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FAQs
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How can I register company in India? What problems you faced as first time experience? Plz read complete details too.
Following are the easy steps for registration :Step 1. Application for Director Identification Number (DIN) in form DIR-3 & DSC (Digital Signature Certificate)What is a Director Identification Number (DIN)?Director Identification Number (DIN) is a unique identification number issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), for an existing director or a person intending to become a director of a company.Documents required for DIR-3 ApplicationIn case of Indian National a) Identity Proof: Copy of PAN Card (Income Tax Permanent Account Number (PAN) is mandatory in case of Indian National and in such cases applicant details should be as per Income tax PAN)b) Address Proof: Copy of Passport or Election/Voter ID or Ration Card or Driving license (address having pin code) or Electricity/telephone (Utilities) bill or AADHAR Card. All this should be in the “Name of Applicant” only and it should not be older than 2 months from the date of filing of the e-form.c) Passport Size Photograph (latest) : 1 photocopy or a soft-copy in (.JPEG format)d) *Current Occupatione) *Email Address of the Applicantf) *Mobile/Cell Numberg) *Educational qualificationh) *Verification to be signed by the Applicant. Important Notes :1. All the documents require “Self attestation”.2. In case, the director is residing outside India, the attached supporting documents should be attested by the Consulate of the Indian Embassy, Foreign Public Notary. In case of director, supporting documents can also be attested by Company secretary in full time employment / CEO / Managing director of the Indian company in which he / she proposed to be a director.3. DIR-3 shall be digitally signed by the same person i.e. applicant who is filing the application and by either of the following:a) Company Secretary (in whole-time practice) or a Chartered accountant (in whole-time practice) or Cost accountant (in whole-time practice)b) Company secretary in full time employment or Director of the company in which the applicant is to be appointed as a director4. While making DIR-3 Application following details are mandatory :First Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Details of father of an applicant (even in case of a married woman)In case of a Married woman, a photocopy of the Marriage Certificate is required (If DIN needs to be in the “Changed Name”)5. There could be instances of DIR3/DIN Rejection. 6. * Starred items are mandatory fields of DIR-3 application What is a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)?Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is the digital equivalent (i.e. electronic format) of physical or paper certificates. Examples of physical certificates are driver’s license, passport. Certificates serve as proof of identity of an individual for a certain purpose; for example, a driver’s license identifies someone who can legally drive in a particular country. Likewise, a digital certificate can be presented electronically to prove your identity, to access information or services on the Internet or to sign certain documents digitally. Since MCA accepts electronic submission of Forms on its website the DSC is mandatory for all the users.Documents required for obtaining DSCa) Digital Signature Certificate application Form (duly signed by an applicant). An applicant is required to sign across the photo.Download the DSC Application form (Class II Individual Certificate)b) All other documents are same as required for the DIR-3 ApplicationNote: All the documents require “Self attestation” and identity proof and address proof should be attested by either a Gazetted officer (Class I) or Bank manager or Post Master.Step 2. Search for the Company Name availabilityThe Promoters have to provide at least 6 names in the order of their preference/priority. The Promoters can themselves search for the available names by visiting the MCA Website: Check Name Availability It is also advisable to check any pre-existing Trademarks already registered with the Company name being Proposed, since RoC normally scrutinises the same & may reject the Proposed names on that basis (if similar TM Name is already registered). Promoters should search for any existing Trademark using Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks (CGPDTM) / website Check Trademark .Step 3. Application for the Name availabilityAfter drafting of Main Object of the proposed company, need to file e-Form INC-1 (Application for reservation of name) with Registrar of Companies for name availability. The Applicant needs to give 6 proposed names in preference/priority along with their meaning and significance of each word.Also refer MCA General Circular on Use of word ‘National’, ‘Bank’, ‘Exchange’, ‘Stock Exchange’ in the names of Companies or Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs). Step 4. Drafting of Memorandum of Association (MOA) & Articles of Association (AOA)What is a Memorandum of Association?Memorandum of Association covers fundamental provisions of the company’s constitution. It covers main object and other objects of the company.What is Articles of Association?Articles of Association contain rules and regulations governing the internal management of the company. It is a binding contract between company and its members and members among themselves defining their rights and duties.As per Section 4(5)(i) of the Companies Act 2013 upon receipt of an application under sub-section (4), the Registrar may, on the basis of information and documents furnished along with the application, reserve the name for a period of sixty days from the date of the application.After name approval from ROC, the next step is to draft MOA & AOA. The subscribers need to specify Name, Address, and Occupation in their own handwriting & sign the subscription pages of MOA & AOA.Where subscriber to the memorandum is a Foreign National (residing outside India), please refer Chapter 2 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014 notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs for knowing the procedure of obtaining attestation and notary while signing subscription pages of Memorandum and Articles of Association and other relevant document.Step 5. Filing of e-forms with RoC (Registrar of Companies)Following Forms to be filed/uploaded on the MCA Website.a) Form INC-7 : For application of Incorporation of the Companyi) Mandatory attachments to e-form INC-71. Memorandum of Association2. Articles of