter, the Emperors were puppets) lasted for roughly 170 years and was restricted to portions of North India, the Vijayanagar Empire existed for over 300 years.image: Google - Worldwide Unreal Lost Cities -The Vijayanagara Bazar, where jewelry was sold in the open, on streetsThe Empire ruled over all of Southern Indian peninsula but does not get due mention in the books outside of South Indian textbooks. Krishna Devaraya was one of the finest rulers Indian history has ever seen. Interestingly, the empire was established by two brothers Harihara-I and Bukka Raya. The two brothers were sons of a Hindu couple who had converted to Islam. These brothers reconverted to Hinduism and established the empire to fight the invaders. The Empire existed from mid 14th Century until mid 17th Century, and ended a few decades before the advent of the Maratha Empire.image: Google - Durch Karnataka nach Goa - Virupaksha Temple ruins, Hampiimage: Google - Social Life: Vijayanagar Empire - The rich art of VijayanagarThe MARATHA Empire - Once again a contemporary of the Mughals, this was one of the other thorns in the Mughal empire. Established by Shivaji, the Marathas went on to rule all of Western India to Cuttack in the east, from Central India to Karnataka in the South. The Maratha history again, barely gets a few paragraphs in modern school texts outside of Maharashtra.image: Google - Maratha Empire/จักรวรรดิมราฐาThe Maratha Empire is credited with destroying and ending the rule of Muslim invaders and other Muslim rulers of that period. In the end, before the British East India Company took over, Marathas had written a glorious history to the extent of having a puppet on the throne of the Mughals.image: Google - Shivaji JayantiChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is one of the greatest characters (Heroes) of Indian history. The Marathas were responsible for the downfall of the Mughal Empire, and Bajirao-II throned a Mughal Emperor, The Marathas were also the main fighting force that resisted the East India Company; from the Queen of Jhansi to Peshwa, all were Marathas who fought in the war of 1857.During Maratha rule there were some amazing heroes. The Peshwas all well known, but there are some whose names should be written in gold but they are unknown to most Indians. Foremost among them is the Naval Admiral Kanhoji Angre.[1] In his career spanning forty years he remained undefeated as a Naval Admiral. He defeated the British, Dutch and Portuguese in naval wars. The Europeans were so frustrated by Angre’s naval might, they dubbed him ‘The Pirate’, but he finds no mention in history books.The SIKH Empire -image: Google - 【那些你不知道的巴基斯坦】 天空之城-穆里MurreeThis was one the the most powerful Empires in 18th Century India. Spanning the whole of undivided Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and parts of Jammu & Kashmir. This history is virtually unknown to present generation outside of Punjab today. The glory of this empire and its ruler, the Great Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and his great General and Minister Hari Singh Nalwa,[2] their bravery, wisdom and excellent rule should be part of pan-Indian folklore. But sadly, it isn’t.images: Google - Maharaja Ranjit Singhimage: Google - Meet Hari Singh Nalwa - The Sikh Commander Who Was The Most Feared Warrior In AfghanistanThe AHOM Empire of Assam - [3]image: Google - Assam - East India Holidays - Lachit Borphukan was a commander and Borphukan in the Ahom kingdom known for his leadership in the 1671 Battle of Saraighat that thwarted a drawn-out attempt by Mughal forces under the command of Ramsingh I to take back Kamrup - source: Lachit Borphukan - WikipediaThis Assamese empire which ruled for nearly 600 years, is one the greatest of India in last few centuries. It has the credit of defeating the Mughals and the English but their story is unknown to most Indians outside of Assam and other North-Eastern states. Ahom Empire ruled the North-east for nearly 600 years from 13th to 19th Century - No mention of this Empire is found outside of the N-E states. That is unfair, hypocritical and a historical blunder.