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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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What are the biggest misconceptions among Pakistanis for Indian people?
Though Pakistan is a nation which belongs to the 21st century in it’s current existence; did not exist before 1947. But, Pakistan and India got independence in the year 1947 on 14th & 15th Aug respectively. The whole concept of dividing the single nation India in to 2 nations we framed by then Leader of Muslim League M.A. Jinnah.British also did not want India as one large nation, kept supporting this theory and were even fueling the matter. After WW-II the British had to leave India as there was a signNow revolt within the Royal Indian Army as Subash Chandra Bose was ready to attack the British who lived within India with his 60000 troops of the Indian National Army. Due to Subash Bose’s presence in the Mayanmar (then Burma) borders, the Soldiers of the Royal Indian Army started revolts across the nation. This terrified the British.So, the British thought it is wise to slip out of India or get killed in the battle like they had to in the USA 150 years ago. This also because the British were war torn and Indian Army strength which was beefed up to 25,00,000 soldiers due to WW-II (Indian Soldiers fought for British in WW-II), and these soldiers were now revolting against the British. On the other side Subash Bose was ready to take over the command of these revolting soldiers of RIA.Thus the British planned a quick transfer of power to the natives of India and quit India as quickly as possible. So, they called Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah. They declared that India will be split in to two nations (1) a Muslims ruled Pakistan under the leadership of M.A. Jinha and (2) a Hindus’ ruled India under the leadership of J.L. Nehru. However the last Viceroy of Britain was requested by the Indian government to stay for some time as the Governer General as the Pakistani nation was creating some troubles across the borders of J&K and some areas.J&K was a princely State within India, which was independent like many other states before Independence was ruled by a Hindu King and the majority of his population were Muslims. Pakistan used some tribal groups first to inf literate J&K and later used their Army disguised like the tribal groups. The King of J&K requested Indian PM to help him as those tribes were creating havoc in his state. India got this matter that the Pakistani Army was also involved and agreed to support the J&K king, but asked him to sign the agreement to become a part of the Union of Indian Republic, and the King happily signed the deed and thus India sent it’s army to handle the situation.The conflicts were sporadic and lasted for a very long period. Thus a situation came the state of J&K was split as PoK (Pakistan occupied Kashmir) and the rest was Indian part. This line is called the LOC or the line of control. The nations like USSR (then), USA, UK asked both nations for a ceasefire and sit across tables and discuss the matter diplomatically. The condition was that Pakistan must vacate it’s troops from PoK and so must India, for the discussions to happen.Unfortunately though India moved it’s troops from the PoK, Pakistan had them stationed even till today. This lead to wars in 1965, 1971, 1990s. In 1971 Pakistan which had it’s eastern wing called E-Pakistan (east of India) became an Independent nation called Bangladesh.This became a grudge for the Pakistani military and wanted revenge on India, thus they turned in use Infiltrators and many more ways (a different story). However in it’s pursuit to maintain an Islamic nation; Pakistan made too many compromises and fell in to the trap of the cold war between USSR and USA since 1960 s till today.Later the Arabic nations who aimed to convert the whole world in to Islam had a slogan - which is called the “Gazzwai Hind”. Now the link is as follows:It must be understood since 800 AD there were many attempts by the Arabic people to convert the whole world to Islam and successfully converted Turkey, Egypt, Prussia (now Iran & Iraq), many Baltic nations up to Afghanistan. They tried to do the same with Hindustan - but failed in their mission as Hindus kept fighting even till 1700 AD before the British came. By this time the Hindu kings under the Marat regime cornered the Moughals and restricted them to areas around Delhi and UP. But they became war torn and British came with modern weapons could not match them. Even the British could not impose Christianity on Indians, this is because of the strong cultural heritage of India and the sprite to fight back existed - Jhansi Lakshmi Bhai & Subash Bose were an example to this). Thus each invader Islamic or Christian who came for different purposes settled to rule the people of India than convert the.So, there is a crib within the Abrahamic religions and especially Islam; that is even though they could convert half of Asia in to Islam just within 70 years, even after 800 years they could not do the same with Indian people. The Christians were trying using their methods of converting Hindus’ to their religion could manage a me-gar 2%, the Islamic people who were given permission by the Indian government in 1947 to stay in India if they want to or leave to Pakistan, many stayed in India and now India is the 2nd largest Muslim populated nation in the World next to Indonesia (14%). But on the contrary - 15% of the Hindu population in Pakistan were forced to become Muslims and they are hardly 1 % to 2% in Pakistan.Thus the grudge of their inability to convert Hinduism to Islam the Arabic nations created a slogan “Gazzwai Hind”. To convert Hindustan in to an Islamic nation, they used some words of Quron, called it Jihad or some kind of Holy war. This needed a military and mercenaries. Thus Pakistan became useful since 1947, and after Afghan crises the USSR withdrew due to US trained Hizbul Mujahideen and Thallibhans these tribal groups in Afghanistan had no job which they were trained for, became handy to create terrorism across the Indian sub-continent. These people were later been used in a different names with Arabic support became Al-Quida. To create troubles among Arabs USA and S. Arabia gave another name - ISIS.See the above image to understand the fundamentals of these people.Now Pakistan is doing that dirty job of Jihad in India and the World. So, you can understand one thing is Pakistan does not have any kind of moral and value, they it is a nation of haired Mercenaries in modern outfit and they will never accept to any terms from India to give up their ways until they get destroyed in to several separate nations (that’s their destiny) and choice too. It will be foolish for India or any nation to expect any thing different from Pakistan. So, they keep the J&K issue alive, so that they can get more and more foreign funds from USA, S. Arabia and now China.