Association3. Declaration by Professional in INC-84. Affidavit from the subscriber to the Memorandum in Form No.INC-95. Proof of residential address which should not be older than two months6. Proof of identity7. Verification of signature of subscribers i.e. Form No. INC-10, in case the company is not having share capital.8. It is mandatory to attach entrenched Articles of association if any of the articles are entrenched.ii) Optional attachments depending upon case1. Copy of in principle approval granted by the Reserve Bank of India or any concerned authority in case proposed company shall be conducting NBFI (Non-Banking Financial Institution) activities2. NOC in case there is change in the promoters (first subscribers to Memorandum of Association)3. Proof of nationality in case the subscriber is a foreign national4. PAN card (in case of Indian national)5. Copy of certificate of incorporation of the foreign body corporate and proof of registered office address6. Certified true copy of board resolution/consent by all the partners authorising to subscribe to MOAb) Form INC-22 : For Notice of situation of registered officeAttachments to e-form INC-221. Proof of Registered Office address (Conveyance/Lease deed/Rent Agreement along with the rent receipts) etc.2. Copies of the utility bills (proof of evidence of any utility service like telephone, gas ,electricity etc. depicting the address of the premises not older than two months is required to be attached).3. No Objection Certificate or permission to use4. Certification of e-form INC-22 by CS/CA/CWA (in Whole Time Practice)c) Form DIR-12 : For providing information about particulars of appointment of Directors of the company and Key Managerial PersonnelAttachments to e-form DIR-12Following are the Mandatory attachments in case of an appointment of a Director / Manager / Company Secretary / CEO / CFO.1. Letter of appointment2. Declaration by first director in Form INC-93. Declaration of the appointee director, managing director, in Form No. DIR-2Step 6. Payment of RoC Fees & Stamp DutyAfter filing of documents online, we need to make payment of RoC fees and Stamp Duty electronically which is based upon the Authorised Capital of the Company.Step 7. Verification of documents / forms by RoCAfter payment of all RoC Fees & Stamp duties, RoC verifies/scrutinises all the documents and forms and may suggest few changes to be made in the attachments or form itself. We need to make necessary changes accordingly.Step 8. Issue of Certificate of Incorporation by RoCOnce all the Forms are duly approved by RoC, the digitally signed “Certificate of Incorporation” is emailed to the Directors.As part of the Green Initiative by the MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs), few Certificates including “Certificate of Incorporation” are now issued only in the electronic format i.e. soft-copy (having digital signature of RoC Registrar). Once the Incorporation Certificate is received, Company can start it’s operations.Reference - Ministry of Corporate Affairs WebsiteThanks for A2A !
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Can you cash a check after it was deposited by an image on the phone?
Not easily, and not without committing fraud.When you perform an e-Deposit, you are required to conditionally endorse the check by writing something akin to “For e-Deposit only at (name of depositing institution)”, above your signature.As checks are non-erasable, that endorsement will be there, and it makes it impossible to *properly* tender the check in any manner other than performing an e-Deposit with it at the named bank.You might get away with it if the person you tender the check to fails to look at the endorsement, but you would be committing a fraud by even submitting the check as tender.You could take a picture of the back of another identical check endorsed properly, thereby maintaining the ability to create a “clean” endorsement of the original check for cashing. However, that would also be deliberately committing a fraud. When you e-Deposit the check, you are required to signNow that the pictures you are submitting are of the same check.Further, as soon as the bank realized that fraud (when the check showed up for payment at the bank after having been previously eCleared), the e-Deposit would be reversed, with fees charged to the presenting account. They could also (and likely would, if the amount was signNow) open a fraud complaint with the police.Checks are not “secure” instruments, they are “repudiable” instruments. The entire check clearance system is designed to enable easy reversal of charges discovered to be fraudulent.
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Why isn't the legal system willing to accept "I never received a notice," as a valid excuse? Why don't they simply mail the impo
When “I never received notice” isn’t a valid excuse, it is because too many people will, frankly, lie about this. People also make affirmative efforts to evade service. And sometimes people decide to just up and move without bothering to tell anyone. Shocking, I know.Thus, formal rules about service make it easy to determine whether service was done properly, and a party claiming lack of notice despite compliance with the rules will be required to prove the likelihood of actual lack of notice before the excuse will be even considered. On the other hand, if the party purportedly giving notice did not comply with the rules, the notice won’t be presumed to be valid without either an acknowledgment or waiver by the defendant.There are two different categories of notices—initial process and subsequent notice.For initial process, the court must obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. Traditionally this was done by personal service within the court’s territorial jurisdiction—the defendant needed to be “tagged.” This tagging was done by the sheriff (or a deputy), an agent of the court itself. If the defendant never showed up in the jurisdiction, the case could not proceed.