[4] Sources: History (weebly.com)The great CHOLA Dynasty - Thanjavur[5]This was certainly one of the greatest Empires ever in the history of mankind. It was equivalent to the Great Gupta and Mauryan Empires. The Cholas ruled from Southern India to North East India, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, Thailand and parts of Indonesia.The welfare of its citizens was taken care of. People were happy and prosperous and rate of literacy was quite high.image: Google - KOKILA PACHAIYAPPAN - Google+Very little is taught outside of Southern India of this great empire. It was an era where Copper, silver and gold coins were in circulation. This tells us of the great wealth and prosperity of the people under his rule.image: Google - NumisBids: Baldwin's Hong Kong Coin Auction Auction 53 (23 August 2012): COINS -The gold coin used during the Chola ruleimage: Google - Tanjore temple -Brihadeshwar Temple - Statue of the Great Rajaraja Chola - The Emperorimage: Google - Histoire du sud d' l'Inde - Raja Raja Chola on the right with his Guru - a muralSources: [6] [7] [8] [9]For me one of the real wonders of the world is: the BRIHADESESHWARAR TEMPLE in Thanjavur. It is a magnificent example of the height of Chola Architecture, still unmatched by any in India, with the possible exceptions of the Kalidasa temple near Ajanta caves, and the physics defying Jagannath Temple, Puri.image: Google - Thanjavur brihadeeswarar Temple - The Big Temple - The mind boggling feats of this temple can be see here in a YouTube video:GUPTA EMPIRE - 320 - 445 ce - The Golden Age of Ancient Indiaimage: Google - Encounters with the Greeks -This is called the ‘Golden Era of Indian History’, yet very little is taught about it in schools. Achievements of this era in almost every field is enviable if you are not an Indian. It was an era where Science, Mathematics, Arts and Literature thrived, and the people were prosperous.This history gets a mention of a few paragraphs in school texts mostly.images: Google - The achievements of the Gupta EmpireImage source: http://coinindia.com/Samudra- Gold coins in circulation during the Gupta period.Sources: [10] [11] [12] [13]4) MAURYAN EMPIRE -Indian history has some of the most glorious rulers in Ashoka, Bindusara and Chandragupta etc, alongside Chanakya, but are not given more than a few paragraphs or an odd chapter in texts perhaps. Without these men, India’s history would be quite different probably, but without Ashoka, the world history would definitely be different. He was among the greatest rulers ever to have ruled, and is the greatest story never told. Even though Ashoka was responsible for death of many of his opponents and even his brothers. But after he became the undisputed ruler, he transformed to become ‘Great’ and changed the future of history. But less than ten percent people of this country know the glorious history.Ashoka and the Mauryan EmpireThe grandson of Chandragupta MauryaThe Mauryan empire was created by Chandragupta Maurya by 328 B.C.E.The creation of a political vacuum by Alexander helped the Mauryan empire, because it allowed them to expandAshoka ruled the Mauryan empire from 268 - 232 B.C.EHe conquered Kalinga, the last major region that was independent from the Mauryan empireHe ruled using a bureaucracyHe established the capital of the Mauryan empire at PataliputraStabilized the government and economyBuilt irrigation systems to encourage agricultureBuilt roads and highways that connected India to Bactria, Persia and many other western pointsThe Mauryan Empire declined in 232 B.C.E. after Ashoka diedBy 185 B.C.E the empire ceased to existimage: Google - Encounters with the Greeks - The Lion Capital, the National Emblem of India today. The original capital is rested in the Sarnath Museum, Varanasi, UP where it was excavated. To this day, India honors Ashoka’s achievements, and the Lion Capital is the finest example. The other important sign used today is the Ashoka Chakra.The KALINGA EMPIRE - Virtually nothing is mentioned in history texts except its war and destruction by Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor. The stories of Dhananand and Dashratah are buried in history, not mentioned except in a chapter probably in Odisha. The end of the Kalinga war, and the massacre and destruction of Kalinga was to change Ashoka forever. The light of Buddhism was spread by Ashoka from North Africa to Middle-east, and from Afghanistan to Japan.KARMOTA KAYASTHA DYNASTY[14] - Here is one of the greatest Historical figures from Indian History. The British historians called him - Alexander of India.[15] Yet, barely half a percent of Indians know of this great King and Warrior from Kashmir - LALITADITYA MUKTAPIDA.