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FAQs
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Is it true that the United States military is the most powerful military in the world?
Very much true.The US military has massive power projection, more than any country in the history of man. The US has 11 (CATOBAR/STOBAR) Aircraft Carriers, while the next country has 1 which is, China, Russia, India, UK, and France. Also, the US Carriers are not just regular carriers, they are known as Super Carriers. Which is a term coined by the public to say that these carriers are so large that they exceed the definition of an Aircraft Carrier. Also, the US carriers were designed in the 70’s and countries are now just starting to make designs that could compete with the American Carriers. However, the US just redesigned the carrier and is coming out with the new Gerald R. Ford Class Carrier, which is supposed to be years possibly decades ahead of any other countries design. If you include Helicopter Carriers, and Amphibious Assault ships, that number jumps up to 20, soon to be 22. Then the next highest is tied between Japan and France with 4. My favorite part about the US having so many Aicraft Carriers is that if we divided them up between the major oceans, we could have 4 in each ocean… Crazy. The US carriers are also nuclear powered, they are the only carriers to be nuclear powered besides the French R91 Charles de Gaulle.Note the types of planes on the US Carriers. If you look at the USS Gerald R. Ford, it is fielding 5 different aircraft. 4 planes and 1 helicopter. We will look at the planes. Woden note, the USN has the 2nd largest Air Force in the world, right behind the USAF.First plane- McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet/Super Hornet: The plane is one of the most decorated planes, with thousands of successful missions, while requiring 3x less maintenance and failures than its counterparts. The plane has electronic warfare capabilities, air to air, and air to ground capabilities. Also, has spy and early warning capabilities. It was one of the first aircraft to heavily use multifunction displays, which at the switch of a button allow a pilot to perform either fighter or attack roles or both. The airframe is complex yet so simple, that a 4 man team can remove and install a new F404 engine in 40 minutes. Was also one of the very first 4th generation fighter on an aircraft carrier.Second plane- Northrop Grumman X-47B: This guy will be the very first and only Carrier based Drone. Northrop Grumman intends to develop the prototype X-47B into a battlefield-ready aircraft, the Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) system, which will enter service in the 2020s. So it’ll have strike options and surveillance capabilities.Third plane- Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye: Many countries have AWAC systems or Airborne early warning and control. But only the United States have a Carrier based AWAC system. With the creation of this system, carriers that are hundreds of miles away from the nearest AWAC system, this plane gives the ability for a carrier strike group to potentially detect fifth-generation fighters like the Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and the Chinese Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-31 farther out. Also, gives the ability to guide fleet weapons, such as AIM-120 AMRAAM and SM-6 missiles, onto targets beyond a launch platform's detection range or capabilities.Fourth plane- Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II: This plane is the first and only carrier based 5th Generation Stealth fighter. The plane is meant as an air superiority fighter and a plane capable of ground support. It also has a very low, almost undetectable, cross section and radar signature. Besides radar stealth measures, the F-35 incorporates infrared signature and visual signature reduction measures. With the addition of a 5th generation stealth fighter, this gives the US military and Navy, the opportunity to do more damage and to have true air superiority over all other aircraft carrier based planes and land based planes. The US, in the event of a war, can now bring 5th gen fighters to the battle without the need of the Air Force against other 4th gen fighters, or possibly the few Chinese or Russian 5th gen fighters.Furthermore, the US have some of the best destroyers on the planet. With the highly acclaimed Arleigh-Burke Class Destroyer, and the brand new, low production Zumwalt Class Destroyer. The US has the most destroyers in the world with about double the next country, with another 4 undergoing sea trials and we are currently building 5 more and have awarded contracts for 5 more. By 2024 the US is expected to have 79 destroyers in service.Zumwalt Destroyer- The Zumwalt class warships are the largest destroyer ever built. The USS Zumwalt has unusual hull design optimized for wave piercing. There is a composite deckhouse. Angular shape minimizes its radar signature. The ship has hidden radar and sensors. The despite its size the USS Zumwalt has a radar signature of a fishing boat. Also it has reduced sound and infrared signature what makes this ship harder to detect. The ship is the First american surface warship to integrate electronic propulsion, it generates enough power to light up a small city. Sound levels of the Zumwalt are comparable with Los Angeles class submarines.Arleigh-Burke Destroyer- These guided missile destroyers entered service with the US Navy in 1991 were the first large US Navy vessel designed to incorporate stealth shaping techniques to reduce radar cross-section. Also these are one of the biggest destroyers in the world that incorporate highly advanced weaponry and systems. Hull profile of the Arleight Burke class signNowly improves seakeeping, permitting high speeds to be maintained in difficult sea states. The AN/SPY-1D phased array radar incorporates signNow advances in the detection capabilities of the AEGIS weapons system, particularly in its resistance to enemy electronic countermeasures. Missile are stored in vertical launch systems, that can also house smaller Evolved Sea Sparrow (ESSM) missiles, Tomahawk land attack cruise missiles, ASROC anti-submarine missiles. For point defense the ships are equipped with two Phalanx Close-In Weapon Systems (CIWS). Also there are 324 mm launchers for Mk.46 or Mk.50 torpedoes.Daily dose of freedom right here.Obviously, we can’t forget about the immaculate US submarine fleet. The US has some of the most advanced and quietest submarines. All of them use nuclear propulsion for extended range and stealth capabilities. The US has the…Ohio class (18 in commission) – 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), 4 guided missile submarines (SSGNs)- The U.S. Ohio-class submarines, of which 14 are Trident II SSBN, each capable of carrying 24 SLBMs. The first four which were all equipped with the older Trident I missiles have been converted to SSGN's each capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk guided missiles and have been further equipped to support Special OperationsSeawolf class (3 in commission) – attack submarines- The Seawolf class boats were intended to seek and destroy the latest Soviet ballistic missile submarines, such as the Typhoon class and attack submarines such as the Akula class. Seawolf class submarines are arguably the quietest submarines in the world ever constructed. It is exceptionally quiet even at high speeds. Most submarines need to keep their speed down to as little as 5 knots to avoid detection by passive sonar arrays, while the Seawolf class are credited with being able to cruise at 20 kots and still be impossible to locate. A Seawolf at 25 knots makes less noise than an older Los Angeles class submarine tied up alongside the pier. And these came out in 1989.Virginia class (11 in commission, 5 under construction, 2 on order) – fast attack submarines- The Virginia class submarines incorporate newly designed anechoic coating, isolated deck structures and new design of propulsor to achieve low acoustic signature. It is claimed that noise level of the Virginia is equal to that of the Seawolf class. The Virginia class submarines are fitted with 12 vertical launch system (VLS) tubes. These are used to launched Tomahawk land attack cruise missiles with a range of 1 700 km. Also there are four 533-mm torpedo tubes. These are used to fire a total of 26 Mk.48 heavyweight torpedoes and Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles. It is the first US submarine to employ a built-in Navy SEAL staging area allowing a team of 9 men to enter and leave the submarine.(Improved) Los Angeles class (34 in commission, 2 in reserve) – attack submarines- The Improved submarines are much quieter. It is described that improved Los Angeles class boats are 7 times quieter than the original Los Angeles class boats. The class features a very potent weapon array, including Mk.48 torpedoes, Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles and Tomahawk land attack cruise missiles. Tomahawk missiles can be launched from torpedo tubes of from dedicated vertical launching systems. These boats can operate under ice where the Russian ballistic missile submarines tend to hide.Surfacing of a US Submarine.Let’s move onto the air. While the USN has a quite capable Air Force. But that is dwarfed by the sheer magnitude and strength of the United States Air Force. The Air Force articulates its core missions as air and space superiority, global integrated ISR, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control. The USAF flys a multitude of different planes and helicopters. The USAF is the largest Air Force in the world, here is the list of what America flys. Most of these are at the cutting edge of innovation, with two of them being 5th generation stealth fighters. That’s really really good because no other country has an active 5th gen while the US has 2. The USAF also has the largest bomber, tanker, fighter, and transport fleets in the world. The USAF has so many staging areas around the world, that the US can have bombers or any other planes on station, anywhere around the world in a matter of hours.Attack: A-10, AC-130, MQ-1, MQ-9Bomber: B-1B, B-2, B-52HElectronic warfare: E-3, E-8, EC-130Fighter: F-15C, F-15E, F-16, F-22 (5th gen), F-35A (5th gen)Helicopter: HH-60, UH-1NReconnaissance: MC-12, RC-135, RQ-4, RQ-170, U-2, U-28Trainer: T-1, T-6, T-38, T-41, T-51, T-53, TG-16Transport: C-5, C-12, C-17, C-21, C-32, C-37, C-130, C-40, CV-22, VC-25Tanker: KC-10, KC-135Let’s look at the two of my favorite ones and the most technologically advanced planes in the world.F-22 RaptorThe F-22 Raptor air superiority fighter is almost invisible to radars. This aircraft carries a powerful array of weaponry. It is the most advanced and most expensive production fighter aircraft to date. Many of sensors and avionics of this plane remain classified. Engines of the raptor allow the aircraft to supercruise over long ranges, while thrust-vectoring nozzles, combined with a triplex fly-by-wire flight control system, make it exceptionally maneuverable. The highly integrated avionics systems also include a data-link, inertial navigation system with embedded GPS for high-accuracy navigation, and advanced electronic warfare, warning and countermeasures systems. Two central computers manage the automatic switching of the sensors between completely passive and wholly active operation, according to the tactical situation. Artificial intelligence algorithms fuse data from the sensors and present only relevant information to the pilot to reduce workload while at the same time improving tactical awareness. The datalink allows tactical information to be shared with other F-22s. The tech is so special that other countries, not even NATO allies are given the chance to procure the plane.B-2 SpiritThe B-2A Spirit is the silver bullet of US policy, reserved for use against targets of the highest priority. The B-2's stealth characteristics enable the undetected penetration of sophisticated anti-aircraft defenses and to attack even heavily defended targets. This stealth comes from a combination of reduced acoustic, infrared, visual and radar signatures (multi-spectral camouflage) to evade the various detection systems that could be used to detect and be used to direct attacks against an aircraft. Composites are extensively used to provide a radar-absorbent honeycomb structure; the bomber has a minimal IR signature, does not contrail and uses its shielded APQ-181 