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FAQs
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Did Greeks originate from north Africa?
No. I understand that this question is related to E-V13, found in the Balkan. E-V13 isn't a quantifier of Greek genetics, it is one of many Greek founding lineages.Haplogroup E1b1b may have arrived in Europe by two routes: through the Middle East/Levant and directly from North Africa.The oldest E-M78 in Africa has been found at Taforalt Morocco. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, have sequenced DNA from individuals from Morocco dating to approximately 15,000 years ago, as published in Science. This is the oldest nuclear DNA from Africa ever successfully analyzed.The Y-DNA of 4 males waa found in E1b1b1a1-M78. This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North East African populations The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleo- lithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines (“Levant_N”). Unsupervised genetic clustering also suggests a connection of Taforalt to the Near East.What we are learning now is that certainly NW Africa's was genetically/demographically connected to NE Africa and to West Asia even at the very beginning of the local Upper Paleolithic, demolishing quite apparently all the theories that linked it to European Upper Paleolithic (from which it got its "Ibero-Maurusian" name).Also this quote from the authors in the press release:“The Iberomaurusians lived before the Natufians, but they were not their direct ancestors: The Natufians lack DNA from Africa, Krause says. This suggests that both groups inherited their shared DNA from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East more than 15,000 years ago, the team reports today in Science”The population exhumed from the archaeological site of Taforalt in Morocco is a valuable source of information toward a better knowledge of the settlement of Northern Africa region and provides a revolutionary way to specify the origin of Ibero-Maurusian populations.I wouldnt consider these Taforalt samples as thé ancestors of modern E-M78 subclades carriers (V22, V12, V65) What we see by contrasting the map of inferred patterns or E1b1b-M81(the berber marker and dominant in north west Africa) expansion and this ancient Y-DNA data from Taforalt is that the main E-M78 expansion most likely was already done, considering its age( formed 19800 ybp, TMRCA 13400 ybp) that it could represent an expansion from older times, much as I2 seems to have expanded in Europe. This would allow for V65 ("from west Egypt to Morocco" per one decription of its geography) to have expanded from NW Africa, not necessarily from Taforalt though but somewhow related to it.According to the authors "Several lines of evidence suggest that E-M78 sub-haplogroups have been involved in trans-Mediterranean migrations (in)directly from Africa. E-M78 and E-V65 haplogroups are common in northern Africa, where they originated, while other clades(like E-V13) are observed almost exclusively in Mediterranean Europe, as opposed to central and eastern Europe and the Horn of Africa among somali males (E-V32)The oldest to date sample of E-V13 we have is from Later Neolithic Hungary (1 in Sopot culture and 1 in Lengyel, c. 4500 BC and the earliest known prehistoric sample, the couple from Epi-Cardial Spain (c. 5000 BC).E-V13 has also been found in a skeleton of Avelanner Cave in Catalonia dating from 5000BC (cardial culture)So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Nonetheless, the possibility of other migrations of E1b1b to southern Europe during the Mesolithic or Late Palaeolithic cannot be ruled out.Research shows that the ancestors of modern Greeks were( indeed )the Minoans and Mycenaeans, already inhabiting the Greek peninsula for the past 5000 years, since 3000bc.Minoan Boxing Boys, restored fresco from Thera (modern-day Santorini), c.1600 BC. Currently located at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece.The Fisherman fresco is from the 16th century BCE from the Akrotiri site in GreeceTheir ancestors moved into Greece during the neolithic and bronze age from Anatolia and before that from the Caucasus..Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of an elborately dressed women in a procession from the Tiryns, Greece 14th, 13th Century BC Cat No 5883 Athens Archaeological MuseumScientists have obtained and analyzed the genome of ancient Mycenaean people and found they are strongly related to modern Greeks. Around three-quarters of the Mycenaeans' and Minoans' ancestry originated in Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The remaining quarter can be traced back to the Caucasus, near modern-day Iran.The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe’s first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. However, the question of the origins of the Minoans and their relationship to the Mycenaeans has long puzzled researchers.The Mycenaeans, with their roots in mainland Greece, seem to have adopted much of the Minoan technology and culture, but it is not clear how they were related. “We wanted to determine if the people who made up the Minoan and Mycenaean populations were actually genetically distinct or not. How were they related to each other? Who were their ancestors? And how are modern Greeks related to them?” says Johannes Krause, director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and one of the corresponding authors of the study.A paper from 2017 in Nature suggests that, rather than being recently arrived, advanced outsiders, the Minoans had deep roots in the Aegean. The primary ancestors of both the Minoans and Mycenaeans were populations from Neolithic Western Anatolia and Greece and the two groups were very closely related to each other, and to modern Greeks.“It is remarkable how persistent the ancestry of the first European farmers is in Greece and other parts of southern Europe, but this does not mean that the populations there were completely isolated. There were at least two additional migrations in the Aegean before the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans and some additional admixture later. The Greeks have always been a ‘work in progress’ in which layers of migration through the ages added to, but did not erase the genetic heritage of the Bronze Age populations,” stated Iosif Lazaridis of Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study.Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from the further east after the time of the earliest farmers," according to lead author Iosif LazaridisA European population in Minoan Bronze Age CreteMinoan were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.EV-13 marker is neolithic and came into Greece and the Balkans before the arrival of the Dorians and Myceneans. When the Greek speaking Dorian and Mycenean proto-Greeks arrived in Greece around 1500 BC they mixed with the indigenous E-V13 neolithic peoples and the percentage of neolithic E-V13 marker became reduced in the population. The Dorians and Myceneans who brought the Greek language into Greece were not E-V13 carriers.The proto-Greeks (Myceneans / Dorians) who brought the Greek language into Greece were R1a carriers. They mixed with the neolithic peoples / Pelasgians of Greece who were E-V13 carriers.Neolithic farmers spread all around Europe,they didn't just sit in one placePericic et al. (2005) give a 7.3 kya estimate for the expansion of E-M78α (almost perfectly equivalent to E-V13) for Southeastern European populations north of Greece. Due to their use of the 3.6x slower mutation rate, this figure needs to be converted to equivalent years. The Nea Nikomedeia time depth was estimated as 9.2kya by King et al. Therefore, the equivalent age for the Pericic et al. (2005) expansion is (7.3/9.2) * 149 generations or 118 generations (1,540-950BC). They note that STR variance is higher in Greece, Macedonia, and Apulia, all areas with well-known historical Greek connections.Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12Cruciani et al. (2007) propose that E-V13 arrived in Europe from West Asia and underwent an expansion in Europe at 4-4.7 kya. This age is calculated using effective mutation rates that are 2.4 or 2.8 slower than the germline rate, which seems to suggest a Late Bronze Age or even later expansion with a rate closer to the germline one.The signature North African marker E-M78, dominant in Egypt with its subclade E-V22 descends from Eurasian Adam CT-M168 E-M78 is a Non_African genetic marker. (Hodgson et al 2014)E-M78 has a near eastern neolithic origin"Both the King et al. E-V13 data, as well as the diverse, mostly European Haplozone E-V13 agree in placing the expansion of this haplogroup squarely in the Aegean Bronze Age.Haplogroup E1b1b has been associated with the earliest development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture, which is so far believed to have arisen in the Fertile Crescent, but could have developed earlier in parts of North/North East Africa. Agriculture spread from the Near East to Europe, at first mostly ovicaprid and cattle herders. E1b1b men (accompanied by G2a, J and T men) appear to have been associated at least with the diffusion of Neolithic painted pottery from the Levant to the Balkans (Thessalian Neolithic), and with the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the Western Mediterranean. The only concrete evidence for this at the moment is the presence of this E-V13 subclade, commonest in the southern Balkans today, at a 7000-year old Neolithic site in north-east Spain, which was tested by Lacan et al (2011).E-v13 marker is considered a Greek marker because it follows the foot-print of ancient Greek colonisation - wherever ancient Greeks colonised the ev-13 marker went with them. R1a is also proto Greek and was carried by the proto-Greeks (Dorians and Myceneans) into Greece when they migrated there. Modern Greek DNA is the most similar to Southern Italian DNA which makes sense since Southern Italy was heavily populated by “Greek” colonists from 900 BC.On genetic test Sicilians are very similar to Peloponnese Greeks, Greek islanders & South ItaliansDifferential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeCornelia Di Gaetano et al.AbstractThe presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be signNowly different by the chi2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to signNow about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeSouthern Italians/Sicilians are partially Greek (Magna Graecia).An additional piece of evidence is Y-chromosome distribution in Calabria, a Southern Italian region with well-known Greek connections. According to Semino et al. (2004) [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004], the Calabrian sample has an E-M78 frequency of 16.3%, whereas "Calabria 2" representing the "Albanian community of the Cosenza province" has only 5.9%. This is consistent with the idea that E-V13 in modern Albanians is to a great degree due to Greek founders (Epirotes or ancient colonists).Albanians also coalesce to Roman/Late Antique times, consistent with the idea that their high frequency of haplogroup E-V13 (which signNowes very high numbers in e.g. Kosovars) is not associated with high diversity. Founder effects in that time frame are the reason for the high frequency of E-V13 in them.Albanians are a mix of Bronze Age invaders of Yamnaya culture and Neolithic residents of Balkans.Cruciani 2007 also mentions some oddballs for the Greek maritime theory:- Slovaks: 8.33% E-V13- Hungarians: 9.43% E-V13No mention of Serbs but the Republic of Macedonia has as much E-V13 as mainland Greece (17%), while Albanians double that figure (32%).Slavomacedonians from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia coalesce well into AD times, at around the time of the first Slavic arrivals in the Balkans. This suggests that E-V13 in them is the result of local founders at around that time who adopted the Slavic language. However, Pericic et al. (2005) report high (but unspecified) diversity of E-M78α in "Macedonia", so it is possible that a larger number of earlier inhabitants were absorbed.Finally the highest concentrations of E-V13 west of Sicily are among Atlantic Iberians (Portuguese, Asturians), where historical Greek colonization was zero. This confirms again some older flow of Neolithic or maybe Chalcolithic age. There are other significative ammounts of this clades in most unlikely places like Denmark (3%), Germany (4%). All that can only be explained with Neolithic founder effects or something of the like. Ukranians (strong in E-V13) may have affected Northern Europe genetically... but at a time when the Greek ethnicity did not yet exist as such.Conclusion. Based on these results Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically highly similar but not identical and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers,” said Lazaridis.While both Minoans and Mycenaeans had both “first farmer” and “eastern” genetic origins, Mycenaeans traced an additional minor component of their ancestry to ancient inhabitants of Eastern Europe and northern Eurasia. This type of so-called Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is one of the three ancestral populations of present-day Europeans, and is also found in modern Greeks. There was genetic continuity in the Aegean from the time of the first farmers to present-day Greece, but not in isolation. The peoples of the Greek mainland had some admixture with Ancient North Eurasians and peoples of the Eastern European steppe both before and after the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, which may provide the missing link between Greek speakers and their linguistic relatives elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
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How would you introduce the mutants and the X-Men into the MCU?
I think Phase 4, being reportedly cosmic in nature, would be very wise to bring Fantastic Four and Doctor Doom as soon as the Fox merger is approved.It’s unlikely a stable groundwork for mutant plots can be laid before Phase 5, so don’t expect to see X-Men before 2023. However, I do think the method of mutant creation could have its beginnings in Phase 4, the immediate future.Before I explain my preference for mutant introduction, I’ll analyze every major type of theory I’ve heard, including theories here and elsewhere.A. Alternate DimensionsA common suggestion involves bridging alternate dimensions. I think fans have the existing Fox universe in mind most of the time when imagining this. Doctor Strange opens a portal to an alternate reality and ta da! It is the simplest and most straightforward mash-up, but it is just that, a forced crossover or mash-up.The problems with this are that it is boring, with no new storytelling to be found. Any prior stories told could tarnish the brand integrity of the MCU, reducing the overall narrative quality. Creatively, it is the equivalent of a toddler smashing two different toys together and making explosion noises.This idea is my least favorite.B. Supreme BeingsAnother go-to solution from comic book fans is introducing the Living Tribunal, One Above All, or another powerful super-entity to simply “make it happen”. In these scenarios, the veil is lifted, the nature of all existence is revealed, timelines are altered, other dimensions… It basically spins into another version of the previous solution.This is literally a “hand of God” solution, which in storytelling is known as “deus ex machina”. The writer finds themselves in a corner, and to get to their plot destination, they boil down their narrative to “it just happens”, without any logic-driven cause and effect. It’s a non-sequitur.Supreme beings are pretty cool, but they also spoil the mystery.C. Mutants Already ExistAnother common thought is that they’re already there, just unseen on screen. This solution most often aims to keep time period-based origin stories such as Magneto, Wolverine, or Apocalypse intact.The main flaw here is that mutant powers are often far beyond the average Avenger, often on par with Scarlet Witch more than Captain America. These powerful mutations throughout history would not go unnoticed, and would also dilute the significance of super soldiers to the