[16] His administration was superb. His subjects were happy under his rule where education, agriculture, culture, sciences and arts thrived. What is amazing is that his rule stretched from Karnataka in southern India to Central Asia (and some debate that his kingdom also stretched to the borders of Turkey). That is why the British called him India’s Alexander. Where is his story?History texts do not talk much about some other great Kingdoms, Rulers or Empires of India- the Chalukyas, Bahamanis, Gangas, Gajapatis, Pandyans, Cheras, Pallavas, Satvahanas, Sultanates like Madurai, and most strikingly the defeat of the Dutch East India Company at the height of its power by the Kingdom of Travancore in the Battle of Colachel. (I will be adding some details soon)…The history of North-Eastern India finds no mention at all.The Dogra Dynasty - the rulers of Kashmir, which has its resonance to this day. No history is taught of this rule either.The Unsung HEROINES of 1857 - and some other Female Rulers of an era gone by…image: Google - Urdu/English Play: Begum Hazrat Mahal (by: Pradeep Srivastava)Begum Hazrat Mahal - alias Muhammadi Khanum - (wife/consort of Wajid Ali Shah). After the arrest and exile of the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, Begum Hazrat Mahal took charge of the affairs of Awadh. During the 1857 war, she joined forces with Raja Jailal Singh and fought the British in the ‘Last war of resistance’ (I call it so because it was so, not the first war of independence as the biased historians want us to believe).After the loss in the battle of 1857, she re-conquered Awadh and crowned her 11 year old son as the ruler. The British defeated her again, but instead of living in a life of luxury offered by the British, she decided to live a life in exile, and took the offer of the Nepal King to live in Kathmandu. She died in 1879, a lonely figure. Her ‘mazaar’ is still maintained in Kathmandu. She doesn’t find mention in any book. Even in Lucknow, where the main shopping area and a lake are named after her, locals have no idea about her history. Where’s her story?Sources: Begum Hazrat Mahal: The unsung heroine of the first war of Independenceimage: Google - Más allá de Wonder Woman: las 12 guerreras de sexo femenino. - A Rs. 5.00 postal stamp was issued to honor this brave Queen.image: Veer Rani Velu Nachiyar - Vyakti VisheshQueen (Rani) Velu Nachiyar: Is falsely called the Tamil Rani of Jhansi. This Princess of Ramanathapuram in present day Tamil Nadu, took over the reigns of her kingdom when her husband, after the King was killed while fighting the British army. She successfully led an army with an ally Hyder Ali, and defeated the British, and went on to rule the kingdom from 1780 to 1790 when she died. She was the warrior Queen who lived almost six decades before the Rani of Jhansi, and so I say that she shouldn’t be called Rani Jhansi of Tamil Nadu. Where is her story outside of Tamil Nadu? (When I asked, many Tamilians also have very little or no idea about her history). Isn’t that a shame?For more Information - link: Veer Rani Velu Nachiyar - Vyakti VisheshOur history books mention a lot about how the Indian leaders struggled and fought for freedom. The one aspect I hate is the stress on how Congress, Gandhiji and Nehru persevered during the Raj. But what about other groups which were fighting at the same time? How many know the real story of Chandrashekhar Azad. There are at least fifty more of whom we know nothing about, or barely anything.If the history is not totally distorted, it is most certainly biased. It is mostly Delhi centric and unneeded emphasis is given on what happens in and around Delhi even in eras where it had little importance.In modern era where do we find the history of freedom fighters like Chandrashekhar Azad, The Chapekar brothers, Annie Besant, Tirupur Kumaran, Ashfaqullah Khan, Veer Savarkar, Allah Bux Sumro who was assassinated, the young Peer Ali Khan etc. and the list is endless…or…Let me introduce (to those who are unaware of) Pritilata Waddedar, a female martyr from Bengal. Born in Chittagong, she was educated in Chittagong, Dacca (now Dhaka) and Calcutta (Kolkata), and graduated with Philosophy, with distinction. In September 1932, dressed as a Punjabi male, she led a group of 15 men and torched ‘Pahartali European Club’ which had a signboard that read, “INDIANS AND DOGS NOT ALLOWED’. She was successful in her attempt and the club was destroyed. British officers chased the group and fired on the saboteurs, including Pritilata. In the ensuing gun-battle, she was fatally wounded but she refused to surrender, and helped many from her group escape (they were later caught and punished). When she saw no possibility of escaping, Pritilata, rather than being caught by the British, consumed cyanide and died. She was 21. Where is her story?Since childhood, we have heard of the great sacrifices of ‘revolutionaries’, and the reverence to Shaheed Bhagat Singh - one of our real heroes. But along with him there were others too. The two