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What are some interesting improper integrals and tricks that can be used to solve them?
Note: Sorry for some typos. I was having a bunch of trouble with math mode -_-My favorite improper integral is due to Dirac:[math] \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{ikx} dx = \delta(k)[/math]I'm going to first give the physicist's explanation of why this equation is true. Recall that the Dirac Delta Function [0] can be thought of as a Gaussian with vanishingly small variance:[math] \delta(x) = \lim_{\sigma \downarrow 0} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} e^{-\frac{x^2}{2\sigma}} [/math]The first fact we need is the following:Claim: The Fourier Transform of a mean-zero, variance [math]\sigma[/math] Gaussian is a Gaussian with mean-zero and variance [math]\frac{1}{\sigma}[/math]Here's a picture:Leo C. Stein gave us an example of an inverse Fourier Transform already. Our Gaussian has density,[math] f(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi \sigma}} e^{-\frac{x^2}{2\sigma}} [/math]Hence the Fourier Transform [math]\hat{f}(k)[/math] is:[math] \hat{f}(k) = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{\sigma}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-\frac{x^2}{2\sigma}} e^{-ikx} dx [/math]Now we need to complete the square in order to turn this into a Gaussian integral. Our integrand is [math] e^{-\frac{x^2}{2\sigma}} e^{-ikx} = \exp[ - (\frac{x^2}{2\sigma} + ikx) ] [/math]. Completing this square gives,[math](\frac{x^2}{2\sigma} + ikx) [/math][math]= \frac{x^2}{2\sigma} + ikx - \frac{\sigma}{2}k^2 + \frac{\sigma}{2}k^2 [/math][math] = \frac{\sigma}{2}k^2 + \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{2\sigma}} + i\sqrt{\frac{\sigma}{2}} k\right)^2[/math]Hence:[math]\hat{f}(k) = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{\sigma}} \int_{\mathbb{R}} \exp[-\frac{\sigma}{2}k^2 \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{2\sigma}} + i\sqrt{\frac{\sigma}{2}} k\right)^2] [/math][math] = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{\sigma}} e^{-\frac{\sigma}{2}k^2} \int_{\mathbb{R}} e^{-\left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{2\sigma}} + i\sqrt{\frac{\sigma}{2}} k\right)^2} dx [/math]Now we need to use the translational invariance of the Lebesgue measure as well as Anders Kaseorg's nice answer. Let [math]x' = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2\sigma}} + i\sqrt{\frac{\sigma}{2}} k [/math]. Then [math]dx' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\sigma}} dx[/math] and as such we get:[math]\hat{f}(k) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} e^{-\frac{\sigma}{2}k^2}[/math]which is a Gaussian with mean zero and variance [math]\frac{1}{\sigma}[/math] as claimed. The same proof gives the same result for the inverse Fourier transform.Now the idea is that we can use the Fourier Transform to transform our "skinny" Gaussian (e.g. with variance [math]\sigma, \sigma \downarrow 0[/math]) to a "fat" Gaussian with variance [math]1/\sigma[/math] which will let us take this limit far more easily.As a Physicist, I 'assume' that the dominated convergence theorem (or in this case, monotone convergence theorem) holds so that I can interchange integral and limit, giving me:[math] \delta(k) = \lim_{\sigma \downarrow 0} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi \sigma}} e^{-\frac{k^2}{2\sigma}} [/math][math] = \lim_{\sigma\downarrow 0} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-\frac{\sigma x^2}{2}} e^{-ikx} dx [/math][math] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-ikx}[/math]It is amazing, but this took mathematicians a good 30-40 years to formalize (culminating in the work that led to Laurent Schwartz's Fields Medal). There are very deep connections between this fairly innocent looking integral (and the idea of a distribution) and abstract areas of math (e.g. convolution algebras, certain parts of algebraic geometry) as well as PDEs. Note that the Delta function is really a measure and it only makes sense to talk about it relative to the [math]L^2(\mathbb{R})[/math] inner product. The Riesz Representation Theorem says that this inner product gives a one-to-one correspondance between linear functionals and integrals, thus giving us the "Physicist's definition" of the Delta function as a Radon-Nikodym derivative/density such that [math] \int_{R} \delta(x) dx = 1 [/math] just in case [math]0 \in R[/math], and [math] = 0[/math] otherwise.Note that Physicists will often write the [math]\delta[/math] function without the integral even though, strictly speaking, we need an integral for the function (which is really a measure) to be definedMathematically, there is a connection between this integral and the Central Limit Theorem. Since the Fourier Transform of a probability distribution (which is really a measure) determines a distribution uniquely, we see that the uniform distribution (e.g. a constant) and the Dirac measure are very much related. This means that any sequence of I.I.D. uniform random variables [math]X_n[/math] with mean and variance zero has a limiting distribution [math]X[/math] with Fourier transform equal to the Dirac measure. [0] For consistency with the Physics literature, I will refer to it as the "Delta Function" when I am using it colloquially and the "Dirac Measure" when I am being more formal
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What is the connection between India and Iran (culturally)?