¹More modern concepts of personal jurisdiction do not place as much emphasis on presence within the place; as any American law student will know, the case of International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington² established that personal jurisdiction could be asserted beyond a State’s boundaries if “minimum contacts” existed and “fair play” suggests that haling a foreign defendant to answer an in-state complaint would be reasonable.Of course, personal service by the state’s sheriff isn’t possible in such a case, and so most states do permit alternative forms of service as a matter of course (sometimes those alternative methods are available domestically as well). The exact requirements may vary by type of case and in any event will be spelled out in local rules of civil procedure; for proper advice you will want to consult a lawyer in the place where the action is. But generally, when initial process is involved, some form of service that leaves no doubt about the service, and the verification of some third party—the sheriff, the Post Office, a process server, &c—is required (the plaintiff in propria persona is not usually allowed to do initial personal service as they have as much motivation to lie about it as does the defendant). That might be personal service by a disinterested adult, another jurisdiction’s deputized sheriff, or service by certified mail.³ This means that someone is in a position to submit proof of the service to the court. (A defendant may also acknowledge service or waive⁴ any defects in service.)Now, for subsequent service, the rules tend to be a bit different. Once a party has been tagged and haled into court, they have a responsibility to themself and to the court to appear and present whatever defence they have to the action. Parties are, of course, entitled to notice of things that happen in the case—ex parte and sealed proceedings are extremely limited. But, at this point, because being party to a suit involves this responsibility, part of it is to keep the court and the other parties apprised of a proper address where notices may be served with a minimum of fuss (and to notify the court if that changes). Usually this is a mailing address and service is made by ordinary mail—which doesn’t require a signature and thus is less hassle for everyone—but in some cases service by e-mail, facsimile transmission, and the like may be agreed to (in the case of electronic case filing systems, e-mail service will likely be mandated as a condition of ECF use). Personal service is still permitted as a method of serving these subsequent papers, but not required. Again as to specific methods of service, you need to consult your local rules of procedure and the local attorney previously suggested.And so, a movant or the court will not be expected to make extraordinary efforts to provide “actual notice” of every single piece of paper by certified mail or personal service and give the defendant the opportunity to delay the case by evading service of motions. Neither will the court or other parties be required to chase a party around in the event of their moving and not leaving a forwarding address.⁵ Service to the “last known address” is almost universally sufficient. And the court won’t be impressed with “I didn’t get notices” when the lack of such notices is apparently the respondent’s own fault.N.B. This answer may be somewhat generalized for the United States; other legal régimes have their own ideas about notices.Notes:¹ A plaintiff unable to effect service could, of course, attempt to commence the action in another jurisdiction where the defendant could be found.² 326 U.S. 310 (1945). International Shoe is famous for the notion that an out-of-state defendant with “continuous and systematic contacts” to the state would nonetheless be susceptible to being sued there; the rule was further broadened by Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985), where even contacts that could not even be characterized as “minimum” with Florida were sufficient in the context of specifically making a comprehensive agreement to deal with a corporation legally resident in Florida.³ “Special service” or service not generally provided for by rule may be obtained by order of court only in the event that regular service cannot be obtained. Special service is usually publication. The purpose of special service is to allow the plaintiff to proceed with the action without having it stayed for an unreasonable period of time due to the absence of the defendant. The showing required for special service will vary by jurisdiction and possibly the facts of the case. And a defendant seeking to set aside a judgment obtained in this manner will have a much easier time of it than the defendant seeking to contest normal methods of service.⁴ As the primary purpose of service requirements is “notice to the defendant,” the mere fact that the defendant appears in the action suggests rather strongly that the defendant does in fact know about it. Consequently, a party seeking to challenge the validity of original service must do so at the outset and before making any substantive response to the complaint, otherwise the court will not hear such challenges and they will be deemed waived.⁵ We have this problem rather perennially in support court. I suspect it is a combination of general haplessness on the part of some of our obligors and deliberate efforts to evade our enforcement proceedings, but we get a lot of people who don’t show up at their contempt hearings because they “didn’t get notice.” The court issues bench warrants and most of the individuals are later arrested, and the failure of notice is not regarded as a defense by the court and in fact often leads to an additional contempt for failing to appear or to comply with the language in the support orders requiring parties to notify the court of address changes.
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What is the difference between a signNowd agreement and a registered agreement in a house rental deal?
What is the difference between a signNowd agreement and a registered agreement in a house rental deal?Notarization -A notary is generally a lawyer appointed by the government who examines the documents of both parties, verifies that he has been presented with valid documentation and authenticates the document by stamping and signing it.Merit:You do not need to pay any stamp duty to get a rental agreement signNowd(other than the stamp paper on which the document itself was created).Demerit:In case of legal disputes, the notarization of a document has no legal standing(as it only proves that the documents were examined and can not enforce its content).Registration -You can register your documents by visiting the sub registrars office and paying the stamp duty as required.Merit:A registered rental agreement is legally binding on both parties.Demerit:You need to pay any stamp duty to get a rental agreement registered which means an additional expense.So how do you know if you need registration or notarization?Read on to find the answer:Anushree Chauhan's answer to What is preferred signNowd rent agreement or registered rent agreement? Why?Disclaimer - Nothing stated in this answer constitutes legal advice.
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Will PSU's get privatized soon?