average MCU resident. They’re simply too powerful and fascinating to have escaped notice thus far.D. Professor X MindwipeThis was the first idea that caught my attention creatively. Mutants have been here, almost as we’ve seen them from Fox, but due to some cataclysmic showdown or extinction threat, Professor X, using Cerebro, erases all knowledge and memory of mutants from existence and hides those remaining in Genosha or some remote island. We meet them by their re-emergence.While this does preserve origins and solve the issue of mutants standing out and causing trouble (or helping), it also falls apart for a couple of reasons.Erasing memory of mutants is an incredibly temporary solution, given the existence of the trouble-starters. Many mutants are not good-natured, and would resurface. Powerful mutants also would not stand idle in the wake of the Chitauri, Ultron, or Thanos.Lastly, storytelling becomes limited to what has been done in the comics, some of which has also been done successfully on screen. The solution, while technically workable, is very contrived and still feels like smashing an unknown dimension into the equation.E. Scarlet Witch/House of MThis solution gets a lot of circulation. The idea is that Scarlet Witch’s power is fully realized and she uses chaotic reality-warping magic to create mutants, in an inverted “House of M” storyline.I love the Scarlet Witch character and Elizabeth Olsen’s portrayal, and would love to see her powers advance. Her mutation was unlocked by the cosmic energy of an Infinity Stone. The fact that her mutation was unlocked this way means having her warp reality is not necessary. She is, ironically, the best argument against this method.Infinity War established that Wanda’s magic is the same “frequency” as the stones. I would not be opposed to her overloading and blasting the earth with her magic to trigger widespread mutation and having a legacy as the Mother of all Mutant-kind. For that reason, this concept has my lukewarm approval.But there are better in-universe ties to mutants.F. Infinity Stone FalloutThis was my go-to answer for a while. It’s clear that Infinity Stone experimentation on humans (Wanda/Pietro) can trigger mutation.After Avengers 4, it is almost guaranteed that the Infinity Stones will be permanently destroyed. Their further use would be extremely redundant and uninteresting. Since we know mutants can be effectively created by this mutation, it is not a stretch to suggest the resulting energies dispersed by these cosmic singularities could cause widespread mutations across the planet on which they were destroyed.Bruce Banner would exclaim that affected mutants give off the same gamma signatures as the stones or some other technobabble, the same as was used with Loki’s scepter.G. Inhumans/TerrigenesisThe one major drawback of introducing mutants by Infinity Stone radiation is that it ignores the fact that inhumans already exist in the MCU and are almost identical to mutants.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons 2 and 3 revealed the fact that ancient Kree geneticists had experimented on primitive humans to breed a stock of superpowered killers. The dormant genes are activated through exposure to crystals called terrigen. The target is encased in a stone cocoon briefly and emerge with powers, a process known as terrigenesis.In the comics, the only difference between the inhumans and the mutants is that inhumans were a genetic experiment by the Kree, and the mutants were a genetic experiment by Celestials. Mutant powers present naturally at puberty.The first Inhuman was known as Hive, and the worship of his tentacled visage was the basis for the original supernatural cult that would later become HYDRA. Hive is ancient and powerful, so he is sort of an inhuman parallel to En Sabah Nur/Apocalypse.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has told this story, and an inhuman epidemic became an entire political stage, with registration under the Sokovia Accords being a signNow issue for them. The inhabitants of the current MCU are aware that inhumans exist.Inhumans shown on screen have exhibited duplication (like Multiple Man), electricity manipulation (like Storm), telepathy (like Charles Xavier), and manipulation of minerals (like Magneto). Familiar mutants could just be introduced as inhumans.The biggest issues are that film audiences need to learn about inhumans, and terrigenesis is not as simple as mutation, or as powerful symbolically, as it appears to be done to the subject rather than just being part of who they are.However, the fact that audiences will soon be reminded of Phil Coulson’s existence in Captain Marvel suggests he may come back, allowing for easier explanation of the existing SHIELD/inhumans subplot. And since the Eternals are on the horizon, we’re likely to see more historical interference of alien pseudo-deities as plot points, as seen with Asgardians.H. Quantum MutantsI’m writing this after Ant-Man and the Wasp but before Avengers 4.Janet Van Dyne was rescued from the Quantum Realm after decades, and she displayed extra-ordinary powers upon re-emerging. She was mutated/evolved by her time in the Quantum Realm.Avengers 4 will very likely involve some Quantum Realm tinkering, and many speculate that the “souls” of those who were snapped by Thanos are trapped in either ‘Soul World’ or the Quantum Realm. It may be that the Quantum Realm can facilitate the resurrection and return of T’Challa, Peter Parker, and Stephen Strange to carry on their franchises.If half of the planet suddenly returns to existence from the Quantum Realm, it’s possible they could gradually present mutations over time, like those of Janet Van Dyne. Mutants could be born overnight, and in sufficient enough numbers to be impactful to the storyline.The changes may not be immediate and may take a few years to manifest. Depending on time travel shenanigans in Avengers 4, that could give the MCU enough time to prepare for the entry of notable mutants in Phase 5 (2023).We don’t know which direction the MCU is taking Janet Van Dyne, but she could become a lot more important this way.The character of Erik Lehnsherr may have simply experienced concentration camps without any powers and receives powers at an old age before seeking his revenge, so it may even be possible to preserve certain origin elements.It’s a stretch and doesn’t really service inhumans, but it would be brand new creative territory, which is something I think Marvel Studios prefers over copying the comics.ConclusionThe most likely methods of introduction will involve unlocking the dormant genes with some form of powerful widespread radiation or other substance such as terrigen. It could also happen due to planetary exposure to the same cosmic radiation cloud that gives the Fantastic Four their abilities.Most elegant: The Infinity Stone explosion, as it transitions straight from one storyline into the next. Most efficient: The Inhumans storyline. They already exist and there’s plenty to work with, including Quake.Most creative: Janet Van Dyne and the quantum mutants, using the unknown to achieve seemingly “impossible” powers.Any of those three would work for me.BONUS: I originally created this graphic to matchup how each stone’s energy could correlate with certain mutations. I don’t think the general audience will care about these details, so feel free to ignore this.
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Why did Native Americans lose the country? They had the numbers, knew the terrain, and as far as I know, managed to catch up in
Pardon my bluntness, but if you ask the question, you should be ready for an answer.The native peoples were very numerous but stone age groups of very tiny societies with no political unity, very limited verbal inter communication, almost no political or military coordination, zero industry other than their own needs and no real transportation potential of any size. The had very limited economies, little to no ability to accumulate wealth, food storage or recording capability for their thoughts.They could not coordinate their forces for extended campaigns, had very few foreign patrons - lim...