Iran and India had deep relations in different field.We both share the same history,the same culture and the literature.You feel bored but sometimes you will find it interesting.So here it go The historical heritage found in the archaeological searches in Mohanjodearo and Harappa as well as the north west of Punjab and Estasorahtra show that in 2500BC there was a develop nation in the mentioned era.The historical leftovers found in India resembled throne found in Iran from the Dejlah and Forat rivers.Showing that these two nation had close relationship and contact with each other.The searches in 1390(Solar Date) and 2000AD around the Silk Valley of Kashan (Iran) showed the ancient city of Kashan was the meeting point of Iranian and Indian civilazation.After migration to different countries the cultural and racial connection of Iran and India never stopped.THe oldest scripture of Indians are the Vedas which date back to 1500BC .The vedas are much similar to Avesta of the Iranian ,Avesta among the books in Sanskrit the most similar book to Vedas.Sanskrit and Avesta the two common languages are very similar in terms of their terminology and phonetics.The rhythm and style of writing poem is so similar that the Avesta language can be converted to Vedas using phonetic rules.The God and Myths of Iran in RigVeda and Avesta are much similar.For Example Mitra in Rig Veda is in facta Misra of Avesta.Worshipping the sun ,holiness of fire and scaracity of cow these things we Indian and Iran both share.During the times of Medieval India in Akbar shah kingdom (1542-1605) the Iranian festival (Nawroz-19 days) came in vogue again by the king's order due to his interest in solar date.Everthing is decorated with expensive colouful and golden cloth and curtains.Jahangir inherited the throne.He reigned for 22 years .In his kingdom he wrote in farsi which later know as Tozak-e-jahangir.He has wrote about 17 years of his kingdom such as First Nawroz,Second Nawroz...!!Shah Jahan the son of Jahangir sat on Takht-e-tawoos(the throne of peacock) in Nawroz festivals.The taj mahal of Agra was constructed by an Iranian architect Named Isa Isfahani.It is a milestone in architecture which Ren Gerossch and French scholar calls"the soul represented in India body" Takht-e-tawoos(the throne of peacock) was built by Shaer Zargar Bashi of Iran.The scrupture of Ashoka Pillar which includes four lions sitting back to back column it is in fact an imitation of Takht-E-Jamshid which were built in 300 AD and is now in Banaras museum.A great portion of books are in Farsi. Jawahar Lal Nehru words "Persian art appears to be intimately connected with the soil and scenery of Iran, and to that probably is due the persistence of Iran's artistic tradition. So also the Indo-Aryan artistic tradition and idealsgrew out of the snow-covered mountains, rich forests, and great rivers of north India'India and Iran maintain regular cultural and educational exchanges. As per an MoU signed in January 2008 between the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), New Delhi and the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO) a weeklong Iranian cultural week was held in New Delhi and Mumbai in April-May 2008. India also held its “Days of Culture” at the Niyavaran Palace in Tehran and Hafezia in Shiraz from May 10-17, 2011 which was attended by over twenty thousand people. The cultural festival was dedicated to the memory of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore. India over the years has emerged as one of the favourite tourist destinations for Iranian tourists and every year around 40,000 Iranians visit India for various purposes. In February 2011, India successfully outsourced the tourist visa collection in Tehran to facilitate the visa services for Iranian tourists visiting India. No Last Point I hope you find it intersting Thanks for reading...!!
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What are key pieces of Brazilian wisdom?
Manda quem pode, obedece quem tem juízo.He commands who has power, and he obeys who has discernment. A simple lesson, which five centuries of slavery, warlordism, imperial rule, republican autocracy and the contemporary yoke of organized crime over much of the population have thaught us many times over (and also, the answer implies our belief that no one can have both things at once).Artist’s conception of the Cabanagem rebellion of 1835–40. Greater Pará didn’t understand this maxim, and so the Empire slew half her people that it might rule the other half.Na pataca do sovina, o Diabo tem três tostões e dez réis.In the miser’s pound, the Devil has three shillings and ten pence. Our society was always shaped around a minority of oligarchs hoarding most of the wealth, trickling down through their patronage systems to those in their service; those who historically lasted in their positions knew better than to be stingy. As for the rest of us, acts of generosity great and small between our closest circles as a token of solidarity and loyalty in the face of the hostile world have long being basic Brazilian etiquette. Buarque de Hollanda’s concept of the cordial man as the core of the Brazilian character perfectly encapsulates the way we manage our relationships in general, and our material transactions in particular. On the flip side, the saying also means that abusing these cordial relationships may land you on a very rough spot.Former governor of Rio, Sérgio Cabral, now serving a 183-year prison sentence. Since he was discovered by the Car Wash operation, he has collaborated telling on many multi-million schemes in which he and others were involved. All Rio governors elected since 1998 share similar fates.Pimenta no olho do outro é refresco.Pepper in someone else’s eye is a refreshment. The most popular version has a different body part in mind, which someone somewhere jokingly converted into the pseudo-Latin pipera in culum alterorum refriscus est. Since we don’t have a word for Schadenfreude, this often comes in handy. Despite the age-old myth-making of the inherently peaceful nature of Brazil, history as well as our own times cast much doubt into that narrative to say the very least. Personally, though, I take this to be less of a sign that we are particularly more prone to sadism than other peoples (a thesis which I begrudgingly concede might not be completely baseless), and more of a sign that we tend to be more honest about it.A particular pepper spray image which was memed to death in the Brazilian internet.Cavalo dado não se olha os dentes.One doesn’t look at the teeth of a gifted horse. In a country with a long (and ongoing) record of poverty, learning to count your blessings is a necessary survival skill — and a generally very useful strategy; if it helps us, we don’t much care where it came from or how it ended up in our hands. This applies to culture as well as to the material sphere. Our Venezuelan neighbours, by turning down American aid, are commiting a fatal mistake even if their suspicions about it turn out to be justified. For our part, we would gladly turn in the Trojan Horse, dismantle it and build a few puxadinhos with the wood, and invite the Greeks for a churrasco heated with the planks left over.O seguro morreu de velho.The insurant died of old age. Meaning that embarking in bold deeds and taking rash decisions is a sure way to an early grave, while natural death is a privilege of the cautious. The impression many observers in the Anglo-American sphere get of our supposed inherent lack of an entrepreneurial spirit is simply caused by our profile as conservative inverstors — look up the Encilhamento bubble and you’ll get a very good idea of why. Everytime we got onboard with grand national adventures, we’ve come to bitterly regret it.Three months later, he wasn’t smiling so much anymore.