radar only momentarily to identify a target just before attacking. The onboard DMS is capable of automatically assessing the detection capabilities of identified threats and indicated targets. The DMS will be upgraded by 2021 to detect radar emissions from air defenses to allow changes to the auto-router's mission planning information while in-flight so it can receive new data quickly to plan a route that minimizes exposure to dangers. Also, most of the B-2s are stationed in Missouri, and they are capable of bombing any target in the world despite being in the heart of America.Now for the US ARMYThe US army it self is massive in numbers, coming in at 1.01 million personnel, it self is one of the biggest standing armies in the world, and that's just one branch of the US military. Also, in the US military, it is the largest branch out of them all surpassing any other branch by almost 600,000 personnel. They provide the bulk of security for the US's foreign interests. The mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders. Which is mainly air domination and land domination. They mainly engage is conventional warfare, and asymmetrical warfare. The US Army's main responsibilities is preserving the peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States, the Commonwealths and possessions and any areas occupied by the United States, Supporting the national policies, Implementing the national objectives, Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States. The US Army is also home to some of the most dangerous, prestigious and hardest working special forces teams in the world such as the frontline special force, the Rangers, we also have the green berets and the iconic 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne) also known as Delta Force. The US army is thought to be one of the most battle tested and battle proven militaries in the world. With the mobility of the USAF an army QRF can be anywhere on earth in less than 24 hours. The US ARMY uses the M1A2 Abrams tank. One of the most badass, heaviest, fastest, and battle hardened tanks in the world.This tank has incredible technology and armor. Also it has seen combat. It is one of the most feared MBTs. The M1A2 offers signNow protection against all well-known anti-tank weapons. This main battle tank uses advanced armor, reinforced with depleted uranium layers. The M1A2 has signNow level of protection against all known anti-tank weapons. It can also employ counter-IED equipment. The tank is armed with the same 120-mm M256 smoothbore gun as its predecessor. Range of effective fire is in excess of 4 km. This main battle tank is powered by a Honeywell AGT1500 gas turbine engine, developing 1 500 hp. The tank is one of the fastest in the world, clocking in (with no governor) at 60 mph while being THE heaviest tank in the world. As of April of 2018, the US has no combat losses with the Abrams, the Abrams has only been lost due to friendly fire, never to enemy fire.I don’t think I need to explain the marines. Just know that they use the same tech as the Army (with some exceptions) but they are also the main invasion force for the US. And they are badass.The US military signNow is massive with the Aircraft carriers and the 700+ military bases around the world. The US is truly the most powerful military in the world. The fact that they can have a men anywhere in the world in less than 24 hours and being able to bomb any place on earth, just proves how powerful the US military is.
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Which is the best software for documentation?
Traditional documentation done for most of the products is monotonous and tiring to go through. Users often get confused while trying to use a manual.Moving away from static documentation, products are now switching to ‘interactive documentation/user guides’. These interactive user guides direct a user to perform a task from the beginning till the end.Whatfix provides an easy yet efficient way to create interactive user guides without the use of any coding knowledge.It allows users to Learn while Doing. Whatfix helps users navigate within a web application, getting them onboard, trained and providing them with proactive contextual support.One such example of product’s online documentation could be the ServiceNow documentation created with the help of Whatfix. The gif below gives a gist of it.You can list down all the help topics of your website within a self-help widget. Each help topic is a ‘How-to’ question in itself. When a user clicks on a help topic an interactive walkthrough begins. This walkthrough handholds the user till the completion of the task.Now, here’s something even more interesting.Instantly Create & Export Multiple Media formatsThe Interactive walkthroughs that we built here using Whatfix is a one-stop shop for all your interactive content and a great add-on for your product documentation.Once created, the interactive walkthroughs is instantly converted to 5 multi media formats:Annotated VideoEmbeddable SlideshowPDFScreenshotSmart URLAnd all of these can be quickly integrated on any website/web-app.Quick, Easy, Code-free Walkthrough CreationWhatfix’s interactive walkthroughs can be created quickly, without any hassle, and without any code through our point-and-click editor. A 10-step walkthrough generally takes less that 5 minutes to create.You can also make use Whatfix’s widgets for authoring your interactive product documentation.Multilingual, auto-segmented interactive guidanceOnce created, the walkthroughs can be converted to over 50 languages.Auto-segmentation of Whatfix is yet another feature that allows you to segment your walkthroughs on the basis of specific rules, user roles, pages, HTML elements, etc.These features are just the tip of the iceberg.Further on, these walkthroughs can be tailor-made for you according to your usage, budget and product vision.Want to learn more on Interactive walkthroughs, here’s a useful free Ebook - 15 Minute Guide To Interactive Walkthroughs
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What's an explanation of dark matter in details, with very high accuracy?
To fulfill your stated requirements would require (1) a post the length of a book, and (2) a deeper understanding than I personally have. However, given that Quora is not the right place to write a book anyway, I may know enough to take a reasonable crack at this. With that said, though, if you're an actual expert on one of these areas and catch something I've explained incorrectly, please let me know in the comments so that I can fix it!Yes, it's still quite long, but keep in mind that this is the short version.What is Dark Matter (DM)?Dark Matter is just matter that doesn't interact via the Electromagnetic (EM) or Strong Nuclear forces. No EM interactions means that it can't give off light, or absorb light, or reflect, refract, or scatter light in any way. This, naturally, makes it rather difficult to see (thus "dark" matter, although I suppose it's more "transparent" than "dark"). Our current best measurements indicate that something like 85% of the matter in our observable Universe (about a quarter of the total mass-energy content) is Dark Matter.Isn't Dark Matter weird/spooky?Not at all. Neutrinos, for example, satisfy the definition of Dark Matter, they just represent such a tiny fraction of the total DM in the Universe that people tend to neglect them when they ask, "what is Dark Matter made of?"There is nothing at all strange or unusual about certain particles not interacting in certain ways. Neutrons have no electric charge (although they do have EM properties, but that's neither here nor there), and electrons don't interact via the Strong Force, so why shouldn't there be particles that interact with neither, like the neutrinos? Saying that interacting with light is "normal" is purely human bias, because we rely so much on sight. Having lots of DM in the Universe is in no way "weird"; it just means that the Universe doesn't revolve around what humanity finds convenient!Why are we confident that DM exists?This is by no means a complete list, but it should give a sense of the kinds of evidence we have. Each of these would take at least a chapter of a book to explain properly, but hopefully this will give the general idea.Galactic rotation curves.When one object orbits another, the orbiting object has to be constantly accelerating towards the central object (or, more precisely, they both accelerate towards their combined center of mass). Without that acceleration, the orbiting body would just fly off. The faster the orbiting body is moving, the more acceleration is needed to keep it in its orbit. Since in this case the acceleration is due to gravity, this means that the central mass has to be bigger. For a circular orbit of a small object [math]m[/math] at distance [math]r[/math] and velocity [math]v[/math] around a large (and assumed stationary) object [math]M[/math], the acceleration requirement gives[math]\frac{v^2}{r} = \frac{GM}{r^2}[/math]which in turn gives us the relation[math]v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}[/math].(I'm doing this with Newtonian gravity for simplicity; to do it with full rigor would require General Relativity. In this situation, the Newtonian approximation is actually generally pretty good.)For a more complicated object than just two point particles, as long as there's enough symmetry, the gravitational version of Gauss's law says that the relevant [math]M[/math] is the total mass of everything in the galaxy that's at a distance less than [math]r[/math] from the center. [Edited to note: For this to be exactly right, the matter distribution would have to be spherically symmetric, which galaxies aren't. As a result, actual calculations are a bit more complicated than shown here.]This allows us to "weigh" different parts of the galaxy, by measuring the relationship between [math]r[/math] and [math]v[/math]. (We can measure the rotational velocities by comparing redshifts on the approaching and receding sides of the galaxy.) This image from Wiki shows the result of this measurement:The "expected from visible disk" line is determined by adding up the masses of all the parts of the galaxy that we can see. (How we measure that mass is a whole different discussion.)Gravitational Lensing.In General Relativity, whenever light passes through a gravitational field, that field bends its path slightly. This acts like a Gravitational lens, and can produce, for example, "Einstein Rings", like this image from Wiki:The "ring" is a distorted image of a single blue galaxy located behind the red galaxy at the center. Light from the blue galaxy goes out in all directions, but is bent by the red galaxy's gravity. This means that the light that starting out on a "direct path" to us never signNowes us, but light that was originally missing us by a specific amount (in any direction) gets bent back towards us, which makes it look like it's coming from a bunch of different directions, resulting in the ring image seen here.This is a highly dramatic example of gravitational lensing, but there are much more subtle effects that can still be useful. In Weak gravitational lensing, statistical analysis of distortions in the light we receive allows us to "map out" the gravitational field between us and distant galaxies. Often, this just shows more mass than we know how to account for, but that could be explained away by just assuming that our understanding of gravity is off. There's something else, however, that's a lot harder to explain away in that manner: the Bullet Cluster.