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Why did Dr. Michael Mann give up his chance to pursue his libel suit against Dr. Ball rather than turn over his underlying clima
This question contains two inaccuracies.The suit concerned lies people started telling in an attempt to discredit Michael Mann’s climate research that resulted in the famous hockey stick graph. Ball was one of the people telling the lies, so Mann sued him. Mann had already won a suit against the Frontier Foundation for publishing Ball’s false accusation. As a result, the Frontier Foundation apologized for publishing Ball’s “untrue and disparaging” comments.Mann proceeded to sue Ball himself in Canada. The suit was dismissed because Ball’s attorneys said that Ball was old and ill, plus no one actually believed what Ball said anyway.Mann did not “turn over his underlying climate research data” because the suit did not go forward. His data is readily available to anyone who wants to duplicate his research.EDIT:At least two commenters have posted links in their comments, for which I thank them. One is a link to the court’s ruling to dismiss Mann’s libel suit. The other is a link to the initial lawsuit brought by Mann. There are a couple of things to note from this.First, the judge dismissed the suit because Mann and his attorneys simply failed to pursue it. As a result of dismissing the suit because of the failure to pursue it, the judge awarded costs to Ball, the defendant.Some in the anti-science community have started crowing about the dismissal, claiming that it proves that global warming and climate change are a fraud. On the scale of right-to-wrong, that is so wrong that it is actually off the scale. The judgement absolutely did not find that to be the case. In fact, the judge specifically said, “I do not intend to address those differences (the dispute between Ball’s denialism and Mann’s science)”.Another thing to note is that Mann’s initial hockey-stick publication appeared more than 20 years ago. Many scientists (actual scientists, that is) have looked at Mann’s data and methods and many have done their own research, and all have found that Mann’s work is essentially correct. The hockey stick game is over. The winners have retired from the field, packed their bags and returned home. They have done many other things in the meantime. The losers are still on the field, whining and crying that the game is not over. But it is.Will Mann appeal? I doubt it. Part of the suit has already been resolved. The suit involved an interview with Ball that appeared on the website of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy. The FCPP was a party to the suit. They have already apologized for publishing Ball’s personal and clearly libelous attack on Mann. By the way, there is no doubt that Ball’s statements were libel. Ball said that Mann had committed acts that warranted imprisonment, which is libel. Truth is a defense in such a case, but I have no doubt that Mann would have prevailed.Some are speculating on whether and why Mann might not appeal. I do not know the answer to either of those questions, and I suspect no one here on Quora does. So there is really no point in speculating. But in any event, this case proves absolutely nothing about the fact of global warming and climate change.Global warming/climate change denialists ought to start asking themselves why they are denialists. I suspect that at least 95 percent of the people who post or comment with denialism on Quora really don’t know why they deny the science. I have addressed this in other posts and I don’t feel like going into it again. Suffice it to say, the science is clear.
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Who would win in a fight, Gandalf and Dumbledore or Harry Potter, Luke Skywalker, and the Seven Demigods?
Wow! This is one hell of a question!This is gonna be a long answer.For the sake of this argument, I'm considering each person mentioned, to be at his/her prime, which we have seen or read about, at least somewhere. For those who don't know them, I'll do a brief bio.Gandalf the White, a more powerful incarnation of Gandalf the Grey. He's one of the most famous wizards of modern fantasy, a character from The Lord Of The Rings series. Some of his abilities[1] include -The ability to appear and disappear, come and go, without making a sound or being noticed.Use magical kinesis in order to push, flip, trip, and levitate his enemies through the air using his staff. He can also grab distant objects by holding out his hand and magically pulling things toward him, as well as psychokinetically cause physical things to happen in his immediate surroundings, such as close or open doors using his mind alone.Speak to/manipulate animals like butterflies, moths, birds, eagles, and horses.Focus and charge lightening strikes into his sword Glamdring[2] allowing him to fight with a blade charged and glowing with powerful energy. He can also create powerful lightening strikes to stun or kill his foes in great numbers.Create a massive shockwave knocking over, stunning, or killing anyone in his vicinity or causing great structural damage to the surroundings caught in the blast.Being a Maiar[3] (a lesser god), he can never truly die. Which means he can be resurrected, which did happen. He died as Gandalf the Grey, and was reborn as Gandalf the White, who was more powerful than ever before.Repel arrows shot at him and axes thrown at him using magic.Heal people near death or passed out using his hands and incantations.Create powerful illusions.And much more. If you want to check out the whole list, the link is in the footnote.A moderately old Dumbledore, with all his power, reflexes, and knowledge intact. He possesses the Elder Wand which is the most powerful wand in the wizarding world.[4]Abilities[5] include -Proficiency at Occlumency and Legilimency. He is able to peer deep inside peoples’ minds and correctly decipher what they are thinking. Also, he can plant ideas and thoughts in his victim's mind.Can manipulate all elements like fire and water, etc with his wand.Can psychokinetically repel, push, pull, trip, flip, move, and levitate objects using his wand. Can psychokinetically cause physical things to happen in his immediate surroundings, such as move, create, and activate devices or create powerful illusions in a room.Transfigure and alter animals, people, and objects.Can put powerful enchantments on people or objects, severely altering their nature.Cause memory loss.Apparate/Disapparate, which is basically teleportation for non Potter heads.And much much more. Although, without his wand, he can't do much magic. But Dumbledore is a genius, who tends to be correct 99% times, whenever he predicts something. He won't let anyone disarm him.(This scene is so cool!)The mature Luke Skywalker, with all his knowledge and experience with the Force[6]. As a student and as a teacher.Abilities include -Using the Force to predict the future.Using the Force to levitate, push, pull objects.Extremely proficient with his Lightsaber.Using the Force to manipulate wills of people.Adult Harry. (His magical prowess was not explained very much in The Cursed Child. So, I don't know how good he is in that. Let's consider him to be a powerful wizard, but of course not as much as Dumbledore. I think Potter heads will agree with me when I say that Harry could never signNow Dumbledore's level of power.)Abilities are pretty much the same as Dumbledore, but of course not as powerful as him. Also, he doesn't have the Elder Wand and the magical proficiency of Dumbledore. Dumbledore was considered the most powerful wizard of his time, if not of all time. Also he has The Cloak Of Invisibility,[7] which can render him completely invisible.The seven Demigods from The Blood Of Olympus. (The Last book of the series because I consider them to be at their prime in this book). As this argument is solely considering only them, I won't be considering them getting help from their Godly parents. They're on their own.Abilities include, except from their proficiency with a weapon like a sword, or a spear.(I think these are pretty irrelevant when we're dealing with magical beings.)Percy - Can control Water due to his parentage. (Father - Poseidon, the Greek god of Oceans, Storms and Earthquakes.) As a result he can also conjure up miniature storms, tidal waves, and miniature earthquakes.Jason - Can control Lightning and Wind. (Father - Jupiter, the Roman God of the Sky.) As a result, he can create hurricanes.Piper - Can Charmspeak. Which means she can impose her will on other people with her voice. (Mother - Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of Love.)Annabeth - Master Strategist. Extremely Clever. (Mother - Athena, the Greek Goddess of Wisdom.)Leo - Expert Craftsman. He can literally make anything with a few materials. Also, can control Fire. (Father - Hephaestus, the Greek God of forges, metal working and Fire)Frank - Can shapeshift. Also, proficient with a bow and arrow. (Father - Mars, the Roman God Of War.)Hazel - Can control metals, and has a friend Arion, an immortal horse which can run at the speed of sound. (Father - Pluto, the Roman God of Wealth and Dead.)Although, they get weaker as they use their powers.Now, we can start.Now, Dumbledore and Gandalf are seriously overpowered. They're two of the most powerful wizards in modern fantasy fiction. Combining their powers, they can literally do anything.Both of them are capable of rendering all their foes incapable of motion, or mentally unstable, before them even knowing what happened. But let's say they didn't take this shortcut.We can expect them not to take any rash decisions because of their unbelievable power. I’ll venture a guess that they will take on all of them one by one. They can teleport(Apparate) which only Harry can do. Harry can easily take his teammates along with him, so to make teleportation their true advantage, I'll say that they'll take out Harry first.It'll be very easy, as Harry is extremely inexperienced when compared to both these wizards. Also, they are capable of blocking their minds from external penetration, so Luke's Mind Tricks won't work on them. There's no way anyone will know what Dumbledore and Gandalf are upto.The seven, having no feasible power, will be even easier to take down. Knowing Dumbledore and Gandalf, they won't be killing them. They'll just truss them up like a turkey.So, in the end I expect an epic showdown with Luke single-handedly, fending off and deflecting spells from Dumbledore and Gandalf. But in the end, it's 2v1 with the most powerful people ever to exist, in one team.So, I conclude that Gandalf and Dumbledore will win!To be honest, it was a pretty one sided affair. If we considered help from the Jedi Council and The Demigods' parents, it would probably have been a more interesting fight.Cheers! :-DThanks for the Edit Beryl Jade!Footnotes[1] The Magic and Abilities of Gandalf[2] Glamdring[3] Maiar[4] Elder Wand[5] The Magic and Abilities of Dumbledore[6] The Force[7] Cloak of Invisibility
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What are the basics or learning to play piano that I can get better at to be a good piano player?