Here in this answer, I’ll try to explain why according to me, ONGC will not be privatized in the near or even distant future and I’ll justify my stand with multiple arguments but before that let us understand some basics.(I) What is a PSU and how can it be privatized ?Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) or Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) is defined as a company in which Central or State Government have a direct holding of more than 51% share. To gain complete ownership of a PSU, any private person/entity needs to buy 51% shares to become the majority shareholder and gain complete sway over the direction of the PSU and hence the PSU is said to be privatized.As of 27th August 2019, ONGC’s market capitalization is south of USD 22 Billion (i.e. 12,580,279,206 shares x INR 125 per share price), so to gain complete ownership of it any private person/entity needs to buy 51% shares i.e. needs USD 11.2 billion to become the majority shareholder of ONGC.[1]Govt. of India (GOI) owns 64.25 % shares of ONGC as of 31st March 2019, if it sells 14.25% shares and goes below 50% then ONGC will no longer qualify as a PSU according to current definition.So to still maintain GOI control, two things can be done:“The Union Government has decided to modify its present policy of retaining 51% government stake to retaining 51% stake inclusive of the stake of Government-controlled institutions,”[2] the Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said in her Budget speech on 5th July 2019. This means GOI can bring down its direct holding to below 51% stake and still retain majority stake in some PSUs e.g. GOI can go down at 31.2% stake in case of ONGC and still have complete sway over it as GOI still controls 51% stake because of the stake held by other GOI controlled institutions like LIC, IOCL, GAIL (19.8% share) etc. which are directly GOI controlled because of more than 51% stake in them.GOI is also mulling to change the definition of a PSU. The government is planning a major overhaul of the definition of a CPSE where an entity will continue to qualify as public sector enterprise (PSE) even if the government holding falls below 51%. There is a thinking that PSU definition should be maintained with government holding of, say, 40% or 26% in case of certain non-strategic entities. This will not only give flexibility to PSU boards in decision-making but also allow more room for the Centre to raise additional revenue from disinvestment.[3](II) Why GOI wants to disinvest in PSUs and Why GOI will still hold management control ?The GOI has set a target of INR 1.05 lakh crore of disinvestment receipts for FY 20. If GOI sells more of its equity in the top PSUs it could raise its disinvestment proceeds easily from the market without looking at other instruments like share buyback, new issues of ETFs or higher dividend payout from PSUs including the declaration of special dividend. This would also eliminate pressure on achieving disinvestment target, as even a small issue by a bluechip PSU can get better realization for government shares.[4]The threshold of 51% GOI holding in PSUs was drawn up to reflect state’s control over the company and imply that any stake-sale that cuts the GOI holding in a PSU to below 51% would lead to privatization. But the question arises, “Which private promoter holds 51% in his company? With a smaller stake, he has management control. So, why should a government company be different? We can also go below 51% and still wield management control. In fact, in many of the PSUs, where we are 51% owner, if you count the holding of state-controlled entities such as LIC, GIC, SBI, etc, together, it will go beyond 80%. Effectively, the government holds more than 80% in most of the PSUs. If all these put together can be permitted to go only up to 51%, then we will get a lot of legroom to dilute direct government holding to below 51%”[5] a government official explained.Moreover, The Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has said that the government will make sure that its control is not diluted after lowering its stake in public sector undertakings (PSUs) to below 51%.[6](III) Why privatization of ONGC is difficult and not feasible for Govt. of India?Importance of Oil Industry and National Oil Company (NOC) for any country: The International Energy Agency (IEA) states that unlike the last 30 years, which saw over 40% of all oil come from publicly traded companies within the OECD, 90% of production over the next 30 years will come from the developing world i.e. from NOCs. NOCs also usually play a role in and are affected by politics, both domestic and international, of their host country. NOCs are many times the tools of a country’s foreign and strategic policy, and in almost all cases, at least, the NOCs had to heed the foreign and strategic policies of their governments. [7] All these are highly unlikely for a private company to follow. The major success of industrialization and economic prosperity of a country depends a lot on the generation and distribution of energy and any Govt. especially with strong welfare economics in place will not let the energy sector go out of its hand. These profitable PSU’s are not only the cash cows for the GOI, but the government control also makes sure that the ministry can manipulate them at will. As an example, during FY 13, when crude oil was at its peak of more than USD 100/ bbl, ONGC was forced to sell the crude to the downstream oil PSU’s (eg IOCL, HPCL, etc. refineries) at a much lower rate (~ USD 50/bbl). This caused ONGC profit to go down to the extent of INR 25000 crores/year (Even then, ONGC was the most profitable PSU).[8] Consider Reliance in place of ONGC, what would they do when GOI orders them to do the same?Handing over oilfields under PECs doesn’t mean privatization: At the 12th October 2018 meeting called by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to review domestic production profile of oil and gas and the roadmap for cutting import dependence by 10% by 2022. Petroleum ministry made a presentation showing that while 95% of ONGC’s production was from 60 large fields, 149 smaller fields contributed a mere 5%. It was suggested at the meeting that these smaller fields could be given out to private and foreign firms in the hope that they would improve upon the baseline estimate and its production and ONGC could concentrate on the big ones where it could rope in technology partners through production enhancement contracts (PEC). Production Enhancement Contract (PEC) will require the oilfield service producer to commit to investing in capital expenditure and operating expenditure to increase production from the existing baseline output. A tariff will be paid in USD per barrel of oil and USD per million British thermal units for gas for any incremental hydrocarbon produced and saved over the baseline. The baseline was to be prepared by ONGC and vetted and certified by a third party. The fields will still be under ONGC’s control. Then ONGC launched its initial tender for Production Enhancement Contracts (PEC) for raising output beyond the business as usual (BAU) scenario from two aging fields. Schlumberger submitted the only application for Geleki oilfield (in Assam), while ONGC received no bids for Kalol oilfield in Gujarat. Moreover, Schlumberger is projecting a 26-27% decline in base production in the next few years and has sought several deviations in tender norms for infusing technology to raise output.