(Image from A Matter of Fact on nasa.gov)What's going on here? Well, two galaxy clusters collided with each other, and this is the aftermath. The red coloring represents where the visible matter is, while the blue coloring represents where the dark matter is, as inferred by gravitational lensing. Why are they separated so much? Well, most of the luminous matter in a galaxy cluster is in the Intracluster medium, a hot, dense, plasma. When these plasmas collide with each other, a signNow amount of the matter slows down. However, since Dark Matter interacts only very weakly, the DM components of the two clusters were free to pass through each other unimpeded, resulting in a separation (as seen here). Not only is there "not enough" luminous matter... it's in the wrong place! A small number of scientists remain committed to finding ways to explain this without DM, and they have had partial success, but only by including as-of-yet-unmeasured things that are far stranger than DM (for example, a rank-3 tensor field, which, while possible, would be the first tensor field of such a high rank ever found).Effect on the Cosmic Microwave Background.For the first few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, The Universe was hot enough that it was highly ionized, which made it more or less opaque to light; photons were pinballing around just like any other particle. However, once things cooled down enough, signNow amounts of the protons and electrons combined into neutral Hydrogen, which is (more or less) transparent to most of the light that was around at the time. This happened fairly quickly (in terms of cosmological time), and so it was as if all of the light pinballing around all over the Universe were suddenly released all at once, effectively capturing a snapshot of the Universe at that moment in its evolution. Since this light was released everywhere in the Universe, we can point our radio telescopes in any direction we like, and there it is: the Cosmic microwave background (CMB). It's almost the same temperature in every direction, but there are small differences (generally around one part in [math]10^5[/math]), and we have measured these tiny variations with extraordinary accuracy: first via the COBE satellite, which was then replaced by the more advanced WMAP, which was then replaced by the more advanced Planck (spacecraft), which is currently in operation.These tiny variations can tell us a lot about the early universe. For example, statistical analyses of these variations show the distinct signature of pressure waves propagating through that early plasma, and the nature of these Baryon acoustic oscillations can tell us a lot about what kinds of things were around. Specifically, the protons and electrons would be dragged along by the (dominant) photons, becoming part of the wave, but Dark Matter wouldn't, and would only be indirectly affected by the resulting small changes in gravity. The presence and abundance of Dark Matter therefore affects how these waves impact the temperature variations in the CMB.The formation of large-scale structure.The standard story given in popular science explanations goes like this: the Universe started out hot and dense and more or less uniform, then it expanded and cooled and clumped into stars and galaxies. However, this story is incomplete, in a way that means that galaxies wouldn't exist without dark matter.At a surface level, the story makes sense; heck, I got almost half-way through a Ph.D. in Physics without noticing any problem with it! It sounds so plausible because of how gravity works: if matter is distributed more or less evenly, but some places are a tiny bit more dense than others, gravity will tend to make those overdensities bigger and bigger. Why? Well, even if a region is just a little denser than its neighbors, it's still going to win the gravitational tug-of-war and gradually accumulate more and more mass. Of course, once it has more mass, it wins the tug-of-war by even more, and so it's a run-away process that ends in big gravitationally-bound clumps.So, what's the problem? Well, consider the air in the room with you right now. Are there tiny density variations? Of course, since perfect uniformity is impossible. But, is it forming into exponentially denser clumps? Certainly not! The reason for this is that, under these kinds of conditions, when the density of a gas goes up, so does its pressure. That pressure makes the over-dense region expand outwards again, returning the density back to average!Now, of course, the scales and temperatures involved are totally different. A huge region of gas will have more gravitational attraction than a tiny pocket of denser air in your room, and gas in space has no need to be at room temperature, either. So, if the gas can cool down enough, that can reduce the pressure enough for gravity to win. But, the more it compresses, the more it heats up, because it's converting gravitational energy into thermal energy, and so the pressure goes up again. This means that forming a galaxy is a very gradual process, during which it has to constantly be getting rid of tremendous amounts of energy. If it were just a cloud of gas, without any outside interference, this process wouldn't be nearly fast enough, and we wouldn't have galaxies today.But, as you know, hot things give off heat much faster than cold things. So, if we want galaxies to form by the present day (or, indeed, before the expansion of space makes matter too dilute to form galaxies at all), something has to be forcing the gas to compress and become denser and hotter than it would be able to under its own gravity. Enter: Dark Matter. Because it interacts only weakly, Dark Matter doesn't have pressure like gas does. So, the argument about the run-away gravitational process actually works for Dark Matter. DM can't get rid of energy very easily, and so conservation of energy and angular momentum mean that it can only collapse to about 200 times the background density, but the resulting Dark matter halo provides enough of a gravity well to "seed" the formation of visible galaxies. So, it's not a coincidence that the galactic rotational curves showed large amounts of dark matter... the galaxies wouldn't have formed there without it!As a result of this DM "seeding" process, theoretical models and computer simulations of the formation of DM structures have been fairly successful in describing the statistical properties of how galaxies are distributed now, as well as how they were distributed earlier in the history of the Universe (which we can measure by looking at very distant galaxies).Okay, so that's why we think Dark Matter exists. But, the next obvious question is... well... what is it? What's it actually made of? What are its properties? Here, we have only very partial knowledge, and multiple different theories, any combination of which could be correct (or, perhaps, none of them). This leads us to:What do we know about the properties of Dark Matter?Again, this is in no way exhaustive, but it should give you a decent idea.It's "cold".This is why the current dominant model of cosmology is called the Lambda-CDM model: "Lambda" ([math]\Lambda[/math]) stands for the Cosmological constant, and "CDM" stands for "Cold Dark Matter".When an astrophysicist describes something as "cold", they generally mean that the associated thermal velocity is much less than the speed of light. By this standard, the air in Death Valley is "cold". But, then again, to cosmologists, galaxies are basically point-particles, so everything's a matter of scale and perspective!So, why does DM need to be "cold"? Well, remember that DM clumping together was integral to the formation of structures like galaxies. However, if DM were very hot (and therefore the particles were moving very fast), this would prevent it from clumping properly. I have explained it in very vague terms, but the effects are actually well-understood mathematically. In fact, it's similar to something that does happen, with photons: Diffusion damping (or "Silk damping"). However, in the case of Dark Matter, the result would be a signNow delay (or even outright prevention) of the formation of galaxies, to the extent that "warm" Dark Matter can be observationally ruled out.Incidentally, this is how we know that it's not all just neutrinos: given what we know about the early Universe, they would be far too hot!It interacts only very weakly.This is somewhat part of the definition of Dark Matter, but it's good to see observational confirmation. I know fewer of the details on this, but I do know that there are observational bounds in the "interaction cross-section" of Dark Matter, both in terms of its interactions with luminous matter and for its theorized self-annihilation processes (in which two DM particles could interact and annihilate each other). Also, as discussed before, the Bullet Cluster shows giant dark matter halos more or less just passing through each other, which suggests very weak interactions.So... given those properties,What might Dark Matter be made of?There are two leading theories (as far as I'm aware) that suggest the existence of specific types of new particles. Both are well-motivated theoretically (as in, we have good reasons for suspecting that particles with those particular properties might exist), but neither has been experimentally confirmed yet. Interestingly, the two predicted particles are totally different from one another, not slight variations on the same theme.At the end of the day, either of these theories could be right, or both (given the existence of neutrinos, there's no need for all the rest of the DM to be a single type of particle), or, of course, neither.So, what are the theories?Axions.I feel morally obliged to put this one first, even though the other one is more popular at the moment, because my university is heavily involved in the Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX), and so of course I'm rooting for my colleagues!The existence of Axions has been theorized since the 1970s, but we only recently have the technology to even properly start to try to measure them in the lab. Axions are extremely tiny particles (unlike WIMPs, the other leading option), and so they would have to exist in truly huge quantities. Still, because they interact so weakly, it's hard to detect them, even with billions of them passing through your detector in a tiny fraction of a second. The linked wiki articles do a better job of explaining the theoretical motivation and experimental search than I could. It's really quite elegant, and would solve a lot of outstanding mysteries in particle physics (like the Strong CP Problem), but I can't do it justice.Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)(Wiki reference: Weakly interacting massive particles)To explain why WIMPs are theoretically attractive, I have to take a little detour into "relic abundance", i.e., how many particles of a given type were left over after the Universe cooled down and generally became a more stable place.In the early universe, everything was very dense, and many different kinds of particles were "tightly coupled" (i.e., they interacted with each other frequently). However, as the universe got larger and cooler, these interaction rates slowed down, more or less to a stop, a phenomenon known as "freezing out". The time at which something "freezes out" depends on a number of things, including its mass and how strongly it interacts with other things. This "freezing out" has a huge effect on the abundances of various particles in the Universe. For example, consider the process[math]n \Leftrightarrow p + e^- + \overline{\nu_e}[/math],in which a neutron can turn into a proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino (or vice versa). If you go back far enough, this reaction will be in thermodynamic equilibrium, just like with any chemical reaction that can go either direction. However, once the neutrinos "freeze out", equilibrium can't be maintained anymore (although other processes, like beta decay, can still happen). The relative abundance of protons and neutrons at the moment of freeze-out is determined by two factors: the mass difference [math]\Delta m[/math] between the two particles, and the temperature of the Universe when freeze-out occurred. These factors combine to determine by how much the lighter particle is thermodynamically favored, with an exponential dependence:[math] \frac{N_n}{N_p} \propto e^{-\Delta m c^2 / k T}[/math]where [math]k[/math] is Boltzmann's constant.This clearly impacts the "relic abundance" of the particles involved (here, protons and neutrons). So, in general, the abundance of a given particle in the Universe today is signNowly influenced by the mass of that particle and how strongly it interacts (since that affects freeze-out time and thus freeze-out temperature). This brings us to the so-called "WIMP miracle": a particle that interacts predominantly via the Weak Nuclear Force, and that has a mass near the mass scale associated with Weak interactions ([math]\sim 100 \text{ GeV}/c^2[/math]), would have a relic abundance that would match the measured abundance of Dark Matter in the Universe. Given that such a particle was already speculated to exist (in the context of Supersymmetry), this was very theoretically attractive to a lot of people, although our inability to find it so far has damped some of their spirits.So, there you have it: my summary of Dark Matter. Hope it was worth the time it took to read! (Let alone write...)