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What do people in Kazakhstan think about the transition from Cyrillic to Latin script?
It is going to be a long read. But my goodness, Oscar Tay, my Quora hero, is following that question and upvoting each answer!I’ll try my best here.Ok, straight to the question:What do people in Kazakhstan think about the transition from Cyrillic to Latin script?Most people are indifferent. Kazakhstan is an authoritarian country. If the policy does not affect them personally, people will not give a lot of thought to it. Sadly or not, the new alphabet is not a top priority for most in Kazakhstan.Some people oppose it. Because transition is expensive. They believe that the money and attention shall be directed to more vital needs like health care or infrastructure. And given the corruption level in the country, most believe that this reform is made to make some “connected” people richer.Some support it. Their logic is simple if you are going to eventually do this reform one day. Better do it now. Otherwise, the costs of converting documents from Cyrillic to Latin will only accumulate. The later you do it, costlier it will be.Majority of supporters use nationalistic tone. Somehow, they believe that Latin script will make us closer to other Turkic nations and the West, and less close to Russia.Other opposers worry about the learning curve. Some older people may never learn it. They also concerned that the teachers who are not going to be proficient with the new script are going to be one who will teach it to the kids. How many people will have impaired proficiency with new script before reform starts to work properly?No doubt, it’s going to be bumpy all the way down. But is it worth it?My opinion:I support transition to standard Latin script. Why? Because Apple does not have built-in Kazakh keyboard in its products. There is only one app in Apple Store for external Kazakh keyboard. And when last time I used it, it was UGLY and SLOW.Sometimes lack of fancy fonts even for Russian language script depresses me. But Kazakh script fonts selection is nonexistent.Here is the problem. Kazakh script is based on Russian Cyrillic script. But because Kazakh language has sounds that Russian does not, Kazakh Cyrillic script has 9 letters in addition to 33 letters of Russian alphabet. It is basically a different alphabet, which needs to be installed to any gadget. And because there is low demand for Kazakh script, no one updates it. As a result, in this fast-changing technology world, we got rubbish support for Kazakh alphabet.Now imagine an ideal world. Kazakh language uses the standard 26 letter English alphabet. You can write in Kazakh in any gadget in the world. Don’t need to seek and install additional app or driver anymore. You have the hugest selection of font types so your presentation or design booklet could rock.Turns out…there is no ideal world. And, there is no ideal way to transit to Latin script.Implementation:In September 2017 without any prior public discussion, the new Kazakh alphabet based on Latin script was introduced to the public. For several months the debate over the new alphabet was the most discussed topic on my Facebook feed.As it turned out, the President had the same ideal vision as me. It was his order to use the standard English alphabet. The only exception, they dropped letter X in a new alphabet, because there was no use for it. But it is ok, you use the same standard keyboard, just don’t use one letter.Great, isn’t it?Well, it is not that simple…The problem is: before you had 42 letters, and now only 25. English Latin script just does not have enough letters to accommodate every sound of Kazakh language with an individual letter. The proposed solution was to use digraphs.Before I continue, you have to understand something about authoritarian countries. As people don’t oppose the rulers directly, to show its opposition people use sarcasm and mockery. They mock everything the government does. And since the implementation of new alphabet was not ideal, it was mocked in a hard way.The problem number one:The way some “useless” letters were used for sounds that are not present in Latin script. For example, letter W was used for the vowel sound you hear in English word “moon”. But it was counter-intuitive to use a “consonant” letter W for a vowel. To understand what I mean try to read moon written as MWN.Another case, letter J was used for the sound you hear in word iPhone [ˈaɪˌfoʊn], that [i] sound that goes after [a] and before [foʊn].The combination of sounds [ai] in iPhone, means moon in Kazakh. And this sound is the most popular “block” for names in Kazakhstan. Names like MoonBeauty, MoonBe, MoonFlower, and many other countless combinations of “Moons” are so common that we have a popular joke about the iPhone and the girls whose name starts with the sound [ai]. And now, all those people found out that they need to use consonant letter J in their name from now on. It was at least, to put it mildly, counter-intuitive and not elegant. It is like to say “IPHONE” but to write it “JPHONE”. Or to say “HI” but to write it “HJ”. Or instead of Michael - you now will spell your name as Mjchael.The second problem:Before we used one letter for one sound. Now we changed it to two letters for some sounds. It can be hard to adjust to it, especially if the vowel sound is a combination of two other vowel letters. It is always easier to use Ә than the combination of letters A and E.My daughter name Leila in a new alphabet became Laejlae:Saebiz (carrot)- became the most mocking word in Kazakh written in Latin Script. One Restaurant in Almaty was even named Saebiz:Finally:Kazakh is agglutinative language. Some words with the digraphs can be very messy. My name in Kazakh Cyrillic script is: Шыңғыс - in Latin will be Shyngghys, already 3 letters or 50% more.Now add to my name possesive ’s (English equivalent of - Michael’s), make it plural (many Michaels) and add preposition to (to Michael) and we got Shyngghystynglargha. Ok, you