other men hung by the British along with Bhagat Singh were Rajguru (our generation doesn’t even know the first name of this man - Shivaram Hari, and Sukhdev (Thapar), of whom nothing is said about. But there was a woman who would stand as tall as these men, and in my book at times even taller than most of our freedom fighters.image: Google - 7 Reasons The Forgotten Durgawati Devi Was A Terror For The British Raj And Must Be RememberedWhere is the story of DURGA BHABHI (Durgawati Devi Vohra), who was a freedom fighter, and whose sacrifices and loneliness in later life can’t be put into words. What she was able to do is beyond comprehension.image: Google - 7 Reasons The Forgotten Durgawati Devi Was A Terror For The British Raj And Must Be RememberedThe highlights were: She was the virtual leader of the group after her husband, Bhagwati Charan Vohra (who was the leader of the group until he died when he was testing a bomb on the banks of river Ravi). Durga Bhabhi was instrumental in making escape of Bhagat Singh possible when she asked Bhagat Singh to shave his beard, and accompanied him to the station, put her child, Sachindra in his arms. When inquired at the station by British officers, she identified Bhagat Singh as her husband (remember that she was a widow at the time, and a Hindu female doing so required great courage and conviction). When Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were arrested, she managed to arrange for Rs. 3000 (in that time’s money it must have been phenomenal sum), though she had to sell off her jewelry too, to arrange for the defence of the three men in court. The three men were illegally hung in Lahore on March 23, 1930.Durga Bhabhi was also charged for the assassination attempt on Lord Hailey (which was true) but instead killed many of Hailey’s associates. Where is her story? Lost in the pages, only to be read by someone like me who accidentally happens to come across it. Durgawati Devi - WikipediaJHALKARI BAI - The Queen’s double!Some people may remember the number of body doubles that Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi dictator had to protect himself. But we don’t know of a real life body double of one of our greatest heroines - Rani Laxmibai.image: Google - Navrang India: A brave woman warrior Jhalkaribai - 1857The name of her double was Jhalkari Bai - the body double of Rani Laxmibai. Jhalkari Bai was born in a poor family and joined the Queen’s army of female fighters ‘Durga Dal’ (which had unsung heroines like Kana and Mandira are some brave fighters who gave the English many corpses on the fields), starting as a soldier and rising to become a member of the core of advisers. Jhalkari Devi was adept at sword fighting, armed combats, shooting and firing canons. Her uncanny resemblance to Queen Laxmibai, along with her fighting skills and wisdom brought her close to the Queen.There is a folklore in Bundelkhand in Jhalkari Bai’s honor: Macha Jhansi mein ghamasan, chahun aur machee kilkari thee, Angrezon se loha lene, rann mein kudee Jhalkari thee (In the battle-frenzy of Jhansi, from all directions, Jhalkari came to the battlefield, to confront the English).Stories of Jhalkari Bai’s bravery are too many. She once fought and killed a tiger with only an axe in her hand. She confronted a band of dacoits alone, and forced them to retreat.image: Google - Jhalkari Bai Ruler of Jhansi Horse 2001 India Block of 4 Stamps MNHIn the battle of 1857, Jhalkari Bai played a major part. When Laxmibai needed, Jhalkari Bai would dress up like her Queen and dart into the battle-field and lure the English army away, allowing the Queen to escape. After Queen Laxmibai died on the battle-field (she was only 23), Jhalkari Bai was also captured, and when the English asked what should be done with her, Jhalkari Bai replied unflinchingly, ‘Taang do mujhe’ (Hang me). And she was! She was only 28. Where are her stories in the history texts today? These are forgotten heroines of our land.Link: Plaque on Veerangana Jhalkari Bai Archaeological Museum at Jhansi Fort, Jhansi UnveiledFor the Valiant but FORGOTTEN Heroines of India, kindly read my blog:The Forgotten Heroines of India - 1 - KITTUR CHENNAMMA & RANI CHENNAMMA by Siddharth Sinha on PostsThe Forgotten Heroines of India - 2 - RANI ABBAKKA of Chowta by Siddharth Sinha on FORGOTTEN HEROINES OF INDIAThe Forgotten Heroines of India - 3 - RANI AVANTIBAI by Siddharth Sinha on FORGOTTEN HEROINES OF INDIAO T H E R . . . F R E E D O M - F I G H T E R SAlluri Sitarama Raju - 1898 - 1924 - Alluri Sitarama Raju - Wikipedia One of the first freedom fighters of India. He led a tribal group in(present day Andhra Pradesh) to the British. He was eventually caught, tied to a tree and shot by a firing squad. Where is his story? (Thank you Suresh Babu for sharing)Will continue… to add more stories…I have received many comments which include quite a few names of Historical figures and dynasties or rulers which do not feature in the books as they deserve to. So, kindly check this page once a week. Also, please keep your comments coming. Thank you...Source: Pictures from Google imagesFootnotes[1] Kanhoji Angre - Wikipedia[2] Hari Singh Nalwa - Wikipedia[3] http://Ahom kingdom - Wikipedia ...