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What are the current topics for a paper presentation by an ECE student?
List of all Technical topics (ECE) in recent trend is given below :A Digital Speech Effects SynthesizerAdvanced Queue Management TechniquesAgent Mediated E-commerceAircarsAircraft GPS TrackingAmbiophonicsAn Electric BicycleLogin application in java using model view controller(mvc) and MySQL databaseAnatomy and working of search enginesAndroid a smart phone operating system by googleAnti-hiv using nano robotsApache hadoop introductionApplication of microcontroller in vehicle monitoring and security systemAqua communication using modemArtificial intelligence on expert systemsAn iPhone application for visualizing pollution mapsAnalysis of Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for Domestic Electrical appliancesAnalysis on Performance of Freeware ToolsAndroid Operating SystemAnimatronicsAntenna Analysis Using Wavelet RepresentationsAnti-Jamming wireless systemsApplication of Genetic Algorithms in Network routingApplication of LED for Domestic ApplicationsApplications of Graph Theory to Metabolic PathwaysApplications of Soft Computing in Medical Image AnalysisApplications of speech recognitionApproximate string matching for Music retrievalARQ Schemes for Wireless Data CommunicationsArtificial EyeArtificial immune system.Artificial intelligence for speech recognitionAspects of Database Security and Program SecurityAttacks on Smart CardsAugmented RealityAuthentication and securing the systemsAutomated Network Address AssignmentAutomated Software Testing of ApplicationsAutomatic Device Driver Synthesis From Device SpecificationsAutomatic sound-based user grouping for real time online forumsAutomatic Video Surveillance SystemsAutonomic ComputingAutomatic Conveyor for Industrial AutomationAttendance Monitoring Intelligent ClassroomAn Automatic Mobile Recharge StationBidirectional Power Control for hybrid vehiclesBiomolecular ComputersBiometrics IRIS techniqueBio sensors (photonics)BiochipsBio-Medical Instrumentation and Signal analysisBiometric SecurityBiometric TechnologyBiometrics Based AuthenticationBio-Molecular ComputingBionic eye possible path toward artificial retinaUltrasonic Based Distance Measurement SystemWireless Advanced Flight Systems Aircraft Monitoring SystemBlade ServersBlue GeneBlue sat Communications ProtocolBlue-sat Radio Switching CircuitBluetooth Based Smart Sensor NetworksBrain computer interfaceBiomass gasifier for thermal and electrical applicationsBittorrent a revolution in p2p technologyBlue brainBlue eyes technologyBrain controlled car for disabled using artificial intelligenceBrain gateBrain port deviceBrain Finger Print TechnologyBrian Gate TechnologyBroadband via satellite to Rural AreasCapability Maturity Model Programming (CMM)Capacity of Ad-hoc Wireless NetworksVehicle Speed Sensing and Smoke Detecting SystemIntelligent Fire Sprinkler SystemCapturing packets in secured networksCarbon nano tube electronicsCDMA Wireless Data TransmitterCellular CommunicationsCellular Digital Packet DataCellular Neural NetworkCellular technologies and securityCarbon nanotubesChallenges in mobile ad hoc networks (manets)Cloud computingCloud computing concepts and designCensoring private information from network packet tracesChannel Allocation Algorithms for Mobile TelephonyGSM based Advanced Wireless Earthquake Alarm System for early warningIntelligent Wireless Talking Bus StopChannel Coding and Decoding for Mobile CommunicationsChannel Estimation in MIMO SystemsCharacterization of Piezoelectric ElementsChess AlgorithmChoreographyAqua communication using modemCircuit and safety analysis systemClassification, Clustering and Application in Intrusion Detection SystemClassification, Clustering and their Application for Damage Detection in MechanicalClustering Enterprise JavaCoding in high noise environmentsCold fusionCollaborative Mobile EnvironmentsCombined Input Output Queued SwitchesCompact peripheral component interconnect (CPCI)Compliers and its workingCompression and distribution of volumetric data setsComputational Geometry in Drug DesignComputational Intelligence and LinguisticsComputational neuroscienceComputational PhotographyComputer ForensicsComputer Viruses(Malwares, Trojons, Spywares)Computerized Paper Evaluation using Neural NetworkConcurrent Programming and Parallel distributed O.S.Condition Monitoring of Power System EquipmentConditional Access SystemContent Management Systems(WordPress, Joomla, Drupal etc)Continuously variable transmission (CVT)Control & Signal Processing Techniques in Financial EngineeringControl and Optimization Methods in Communication NetworksControl of a 3-d overhead craneControl of heterogeneous networksControl System Wireless InterfaceControlled multimedia recording environment for lectures and 3D.Controller design for a helicopter modelCooperative Adaptive Cruise ControlCross Platform Component Object ModelCrusoe ProcessorCryogenic ProcessorCryptography and N/W securityCryptovirologyCSS and DeCSSCT scanningCyber terrorismDeploying a wireless sensor network on an active volcanoDigital jewelryData Mining for Condition Monitoring of Power System EquipmentData mining through Active LearningDynamic Car Parking Negotiation and Guidance Using An Agent-Based PlatformGSM Real Time Street Light Control SystemsData over Cable System (DOCSIS)Data Pre ProcessingData Security in Local Network using Distributed FirewallsData ware hosuing & miningDatagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)Dataset Query algorithms in Streaming MiningDelay-Tolerant NetworksDense wavelength division multiplexingDesign and development of a programmable alarm systemDesign of a wireless sensor board for measuring air pollutionDesign of Amplifier for recording of Nerve SignalsDesign of an all Electric Steering WheelDesign of diamond-based Photonics devicesDesign of IC Amplifiers for touch SensorsDesign of Low Density Parity Check CodesDetermination of efficiency of the Permanent Magnet MotorsDeveloping a own server systemDevelopment and Control of Humanoid robotDevelopment of a Broadband Tunable Fiber LaserDevelopment of a New Sensor for Detecting Partial Discharge Induced PressureDevelopment of a wind-turbine simulatorDevelopment of new sensors for online monitoring of partial dischargesDigit recognition using neural networkDigital Audio BroadcastingDigital Audio Effects Control by AccelerometryDigital Camera Calibration and Inversion for Stereo iCinemaDigital Neurons for Digital BrainsDigital Signal Processing and their applicationsDigital silhouettesDigital theatre systemDirect to home television (DTH)Direct Torque and Flux Control of IPMSMDistance learning systemsDomain name servers [DNS]Driving Optical Network EvolutionDual Energy X-ray AbsorptiometryDynamic Cache Management TechniqueDynamic Memory Allocation(malloc, calloc, NEW etc)Dynamic resource allocation in Grid ComputingDynamic source routing protocolDynamic Virtual Private NetworkEarth Simulator- Fastest SupercomputerEffects of large scale integration of PV systems on the distribution networkEfficiency / Comparative study of routing schemes in event based systemsElectromagnetic Applications for Mobile and Satellite CommunicationsElectromagnetic launching systemElectromagnetic processor fabricationElectronic nose & its applicationElliptical Curve Cryptography(ECC)Embedded Configurable Operating systemEmbedded system in automobilesEmbedded systems and VLSI an architectural approach to reduce leakage energy in memoryEmbedded web server for remote accessEmbryonics approach towards integrated circuitsEmergency Health Care SystemEmerging trends in robotics using neural networksE-MINE: A novel web mining approachEncrypted Hard disksEncrypted Text chat Using BluetoothEncryption Decryption MethodsEnergy-efficiency and Layer Integration in Wireless NetworksEnterprise SecurityEqualization of room acoustics for audio reproductionEthernet Passive Optical NetworkE-Toll tax fixingEvolution Of Embedded SystemeXtensible Bindings Language (XBL )Electronic waste (e-waste)Embedded web server for industrial automationEyegaze systemFuel saver systemGoogle autonomous carFeatures of Qualcomm Snapdragon processorGuarding distribution automation system against cyber attacksFace detection technologyFacility Layout Design using Genetic AlgorithmFalls detection using accelerometry and barometric pressureFast Convergence Algorithms for Active Noise Controlling VehiclesFault Tolerance in Virtual Machine EnvironmentsFault tolerant Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkFerroelectric RAMFine Grained DataBase SecurityFine-grained Access Control in DatabasesFingerprint recognition system by neural networksFinite Element Interface (FEI)Flexible CRT DisplaysFluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)Fluorescent Multilayer Optical Data StorageForecasting Wind PowerFractal image compressionFractal robotsFree Space Laser Communicationsfully digital class-D amplifiersFully Integrated Amp-Meter for Electrical SimulatorsFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingFuture of the internetFuture Programming Techniques and ConceptsFuzzified Computer-Automated Crane Control SystemFuzzy Logic Control for complex systemsGaming interfaces applied to videoconferencingGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS)Generic visual perception processorGeographic information systemGeometric Invariants in Biological MoleculesGIS tools for web applicationsGlobal positioning response systemGSM Digital Security Systems for PrinterVoice Operated Intelligent Fire Extinguisher VehicleGlobal Positioning