lost me, somewhere between “ngghyst”.Just for fun, look at this Kazakh word in Latin script: Qanaghattandyrylmaghandyqtaryngyzdan.What are the solutions that people suggested:Instead of digraphs use one letter for different sounds. For example letter, A can be read in one instance as a hard A and in other times as a soft A. The same approach can be used for G,O, N, U. But how do you know when to use what?The short answer is context.Vowel Harmony, another feature of Kazakh language, can also help. In Kazakh hard sounds always go together, the same is true for soft sounds. If you know that the first sound is hard K, then you know that all other letters shall be hard as well.Another solution could be to use the Turkish alphabet, instead of the standard 26 letter English alphabet. It will help with letters like hard G and soft G, or S and SH. And as Turkey is a much larger country than Kazakhstan, you may not worry about its keyboard support.On the other hand, Turkish alphabet still doesn’t have the letters for all Kazakh sounds. For example there is no soft A.The same is true for Finnish, German, French or any other Latin script.Second proposal:In October 2017, after one month of the initial proposal, the Government introduced the second variant for Kazakh Latin script:New alphabet dismissed digraphs. Instead, it used apostrophe ’ sign to differentiate between the similar sounds. K is for soft K, while K’ is for hard K. S is for S, while S’ is for SH.Seems great solution at first sight. Easy to understand, and you can still use the standard English script that is available in any computer.But it turned out to be even less practical than the first proposal. Too many apostrophes can be hard to perceive:The city Shu, in alphabet became S’Y’:But the largest obstacle for apostrophe usage was technological. Computers do not consider apostrophe as a letter. You cannot use it in google search, for web pages URL or for hashtags. Even if I wanted to create my personal web-page with the domain myname dot kz:http://S’yn’g’ys.kz(yeah that’s my name in apostrophe variant of Latin script), I wouldn’t be able to do it.Finally, in February 2018, without any further discussion, the third and last version of Kazakh Latin alphabet was introduced and adopted:Latin script tailored for the Kazakh language. One letter - one sound. No digraphs (except of Sh and Ch) or apostrophes anymore. Great, yes?Again my opinion:I have to admit the latest adopted alphabet is more convenient than the first two proposed. But it killed the reason why I supported it in the first place. At the end of the day, we are back to where we were before, the alphabet that is used only in Kazakhstan. That means no cool fonts, no updates by Apple and you have to install Kazakh keyboard every time you buy a new gadget. And there is no guarantee that Kazakh keyboard will exist for that particular gadget.Given all the troubles of adjusting to the new alphabet and no obvious benefits from it, I find hard to understand if we need it at all.My final thoughts:The real problem I have with the adoption of Latin Script, is that we as a country has failed to use any scientific approach in the process. We could, for example, run statistical analysis on how people already using Latin script in messengers. Because they do. As I said before Apple doesn’t have built-in keyboard in iPhones, and people usually write to each other in Kazakh using Latin script. We could find out a ton of interesting data on how people write and perceive in Kazakh using Latin script based on available info.I am not a scientist nor a linguist, but I am sure there are tons of analysis we could do that could have been helpful in developing a new alphabet.It’s sad we didn’t. But as they say in Kazakhstan, “everything will be Saebiz”.
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How distorted is Indian history?
The history taught in schools is Very distorted!While school-history textbooks are adorned with Mughal history, contemporary rulers of the time are hardly given the importance and the prominence they deserve. Then there are some great historical figures of whom hardly anything is known. I am citing some examples here:The VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE - 1336 -1646 ceimage: Google - 10 Greatest Empires of IndiaWhile the Mughal rule - Babur to Aurangzeb - (thereafter, the Emperors were puppets) lasted for roughly 170 years and was restricted to portions of North India, the Vijayanagar Empire existed for over 300 years.image: Google - Worldwide Unreal Lost Cities -The Vijayanagara Bazar, where jewelry was sold in the open, on streetsThe Empire ruled over all of Southern Indian peninsula but does not get due mention in the books outside of South Indian textbooks. Krishna Devaraya was one of the finest rulers Indian history has ever seen. Interestingly, the empire was established by two brothers Harihara-I and Bukka Raya. The two brothers were sons of a Hindu couple who had converted to Islam. These brothers reconverted to Hinduism and established the empire to fight the invaders. The Empire existed from mid 14th Century until mid 17th Century, and ended a few decades before the advent of the Maratha Empire.image: Google - Durch Karnataka nach Goa - Virupaksha Temple ruins, Hampiimage: Google - Social Life: Vijayanagar Empire - The rich art of VijayanagarThe MARATHA Empire - Once again a contemporary of the Mughals, this was one of the other thorns in the Mughal empire. Established by Shivaji, the Marathas went on to rule all of Western India to Cuttack in the east, from Central India to Karnataka in the South. The Maratha history again, barely gets a few paragraphs in modern school texts outside of Maharashtra.image: Google - Maratha Empire/จักรวรรดิมราฐาThe Maratha Empire is credited with destroying and ending the rule of Muslim invaders and other Muslim rulers of that period. In the end, before the British East India Company took over, Marathas had written a glorious history to the extent of having a puppet on the throne of the Mughals.image: Google - Shivaji JayantiChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is one of the greatest characters (Heroes) of Indian history. The Marathas were responsible for the downfall of the Mughal Empire, and Bajirao-II throned a Mughal Emperor, The Marathas were also the main fighting force that resisted the East India Company; from the Queen of Jhansi to Peshwa, all were Marathas who fought in the war of 1857.During Maratha rule there were some amazing heroes. The Peshwas all well known, but there are some whose names should be written in gold but they are unknown to most Indians. Foremost among them is the Naval Admiral Kanhoji Angre.