[4] http://9 Things About the Ahom C...[5] http://Chola dynasty - Wikipedia...[6] http://Chola Dynasty, Rulers of ...[7] http://Chola Dynasty - New World...[8] http://www.mapsofindia.com/histo...[9] http://7 Facts About Chola Dynas...[10] http://History of the Gupta Empi...[11] http://The Gupta Period of India...[12] http://Gupta Empire - Wikipedia ...[13] http://Encounters with the Greek...[14] Karkoṭa Empire - Wikipedia[15] He was called the "ALEXANDER OF INDIA". No history books tell us about this great Hindu emperor! - News Gram 24 | DailyHunt[16] Siddharth Sinha's answer to What should us Indians definitely know about our country's past?
-
How would you respond to your teen if he/she threatened to call Child Protective Services because you punished them?
You hand them the phone and ask them if they want you to look up the number for them? I had four teen boys and an adult daughter and a baby living with my new husband and I. The boys would get sassy and nasty and out of control sometimes and I would give them a slap or a smack for the nasty talk and some form of grounding or discipline for the thing done wrong.I happened to be installing a LAN system at a police station around the same time. The chief of police sat down at my table to eat his lunch and we fell into conversation. I mentioned my four teen boys and how sassy they could get. I explained that they threaten to call the cops any time I go to smack them for something they’ve said or done. He asked me if I actually do hit them and I said, “yes, I do smack them, they are great big boys, all of them are bigger than me and sometimes, I just can’t signNow them.”He laughed, of course, and said, “Well, just go get a chair or something so that you can signNow them. And if they call us, we’ll be happy to come to your home and stand around and laugh at your son for you.”And then, he got very serious, the way cops get serious and said,“Here’s the truth, you beat them now or we will beat them later. You take your choice.”He was so serious, it gave me chills.I went home and related this story to my boys and told them all, “Don’t make me go get a chair.” and it became the catchphrase for the rest of their childhood. If they gave me lip, I said, “Don’t make me go get the chair.” and it would return everyone to perspective.The last slap was to my youngest. When, at age 16, he said, “F*ck you, B*tch!” after I had grounded him for yet another display of bad behavior, I chased his butt down and went to slap him. He blocked me! What?! I went to slap him a second time, calling me names is strictly against the rules. He blocked me a second time. I saw red. You know how it is. This boy was six feet tall and out weighed me, I’m only five feet tall! I went to slap him again but I put everything I had into it to get past the expected block. He didn’t block the third time and I nearly took his head off his shoulders - the mark was bright red and I didn’t feel bad about it at all.He threatened to call the cops and I told him to go ahead but that he would have to prove in court that I was unfit. He just gave up at that point and the fight was over, he accepted his grounding and the justified slap. I never had to slap another one of my kids. After that, they had all learned enough respect for others that it wasn’t ever necessary again.What did he do that resulted in him calling me the b word and me chasing him down and slapping him for it? He and an older friend had trashed a hotel room and he didn’t think it was fair that the friend’s mother had to pay $400.00 in damages and I was explaining why he was wrong. Oh, and that was the ONLY time any of my kids called me a name where I could hear them. They told me they hated me, they told me I was unfair. They told me I was mean and then.. years later, all of them told me, “Thank you, for being my mom and not my friend”.Dare to be the parent and the cops will have your back. When your kids become adults, then you can be friends. Good Luck!
-
Why don't liberals think Trump is the best president ever?