SystemGlobal System for Mobile Communication (GSM)Google Android- Mobile OS from GoogleGrasshopper Operating SystemGroupware TechnologyGSM Security And EncryptionHandfree driving [auto]Hardware EDAC for Harsh EnvironmentsHardware implementation of background image modelingHAVI: Home Audio Video InteroperabilityHawk Eye – A Technology in sportsHigh Altitude Aeronautical PlatformsHigh Performance ClustersHigh Performance ComputingHigh Performance DSP ArchitecturesHigh Speed Circuits for optical InterconnectHigh Speed Data in Mobile NetworksHigh speed LANs or InternetHolographic Data StorageHolographic MemoryHolographic Versatile DiscHolt-Winters technique for Financial ForecastingHomeRF and Bluetooth: A wireless data communications revolutionHot Spot TechnologyHyper thread imaxHyper thread technologyHyper Transport TechnologyHow does a search engine work ??How does google search engine work ??How to create a website using wordpressHuman computer interaction & its futureDesign of a color Sensing System for Textile IndustriesGSM based Path Planning for Blind Person Using UltrasonicImage retrieval using compact binary signaturesVehicle Monitoring and Security SystemImbricate cryptographyImplementation of hamming codeIntroduction to microcontrollersIntroduction to AirfoilIntrusion detection and avoidance systemIC Amplifier Design for Touch SensorsImage transmission over WiMax SystemsImage WatermarkingImplantable on-chip Power SuppliesImproving TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networksIndustrial Applications using Neural NetworksInformation Extraction from structured & Semi-structured dataInformation Extraction modes & techniquesInfrared Remote ControlInnovative Application Development using J2EE ArchitectureIntegrated Circuit Design for Biomedical ApplicationsIntegrated Optical Chip DesignIntegrated Voice and Data transfer & handlingIntegrating Structural Design and Formal Methods in Real Time System DesignIntegrating Wind Power into the Electricity gridIntegration of Parallel Database in a Service Oriented ArchitectureIntegration of wind and solar energy in smart mini gridIntel centrino mobile technologyIntelligent calling bellIntelligent navigation systemIntelligent Patient Monitoring SystemIntelligent RAM : IRAMIntelligent Software AgentsInteractive Voice Response SystemInternet Access via Cable TV NetworkInternet architecture and routingInternet Protocol duplicate address detection and adaptationIntrusion Detection SystemInvestigation into solar thermal/coal driven power stationsInvestigation of the real-time implementation of learning controllersIP spoofingIP re-director featuresiOS 8 featuresIPODSIris ScanningiSCSI: The future of Network StorageISO Loop magnetic couplersJava Cryptography Architecture (JCA)Java Messaging Service (JMS)Enterprise Messaging Service (EMS)Advantages of EMS over JMSJava BeansJIRO Java-based technologyLaser Power SupplyJmeter toolGEMS tool for EMSLess characterization of ferromagnetic material for non-sinusoidal excitationLight emitting polymersLoad balancing and Fault tolerant serversLight Interception Image AnalysisLight TreeLightning Protection Using LFAMLiquid Crystal on Silicon Display (LCOS)Location estimation and trajectory prediction for PCS networksLong baseline motion estimationLotus Notes/DominoLow power filter design for mobile communicationLow Power UART Design for Serial Data CommunicationLow-Power Microelectronics for Biomedical ImplantsLow-Power Oscillator for ImplantsMagnetic Random Access MemoryManaging Data In Multimedia ConferencingMango- new mobile from MicrosoftMicro chip production using extreme uv lithographyMicrosoft NetMeetingMigration from GSM network to GPRSMining the Web: Searching, Integration and DiscoveryMobile Virtual Reality ServiceMobility Modeling and trajectory prediction for next generation PCS networksModeling of current spread through electrode geometries in implantable hearing deviceModeling of wind turbine system for an Interior Permanent magnet generatorMoletronics- an invisible technologyPower generation through Thermoelectric generatorsMulti Protocol Label SwitchingMulti user Scheduling for MIMO broadcastingMultiple clients communicationMultiple Domain OrientationMultisensor Fusion and IntegrationNeuro chipsParasitic computingPassword paradigmsPolymer memory a new way of using plastic as secondary storageProgrammable logic devices (PLD)Navigation of Mobile Wheeled RobotsNerve Signal Measurement Electronics for Biomedical ImplantsNetwork Attached Storage (NAS)Non Volatile Static RAMOptical coherence tomographyOptical to electrical converter for optical interconnectOptimization of Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor NetworksOptimization of Protocol Stack for wireless networksOracle RDBMSOutdoor High Voltage InsulatorsOvonic Unified MemoryPersonal Satellite assistant SystemsPH Control Technique using Fuzzy LogicPhone Busy IndicatorPivot Vector Space Approach in Audio-Video MixingPlastic chips & electronicsPluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)POF Tunable Fiber LaserPOP Plaster Of ParisPower Efficiency and Security in Smart HomesProactive Anomaly DetectionPrototype System Design for TelemedicinePublic Key Encryption and Digital SignatureQoS in Cellular Networks Based on MPTQoS in Networking using active NetworksQOS in software server FirewallsQuad-Core ProcessorsRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)Real time communication in wireless sensor networksReal Time Operating Systems on Embedded ICsReal Time Speech TranslationReal Time Systems with Linux/RTAIReliable and Fault Tolerant Routing on Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkRenovating the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)Revolutions in the Operating System and ServersRobotic SurgeryRoom Equalization for Audio ReproductionRuby on Rails [RoR]Radio frequency identification technologyRapid prototypingSecured webportal for online shoppingSecuring underwater wireless communication networksSecurity analysis of micropayment systemSecurity aspects in mobile ad hoc network (manets)Security requirements in wireless sensor networksSemantic webSensitive skinSnake robot the future of agile motionSoftware defined radio(sdr)Spwm technique for multilevel inverterStorage area network(SAN)SwitchgrassSystem on chipSALT (Speech Application Language Tags)Sand Box TechnologySecurity of Open-Source SoftwareSecurity On Wireless LAN Adaptive cruise controlSecurity threats in the World Wide WebSensor fusion for video surveillanceSensors on 3D DigitizationSession Initiation Protocol (SIP)Shallow water Acoustic NetworksShort Message Service (SMS)Significance of real-time transport Protocol in VOIPSimulating Quantum CryptographySimulation of low-power converter for electromagnetic vibration driven generatorSingle photon emission computed tomographySmart camera for traffic surveillanceSmart Cameras in Embedded SystemsSmart FabricsSnickometer A toolSocket ProgrammingSoftware advances in wireless communication(Cognitive Radio, Dynamic spectrum Access etc. )Software Testing & Quality AssuranceSpace MouseSpace RoboticsSpectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio NetworksSpeech Enhancement for Cochlear ImplantsSpeech Enhancement for Mobile ApplicationsSpeech transmission over WiMax systemsSpeed Detection of moving vehicle using speed camerasSPINS -Security Protocol For Sensor NetworkSplit Range SynchronizationStealth VirusSurface-conduction Electron-emitter Display (SED)Swarm intelligence & traffic SafetySynchronous Optical NetworkingSynthetic Aperture Radar SystemSystems Control for Tactical Missile GuidanceTesting methods (Stress, Black-Box, White-Box, Performance Testing etc )The Architecture of a Moletronics ComputerThe Tiger SHARC processorThermal infrared imaging technologyThought Translation Device (TTD)Time Shared O.S.Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in TelecommunicationTrends in Compiler ConstructionThree-dimensional password for more secure authenticationUltrasonic motorWearable biosensorsWeb-miningTraffic Light Control SystemMulti-Channel Infra Red Remote ControlMagic lightsZigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network for Sewerage MonitoringWireless integrated network sensorsUbiquitous NetworkingUltra Low-Power Microphone Pre-AmplifierUltra Low-Power Radio Receiver for Biomedical ApplicationsUltrasonic detector for monitoring partial dischargeUltra-Wideband CommunicationUMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access )Vector – LDPC Codes for 3G Fading ChannelsVirtual SurgeryWideband Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio SystemsWireless Computer Communications Using Sound WavesLink available for getting details about some topic. You can search internet for getting details about the remaining topics.Hope this helps you :)
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Is the F-35 an uncompetitive fifth generation fighter plane?
QUESTION DUBBED F - 35 AS AN ‘UN COMPETATIVE 5.0 GEN JET’I will make an attempt to write an unbiased review of F - 35 , Which covers its Evolution, Exceptional advanced Systems - yet what’s written by critics.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^A generation of Airmen seems to have forgotten a simple lesson from history:‘It was leadership, not fancy equipment, that made the difference.’__________________________________________________________________________INTROCUTIONCurrently 5.0 th generation jet fighters are the most Advanced fighter jets in the wo...
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How do I go about increasing an email marketing list from scratch?