[9]Giving discovered and producing fields of ONGC to new entrants in E&P sector: The GOI introduced a new policy for small fields known as Discovered Small Field (DSF) policy, 2015, where discovered and producing fields of ONGC are auctioned to private firms offering the maximum share of output to the government. This policy offers improved fiscal terms e.g. no oil cess applicable on crude oil production, moderate royalty rates same as in NELP regime, no upfront signature bonus, pricing and marketing freedom for oil and gas and no carried interest by NOCs. In DSF round 1, on 15th Feb 2017, through a detailed evaluation of the bids, 22 companies (singly or in consortium) were shortlisted for 31 Contract Areas. Of these 22 companies, 15 companies are new entrants to the E&P sector.[10] In DSF round 2, on 1st March 2019, through detailed process of evaluation, 14 Companies (singly or in Consortium) have been shortlisted for the award in 23 Contract Areas. Out of there 14 Companies, eight are new entrants in the E&P Sector.[11] These blocks being small and discovery of hydrocarbon having been already made are relatively less risky, offering a great opportunity to new entrants in the upstream hydrocarbon sector, has been argued by the GOI. But, I don’t think these new entrants (which were not known before this policy) in India’s E&P sector will be able to start commercial production within the timeframe stipulated by GOI. Also, Oilfields offered in DSF were taken away from ONGC and Oil India Ltd on the pretext that they were lying idle and unexploited and that the areas where the fields discovered by ONGC were given to the state-owned firm on nomination basis. But what they forget is that the concept of the fields being given to ONGC on nomination basis is "flawed" as what the company got was a barren piece of an area where it invested capital, without seeking any budgetary support, to discover oil and gas and produce from them. And these areas were given to ONGC in absence of any private or foreign company interest in exploring in India. [12] ONGC, however, is opposed to the plan as it feels it should be allowed the same terms that the government extends to private and foreign firms in DSF. [13] The only reason why these private players and new entrants may be able to initiate production from these fields is due to pricing and marketing freedom.Concept of pricing and marketing freedom: I’ll explain this concept with an example, Cairn India (Indian oil and gas E&P company, a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources) which operates the largest onshore oilfield of India i.e. Barmer oilfield, sells the Barmer field oil at a discount to Brent (produced in North sea and major benchmark for other crude oils), which has always been 10-15% below Brent, due to the quality of crude. Quality of crude oil is judged on various parameters and Tapis (produced offshore in the South China Sea) is amongst the world’s most expensive grade. Under the Rajasthan Production Sharing Contract, Cairn India is eligible to get an international price for its crude oil unlike NOCs like ONGC. [14] In 2016, Cairn India wanted to export its surplus crude from Barmer field as Indian refineries were not offering competitive prices with respect to international market, but was denied permission by Delhi HC as under the production sharing contract (PSC) between Cairn India and ONGC, it could sell surplus crude oil only to government and its nominees. [15] Cairn India is free to sell its oil to private or govt. refineries in India but NOCs like ONGC aren’t.Privatization of a PSU doesn’t always lead to Tech. infusion: “Modi has set a target of cutting oil import dependence by 10% to 67% by 2022. But faced with dipping domestic output and rising demand, the import dependence has risen to 83%. The ministry believes that the easy way to raise output would be to hand over ONGC's top fields to private/foreign companies who can infuse technology to raise output. NOCs, on the other hand, say they too can get technology provided they are given the same liberal fiscal terms that are promised to private and foreign companies.”[16] If a drop in production is a criterion for getting so-called experts for raising production, eastern offshore KG-D6 gas fields in Bay of Bengal and Barmer oilfields in Rajasthan are the fit case. These fields are just 8-10 years old but have seen a considerable drop in production. Natural gas output from the biggest gas field in the KG- D6 block is 1/10th since global major BP plc came on board nearly seven years back. In Cairn India’s Barmer block output had dropped 4% in 2015-16. India has 0.3% of the world's oil and gas reserves but produces 0.6% of global output, with ONGC accounting for the bulk of it. ONGC has maintained production levels despite most of its prime fields being in production for decades and natural decline setting. Another is the example of Panna/Mukta and Tapti oil and gas fields in Western Offshore, which was taken away from ONGC in the 1990s and given to Enron Corp. and Reliance Industries. After Enron's bankruptcy, the fields were first operated by BG Group of UK and now under Royal Dutch Shell but the production has only fallen, leading to the partners deciding to relinquish one of the fields.[17] Furthermore, the GOI has nominated ONGC to operate the Panna-Mukta oilfields after the contract with Reliance Industries and Shell runs out in December 2019.[18] To see ONGCs capability of tech. infusion, "Took stock of operations at ONGC's Becharaji Polymer pilot project in Mehsana, India's first heavy oil polymer flooding project aimed towards enhancing oil recovery. This (Mehsana) is our biggest producing asset for on-shore production and has the potential to further increase output. Nearly 90% of the polymer used in this project is produced indigenously." [19] Petroleum Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said on 22nd August 2019. ONGC has all the resources, talent pool and capability of technology infusion in its fields but what stops it is economics because it lacks pricing and marketing freedom like private players.Various crude oil grades and their price in the international market[20](IV) What the Govt. can do alternatively ?According to me, in the near future instead of privatizing ONGC, Govt. push will be to cut domestic oil consumption and Electric Transportation can reduce dependency on oil greatly. As a fact, 70% of Diesel and 99.6% of Petrol is consumed by the Transport Sector in India.