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FAQs
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What is the procedure to convert a proprietorship firm to an LLP in India?
Following is the process to convert Firm to LLP:1. Apply for Digital Signature. (Digital Signatures would be required for all the Partners)2. Apply for DPIN.3. Name Approval. (File Form LLP Form 1)4. Filing LLP Form 17. (Conversion of Firm to LLP)5. File LLP Form 2. (Incorporation document and subscriber’s statement)6. File LLP Form 3. (LLP Agreement)On successful conversion of Partnership firm into LLP, the Registrar would issue Certificate of Incorporation of LLP. Once, the LLP is incorporated and the Partnership Firm is converted, the Partnership Firm would be deemed to be dissolved.Typically it takes about a month to complete the process.
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As a startup founder of three years our legal housekeeping is a bit of mess, how can I best setup a system to organize and track
As a startup founder of three years myself, I can relate to how legal housekeeping can be messy. Once a year, I have our own lawyers go through and do an audit of all of our legal paperwork (which costs a couple thousand dollars to be extremely thorough, but it’s worth it). Luckily, there are now many ways to easily manage and track all of your legal, financial, and HR documents via third-party sites that specialize in these management proceedings. I wrote a blog post about this awhile back titled “5 Ways to Save Time Dealing With Documents” which highlights certain sites that can be very beneficial depending on what paperwork you’d like to track or manage. They are as follows:1. GroupDocsGroupDocs is a new, comprehensive online service for document creation and management. It has multiple features, including a viewer for reading documents in your browser, an electronic signature service, an online document converter, a document assembly service, a feature for comparing different versions of a document, and an annotation feature. An individual plan is $10 per month for limited storage and 500 documents, while a group plan for up to 9 people is $19 per user per month. Based on the number of features and pricing, GroupDoc is a good-value purchase for a small business. As you’ll see below, GroupDocs can be cheaper than a service that offers only one such feature.2. signNowWhen you’re closing a deal and need to get documents signed, the last thing you need is a slow turnaround due to fax machine problems or the postal service. The solution is to use an electronic signature service such as signNow, which is one of the most popular e-signature companies in the world. This service allows you to email your documents to the person whose signature you need. Next, the recipient undergoes a simply e-signing process, and then signNow alerts you when the process is completed. Finally, signNow electronically stores the documents, which are accessible at any time. As a result, you can easily track the progress of the signature process and create an audit trail of your documents. The “Professional” plan is recommended for sole proprietors and freelancers, and costs $180 per year ($15 per month) for up to 50 requested signatures per month. The “Workgroup” plan is geared towards teams and businesses, and it costs $240 per user per year ($20 per month per user), for unlimited requested signatures.3. signNowsignNow is another e-signature service. Similar to signNow, signNow allows you to upload a PDF file, MS Word file or web application document. Next, you can edit the document, such as by adding initials boxes or tabs, and then email them out for signatures. Once recipients e-sign the document, signNow notifies you and archives the document. signNow offers low rates for these services: a 1-person annual plan with unlimited document sending costs $11 per month. An annual plan for 10 senders with unlimited document sending costs only $39 per month.4. ExariExari is a document assembly and contract management service that assists in automating high-volume business documents, such as sales agreements or NDAs. First, the document assembly service allows authors to create automated document templates. No technical knowledge is required; most authors are business analysts and lawyers. Authors have a variety of options for customizing documents, such as fill-in-the-blank fields, optional clauses, and dynamic updating of topic headings. They also can add questions that the end user must answer. Once you send out the document, the user answers the questionnaire, and Exari uses that data to customize the document. Next, the contract management feature allows you to store and track both the templates and the signed documents. Pricing is based on the size and scope of your planned implementation, so visit their website for more information.5. FillanyPDFIt’s a hassle having to print out PDF forms in order to complete them. Fortunately, FillanyPDF is a service that allows you to edit, fill out and send any PDFs, while entirely online. This “Fill & Sign” plan costs $5 per month, or $50 per year. If you subscribe to the “Professional” plan, you can also create fillable PDFs using your own documents. With this service, any PDF, JPG or GIF file becomes fillable when you