Most businesses wish to increase the size and quality of their email list.You surely are part of this group and so are we.We have therefore decided to carry out research on the best ways to increase the size of an email list.Here is our compilation of the 30 best tricks.PS You probably already know, but do not forget to always ask for permission when you collect email addresses.Tricks to increase the size of your email list:Via your websiteVia your present email contactsOn social mediaWith the help of partners and advertisementOffline and physical storesOn your e-commerce web-siteYour website: The pillar of your email acquisition strategy1. Use a static subscription formThis tip is often used on blogs and at the footer of several web sites. It is a classic way to collect email addresses.A way to improve it is to present the form as the visitor scrolls down your page. In this way, the visitor always sees the subscription section. Two choices: read the content or subscribe! If he likes the content, he can easily subscribe.Kissmetrics seems to have understood the value of highlighting the subscription forms on their article pages and at the footer of all pages.2. Offer free downloadable content in exchange for an email addressNothing better than win-win proposition to acquire new emails.For many companies, quality content is a very valuable currency. In offering premium content in exchange for an email address, a quality list will be generated.For example, Kissmetrics acquires multiple email addresses thanks to their eBook named How to Create an A/B Testing Program That Gets Results which is offered for free.3. Capture email addresses on your home pageYour home page receives the majority of your visitors. This is the face of your business.Do not hesitate to use it by putting in place a subscription offer to a newsletter or a content download on the page. More traffic usually increases the chances of subscriptions.Here is how Cyberimpact does it.4. Organize a webinarWebinars are an excellent way to grow your email list and may even help to convert people who don’t know you.The reason for which they increase your list quickly is because the participants must register for the webinars with their email addresses.The webinars are perceived as having an excellent value, because they are quickly consumed and are usually very educational.If you decide to make webinars, do not forget to promote them. A webinar that is unknown to people, even if it is a good one, does not help much in acquiring emails.Pro tip: Save your webinar and use it later as a subscription offer to your contact list on social media or in your Digital ads.BDC offers several webinars in the section entrepreneur’s tool box which allows them to get the entrepreneur’s email address.Try it, you’ll see!5. Create a useful toolBe useful. Create a tool or an application for your industry.In exchange for its free use, require the email address of the user.Hubspot has had a phenomenal success with its tool Website Grader and it enabled the company to acquire thousands of email addresses.Same scenario for Vircom, a company in Montreal, which has decided to create a tool, Email Security Grader, which checks if your mail server is secure.All is left for you is to find a good tool idea and to create it!6. Use exit pop-upsIf someone has decided to leave your page, there is nothing you can do to bring him back…Not true!By using an exit pop-up it will permit you to get a last chance to convert your visitor into a subscriber.You can offer free contents or other things that might encourage a visitor to give you his email address.If you succeed, it means that you have won a new subscriber who would probably have left your site without ever returning.Social Media Examiner decided to offer their 2016 Social Media Marketing Industry Report7. Set up a gateway or a “welcome mat”A gateway commonly called a “welcome mat” is a trick that allows you to display a call to action in full-size as soon as the visitor gets on your site.You can therefore put forward your content offers or your subscription offers on the newsletter in a way that is clear and obvious.Here is an example of how Wishpond uses it on their website.The “welcome mat” is free tool from SumoMe8. Use pop-upsBe it pop-ups activated by scrolling a page, by the time spent on a page or other criteria, pop-ups are true values when it comes to acquiring new email addresses.iProspect used this strategy on their blog with great success.9. Include a subscription form at the footer of all your blog articlesThis trick is essential if you have a blog.Adding a subscription form or a download form at the footer of your articles will enable readers to easily subscribe especially if they enjoyed your article.A simple trick to put in place, but which works very wellHere is an example from Cyberimpact that demonstrates this technique.10. Hello Bar or smart barA “Hello Bar ” or “Smart Bar ”, depending on the tool used, allows you to display a subscription form at the top of your web site.This allows you to remind your visitors to subscribe to your list, to offer them free content or a newsletter in exchange for their email.It works very well since the form is always visible at the top of your web site and is not too intrusive.Use your existing emails to acquire new emails11. Use your email signatureWith how many people do you communicate by email each week?100? 200?All these people who receive your emails are people likely to be interested in being part of your email list. Facilitate the task by adding a link to a subscription page on your email signature.12. Encourage your current subscribers to recommend a friend.Give your subscribers the opportunity to send your newsletters or your content to their friends by submitting the email address of the latter in a form.When submitted, the content will be sent to their friends and at the same time, subscribe them to your list.Offer a reward for their referal and the effect will be more pronounced.The more your list will grow the more you will be referenced. A systematic growth without any efforts.Social Media13. Pin a tweet containing a call to actionOn Twitter, you have the possibility to pin a Tweet so that it remains static at the top of your page. This tweet will be the first to be seen once visitors go to your profile page.Pin a tweet to invite your supporters to join your email list.14. Facebook cover photoThe perfect location to promote the subscription to your email list!Replace the cover image you are using by a cover image containing a call to action and a link to your subscription page.The URL must be easy to write and retain, because your visitors will have to manually enter it on their browser since the link will not be clickable.15. “Subscribe” buttonFacebook allows you to add an action button on your company’s profile page.Use this opportunity to send your Facebook fans to the subscription page of your email list.It works for Neil Patel therefore could be an interesting option for your business.16. Publications encouraging registrationIt would be easy not to encourage our Facebook/Twitter fans to register to your list, thinking that those are already fans of our company.Instead of leaving them to admire your Facebook/Twitter page, you should encourage them to register in order to continue to promote your content and your brand on other platforms.You can promote downloadable contents using an email, a subscription… It is your choice.Pro tip: regularly publish your subscription offer on your Facebook /Twitter page. After all, not all your fans see all your publications. In publishing them often, you signNow more of them.17. Add a link to your subscription page on LinkedInUse the feature “Add Media” on the experience section of LinkedIn in order to add a link that leads to your subscription page or on your home page.Easy, fast and efficient.18. Use your contentYou remember the tip #3, #4 and #5? Use this same content but this time, promote it on your social platforms.Have you registered your webinar? Make it downloadable on your social platforms by publishing a link to a page that allows users to download your content in exchange for an email.You could do the same thing for an eBook or a free web tool.A content recycled = several new chances to get email addresses.19. Organize a contest on FacebookOrganizing a contest with a tool such as Woobox will allow you to quickly expand your scope.Offer a price which is relevant to your market and not a price which attracts everyone such as gift cards or an iPad. With the latter, you may attract people who are not qualified and this is not your goal.Contests are very popular on Facebook and are naturally very viral. By adding a field to capture emails in the contest participation form, you could acquire several new subscribers for your email list.Pro tip: Do not forget to ask for the consent when collecting email addresses via contests.asdfadsfadsfasdfsadfsdf20. Twitter lead generation cardsPromote subscription to your list by using Twitter Lead Generation Cards.These campaigns are designed to help you collect the email addresses of users who have expressed an interest for your offer, giving Twitter users the possibility to communicate you their email addresses in a way that is fast and secure.By configuring a lead generation card to be included in your tweet, you can easily get a greater number of subscribers on your list.Two clicks will suffice for a potential subscriber to share his coordinates with you.Plus, it is very simple to put in place.21. Facebook Lead AdsPromote the subscription to your email list by using Facebook Lead Ads.When someone clicks on your ad, a form opens and the information about his profile is automatically added to the fields of the form. Another click and the person is subscribed to your list.Quick and effective subscription in two clicks and without entry of data.Partnerships, exchanges and advertisements22. Publish your contentProduce quality content that you will be published on a newsletter or on other web sites that have a complementary market or customers similar to yours.Add in your signature and in the content of your article, a link which allows users to subscribe to your email list.Seems simple but it works!23. Exchange of listsFind a partner and share your lists. You promote the subscription offer or content of your partner to your list, your partner will do the same for you to his list.In this way you have instant access to a hearing relevant to your offerings.For this trick to work, you have to find a partner with customers similar to yours and who is not a competitor.The partner must do the sending to his list and not you doing the sending to his list. Respect the consent.24. Advertisement and bannersBuy or exchange advertisements on the web site or in the newsletter of a partner which has a complementary market or customers similar to yours.Offer your content and your subscriptions offers in the form of banners or in the form of content marketing in order to lead your partner’s visitors to your subscription page.25. Google AdWords and BingCreate an AdWords or Bing announcement which publicizes your content and which when clicked Redirects to a subscription page which contains a form to capture emails.If you choose your keywords well, this trick can be profitable in the medium term. However it can become quite expensive if you don’t manage your costs of acquisition.A very fast way to acquire email addresses.Off-line and physical stores26. Ask for the email addresses of your customersYou have physical locations?Establish a process by which you systematically ask for the email addresses of your customers. The simplest way is to do so is at the time of payment.BestBuy does this each time you make a transaction in their stores.Pro tip: To ensure that all email addresses that you will personally collect have indeed been made with the consent of the client, you could put in place a “double -opt-in” system. Following the collection of the email address, a subscription confirmation-mail is sent to the customer. The latter must click a link in the email in order to confirm his subscription to your list.27. Maximize your paper mills and your business cardsUse your paper mills and your business cards in order to generate new subscribers to your list. Add to them, a link that directs people to your Web site or a subscription page.Similar to the tip of the email signature, but it uses the good old paper!28. Give a conference at an event concerning your industry.In addition to the fact that you will be able to promote your business and your expertise, you could also encourage the people in the room to subscribe to your email list.In your presentation, add a link that leads to a subscription form which will be easy to remember. Also mention it during your presentation.This way people sitting in the audience will be able to subscribe easily.Email acqusition on ecommerce site29. Offer a discount in exchange for an email addressHere is how Electronic for less offers a discount on their web site in exchange for a subscription to their newsletterWho refuses 5% if you were going to buy anyways?Yes, they cut 5% of their margins on the first sale, but in exchange they get an email address with which they can continue the relationship.The key to success in e-commerce: communicate when it matters the most.On the long term, they will easily recover their 5% in additional sales.30. Add a field to capture email in your purchase processSimple, but very effective. You would be surprised at the number of business that dont have this in place.The more upstream you capture the email , the more you will have the chance to communicate with your customer if there is a glitch or a transaction abortion.In my opinion, if you operate a transactional site it is a mandatory tactic.Discount car and truck rentals understood it well.Email acquisition is definitely the key to a successful digital transformation.
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What are some nodeJS interview questions?