[1] In his career spanning forty years he remained undefeated as a Naval Admiral. He defeated the British, Dutch and Portuguese in naval wars. The Europeans were so frustrated by Angre’s naval might, they dubbed him ‘The Pirate’, but he finds no mention in history books.The SIKH Empire -image: Google - 【那些你不知道的巴基斯坦】 天空之城-穆里MurreeThis was one the the most powerful Empires in 18th Century India. Spanning the whole of undivided Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and parts of Jammu & Kashmir. This history is virtually unknown to present generation outside of Punjab today. The glory of this empire and its ruler, the Great Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and his great General and Minister Hari Singh Nalwa,[2] their bravery, wisdom and excellent rule should be part of pan-Indian folklore. But sadly, it isn’t.images: Google - Maharaja Ranjit Singhimage: Google - Meet Hari Singh Nalwa - The Sikh Commander Who Was The Most Feared Warrior In AfghanistanThe AHOM Empire of Assam - [3]image: Google - Assam - East India Holidays - Lachit Borphukan was a commander and Borphukan in the Ahom kingdom known for his leadership in the 1671 Battle of Saraighat that thwarted a drawn-out attempt by Mughal forces under the command of Ramsingh I to take back Kamrup - source: Lachit Borphukan - WikipediaThis Assamese empire which ruled for nearly 600 years, is one the greatest of India in last few centuries. It has the credit of defeating the Mughals and the English but their story is unknown to most Indians outside of Assam and other North-Eastern states. Ahom Empire ruled the North-east for nearly 600 years from 13th to 19th Century - No mention of this Empire is found outside of the N-E states. That is unfair, hypocritical and a historical blunder.[4] Sources: History (weebly.com)The great CHOLA Dynasty - Thanjavur[5]This was certainly one of the greatest Empires ever in the history of mankind. It was equivalent to the Great Gupta and Mauryan Empires. The Cholas ruled from Southern India to North East India, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, Thailand and parts of Indonesia.The welfare of its citizens was taken care of. People were happy and prosperous and rate of literacy was quite high.image: Google - KOKILA PACHAIYAPPAN - Google+Very little is taught outside of Southern India of this great empire. It was an era where Copper, silver and gold coins were in circulation. This tells us of the great wealth and prosperity of the people under his rule.image: Google - NumisBids: Baldwin's Hong Kong Coin Auction Auction 53 (23 August 2012): COINS -The gold coin used during the Chola ruleimage: Google - Tanjore temple -Brihadeshwar Temple - Statue of the Great Rajaraja Chola - The Emperorimage: Google - Histoire du sud d' l'Inde - Raja Raja Chola on the right with his Guru - a muralSources: [6] [7] [8] [9]For me one of the real wonders of the world is: the BRIHADESESHWARAR TEMPLE in Thanjavur. It is a magnificent example of the height of Chola Architecture, still unmatched by any in India, with the possible exceptions of the Kalidasa temple near Ajanta caves, and the physics defying Jagannath Temple, Puri.image: Google - Thanjavur brihadeeswarar Temple - The Big Temple - The mind boggling feats of this temple can be see here in a YouTube video:GUPTA EMPIRE - 320 - 445 ce - The Golden Age of Ancient Indiaimage: Google - Encounters with the Greeks -This is called the ‘Golden Era of Indian History’, yet very little is taught about it in schools. Achievements of this era in almost every field is enviable if you are not an Indian. It was an era where Science, Mathematics, Arts and Literature thrived, and the people were prosperous.This history gets a mention of a few paragraphs in school texts mostly.images: Google - The achievements of the Gupta EmpireImage source: http://coinindia.com/Samudra- Gold coins in circulation during the Gupta period.Sources: [10] [11] [12] [13]4) MAURYAN EMPIRE -Indian history has some of the most glorious rulers in Ashoka, Bindusara and Chandragupta etc, alongside Chanakya, but are not given more than a few paragraphs or an odd chapter in texts perhaps. Without these men, India’s history would be quite different probably, but without Ashoka, the world history would definitely be different. He was among the greatest rulers ever to have ruled, and is the greatest story never told. Even though Ashoka was responsible for death of many of his opponents and even his brothers. But after he became the undisputed ruler, he transformed to become ‘Great’ and changed the future of history. But less than ten percent people of this country know the glorious history.Ashoka and the Mauryan EmpireThe grandson of Chandragupta MauryaThe Mauryan empire was created by Chandragupta Maurya by 328 B.C.E.The creation of a political vacuum by Alexander helped the Mauryan empire, because it allowed them to expandAshoka ruled the Mauryan empire from 268 - 232 B.C.EHe conquered Kalinga, the last major region that was independent from the Mauryan empireHe ruled using a bureaucracyHe established the capital of the Mauryan empire at PataliputraStabilized the government and economyBuilt irrigation systems to encourage agricultureBuilt roads and highways that connected India to Bactria, Persia and many other western pointsThe Mauryan Empire declined in 232 B.C.E. after Ashoka diedBy 185 