upload it to the site. You can modify a form using white-out, redaction and drawing tools. Then, you can email a link to your users, who can fill out and e-sign your form on the website. FillanyPDF also allows you to track who filled out your forms, and no downloads are necessary to access these services. The “Professional” plan costs $49 per month, or $490 per year.Switching firms can be a hassle. As a former startup attorney, I have a bit of advice about finding the right attorney for your business: it’s best to focus on the specific attorney you’ll be working with. He or she should have a solid understanding of the ins and outs of your business industry, a deep knowledge of the legal issues your startup may face, and previous work experience with startups to ensure a quality and efficient work product. This is absolutely key when matching our startup clients at UpCounsel to attorneys on our platform who can perform their legal work and hash out their legal projects in a timely manner. We also allow clients to store any and all of their legal documents directly on UpCounsel so they don’t have to go searching in alternative places for the correct paperwork. It’s proven to be a free and lightweight way to store legal documents that our clients love. Here's what it looks like:As I’ve mentioned, it’s more important to find the right attorney as opposed to the right law firm. And seeing as you’re a startup, our own startup clients typically save an average of 50-60% on their legal work, since the attorneys don't include overhead fees (a.k.a. the fees included for doing business with the firm itself) in their invoices.Hope this gives you a deeper look into what other sites and services are out there. If you have any questions or would like more information on how best to handle your legal housekeeping/ attorney matters, feel free to signNow out to me directly. As a former startup attorney at Latham & Watkins, I’d be happy to give you some guidance.
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How does e-procurement works?
e-Procurement is nothing but electronic process. tender or auction which are earlier carry out in physical mode now converted into electronic mode. its main purpose are to maintain Transparency, Authentication, Non-repudiation, Integrity and Priority.Buyer should have to float tender for their requirement on electronic mode, and potential vendors of asked service/goods have to participate on electronic mode only.The digital signature certificate (DSC) is key roll in the e-Procurement process.The data stored in server are maintained highly secured. like the data of tender (Commercial Rate, etc.) stored in highly secure form e.g. encrypted mode. wherein when opening of the tender stored date which are in encrypted form are converted in decrypted form (Original form).Its main benefits are:to save time for buyer and vendorreduce administrator expenses of both buyers and vendors like travelling, paper work, etc.to maintain transparencyno one can denied for their quoted rates, etc. (non-repudiation, Integratiy)To use digital signature certificate (DSC) to maintain authentication, data security and store at top level securityTo generate good competition, and so get good rate and save the money and many such benefits.And many such benefits are there for using e-procurement services.
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What is a Demat Account?
A Demat account is very similar to a bank account. In bank accounts you electronically hold money, whereas in Demat accounts you electronically hold shares. All buying and selling of shares happens through a Demat account. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) mandates a demat account for share trading above 500 shares.With growing financial awareness, more and more people now want to dabble in the share market. To do this, one should understand the basic requirements to trade in shares.A company enlisted in a stock exchange, is under obligation to offer the securities in both physical and dematerialised mode. As the name suggests physical securities mean actual certificates giving information about the shares of a company owned by a person. In the same manner, Dematerialisation is the process of converting physical shares (share certificates) into an electronic form. Shares once converted into dematerialised form are held in a Demat account. Today, almost all of the shares trading happens using the Demat mode of shares.What is a Demat Account?A Demat account is very similar to a bank account. In bank accounts you electronically hold money, whereas in Demat accounts you electronically hold shares. All buying and selling of shares happens through a Demat account. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) mandates a demat account for share trading above 500 shares.Why to use such an exclusive account?By using a Demat account, you need not be worried about mutilated share certificates, postal delays, and counterfeit shares. Demat account is a safe and convenient means of holding securities just like a bank account is for funds.What are the features and benefits of a Demat account?As opposed to the earlier form of dealing in physical certificates with delays in transaction, holding and trading in Demat form has the following benefits:Settlement of Securities traded on the exchanges as well as off market transactionsRisks like forgery, thefts, bad delivery, delays in transfer etc, associated with physical certificates, are eliminatedShorter settlements thereby enhancing liquidityPledging of SecuritiesShares allotted in public issues are directly credited into demat account of the applicants in quick timeAuto Credit of Rights / Bonus / Public Issues / Dividend credit through ECSAuto Credit of Public Issue refunds to the bank accountNo stamp duty on transfer of securities held in Demat form (as against 0.5 per cent payable on physical shares)Increased liquidity, as securities can be sold at any time during the trading hours (between 9:55 AM to 3:30 PM on all working days), and payment can be received in a very short period of timeChange of address, Signature, Dividend Mandate, registration of power of attorney, transmission etc. can be effected across companies held in Demat form by a single instruction to the Depository Participant (DP)Holding / Transaction details through Internet / emailWhat steps does on need to take to open a Demat account?As majority of shares trading happens through a Demat account, it is imperative that an individual dealing in shares has such an account. The minimum age for opening a Demat account is 18 years. To open a Demat account, you must:Choose a Depository Participant or DP (A Depository Participant can be a financial organization like banks, brokers, financial institutions, custodians, etc., acting as an agent of the Depository to make its services available to the investors)Fill up an account opening form provided by DP, attach relevant documents, and sign an agreement with DP in a standard format prescribed by the depositoryThe DP provides the investor with a copy of the agreement and schedule of charges for his future referenceDP opens the account and provides the investor with a unique account number, also known as Beneficiary Owner Identification Number (BO ID)Are there any important things that one must remember about Demat accounts?There are some things that you must know remember about Demat accounts:Pan card is mandatory for opening a Demat account (effective from April 01, 2006)Charges applicable (vary from DP to DP):Account Opening FeeAnnual Maintenance FeeCustodian FeeTransaction FeeSimilar to a bank account a Demat account may be closed after a period of inactivity. Check with the DP about the period and the charges associated with reactivating it.
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What's an explanation of dark matter in details, with very high accuracy?
To fulfill your stated requirements would require (1) a post the length of a book, and (2) a deeper understanding than I personally have. However, given that Quora is not the right place to write a book anyway, I may know enough to take a reasonable crack at this. With that said, though, if you're an actual expert on one of these areas and catch something I've explained incorrectly, please let me know in the comments so that I can fix it!Yes, it's still quite long, but keep in mind that this is the short version.What is Dark Matter (DM)?Dark Matter is just matter that doesn't interact via the Electromagnetic (EM) or Strong Nuclear forces. No EM interactions means that it can't give off light, or absorb light, or reflect, refract, or scatter light in any way. This, naturally, makes it rather difficult to see (thus "dark" matter, although I suppose it's more "transparent" than "dark"). Our current best measurements indicate that something like 85% of the matter in our observable Universe (about a quarter of the total mass-energy content) is Dark Matter.Isn't Dark Matter weird/spooky?Not at all. Neutrinos, for example, satisfy the definition of Dark Matter, they just represent such a tiny fraction of the total DM in the Universe that people tend to neglect them when they ask, "what is Dark Matter made of?"There is nothing at all strange or unusual about certain particles not interacting in certain ways. Neutrons have no electric charge (although they do have EM properties, but that's neither here nor there), and electrons don't interact via the Strong Force, so why shouldn't there be particles that interact with neither, like the neutrinos? Saying that interacting with light is "normal" is purely human bias, because we rely so much on sight. Having lots of DM in the Universe is in no way "weird"; it just means that the Universe doesn't revolve around what humanity finds convenient!Why are we confident that DM exists?This is by no means a complete list, but it should give a sense of the kinds of evidence we have. Each of these would take at least a chapter of a book to explain properly, but hopefully this will give the general idea.Galactic rotation curves.When one object orbits another, the orbiting object has to be constantly accelerating towards the central object (or, more precisely, they both accelerate towards their combined center of mass). Without that acceleration, the orbiting body would just fly off. The faster the orbiting body is moving, the more acceleration is needed to keep it in its orbit. Since in this case the acceleration is due to gravity, this means that the central mass has to be bigger. For a circular orbit of a small object [math]m[/math] at distance [math]r[/math] and velocity [math]v[/math] around a large (and assumed stationary) object [math]M[/math], the acceleration requirement gives[math]\frac{v^2}{r} = \frac{GM}{r^2}[/math]which in turn gives us the relation[math]v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}[/math].