Check these questions which would be needful to you in your next interview:Q-1. What Is Node.Js?Answer.Node.js is a JavaScript runtime or platform which is built on Google Chrome’s JavaScript v8 engine. This runtime allows executing the JavaScript code on any machine outside a browser (this means that it is the server that executes the Javascript and not the browser).Node.js is single-threaded, that employs a concurrency model based on an event loop. It doesn’t block the execution instead registers a callback which allows the application to continue. It means Node.js can handle concurrent operations without creating multiple threads of execution so can scale pretty well.It uses JavaScript along with C/C++ for things like interacting with the filesystem, starting up HTTP or TCP servers and so on. Due to it’s extensively fast growing community and NPM, Node.js has become a very popular, open source and cross-platform app. It allows developing very fast and scalable network app that can run on Microsoft Windows, Linux, or OS X.Following are the areas where it’s perfect to use Node.js.I/O bound ApplicationsData Streaming ApplicationsData Intensive Real-time Applications (DIRT)JSON APIs based ApplicationsSingle Page ApplicationsAt the same time, it’s not suitable for heavy applications involving more of CPU usage.Q-2. What Are The Key Features Of Node.Js?Answer.Let’s look at some of the key features of Node.js.Asynchronous event driven IO helps concurrent request handling – All APIs of Node.js are asynchronous. This feature means that if a Node receives a request for some Input/Output operation, it will execute that operation in the background and continue with the processing of other requests. Thus it will not wait for the response from the previous requests.Fast in Code execution – Node.js uses the V8 JavaScript Runtime engine, the one which is used by Google Chrome. Node has a wrapper over the JavaScript engine which makes the runtime engine much faster and hence processing of requests within Node.js also become faster.Single Threaded but Highly Scalable – Node.js uses a single thread model for event looping. The response from these events may or may not signNow the server immediately. However, this does not block other operations. Thus making Node.js highly scalable. Traditional servers create limited threads to handle requests while Node.js creates a single thread that provides service to much larger numbers of such requests.Node.js library uses JavaScript – This is another important aspect of Node.js from the developer’s point of view. The majority of developers are already well-versed in JavaScript. Hence, development in Node.js becomes easier for a developer who knows JavaScript.There is an Active and vibrant community for the Node.js framework – The active community always keeps the framework updated with the latest trends in the web development.No Buffering – Node.js applications never buffer any data. They simply output the data in chunks.Q-3. Explain How Do We Decide, When To Use Node.Js And When Not To Use It?Answer.When Should We Use Node.Js?It’s ideal to use Node.js for developing streaming or event-based real-time applications that require less CPU usage such as.Chat applications.Game servers.Node.js is good for fast and high-performance servers, that face the need to handle thousands of user requests simultaneously.Good For A Collaborative Environment.It is suitable for environments where multiple people work together. For example, they post their documents, modify them by doing check-out and check-in of these documents.Node.js supports such situations by creating an event loop for every change made to the document. The “Event loop” feature of Node.js enables it to handle multiple events simultaneously without getting blocked.Advertisement Servers.Here again, we have servers that handle thousands of request for downloading advertisements from a central host. And Node.js is an ideal solution to handle such tasks.Streaming Servers.Another ideal scenario to use Node.js is for multimedia streaming servers where clients fire request’s towards the server to download different multimedia contents from it.To summarize, it’s good to use Node.js, when you need high levels of concurrency but less amount of dedicated CPU time.Last but not the least, since Node.js uses JavaScript internally, so it fits best for building client-side applications that also use JavaScript.When To Not Use Node.Js?However, we can use Node.js for a variety of applications. But it is a single threaded framework, so we should not use it for cases where the application requires long processing time. If the server is doing some calculation, it won’t be able to process any other requests. Hence, Node.js is best when processing needs less dedicated CPU time.Q-4. What IDEs Can You Use For Node.Js Development?Answer.Here is the list of most commonly used IDEs for developing node.js applications.Cloud9.It is a free, cloud-based IDE that supports, application development, using popular programming languages like Node.js, PHP, C++, Meteor and more. It provides a powerful online code editor that enables a developer to write, run and debug the app code.JetBrains WebStorm.WebStorm is a lightweight yet powerful JavaScript IDE, perfectly equipped for doing client-side and server-side development using Node.js. The IDE provides features like intelligent code completion, navigation, automated and safe refactorings. Additionally, we can use the debugger, VCS, terminal and other tools present in the IDE.JetBrains InteliJ IDEA.It is a robust IDE that supports web application development using mainstream technologies like Node.js, Angular.js, JavaScript, HTML5 and more. To enable the IDE that can do Node.js development we have to install a Node.js plugin. It provides features, including syntax highlighting, code assistance, code completion and more. We can even run and debug Node.js apps and see the results right in the IDE. It’s JavaScript debugger offers conditional breakpoints, expression evaluation, and other features.Komodo IDE.It is a cross-platform IDE that supports development in main programming languages, like Node.js, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript and more. It offers a variety of features, including syntax highlighting, keyboard shortcuts, collapsible Pane, workspace, auto indenting, code folding and code preview using built-in browser.Eclipse.It is a popular cloud-based IDE for web development using Java, PHP, C++ and more. You can easily avail the features of Eclipse IDE using the Node.js plug-in, which is
.Atom.It is an open source application built with the integration of HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js. It works on top of Electron framework to develop cross-platform apps using web technologies. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. We can also install themes created by the Atom community or create our own if required.Q-5. Explain How Does Node.Js Work?Answer.A Node.js application creates a single thread on its invocation. Whenever Node.js receives a request, it first completes its processing before moving on to the next request.Node.js works asynchronously by using the event loop and callback functions, to handle multiple requests coming in parallel. An Event Loop is a functionality which handles and processes all your external events and just converts them to a callback function. It invokes all the event handlers at a proper time. Thus, lots of work is done on the back-end, while processing a single request, so that the new incoming request doesn’t have to wait if the processing is not complete.While processing a request, Node.js attaches a callback function to it and moves it to the back-end. Now, whenever its response is ready, an event is called which triggers the associated callback function to send this response.Let’s Take An Example Of A Grocery Delivery.Usually, the delivery boy goes to each and every house to deliver the packet. Node.js works in the same way and processes one request at a time. The problem arises when any one house is not open. The delivery boy can’t stop at one house and wait till it gets opened up. What he will do next, is to call the owner and ask him to call when the house is open. Meanwhile, he is going to other places for delivery. Node.js works in the same way. It doesn’t wait for the processing of the request to complete (house is open). Instead, it attaches a callback function (call from the owner of the house) to it. Whenever the processing of a request completes (the house is open), an event gets called, which triggers the associated callback function to send the response.To summarize, Node.js does not process the requests in parallel. Instead, all the back-end processes like, I/O operations, heavy computation tasks, that take a lot of time to execute, run in parallel with other requests.Q-6. Explain REPL In Node.Js?Answer.The REPL stands for “Read Eval Print Loop”. It is a simple program that accepts the commands, evaluates them, and finally prints the results. REPL provides an environment similar to that of Unix/Linux shell or a window console, in which we can enter the command and the system, in turn, responds with the output. REPL performs the following tasks.READIt Reads the input from the user, parses it into JavaScript data structure and then stores it in the memory.EVALIt Executes the data structure.PRINTIt Prints the result obtained after evaluating the command.LOOPIt Loops the above command until the user presses Ctrl+C two times.Q-7. Is Node.Js Entirely Based On A Single-Thread?Answer.Yes, it’s true that Node.js processes all requests on a single thread. But it’s just a part of the theory behind Node.js design. In fact, more than the single thread mechanism, it makes use of events and callbacks to handle a large no. of requests asynchronously.Moreover, Node.js has an optimized design which utilizes both JavaScript and C++ to guarantee maximum performance. JavaScript executes at the server-side by Google Chrome v8 engine. And the C++ lib UV library takes care of the non-sequential I/O via background workers.To explain it practically, let’s assume there are 100s of requests lined up in Node.js queue. As per design, the main thread of Node.js event loop will receive all of them and forwards to background workers for execution. Once the workers finish processing requests, the registered callbacks get notified on event loop thread to pass the result back to the user.Q-8. How To Get Post Data In Node.Js?Answer.Following is the code snippet to fetch Post Data using Node.js.app.use(express.bodyParser()); app.post('/', function(request, response){ console.log(request.body.user); }); Q-9. How To Make Post Request In Node.Js?Answer.Following code snippet can be used to make a Post Request in Node.js.var request = require('request'); request.post( 'http://www.example.com/action', { form: { key: 'value' } }, function (error, response, body) { if (!error && response.statusCode == 200) { console.log(body) } } ); Q-10. What Is Callback In Node.Js?Answer.We may call “callback” as an asynchronous equivalent for a function. Node.js makes heavy use of callbacks and triggers it at the completion of a given task. All the APIs of Node.js are written in such a way that they support callbacks.For example, suppose we have a function to read a file, as soon as it starts reading the file, Node.js return the control immediately to the execution environment so that the next instruction can be executed. Once file read operation is complete, it will call the callback function and pass the contents of the file as its arguments. Hence, there is no blocking or wait, due to File I/O. This functionality makes Node.js as highly scalable, using it processes a high number of requests without waiting for any function to return the expected result.Q-11. What Is Callback Hell?Answer.Initially, you may praise Callback after learning about it. Callback hell is heavily nested callbacks which make the code unreadable and difficult to maintain.Let’s see the following code example.downloadPhoto('http://coolcats.com/cat.gif', displayPhoto) function displayPhoto (error, photo) { if (error) console.error('Download error!', error) else console.log('Download finished', photo) } console.log('Download started') In this scenario, Node.js first declares the “displayPhoto” function. After that, it calls the “downloadPhoto” function and pass the “displayPhoto” function as its callback. Finally, the code prints ‘Download started’ on the console. The “displayPhoto” will be executed only after “downloadPhoto” completes the execution of all its tasks.Q-12. How To Avoid Callback Hell In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js internally uses a single-threaded event loop to process queued events. But this approach may lead to blocking the entire process if there is a task running longer than expected.Node.js addresses this problem by incorporating callbacks also known as higher-order functions. So whenever a long-running process finishes its execution, it triggers the callback associated. With this approach, it can allow the code execution to continue past the long-running task.However, the above solution looks extremely promising. But sometimes, it could lead to complex and unreadable code. More the no. of callbacks, longer the chain of returning callbacks would be. Just see the below example.With such an unprecedented complexity, it’s hard to debug the code and can cause you a whole lot of time. There are four solutions which can address the callback