B.C.E the empire ceased to existimage: Google - Encounters with the Greeks - The Lion Capital, the National Emblem of India today. The original capital is rested in the Sarnath Museum, Varanasi, UP where it was excavated. To this day, India honors Ashoka’s achievements, and the Lion Capital is the finest example. The other important sign used today is the Ashoka Chakra.The KALINGA EMPIRE - Virtually nothing is mentioned in history texts except its war and destruction by Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor. The stories of Dhananand and Dashratah are buried in history, not mentioned except in a chapter probably in Odisha. The end of the Kalinga war, and the massacre and destruction of Kalinga was to change Ashoka forever. The light of Buddhism was spread by Ashoka from North Africa to Middle-east, and from Afghanistan to Japan.KARMOTA KAYASTHA DYNASTY[14] - Here is one of the greatest Historical figures from Indian History. The British historians called him - Alexander of India.[15] Yet, barely half a percent of Indians know of this great King and Warrior from Kashmir - LALITADITYA MUKTAPIDA.[16] His administration was superb. His subjects were happy under his rule where education, agriculture, culture, sciences and arts thrived. What is amazing is that his rule stretched from Karnataka in southern India to Central Asia (and some debate that his kingdom also stretched to the borders of Turkey). That is why the British called him India’s Alexander. Where is his story?History texts do not talk much about some other great Kingdoms, Rulers or Empires of India- the Chalukyas, Bahamanis, Gangas, Gajapatis, Pandyans, Cheras, Pallavas, Satvahanas, Sultanates like Madurai, and most strikingly the defeat of the Dutch East India Company at the height of its power by the Kingdom of Travancore in the Battle of Colachel. (I will be adding some details soon)…The history of North-Eastern India finds no mention at all.The Dogra Dynasty - the rulers of Kashmir, which has its resonance to this day. No history is taught of this rule either.The Unsung HEROINES of 1857 - and some other Female Rulers of an era gone by…image: Google - Urdu/English Play: Begum Hazrat Mahal (by: Pradeep Srivastava)Begum Hazrat Mahal - alias Muhammadi Khanum - (wife/consort of Wajid Ali Shah). After the arrest and exile of the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, Begum Hazrat Mahal took charge of the affairs of Awadh. During the 1857 war, she joined forces with Raja Jailal Singh and fought the British in the ‘Last war of resistance’ (I call it so because it was so, not the first war of independence as the biased historians want us to believe).After the loss in the battle of 1857, she re-conquered Awadh and crowned her 11 year old son as the ruler. The British defeated her again, but instead of living in a life of luxury offered by the British, she decided to live a life in exile, and took the offer of the Nepal King to live in Kathmandu. She died in 1879, a lonely figure. Her ‘mazaar’ is still maintained in Kathmandu. She doesn’t find mention in any book. Even in Lucknow, where the main shopping area and a lake are named after her, locals have no idea about her history. Where’s her story?Sources: Begum Hazrat Mahal: The unsung heroine of the first war of Independenceimage: Google - Más allá de Wonder Woman: las 12 guerreras de sexo femenino. - A Rs. 5.00 postal stamp was issued to honor this brave Queen.image: Veer Rani Velu Nachiyar - Vyakti VisheshQueen (Rani) Velu Nachiyar: Is falsely called the Tamil Rani of Jhansi. This Princess of Ramanathapuram in present day Tamil Nadu, took over the reigns of her kingdom when her husband, after the King was killed while fighting the British army. She successfully led an army with an ally Hyder Ali, and defeated the British, and went on to rule the kingdom from 1780 to 1790 when she died. She was the warrior Queen who lived almost six decades before the Rani of Jhansi, and so I say that she shouldn’t be called Rani Jhansi of Tamil Nadu. Where is her story outside of Tamil Nadu? (When I asked, many Tamilians also have very little or no idea about her history). Isn’t that a shame?For more Information - link: Veer Rani Velu Nachiyar - Vyakti VisheshOur history books mention a lot about how the Indian leaders struggled and fought for freedom. The one aspect I hate is the stress on how Congress, Gandhiji and Nehru persevered during the Raj. But what about other groups which were fighting at the same time? How many know the real story of Chandrashekhar Azad. There are at least fifty more of whom we know nothing about, or barely anything.If the history is not totally distorted, it is most certainly biased. It is mostly Delhi centric and unneeded emphasis is given on what happens in and around Delhi even in eras where it had little importance.In modern era where do we find the history of freedom fighters like Chandrashekhar Azad, The Chapekar brothers, Annie Besant, Tirupur Kumaran, Ashfaqullah Khan, Veer Savarkar, Allah Bux Sumro who was assassinated, the young Peer Ali Khan etc. and the list is endless…or…Let me introduce (to those who are unaware of) Pritilata Waddedar, a female martyr from Bengal. Born in Chittagong, she was educated in Chittagong, Dacca (now Dhaka) and Calcutta (Kolkata), and graduated with Philosophy, with distinction. In September 1932, dressed as a Punjabi male, she led a group of 15 men and torched ‘Pahartali European Club’ which had a signboard that read, “INDIANS AND DOGS NOT ALLOWED’. She was successful in her attempt and the club was destroyed. British officers chased the group and fired on the saboteurs, including Pritilata. In the ensuing gun-battle, she was fatally wounded but she refused to surrender, and helped many from her group escape (they were later caught and punished). When she saw no possibility of escaping, Pritilata, rather than being caught by the British, consumed cyanide and died. She was 21. Where is her story?Since childhood, we have heard of the great sacrifices of ‘revolutionaries’, and