(I'm doing this with Newtonian gravity for simplicity; to do it with full rigor would require General Relativity. In this situation, the Newtonian approximation is actually generally pretty good.)For a more complicated object than just two point particles, as long as there's enough symmetry, the gravitational version of Gauss's law says that the relevant [math]M[/math] is the total mass of everything in the galaxy that's at a distance less than [math]r[/math] from the center. [Edited to note: For this to be exactly right, the matter distribution would have to be spherically symmetric, which galaxies aren't. As a result, actual calculations are a bit more complicated than shown here.]This allows us to "weigh" different parts of the galaxy, by measuring the relationship between [math]r[/math] and [math]v[/math]. (We can measure the rotational velocities by comparing redshifts on the approaching and receding sides of the galaxy.) This image from Wiki shows the result of this measurement:The "expected from visible disk" line is determined by adding up the masses of all the parts of the galaxy that we can see. (How we measure that mass is a whole different discussion.)Gravitational Lensing.In General Relativity, whenever light passes through a gravitational field, that field bends its path slightly. This acts like a Gravitational lens, and can produce, for example, "Einstein Rings", like this image from Wiki:The "ring" is a distorted image of a single blue galaxy located behind the red galaxy at the center. Light from the blue galaxy goes out in all directions, but is bent by the red galaxy's gravity. This means that the light that starting out on a "direct path" to us never signNowes us, but light that was originally missing us by a specific amount (in any direction) gets bent back towards us, which makes it look like it's coming from a bunch of different directions, resulting in the ring image seen here.This is a highly dramatic example of gravitational lensing, but there are much more subtle effects that can still be useful. In Weak gravitational lensing, statistical analysis of distortions in the light we receive allows us to "map out" the gravitational field between us and distant galaxies. Often, this just shows more mass than we know how to account for, but that could be explained away by just assuming that our understanding of gravity is off. There's something else, however, that's a lot harder to explain away in that manner: the Bullet Cluster.(Image from A Matter of Fact on nasa.gov)What's going on here? Well, two galaxy clusters collided with each other, and this is the aftermath. The red coloring represents where the visible matter is, while the blue coloring represents where the dark matter is, as inferred by gravitational lensing. Why are they separated so much? Well, most of the luminous matter in a galaxy cluster is in the Intracluster medium, a hot, dense, plasma. When these plasmas collide with each other, a signNow amount of the matter slows down. However, since Dark Matter interacts only very weakly, the DM components of the two clusters were free to pass through each other unimpeded, resulting in a separation (as seen here). Not only is there "not enough" luminous matter... it's in the wrong place! A small number of scientists remain committed to finding ways to explain this without DM, and they have had partial success, but only by including as-of-yet-unmeasured things that are far stranger than DM (for example, a rank-3 tensor field, which, while possible, would be the first tensor field of such a high rank ever found).Effect on the Cosmic Microwave Background.For the first few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, The Universe was hot enough that it was highly ionized, which made it more or less opaque to light; photons were pinballing around just like any other particle. However, once things cooled down enough, signNow amounts of the protons and electrons combined into neutral Hydrogen, which is (more or less) transparent to most of the light that was around at the time. This happened fairly quickly (in terms of cosmological time), and so it was as if all of the light pinballing around all over the Universe were suddenly released all at once, effectively capturing a snapshot of the Universe at that moment in its evolution. Since this light was released everywhere in the Universe, we can point our radio telescopes in any direction we like, and there it is: the Cosmic microwave background (CMB). It's almost the same temperature in every direction, but there are small differences (generally around one part in [math]10^5[/math]), and we have measured these tiny variations with extraordinary accuracy: first via the COBE satellite, which was then replaced by the more advanced WMAP, which was then replaced by the more advanced Planck (spacecraft), which is currently in operation.These tiny variations can tell us a lot about the early universe. For example, statistical analyses of these variations show the