hell problem.1. Make Your Program Modular.It proposes to split the logic into smaller modules. And then join them together from the main module to achieve the desired result.2. Use Async Mechanism.It is a widely used Node.js module which provides a sequential flow of execution.The async module has API which passes data from one operation to other using the next callback.Another async API allows iterating over a list of items in parallel and calls back with another list of results.With the async approach, the caller’s callback gets called only once. The caller here is the main method using the async module.3. Use Promises Mechanism.Promises give an alternate way to write async code. They either return the result of execution or the error/exception. Implementing promises requires the use of <.then()> function which waits for the promise object to return. It takes two optional arguments, both functions. Depending on the state of the promise only one of them will get called. The first function call proceeds if the promise gets fulfilled. However, if the promise gets rejected, then the second function will get called.4. Use Generators.Generators are lightweight routines, they make a function wait and resume via the yield keyword. Generator functions uses a special syntax . They can also suspend and resume asynchronous operations using constructs such as promises or and turn a synchronous code into asynchronous.Q-13. Can You Create HTTP Server In Nodejs, Explain The Code Used For It?Answer.Yes, we can create HTTP Server in Node.js. We can use the command to do so.Following is the sample code.var http = require('http'); var requestListener = function (request, response) { response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}); response.end('Welcome Viewers\n'); } var server = http.createServer(requestListener); server.listen(8080); // The port where you want to start with. Q-14. What Is The Difference Between Nodejs, AJAX, And JQuery?Answer.The one common trait between Node.js, AJAX, and jQuery is that all of them are the advanced implementation of JavaScript. However, they serve completely different purposes.Node.Js –It is a server-side platform for developing client-server applications. For example, if we’ve to build an online employee management system, then we won’t do it using client-side JS. But the Node.js can certainly do it as it runs on a server similar to Apache, Django not in a browser.AJAX (Aka Asynchronous Javascript And XML) –It is a client-side scripting technique, primarily designed for rendering the contents of a page without refreshing it. There are a no. of large companies utilizing AJAX such as Facebook and Stack Overflow to display dynamic content.JQuery –It is a famous JavaScript module which complements AJAX, DOM traversal, looping and so on. This library provides many useful functions to help in JavaScript development. However, it’s not mandatory to use it but as it also manages cross-browser compatibility, so can help you produce highly maintainable web applications.Q-15. What Are Globals In Node.Js?Answer.There are three keywords in Node.js which constitute as Globals. These are Global, Process, and Buffer.Global.The Global keyword represents the global namespace object. It acts as a container for all other objects. If we type , it’ll print out all of them.An important point to note about the global objects is that not all of them are in the global scope, some of them fall in the module scope. So, it’s wise to declare them without using the var keyword or add them to Global object.Variables declared using the var keyword become local to the module whereas those declared without it get subscribed to the global object.Process.It is also one of the global objects but includes additional functionality to turn a synchronous function into an async callback. There is no boundation to access it from anywhere in the code. It is the instance of the EventEmitter class. And each node application object is an instance of the Process object.It primarily gives back the information about the application or the environment. – to get the execution path of the Node app. – to get the Node version currently running. – to get the server platform.Some of the other useful Process methods are as follows. – To know the memory used by Node application. – To attach a callback function that will get called during the next loop. It can cause a delay in executing a function.Buffer.The Buffer is a class in Node.js to handle binary data. It is similar to a list of integers but stores as a raw memory outside the V8 heap.We can convert JavaScript string objects into Buffers. But it requires mentioning the encoding type explicitly. – Specifies 7-bit ASCII data. – Represents multibyte encoded Unicode char set. – Indicates 2 or 4 bytes, little endian encoded Unicode chars. – Used for Base64 string encoding. – Encodes each byte as two hexadecimal chars.Here is the syntax to use the Buffer class.> var buffer = new Buffer(string, [encoding]); The above command will allocate a new buffer holding the string with as the default encoding. However, if you like to write a to an existing buffer object, then use the following line of code.> buffer.write(string) This class also offers other methods like and that allows read/write from various types of data to the buffer.Q-16. How To Load HTML In Node.Js?Answer.To load HTML in Node.js we have to change the “Content-type” in the HTML code from text/plain to text/html.Let’s see an example where we have created a static file in web server.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200); response.write(file, "binary"); response.end(); }); Now we will modify this code to load an HTML page instead of plain text.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(file); response.end(); }); Q-17. What Is EventEmitter In Node.Js?Answer.Events module in Node.js allows us to create and handle custom events. The Event module contains “EventEmitter” class which can be used to raise and handle custom events. It is accessible via the following code.// Import events module var events = require('events'); // Create an eventEmitter object var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter(); When an EventEmitter instance encounters an error, it emits an “error” event. When a new listener gets added, it fires a “newListener” event and when a listener gets removed, it fires a “removeListener” event.EventEmitter provides multiple properties like “on” and “emit”. The “on” property is used to bind a function to the event and “emit” is used to fire an event.Q-18. How Many Types Of Streams Are Present In Node.Js?Answer.Stream in Node.js are objects that allow reading data from a source or writing data to a specific destination in a continuous fashion. In Node.js, there are four types of streams. – This is the Stream to be used for reading operation. – It facilitates the write operation. – This Stream can be used for both the read and write operations. – It is a form of a duplex Stream, which performs the computations based on the available input.All the Streams, discussed above are an instance of an “EventEmitter” class. The event thrown by the Stream varies with time. Some of the commonly used events are as follows. – This event gets fired when there is data available for reading. – The Stream fires this event when there is no more data to read. – This event gets fired when there is any error in reading or writing data. – It fires this event after it has flushed all the data to the underlying system.Q-19. List And Explain The Important REPL Commands?Answer.Following is the list of some of the most commonly used REPL commands.<.help> – It displays help for all the commands. – It displays the list of all the available commands. – Its use is to determine what command was executed in REPL previously.<.save filename> – Save the current REPL session to a file.<.load filename> – To Load the specified file in the current REPL session. – used to Terminate the current command. – To Exit from the REPL. – This command perfoms Exit from the REPL.<.break> – It leads Exitting from multiline expression.<.clear> – Exit from multiline expression.Q-20. What Is NPM In Node.Js?Answer.NPM stands for Node Package Manager. It provides following two main functionalities.It works as an Online repository for node.js packages/modules which are present at .It works as Command line utility to install packages, do version management and dependency management of Node.js packages.NPM comes bundled along with Node.js installable. We can verify its version using the following command-$ npm --version NPM helps to install any Node.js module using the following command.$ npm install For example, following is the command to install a famous Node.js web framework module called express-$ npm install express Q-21. What Is The Global Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.Globally installed packages/dependencies are stored in /npm directory. Such dependencies can be used in CLI (Command Line Interface) function of any node.js, but cannot be imported using require() in the Node application directly.To install a Node project globally use -g flag as.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express -g Q-22. What Is The Local Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.By default, NPM installs any dependency in the local mode. It means that the package gets installed in “node_modules” directory which is present in the same folder, where Node application is placed. Locally deployed packages are accessible via require(). Following is the syntax to install a Node project locally.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express Q-23. What Is Package.Json? Who Uses It?Answer.What Is ?It is a plain JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) text file which contains all metadata information about Node.js Project or application.This file should be present in the root directory of every Node.js Package or Module to describe its metadata in JSON format.The file is named as “package” because Node.js platform treats every feature as a separate component. Node.js calls these as Package or Module.Who Use It?NPM (Node Package Manager) uses file. It includes details of the Node.js application or package. This file contains a no. of different directives or elements. These directives guide NPM, about how to handle a module or package.Q-24. Does Node.Js Support Multi-Core Platforms? And Is It Capable Of Utilizing All The Cores?Answer.Yes, Node.js would run on a multi-core system without any issue. But it is by default a single-threaded application, so it can’t completely utilize the multi-core system.However, Node.js can facilitate deployment on multi-core systems where it does use the additional hardware. It packages with a Cluster module which is capable of starting multiple Node.js worker processes that will share the same port.Q-25. Which Is The First Argument Usually Passed To A Node.Js Callback Handler?Answer.Node.js core modules follow a standard signature for its callback handlers and usually the first argument is an optional error object. And if there is no error, then the argument defaults to null or undefined.Here is a sample signature for the Node.js callback handler.function callback(error, results) { // Check for errors before handling results. if ( error ) { // Handle error and return. } // No error, continue with callback handling. } Q-26. What Is Chaining Process In Node.Js?Answer.It’s an approach to connect the output of one stream to the input of another stream, thus creating a chain of multiple stream operations.Q-27. How To Create A Custom Directive In AngularJS?Answer.To create a custom directive, we have to first register it with the application object by calling the function. While invoking the method of , we need to give the name of the function implementing the logic for that directive.For example, in the below code, we have created a copyright directive which returns a copyright text.app.directive('myCopyRight', function () { return { template: '@CopyRight MyDomain.com ' }; }); Note – A custom directive should follow the camel case format as shown above.Q-28. What Is A Child_process Module In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js supports the creation of child processes to help in parallel processing along with the event-driven model.The Child processes always have three streams , child.stdout, and child.stderr. The stream of the parent process shares the streams of the child process.Node.js provides a module which supports following three methods to create a child process.exec – method runs a command in a shell/console and buffers the output.spawn – launches a new process with a given command.fork – is a special case of the spawn() method to create child processes.Q-29. What Are The Different Custom Directive Types In AngularJS?Answer.AngularJS supports a no. of different directives which also depend on the level we want to restrict them.So in all, there are four different kinds of custom directives.Element Directives (E)Attribute Directives (A)CSS Class Directives (C)Comment Directives (M)Q-30. What Is A Control Flow Function? What Are The Steps Does It Execute?Answer.It is a generic piece of code which runs in between several asynchronous function calls is known as control flow function.It executes the following steps.Control the order of execution.Collect data.Limit concurrency.Call the next step in the program. -
What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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