the reverence to Shaheed Bhagat Singh - one of our real heroes. But along with him there were others too. The two other men hung by the British along with Bhagat Singh were Rajguru (our generation doesn’t even know the first name of this man - Shivaram Hari, and Sukhdev (Thapar), of whom nothing is said about. But there was a woman who would stand as tall as these men, and in my book at times even taller than most of our freedom fighters.image: Google - 7 Reasons The Forgotten Durgawati Devi Was A Terror For The British Raj And Must Be RememberedWhere is the story of DURGA BHABHI (Durgawati Devi Vohra), who was a freedom fighter, and whose sacrifices and loneliness in later life can’t be put into words. What she was able to do is beyond comprehension.image: Google - 7 Reasons The Forgotten Durgawati Devi Was A Terror For The British Raj And Must Be RememberedThe highlights were: She was the virtual leader of the group after her husband, Bhagwati Charan Vohra (who was the leader of the group until he died when he was testing a bomb on the banks of river Ravi). Durga Bhabhi was instrumental in making escape of Bhagat Singh possible when she asked Bhagat Singh to shave his beard, and accompanied him to the station, put her child, Sachindra in his arms. When inquired at the station by British officers, she identified Bhagat Singh as her husband (remember that she was a widow at the time, and a Hindu female doing so required great courage and conviction). When Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were arrested, she managed to arrange for Rs. 3000 (in that time’s money it must have been phenomenal sum), though she had to sell off her jewelry too, to arrange for the defence of the three men in court. The three men were illegally hung in Lahore on March 23, 1930.Durga Bhabhi was also charged for the assassination attempt on Lord Hailey (which was true) but instead killed many of Hailey’s associates. Where is her story? Lost in the pages, only to be read by someone like me who accidentally happens to come across it. Durgawati Devi - WikipediaJHALKARI BAI - The Queen’s double!Some people may remember the number of body doubles that Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi dictator had to protect himself. But we don’t know of a real life body double of one of our greatest heroines - Rani Laxmibai.image: Google - Navrang India: A brave woman warrior Jhalkaribai - 1857The name of her double was Jhalkari Bai - the body double of Rani Laxmibai. Jhalkari Bai was born in a poor family and joined the Queen’s army of female fighters ‘Durga Dal’ (which had unsung heroines like Kana and Mandira are some brave fighters who gave the English many corpses on the fields), starting as a soldier and rising to become a member of the core of advisers. Jhalkari Devi was adept at sword fighting, armed combats, shooting and firing canons. Her uncanny resemblance to Queen Laxmibai, along with her fighting skills and wisdom brought her close to the Queen.There is a folklore in Bundelkhand in Jhalkari Bai’s honor: Macha Jhansi mein ghamasan, chahun aur machee kilkari thee, Angrezon se loha lene, rann mein kudee Jhalkari thee (In the battle-frenzy of Jhansi, from all directions, Jhalkari came to the battlefield, to confront the English).Stories of Jhalkari Bai’s bravery are too many. She once fought and killed a tiger with only an axe in her hand. She confronted a band of dacoits alone, and forced them to retreat.image: Google - Jhalkari Bai Ruler of Jhansi Horse 2001 India Block of 4 Stamps MNHIn the battle of 1857, Jhalkari Bai played a major part. When Laxmibai needed, Jhalkari Bai would dress up like her Queen and dart into the battle-field and lure the English army away, allowing the Queen to escape. After Queen Laxmibai died on the battle-field (she was only 23), Jhalkari Bai was also captured, and when the English asked what should be done with her, Jhalkari Bai replied unflinchingly, ‘Taang do mujhe’ (Hang me). And she was! She was only 28. Where are her stories in the history texts today? These are forgotten heroines of our land.Link: Plaque on Veerangana Jhalkari Bai Archaeological Museum at Jhansi Fort, Jhansi UnveiledFor the Valiant but FORGOTTEN Heroines of India, kindly read my blog:The Forgotten Heroines of India - 1 - KITTUR CHENNAMMA & RANI CHENNAMMA by Siddharth Sinha on PostsThe Forgotten Heroines of India - 2 - RANI ABBAKKA of Chowta by Siddharth Sinha on FORGOTTEN HEROINES OF INDIAThe Forgotten Heroines of India - 3 - RANI AVANTIBAI by Siddharth Sinha on FORGOTTEN HEROINES OF INDIAO T H E R . . . F R E E D O M - F I G H T E R SAlluri Sitarama Raju - 1898 - 1924 - Alluri Sitarama Raju - Wikipedia One of the first freedom fighters of India. He led a tribal group in(present day Andhra Pradesh) to the British. He was eventually caught, tied to a tree and shot by a firing squad. Where is his story? (Thank you Suresh Babu for sharing)Will continue… to add more stories…I have received many comments which include quite a few names of Historical figures and dynasties or rulers which do not feature in the books as they deserve to. So, kindly check this page once a week. Also, please keep your comments coming. Thank you...Source: Pictures from Google imagesFootnotes[1] Kanhoji Angre - Wikipedia[2] Hari Singh Nalwa - Wikipedia[3] http://Ahom kingdom - Wikipedia ...[4] http://9 Things About the Ahom C...[5] http://Chola dynasty - Wikipedia...[6] http://Chola Dynasty, Rulers of ...[7] http://Chola Dynasty - New World...[8] http://www.mapsofindia.com/histo...[9] http://7 Facts About Chola Dynas...[10] http://History of the Gupta Empi...[11] http://The Gupta Period of India...[12] http://Gupta Empire - Wikipedia ...[13] http://Encounters with the Greek...[14] Karkoṭa Empire - Wikipedia[15] He was called the "ALEXANDER OF INDIA". No history books tell us about this great Hindu emperor! - News Gram 24 | DailyHunt[16] Siddharth Sinha's answer to What should us Indians definitely know about our country's past?
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