The most important basic is that piano lessons don’t work and piano teachers have the absolute worst track record when it comes to teaching people piano. It is a mathematical fact that golf lessons produce more skilled piano players than the Music Score-bores do with their time wasters of teaching student to deal with music scores aka sheet music combined with their music theory silliness.Golf lessons produce more piano players because the success rate of the Score-bore with their Score-chores is actually lower than the placebo effect of a sugar-pill. So by taking golf lessons and a daily cocoa puff your odds of success at the piano are higher. Combine the right piano lessons from a golf pro and a pet cat and your odds of success skyrocket.Meanwhile as for other keyboard tasks… odds are your chord playing skills could easily be improved. As well as your playing by ear skills… your jotting down your keyboard moves as you noodle things out… your improvising and composing skills.It would take you less than an hour to learn how to improve on all those keyboard basics and thus become a good overall player. However the more time you’ve spent as a student/victim of the Score-bore the longer it will take for you to recover from the abuse.
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What started the Trojan horse?
1971The Creeper system, an experimental self-replicating program, is written by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies to test John von Neumann's theory. Creeper infected DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operating system. Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message "I'm the creeper, catch me if you can!" was displayed. The Reaper program was later created to delete Creeper.1973In fiction, the 1973 Michael Crichton movie Westworld made an early mention of the concept of a computer virus, being a central plot theme that causes androids to run amok. Alan Oppenheimer's character summarizes the problem by stating that "...there's a clear pattern here which suggests an analogy to an infectious disease process, spreading from one...area to the next." To which the replies are stated: "Perhaps there are superficial similarities to disease" and, "I must confess I find it difficult to believe in a disease of machinery." (Crichton's earlier work, the 1969 novel The Andromeda Strain and 1971 film were about an extraterrestrial biological virus-like disease that threatened the human race.)1974The Rabbit (or Wabbit) virus, more a fork bomb than a virus, is written. The Rabbit virus makes multiple copies of itself on a single computer (and was named "Rabbit" for the speed at which it did so) until it clogs the system, reducing system performance, before finally signNowing a threshold and crashing the computer.1975April: ANIMAL is written by John Walker for the UNIVAC 1108. ANIMAL asked a number of questions of the user in an attempt to guess the type of animal that the user was thinking of, while the related program PERVADE would create a copy of itself and ANIMAL in every directory to which the current user had access. It spread across the multi-user UNIVACs when users with overlapping permissions discovered the game, and to other computers when tapes were shared. The program was carefully written to avoid damage to existing file or directory structures, and not to copy itself if permissions did not exist or if damage could result. Its spread was therefore halted by an OS upgrade which changed the format of the file status tables that PERVADE used for safe copying. Though non-malicious, "Pervading Animal" represents the first Trojan "in the wild".The novel The Shockwave Rider by John Brunner is published, coining the word "worm" to describe a program that propagates itself through a computer network.1981–19891981A program called Elk Cloner, written for Apple II systems, was created by Richard Skrenta. The Apple II was seen[by whom?] as particularly vulnerable due to the storage of its operating system[clarification needed] on floppy disk. Elk Cloner's design combined with public ignorance[not in citation given] about what malware was and how to protect against it led to Elk Cloner being responsible for the first large-scale[not in citation given] computer virus outbreak in history.1983November: The term 'virus' is coined by Frederick Cohen in describing self-replicating computer programs. In 1984 Cohen uses the phrase "computer virus" – as suggested by his teacher Leonard Adleman – to describe the operation of such programs in terms of "infection". He defines a 'virus' as "a program that can 'infect' other programs by modifying them to include a possibly evolved copy of itself." Cohen demonstrates a virus-like program on a VAX11/750 system at Lehigh University. The program could install itself in, or infect, other system objects.1984August: Ken Thompson publishes his seminal paper, Reflections on Trusting Trust, in which he describes how he modified a C compiler so that when used to compile a specific version of the Unix operating system, it inserted a backdoor into the login command, and when used to compile itself, it inserted the backdoor insertion code, even if neither the backdoor nor the backdoor insertion code were present in the source code.1986January: The Brain boot sector virus is released. Brain is considered the first IBM PC compatible virus, and the program responsible for the first IBM PC compatible virus epidemic. The virus is also known as Lahore, Pakistani, Pakistani Brain, and Pakistani flu as it was created in Lahore, Pakistan by 19-year-old Pakistani programmer, Basit Farooq Alvi, and his brother, Amjad Farooq Alvi.December: Ralf Burger presented the Virdem model of programs at a meeting of the underground Chaos Computer Club in Germany. The Virdem model represented the first programs that could replicate themselves via addition of their code to executable DOS files in COM format.1987Appearance of the Vienna virus, which was subsequently neutralized—the first time this had happened on the IBM platform.Appearance of Lehigh virus (discovered at its namesake university), boot sector viruses such as Yale from USA, Stoned from New Zealand, Ping Pong from Italy, and appearance of first self-encrypting file virus, Cascade. Lehigh was stopped on campus before it spread to the wild, and has never been found elsewhere as a result. A subsequent infection of Cascade in the offices of IBM Belgium led to IBM responding with its own antivirus product development. Prior to this, antivirus solutions developed at IBM were intended for staff use only.October: The Jerusalem virus, part of the (at that time unknown) Suriv family, is detected in the city of Jerusalem. The virus destroys all executable files on infected machines upon every occurrence of Friday the 13th (except Friday 13 November 1987 making its first trigger date May 13, 1988). Jerusalem caused a worldwide epidemic in 1988.November: The SCA virus, a boot sector virus for Amiga computers appear, immediately creating a pandemic virus-writer storm. A short time later, SCA releases another, considerably more destructive virus, the Byte Bandit.December: Christmas Tree EXEC was the first widely disruptive replicating network program, which paralyzed several international computer networks in December 1987. It was written in Rexx on the VM/CMS operating system and originated in what was then West Germany. It re-emerged in 1990.1988March 1: The Ping-Pong virus (also called Boot, Bouncing Ball, Bouncing Dot, Italian, Italian-A or VeraCruz), an MS-DOS boot sector virus, is discovered at the University of Turin in Italy.June: The CyberAIDS and Festering Hate Apple ProDOS viruses spreads from underground pirate BBS systems and starts infecting mainstream networks. Festering