[21] Cutting oil consumption would help us signNow towards self-sufficiency in oil production, would dramatically improve the balance of trade and the value of the currency would improve as a direct result. Air quality would improve dramatically because electric transportation is at a minimum twice as efficient as internal combustion engines are and Global warming would be dramatically affected as well. No oil can’t be replaced but it can be reduced. And, this seems to be happening as well, “Only electric vehicles to be sold after 2030 in India” - Niti Aayog[22]The GOI can simply sell 13.25% stake in ONGC which at current market price will get GOI, INR 21000 crore and fulfill 1/5th of GOI’s disinvestment target for FY 20.Henceforth based on my above arguments I feel that ONGC won’t be privatized in near or even distant future but then it is totally possible and is with the GOI to decide.Thank youMudit VajpayeeFootnotes[1] http:// https://www.ongcindia.co...[2] http:// https://www.thehindubusi...[3] PSEs to stay PSUs even with below 51% government stake[4] Government stake to fall below 51% in bluechip PSUs to boost disinvestment[5] Modi govt bites the bullet on cutting stake in PSUs to below 51 per cent[6] Government control won't be diluted below 51% after divestment in PSUs: Nirmala Sitharaman[7] The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Energy Markets[8] Dipankar Bhattacharya (দীপঙ্কর ভট্টাচার্য)'s answer to Will PSU's like NTPC, BHEL, ONGC get privatized? Are they running in losses? What will happen to the employees if they get privatized?[9] Schlumberger seeks deviations in ONGC oilfield tender[10] http://dghindia.gov.in/assets/do...[11] Award of 23 contract areas under DSF-II[12] http://%20https//www.livemint.co...[13] Prized ONGC asset sale nixed[14] Cairn seeks review of Rajasthan crude oil pricing[15] BPCL, HPCL keen on buying crude from Cairn India[16] DGH seeks data on ONGC's top 47 fields after rejection of bid to privatise fields[17] 'Privatise ONGC, selling 18 per cent can fetch Rs 41,000 cr'[18] Govt nominates ONGC to operate Panna-Mukta fields[19] Dharmendra Pradhan aims higher crude oil production from ONGC's Mehsana asset[20] Reports login[21] 70% of Diesel, 99.6 % of Petrol consumed by Transport Sector[22] Only electric vehicles to be sold after 2030 in India: Niti Aayog
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What documents are needed at Passport Seva Kendra for a fresh passport for my wife and son?
Passport is a very important document issued by the government of that particular country which certifies the holder’s identity and their citizenship. It entitles the passport holder to travel to and from foreign countries.In order to apply for a passport in India, one has to submit several documents, given below is a list of articles that need to be submitted in order to avail a passport.Documents Required for Fresh Passport ApplicationGeneral Category- Given below is a list of documents that needs to be submitted in order to apply for a General Passport under different categoriesAddress proof- One of the following documents can be submitted as address proof for Passport.Election ID card with present addressAadhaar cardPhone bill with current addressGas connectionBank passportRental agreement if staying in a rented houseIncome Tax Assessment orderWater bill with current addressElectricity bill with current addressCertificate from employer on letterhead with a seal and signaturePassport of the spouseParents’ passportAge proof- One can submit any of the following documents as age proof for passport:Birth certificate issued by the municipal authority or any other office authorized to issue the birth certificate.School leaving certificate/ Secondary school leaving certificate.Certificate sworn before a magistrate.List Of Documents Required For Passport For MinorsIs parents wish to procure passport for minors, the following are the documents that will have to be furnished by them -Unless specified, it will be assumed that both parents have given their consent for the same.Current address proof in the name of the parent(s) will have to be provided.Original and self-attested copies of the parents’ passport will have to be provided to the Passport Seva Kendra in case both parents possess the passport.Documents of minors will have to be attested by parents.Until the minor is 18 years old, he/she will be eligible for Non-ECR passport wherein Emigration check is not required.Original documents along with a set of self-attested photocopies of the originals will have to be furnished at the Passport Seva Kendra for processing.A Declaration confirming the details mentioned in the application about the minor applicant as per: Annexure ‘D’.Date Of Birth Documents Required For PassportThe Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) recently announced new rules for passports that in order to simplify the passport processes. With a vision to introduce a streamlined process that is transparent and easy, MEA has taken various interesting steps pertaining to the 'date of birth' section of the passport.After five years from the date of passport issuance, changes to the date of birth (DOB) was not allowed. Prior to the announcement, any applicant born on or after 26/01/1989 was bound to submit the Birth Certificate as the proof of DOB. The new rules will allow individuals to submit digitally signed birth certificate as valid proof of DOB. Under the new rules, any of the following document that shows the DOB is accepted as a proof for passport applications:A certificate issued for leaving school, matriculation or transfer issued by a recognized educational institution/establishmentPermanent Account Number (PAN) issued by Income Tax DepartmentAadhaar Card/E Aadhar issued by Unique Identification Authority of IndiaDriving license issued by the state government's Transport DepartmentVoter ID card or Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) issued by the Election Commission of IndiaService record or Pay Pension Order with DOB (applicable for government employees)Policy Bond issued by the Public Life Insurance firmsA birth certificate issued by designated authority under the Registration of Birth & Deaths Act, 1969
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Do you think UPSC is always beyond the lakhs of aspirants and 1000s of coaching institutes in term of paper setting?