You are framing the question incorrectly. It is not that liberals just don’t think he is the best president ever. Many conservatives, such as Bill Kristol, do not think he is. It is really a question of repugnance vs. decency.He is a horrible orator. He repeats himself. He tends to make grandiose statements of opinion with no basis in fact. He uses vulgarity where and when it not appropriate.He is a racist.He is narcissistic. He only cares for himself. If one listens to him, pretty much every conversation will eventually turn to him. He is not the savior he plays himself to be.He is horribl...
Trusted esignature solution— what our customers are saying
be ready to get more
Get legally-binding signatures now!
Related searches to eSign Presentation for Administrative Later
Frequently asked questions
How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
When a client enters information (such as a password) into the online form on , the information is encrypted so the client cannot see it. An authorized representative for the client, called a "Doe Representative," must enter the information into the "Signature" field to complete the signature.
How to make an electronic signature from a scan?
The only place I found information about this was in the State University's "Electronic Security (CEC) Course". It is not a prerequisite, so the only thing you need to do is read the entire class description and then just start working on getting the software, which is freely released, on your phone. If you are a student with an iPhone, just scroll to Chapter 3 and start doing stuff. There are a lot of cool apps for this.
Why is it a big deal to have an "electronic signature" on my files?
In the world of digital signatures, it is the most important thing.
For an image, you do this by signing it with an image signature.
What is an image signature?
You can imagine your document as a digital signature, but it's made by signing an image with an image.
This method is used by the federal government when they print out documents and when they scan documents to keep them in digital form. In general, any digital information, from your passport to a document in the state DMV, is an image signature.
So, let's say that I have a document I scanned that says "The State of New York Department of Transportation" and I want people to know that it is an actual document that contains my name, my signature, and my image. How do I do this?
You can use an image signature on your scanned document.
If you don't have an image to use, you can use "Digital signature" to use the same image. You just need to sign off using your name, your signature, and the image on your document.
So, ho...
How to run an e-mail sign up contest through mail chimp?
If so, I recommend using this tutorial.
Here is an example of some of the mailchimp settings that I set for this campaign.
The Campaign
The goal of this campaign, besides just getting my own name out there, is to try to get my name out there on Google's search results as a potential buyer of items. I decided to use the phrase 'How to run an e-mail sign up contest through mail chimp' as the title of the campaign for two reasons.
First I wanted to drive traffic to the 'How to run an e-mail sign up contest through mail chimp' blog post as an incentive. It's a pretty niche topic that a lot of people would be interested in finding out more about.
Second, I want to make sure that if someone clicks on my sign up for email, or my product page, they will also find a link back to what's on this blog post.
What did I want to sell with my sign up contest?
As with most sign up contests on the web, there are lots of options when it comes to the products that you can sell. Most sign up contests are about selling one product.
For this giveaway, my main goal was to get my name out there.
So that's why I used a product like Amazon's Echo Dot. In the past, I had heard of people who had bought these products and then used them to make their own home automation setup.
The giveaway was a way to find out about all of the different ways to setup the Echo Dot.
What should I know about my competition?
First to do is to ensure that your competition is legit!
In most cases, you want to d...
Get more for eSign Presentation for Administrative Later
- How Do I Electronic signature Idaho Courts PDF
- Help Me With Electronic signature Idaho Courts PDF
- Can I Electronic signature Idaho Courts PDF
- How Can I Electronic signature Idaho Courts PDF
- Can I Electronic signature Idaho Courts PDF
- How To Electronic signature Idaho Courts PDF
- How To Electronic signature Idaho Courts Document
- How Do I Electronic signature Idaho Courts Document
Find out other eSign Presentation for Administrative Later
- Sentence structure exercise form
- Cancellation of registration form welcome to alabama aampm www2 aamu
- Housing update form
- Core values purpose brand promises gazelles form
- Participant evaluation form
- Sample pesticide application record form for school contact person bugs osu
- Ucla referral form
- Algebra 2 cheat sheet pdf form
- Ach authorization forms
- Mercer county surrogates court nj form
- Tattoo artist application form the world record
- Tommy bahama watch repair form
- Vectorconnect form
- Spa sweet new client questionnaire facial docx form
- Lb014 02 form
- Dl 015 12 13 mva maryland gov mva maryland form
- Usa track amp field medical claim form usatf
- Form rcswhp 21248
- Wellness benefit claim form allstate
- Union 829 form