Hate was the last iteration of the CyberAIDS series extending back to 1985 and 1986. Unlike the few Apple viruses that had come before which were essentially annoying, but did no damage, the Festering Hate series of viruses was extremely destructive, spreading to all system files it could find on the host computer (hard drive, floppy, and system memory) and then destroying everything when it could no longer find any uninfected files.November 2: The Morris worm, created by Robert Tappan Morris, infects DEC VAX and Sun machines running BSD UNIX that are connected to the Internet, and becomes the first worm to spread extensively "in the wild", and one of the first well-known programs exploiting buffer overrun vulnerabilities.1989October: Ghostball, the first multipartite virus, is discovered by Friðrik Skúlason. It infects both executable .COM-files and boot sectors on MS-DOS systems.December: Several thousand floppy disks containing the AIDS Trojan, the first known ransomware, are mailed to subscribers of PC Business World magazine and a WHO AIDS conference mailing list. This DOS Trojan lies dormant for 90 boot cycles, then encrypts all filenames on the system, displaying a notice asking for $189 to be sent to a post office box in Panama in order to receive a decryption program.1990–19991990Mark Washburn, working on an analysis of the Vienna and Cascade viruses with Ralf Burger, develops the first family of polymorphic viruses, the Chameleon family. Chameleon series debuted with the release of 1260.June: The Form computer virus is isolated in Switzerland. It would remain in the wild for almost 20 years and reappear afterwards; during the 1990s it tended to be the most common virus in the wild with 20 to more than 50 per cent of reported infections.1992March: The Michelangelo virus was expected to create a digital apocalypse on March 6, with millions of computers having their information wiped, according to mass media hysteria surrounding the virus. Later assessments of the damage showed the aftermath to be minimal. John McAfee had been quoted by the media as saying that 5 million computers would be affected. He later said that, pressed by the interviewer to come up with a number, he had estimated a range from 5 thousand to 5 million, but the media naturally went with just the higher number.1993"Leandro" or "Leandro & Kelly" and "Freddy Krueger" spread quickly due to popularity of BBS and shareware distribution.1994April: OneHalf is a DOS-based polymorphic computer virus.1995The first Macro virus, called "Concept", is created. It attacked Microsoft Word documents.1996"Ply" — DOS 16-bit based complicated polymorphic virus appeared with built-in permutation engine.Boza, the first virus designed specifically for Windows 95 files arrives.Laroux, the first Excel macro virus appears.Staog, the first Linux virus attacks Linux machines1998June 2: The first version of the CIH virus appears. It is the first known virus able to erase flash ROM BIOS content.1999January 20: The Happy99 worm first appeared. It invisibly attaches itself to emails, displays fireworks to hide the changes being made, and wishes the user a happy New Year. It modifies system files related to Outlook Express and Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows 95 and Windows 98.March 26: The Melissa worm was released, targeting Microsoft Word and Outlook-based systems, and creating considerable network traffic.June 6: The ExploreZip worm, which destroys Microsoft Office documents, was first detected.December 30: The Kak worm is a JavaScript computer worm that spread itself by exploiting a bug in Outlook Express.2000–20092000May 5: The ILOVEYOU worm, also known as Love Letter, or VBS, or Love Bug worm, is a computer worm purportedly created by a Filipino computer science student. Written in VBScript, it infected millions of Windows computers worldwide within a few hours of its release. Using social engineering techniques, it is considered to be one of the most damaging worms ever.June 28: The Pikachu virus is believed to be the first computer virus geared at children. It contains the character "Pikachu" from the Pokémon series, and is in the form of an e-mail titled "Pikachu Pokemon" with the message: "Pikachu is your friend." The attachment to the email has "an image of a pensive Pikachu", along with a message stating, "Between millions of people around the world I found you. Don’t forget to remember this day every time MY FRIEND." Along with the image, there is a program, written in Visual Basic 6, called "pikachupokemon.exe" that modifies the AUTOEXEC.BAT file and adds a command for removing the contents of directories C:\Windows and C:\Windows\System at computer's restart. However, a message would appear during startup, asking the user if they would like to delete the contents of those folders. This is because the author, instead of writing the lines “del C:\WINDOWS\*.* /y” and “del C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\*.* /y” to AUTOEXEC.BAT, the author did not include the /y switches, which would have automatically chosen the yes option. The operating systems affected by this worm are Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME.2001February 11: The Anna Kournikova virus hits e-mail servers hard by sending e-mail to contacts in the Microsoft Outlook addressbook. Its creator, Jan de Wit, was sentenced to 150 hours of community service.May 8: The Sadmind worm spreads by exploiting holes in both Sun Solaris and Microsoft IIS.July: The Sircam worm is released, spreading through Microsoft systems via e-mail and unprotected network shares.July 13: The Code Red worm attacking the Index Server ISAPI Extension in Microsoft Internet Information Services is released.August 4: A complete re-write of the Code Red worm, Code Red II begins aggressively spreading onto Microsoft systems, primarily in China.September 18: The Nimda worm is discovered and spreads through a variety of means including vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows and backdoors left by Code Red II and Sadmind worm.October 26: The Klez worm is first identified. It exploits a vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express.2002February 11: The Simile virus is a metamorphic computer virus written in assembly.Beast is a Windows-based backdoor Trojan horse, more commonly known as a RAT (Remote Administration Tool). It is capable of infecting almost all versions of Windows. Written in Delphi and released first by its author Tataye in 2002, its most current version was released October 3, 2004March 7: Mylife is a computer worm that spread itself by sending malicious emails to all the contacts in Microsoft Outlook.2003January 24: The SQL Slammer worm, aka Sapphire worm, Helkern and other names, attacks vulnerabilities in Microsoft SQL Server and MSDE becomes the fastest spreading worm of all time (measured by doubling time at the peak rate of growth), causing massive Internet access disruptions worldwide just fifteen minutes after infecting its first victim.April 2: Graybird is a trojan horse also known as Backdoor.Graybird.