Thank you for A2A.Yes and No both . UPSC PRELIMS is beyond 1000 coaching institutes who do not understand the demand and nature of exam and lakhs of aspirants who blindly depend on them.But UPSC PRELIMS is most predictable and safe exam if you understand it . I myself has proved by clearing all 6 prelims back to back with huge margins( 145- GS1).Let me explain YOU (Ladies and Gentlemen)This is the breakup of subjects this yearHere only 20 were pure current affairs. Other 12 were contemporary topics and were 1 year old so can’t be categorized as current affairs directly. Thus the bulk of questions came from Static and FundamentalsSantosh Sir Prediction before exam :Now read what I had predicted before exam.I had categorically suggested that this year they will focus on Fundamentals and static. Reading and following websites and mugging up stupid compilations will be a waste of time.I had asked to read newspapers , the Hindu .Most of questions are picked from The Hindu like the species one ,etcMy subject distribution was also close.Which section in the prelims 2019 is expected to give more questions according to the trend?I request you go through all my posts and see how relevant they were for PRELIMS 2019.I had strictly warned not to read bulky govt scheme compilation , it was suicidal . I had suggested only few . And I was bang on - only one scheme came which i had suggested Atal innocation mission.1. In India,'extended producer responsibility' was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998(b) The Recycled plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011My Topic List 3.5 Important topics from environment “ Extended Producer Responsibility”2.Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic List Important topics from environment : Ramsar Wetland3.As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels.2. People's participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2CAMPA Compensatory afforestationMy Topic List Important topics from environment: CAMPA4. In the context of which one of the following are the terms 'pyrolysis and plasma gasification' mentioned?(a) Extraction of rare earth elements(b) Natural gas extraction technologies(c) Hydrogen fuel-based automobiles(d) Waste-to-energy technologiesMy Topic List : Waste to energy5. In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as(a) pesticides in agriculture(b) preservatives in processed foods(c) fruit-ripening agents(d) moisturising agents in cosmeticsMy Topic List 3.5 Important topics from environment:: Stockhom-Persistant Organic Pollutatnt5. Why is there a great concern about the 'microbeads' that are released into environment?(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.My Topic List 3.5 Important topics from environment: Dead Zones in Ocean6. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) 1, 2 and 3(b) 2, 3 and 4(c) 1, 2 and 4(d) 1, 3 and 4My Topic List Important Environment Topics :PVTGs in A&N( Tribes)7. Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?1. Genetic predisposition of some people2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming4. Multiple chronic diseases in some peopleSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 and 2(b) 2 and 3 only(e) 1, 3 and 4(d) 2, 3 and 4My Topic List Important Anti Microbial Resistance and Policy8. With reference to Mian Tansen, which one of the following statements is not correct?(a) Tansen was the title given to him by Emperor Akbar.(b) Tansen composed Dhrupads on Hindu gods and goddesses.(c) Tansen composed songs on his patrons.(d) Tansen invented many Ragas.9. Consider the following statements:1. Saint Nimbarka was a contem-porary of Akbar.2. Saint Kabir was greatly influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2My Topic lis :Kabir and Akbar10. Consider the following statements:1. Most of India's external debt is owed by governmental entities.2. All of India's external debt is denominated in US dollars.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2Debt11. Which one of the following is not the most likely measure the Government/RBI takes to stop the slide of Indian rupee?(a) Curbing imports of non-essential goods-and promoting exports(b) Encouraging Indian borrowers to issue rupee denominated Masala Bonds(c) Easing conditions relating to external commercial borrowing(d) Following an expansionary monetary policyRBI steps to check currency devaluation12. In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/ contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis?1. The foreign currency earnings of India's IT sector2. Increasing the government expenditure3. Remittances from Indians abroadSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 3 only(c) 2 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: bCurrency Crisis13. Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly?(a) Certificate of Deposit(b) Commercial Paper(c) Promissory Note(d) Participatory NoteP notes14.1. No High Court shall have the jurisdiction to declare any central law to be constitutionally invalid.2. An amendment to the Constitution of India cannot be called into question by the Supreme Court of India.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2My Topic List : Amendments15. Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of(a) Chalukya(b) Chandela(c) Rashtrakuta(d) VijayanagaraVijayanagar empire (Themes part II) (chap 6)16. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the(a) Department of Science and Technology(b) Ministry of Employment(c) NITI Aayog(d) Ministry of Skill Development and EntrepreneurshipMt Topic List : AIM17.1.The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.44th AmendmentWhich of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2Amendments and HC18. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rates are calculated by comparing the prices of the same basket of goods and services in different countries.2. In terms of PPP dollars, India is the sixth largest economy in the world.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2GDP -PPP19. With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following?(a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law.(b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament.(c) In the event of grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet.(d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of Union Legislature.Advisory Jurisdiction20.1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3FRA 200621. In the context of polity, which one of the following would you accept as the most appropriate definition of liberty?(a) Protection against the tyranny of political rulers(b) Absence of restraint(c) Opportunity to do whatever one likes(d) Opportunity to develop oneself fullyLiberty22. Consider the following statements:1. The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 244th amendment23. The- motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes 'incapacity and proved misbehaviour' of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 2(b) 3 only(c) 3 and 4 only(d) 1, 3 and 4Judges removal24. Asiatic Lion Conservation Project ( endangered, canine distemper virus, Gir, Pania sanctuary)25. What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati?(a) Recently discovered uranium deposits(b) Tropical rain forests(c) Underground cave systems(d) Water reservoirsAnswer: DIndian Major Dams- New dams26. Under which Schedule of the Constitution of India can the transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining be declared null and void?(a) Third Schedule(b) Fifth Schedule(c) Ninth Schedule(d) Twelfth Schedule27. The Ninth Schedule was introduced in the Constitution of India during the prime ministership of(a) Jawaharlal Nehru(b) Lal Bahadur Shastri(c) Indira Gandhi(d) Morarji DesaiSchedules28. In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere?(a) Creating the artificial rains in some regions(b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones(c) Reducing the adverse effects of solar wind on the Earth(d) Reducing the global warmingClimate engineering –carbon capture, Bio char, stratospheric aerosol injection29. Consider the following:1. Deification of the Buddha2. Treading the path of Bodhisattvas3. Image worship and ritualsWhich of the above is/are the feature/ features of Mahayana Buddhism?(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic list :Buddhism features30.The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to1. state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought2. lay down The standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sourcesWhich of the statements given above is/ are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2My topic List :EPA31.1. The Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 1959 exempts several posts from disqualification on the grounds of 'Office of Profit'.2. The above-mentioned Act was amended five times.3. The term 'Office of Profit' is well-defined in the Constitution of India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 3 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic List Polity : Office of profitoffice of Profit32.1.According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India.2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board.3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic List :Indian Patent and Farmer right33.In the context of wearable technology, which of the following tasks is/are accomplished by wearable devices?1. Location identification of a person2. Sleep monitoring of a person3. Assisting the hearing impaired personSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My topic List :Cyber Physical System34.Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant 'blackholes' billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?(a) 'Higgs boson particles' were detected.(b) 'Gravitational waves' were detected.(e) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through 'wormhole' was confirmed.(d) It enabled the scientists to understand 'singularity'.My topic List :Gravitational waves35.Consider the following pairs:Movement/OrganizationLeader1. All India Anti-Untouchability LeagueMahatma Gandhi2. All India Kisan SabhaSwami Sahajanand Saraswati3. Self-Respect MovementE. V. Ramaswami NaickerWhich of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My topic List :Self-respect movement37. Consider the following pairs:SeaBordering country1. Adriatic SeaAlbania2. Black SeaCroatia3. Gaspian SeaKazakhstan4. Mediterranean SeaMorocco5. Red SeaSyriaWhich of the pair given above are correctly matched?(a) 1, 2 and 4 only(b) 1, 3 and 4 only(c) 2 and 5 only(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5My Topic List :black Sea and Mediterranean Sea-38. With reference to the Legislative Assembly of a State in India, consider the following statements :1. The Governor makes a customary address to Members of the House at the commencement of the first session of the year .2. When a State Legislature does not have a rule on a particular matter, it follows the Lok Sabha rule on that matter.Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 239. With reference to Indian National Movement, consider the following pairs:PersonPosition held1. Sir Tej Bahadur SapruPresident, All India Liberal Federation2. K. C. NeogyMember, The Constituent Assembly3. P. C. JoshiGeneral Secretary, Communist Party of IndiaMy Topic List :Constituent assemblySantosh Sir Elimination Techniques:Can you share your intelligent guessing tricks?40 . With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements1. AIIB has more than 80 member nations.2. India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.3. AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c). 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: aHere statement 2 and statement 3 can be eliminated because they are extreme. You can read what I had advised in my intelligent guessing tricks.41. What was the purpose of Inter-Creditor Agreement signed by Indian banks and financial institutions recently?(a) To lessen the Government of India's perennial burden of fiscal deficit nd current account deficit(b) To support the infrastructure projects of Central and State Governments(c) To act as independent regulator in case of applications for loans of Rs. 50 crore or more(d) To aim at faster resolution of stressed assets of Rs. 50 crore or more which are-under consortium lendingAnswer: dHere option c and d can only be the answer as they are common.42. The Chairmen of public sector banks are selected by the(a) Banks Board Bureau(b) Reserve Bank of India(c) Union Ministry of Finance(d) Management of concerned bankAnswer: cTopic List : Banking bsics43. Consider the following statements:1. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) is the first regulatory body set up by the Government of India.2. One of the tasks of PNGRB is to, ensure competitive markets for gas.3. Appeals against the decisions of PNGRB go before the Appellate Tribunals for Electricity.Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: bHere also extreme statement like First in option 1 can be eliminated. Thus we get the answer.44. With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference / differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?1. LTE 'is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.Select the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2Answer: dTopic List : 5G 4 G.45. Which one of the following is not a sub-index of the World Bank's 'Ease of Doing Business Index'?(a) Maintenance of law and order(b) Paying taxes(c) Registering property(d) Dealing with construction permitsAnswer: aHere option a is unrelated to the question , thus can be eliminated easily. Other 3 deals with doing business.Some indirect Topics46.The Chairmen of public sector banks are selected by the(a) Banks Board Bureau(b) Reserve Bank of India(c) Union Ministry of Finance(d) Management of concerned bankBanking basics:47.Which of the following is not included in the assets of a commercial bank in India?(a) Advances(b) Deposits(e) Investments(d). Money at call and short noticeMy Topic list :Banking48. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements:1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2, 3 and 4 only(c) 2 and 4 only(d) 1, 2, 3 and 449. Consider the following statements:A digital signature is1. an electronic record that identifies the signNowing authority issuing it2. used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or server on Internet.3. an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchangedWhich of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: dMy Topics list - Digital India51. Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of 'methane hydrate?1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.2. Large deposits of 'methane hydrate' are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor.3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.Select the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My topic List : Climate change and oceans and Deep Ocean Mining.There are many more which I didn’t include because they were indirect.My point here is if you understand the nature and demand of exam , its easy. I have done it not once but six times . You can also do it.But you have to cut the clutter. If you read and follow unnecessary online stuff daily which UPSC will never ask , you are bound to lose as your precious time will get wasted.For free mains guidance :( AsksantoshSir- telegram)How can I join the PGP program for 2020?We are starting mains guidance in a week . I will continue guiding you in this journey . But always remember
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