[28]June 13: ProRat is a Turkish-made Microsoft Windows based backdoor trojan horse, more commonly known as a RAT (Remote Administration Tool).August 12: The Blaster worm, aka the Lovesan worm, rapidly spreads by exploiting a vulnerability in system services present on Windows computers.August 18: The Welchia (Nachi) worm is discovered. The worm tries to remove the blaster worm and patch Windows.August 19: The Sobig worm (technically the Sobig.F worm) spreads rapidly through Microsoft systems via mail and network shares.September 18: Swen is a computer worm written in C++.October 24: The Sober worm is first seen on Microsoft systems and maintains its presence until 2005 with many new variants. The simultaneous attacks on network weakpoints by the Blaster and Sobig worms cause massive damage.November 10: Agobot is a computer worm that can spread itself by exploiting vulnerabilities on Microsoft Windows. Some of the vulnerabilities are MS03-026 and MS05-039.November 20: Bolgimo is a computer worm that spread itself by exploiting a buffer overflow vulnerability at Microsoft Windows DCOM RPC Interface.2004January 18: Bagle is a mass-mailing worm affecting all versions of Microsoft Windows. There were 2 variants of Bagle worm, Bagle.A and Bagle.B. Bagle.B was discovered on February 17, 2004.Late January: The MyDoom worm emerges, and currently holds the record for the fastest-spreading mass mailer worm. The worm was most notable for performing a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack on Xinuos | Home, which belonged to The SCO Group.February 16: The Netsky worm is discovered. The worm spreads by email and by copying itself to folders on the local hard drive as well as on mapped network drives if available. Many variants of the Netsky worm appeared.March 19: The Witty worm is a record-breaking worm in many regards. It exploited holes in several Internet Security Systems (ISS) products. It was the fastest disclosure to worm, it was the first internet worm to carry a destructive payload and it spread rapidly using a pre-populated list of ground-zero hosts.May 1: The Sasser worm emerges by exploiting a vulnerability in the Microsoft Windows LSASS service and causes problems in networks, while removing MyDoom and Bagle variants, even interrupting business.June 15: Caribe or Cabir is a computer worm that is designed to infect mobile phones that run Symbian OS. It is the first computer worm that can infect mobile phones. It spread itself through Bluetooth. More information can be found on F-Secure[33] and Symantec.August 16: Nuclear RAT (short for Nuclear Remote Administration Tool) is a backdoor trojan that infects Windows NT family systems (Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003).August 20: Vundo, or the Vundo Trojan (also known as Virtumonde or Virtumondo and sometimes referred to as MS Juan) is a trojan known to cause popups and advertising for rogue antispyware programs, and sporadically other misbehaviour including performance degradation and denial of service with some websites including Google and Facebook.October 12: Bifrost, also known as Bifrose, is a backdoor trojan which can infect Windows 95 through Vista. Bifrost uses the typical server, server builder, and client backdoor program configuration to allow a remote attack.December: Santy, the first known "webworm" is launched. It exploited a vulnerability in phpBB and used Google in order to find new targets. It infected around 40000 sites before Google filtered the search query used by the worm, preventing it from spreading.2005August 2005: ZotobOctober 2005: The copy protection rootkit deliberately and surreptitiously included on music CDs sold by Sony BMG is exposed. The rootkit creates vulnerabilities on affected computers, making them susceptible to infection by worms and viruses.Late 2005: The Zlob Trojan, is a Trojan horse program that masquerades as a required video codec in the form of the Microsoft Windows ActiveX component. It was first detected in late 2005.2006January 20: The Nyxem worm was discovered. It spread by mass-mailing. Its payload, which activates on the third of every month, starting on February 3, attempts to disable security-related and file sharing software, and destroy files of certain types, such as Microsoft Office files.February 16: discovery of the first-ever malware for Mac OS X, a low-threat trojan-horse known as OSX/Leap-A or OSX/Oompa-A, is announced.Late March: Brontok variant N was found in late March. Brontok was a mass-email worm and the origin for the worm was from Indonesia.June: Starbucks is a virus that infects StarOffice and OpenOffice.Late September: Stration or Warezov worm first discovered.2007January 17: Storm Worm identified as a fast spreading email spamming threat to Microsoft systems. It begins gathering infected computers into the Storm botnet. By around June 30 it had infected 1.7 million computers, and it had compromised between 1 and 10 million computers by September.[40] Thought to have originated from Russia, it disguises itself as a news email containing a film about bogus news stories asking you to download the attachment which it claims is a film.July: Zeus is a trojan that targets Microsoft Windows to steal banking information by keystroke logging.2008February 17: Mocmex is a trojan, which was found in a digital photo frame in February 2008. It was the first serious computer virus on a digital photo frame. The virus was traced back to a group in China.March 3: Torpig, also known as Sinowal and Mebroot, is a Trojan horse that affects Windows, turning off anti-virus applications. It allows others to access the computer, modifies data, steals confidential information (such as user passwords and other sensitive data) and installs more malware on the victim's computer.May 6: Rustock.C, a hitherto-rumoured spambot-type malware with advanced rootkit capabilities, was announced to have been detected on Microsoft systems and analyzed, having been in the wild and undetected since October 2007 at the very least.July 6: Bohmini.A is a configurable remote access tool or trojan that exploits security flaws in signNow Flash 9.0.115 with Internet Explorer 7.0 and Firefox 2.0 under Windows XP SP2.July 31: The Koobface computer worm targets users of Facebook and Myspace. New variants constantly appear.November 21: Computer worm Conficker infects anywhere from 9 to 15 million Microsoft server systems running everything from Windows 2000 to the Windows 7 Beta. The French Navy, UK Ministry of Defence (including Royal Navy warships and submarines), Sheffield Hospital network,[48] German Bundeswehr, and Norwegian Police were all affected. Microsoft sets a bounty of US$250,000 for information leading to the capture of the worm's author(s). Five main variants of the Conficker worm are known and have been dubbed Conficker A, B, C, D and E. They were discovered 21 November 2008, 29 December 2008, 20 February 2009, 4 March 2009 and 7 April 2009, respectively. On December 16, 2008, Microsoft releases KB958644 patching the server service vulnerability responsible for the spread of Conficker.2009July 4: The July 2009 cyber attacks occur and the emergence of the W32.Dozer attack the United States and South Korea.July 15: Symantec discovered Daprosy Worm. Said trojan worm is intended to steal online-game passwords in internet cafes. It could, in fact, intercept all keystrokes and send them to its author which makes it potentially a very dangerous worm to infect B2B (business-to-business) systems.August 24: Source code for MegaPanzer is released by its author under GPLv3. and appears to have been apparently detected in the wild.2010–present2010January: The Waledac botnet sent spam emails. In February 2010, an international group of security researchers and Microsoft took Waledac down.January: The Psyb0t worm is discovered. It is thought to be unique in that it can infect routers and high-speed modems.February 18: Microsoft announced that a BSoD problem on some Windows machines which was triggered by a batch of Patch Tuesday updates was caused by the Alureon Trojan.June 17: Stuxnet, a Windows Trojan, was detected. It is the first worm to attack SCADA systems. There are suggestions that it was designed to target Iranian nuclear facilities. It uses a valid certificate from Realtek.September 9: The virus, called "here you have" or "VBMania", is a simple Trojan horse that arrives in the inbox with the odd-but-suggestive subject line "here you have". The body reads "This is The Document I told you about, you can find it Here" or "This is The Free Download Sex Movies, you can find it Here".September 15: The virus called Kenzero is a virus that spreads online from Peer to peer (P2P) sites taking browsing history.2011SpyEye and Zeus merged code is seen. New variants attack mobile phone banking information.Anti-Spyware 2011, a Trojan horse that attacks Windows 9x, 2000, XP, Vista, and Windows 7, posing as an anti-spyware program. It actually disables security-related process of anti-virus programs, while also blocking access to the Internet, which prevents updates.Summer 2011: The Morto worm attempts to propagate itself to additional computers via the Microsoft Windows Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Morto spreads by forcing infected systems to scan for Windows servers allowing RDP login. Once Morto finds an RDP-accessible system, it attempts to log into a domain or local system account named 'Administrator' using a number of common passwords.[65] A detailed overview of how the worm works—along with the password dictionary Morto uses—was done by Imperva.July 13: the ZeroAccess rootkit (also known as Sirefef or max++) was discovered.September 1: Duqu is a worm thought to be related to the Stuxnet worm. The Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS Lab)[67] of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in Hungary discovered the threat, analysed the malware, and wrote a 60-page report naming the threat Duqu. Duqu gets its name from the prefix "~DQ" it gives to the names of files it creates.2012May: Flame – also known as Flamer, sKyWIper, and Skywiper – a modular computer malware that attacks computers running Microsoft Windows. Used for targeted cyber espionage in Middle Eastern countries. Its discovery was announced on 28 May 2012 by MAHER Center of Iranian National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), Kaspersky Lab and CrySyS Lab of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. CrySyS stated in their report that "sKyWIper is certainly the most sophisticated malware we encountered during our practice; arguably, it is the most complex malware ever found".August 16: Shamoon is a computer virus designed to target computers running Microsoft Windows in the energy sector. Symantec, Kaspersky Lab, and Seculert announced its discovery on August 16, 2012.September 20: NGRBot is a worm that uses the IRC network for file transfer, sending and receiving commands between zombie network machines and the attacker's IRC server, and monitoring and controlling network connectivity and intercept. It employs a user-mode rootkit technique to hide and steal its victim's information. This family of bot is also designed to infect HTML pages with inline frames (iframes), causing redirections, blocking victims from getting updates from security/antimalware products, and killing those services. The bot is designed to connect via a predefined IRC channel and communicate with a remote botnet.2013September: The CryptoLocker Trojan horse is discovered. Cryptolocker encrypts the files on a user's hard drive, then prompts them to pay a ransom to the developer in order to receive the decryption key. In the following months, a number of copycat ransomware Trojans are also discovered.December: The Gameover ZeuS Trojan is discovered. This type of virus steals one's login details on popular Web sites that involve monetary transactions. It works by detecting a login page, then proceeds to inject a malicious code into the page, keystroke logging the computer user's details.December: Linux.Darlloz targets the Internet of things and infects routers, security cameras, set-top boxes by exploiting a PHP vulnerability.2014November: The Regin Trojan horse is discovered. Regin is a dropper that is primarily spread via spoofed Web pages. Once downloaded, Regin quietly downloads extensions of itself, making it difficult to be detected via anti-virus signatures. It is suspected to have been created by the United States and United Kingdom over a period of months or years, as a tool for espionage and mass surveillance.2015The BASHLITE malware is leaked leading to a massive spike in DDoS attacks.Linux.Wifatch is revealed to the general public. It is found to attempt to secure devices from other more malicious malware.2016February: Ransomware Locky with its over 60 derivatives spread throughout Europe and infected several million computers. At the height of the spread over five thousand computers per hour were infected in Germany alone. Although ransomware was not a new thing at the time, insufficient cyber security as well as a lack of standards in IT was responsible for the high number of infections. Unfortunately even up to date antivirus and internet security software was unable to protect systems from early versions of Locky.February: Tiny Banker Trojan (Tinba) makes headlines. Since its discovery, it has been found to have infected more than two dozen major banking institutions in the United States, including TD Bank, Chase, HSBC, Wells Fargo, PNC and Bank of America. Tiny Banker Trojan uses HTTP injection to force the user's computer to believe that it is on the bank's website. This spoof page will look and function just as the real one. The user then enters their information to log on, at which point Tinba can launch the bank webpage's "incorrect login information" re [1] turn, and redirect the user to the real website. This is to trick the user into thinking they had entered the wrong information and proceed as normal, although now Tinba has captured the credentials and sent them to its host.September: Mirai creates headlines by launching some of the most powerful and disruptive DDoS attacks seen to date by infecting the Internet of Things. Mirai ends up being used in the DDoS attack on 20 September 2016 on the Krebs on Security site which signNowed 620 Gbit/s. Ars Technica also reported a 1 Tbit/s attack on French web host OVH. On 21 October 2016 multiple major DDoS attacks in DNS services of DNS service provider Dyn occurred using Mirai malware installed on a large number of IoT devices, resulting in the inaccessibility of several high-profile websites such as GitHub, Twitter, Reddit, Netflix, Airbnb and many others. The attribution of the attack to the Mirai botnet was originally reported by BackConnect Inc., a security firm.2017May: The WannaCry ransomware attack spreads globally. Exploits revealed in the NSA hacking toolkit leak of late 2016 were used to enable the propagation of the malware. Shortly after the news of the infections broke online, a UK cybersecurity researcher in collaboration with others found and activated a "kill switch" hidden within the ransomware, effectively halting the initial wave of its global propagation. The next day, researchers announced that they had found new variants of the malware without the kill switch.June: The Petya (malware) attack spreads globally affecting Windows systems. Researchers at Symantec reveal that this ransomware uses the EternalBlue exploit, similar to the one used in the WannaCry ransomware attack.September: The Xafecopy Trojan attack 47 countries affecting only Android operating systems. Kaspersky Lab identified it as a malware from the Ubsod family, stealing money through click based WAP billing systems.September: A new variety of RAT Trojan, Kedi RAT (Remote Access Trojan) distributed in a Spear Phishing Campaign. The attack targeted Citrix users. The Trojan was able to evade usual system scanners. Kedi Trojan has all characteristics of a common Remote Access Trojan and it could communicate to its Command and Control center via gmail using common HTML, HTTP protocols.2018??????????
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