distinct signature of pressure waves propagating through that early plasma, and the nature of these Baryon acoustic oscillations can tell us a lot about what kinds of things were around. Specifically, the protons and electrons would be dragged along by the (dominant) photons, becoming part of the wave, but Dark Matter wouldn't, and would only be indirectly affected by the resulting small changes in gravity. The presence and abundance of Dark Matter therefore affects how these waves impact the temperature variations in the CMB.The formation of large-scale structure.The standard story given in popular science explanations goes like this: the Universe started out hot and dense and more or less uniform, then it expanded and cooled and clumped into stars and galaxies. However, this story is incomplete, in a way that means that galaxies wouldn't exist without dark matter.At a surface level, the story makes sense; heck, I got almost half-way through a Ph.D. in Physics without noticing any problem with it! It sounds so plausible because of how gravity works: if matter is distributed more or less evenly, but some places are a tiny bit more dense than others, gravity will tend to make those overdensities bigger and bigger. Why? Well, even if a region is just a little denser than its neighbors, it's still going to win the gravitational tug-of-war and gradually accumulate more and more mass. Of course, once it has more mass, it wins the tug-of-war by even more, and so it's a run-away process that ends in big gravitationally-bound clumps.So, what's the problem? Well, consider the air in the room with you right now. Are there tiny density variations? Of course, since perfect uniformity is impossible. But, is it forming into exponentially denser clumps? Certainly not! The reason for this is that, under these kinds of conditions, when the density of a gas goes up, so does its pressure. That pressure makes the over-dense region expand outwards again, returning the density back to average!Now, of course, the scales and temperatures involved are totally different. A huge region of gas will have more gravitational attraction than a tiny pocket of denser air in your room, and gas in space has no need to be at room temperature, either. So, if the gas can cool down enough, that can reduce the pressure enough for gravity to win. But, the more it compresses, the more it heats up, because it's converting gravitational energy into thermal energy, and so the pressure goes up again. This means that forming a galaxy is a very gradual process, during which it has to constantly be getting rid of tremendous amounts of energy. If it were just a cloud of gas, without any outside interference, this process wouldn't be nearly fast enough, and we wouldn't have galaxies today.But, as you know, hot things give off heat much faster than cold things. So, if we want galaxies to form by the present day (or, indeed, before the expansion of space makes matter too dilute to form galaxies at all), something has to be forcing the gas to compress and become denser and hotter than it would be able to under its own gravity. Enter: Dark Matter. Because it interacts only weakly, Dark Matter doesn't have pressure like gas does. So, the argument about the run-away gravitational process actually works for Dark Matter. DM can't get rid of energy very easily, and so conservation of energy and angular momentum mean that it can only collapse to about 200 times the background density, but the resulting Dark matter halo provides enough of a gravity well to "seed" the formation of visible galaxies. So, it's not a coincidence that the galactic rotational curves showed large amounts of dark matter... the galaxies wouldn't have formed there without it!As a result of this DM "seeding" process, theoretical models and computer simulations of the formation of DM structures have been fairly successful in describing the statistical properties of how galaxies are distributed now, as well as how they were distributed earlier in the history of the Universe (which we can measure by looking at very distant galaxies).Okay, so that's why we think Dark Matter exists. But, the next obvious question is... well... what is it? What's it actually made of? What are its properties? Here, we have only very partial knowledge, and multiple different theories, any combination of which could be correct (or, perhaps, none of them). This leads us to:What do we know about the properties of Dark Matter?Again, this is in no way exhaustive, but it should give you a decent idea.It's "cold".This is why the current dominant model of cosmology is called the Lambda-CDM model: "Lambda" ([math]\Lambda[/math]) stands for the Cosmological constant, and "CDM" stands for "Cold Dark Matter".When an astrophysicist describes something as "cold", they generally mean that the associated thermal velocity is much less than the speed of light. By this standard, the air in Death Valley is "cold". But, then again, to cosmologists, galaxies are basically point-particles, so everything's a matter of scale and perspective!So, why does DM need to be "cold"? Well, remember that DM clumping together was integral to the formation of structures like galaxies. However, if DM were very hot (and therefore the particles were moving very fast), this would prevent it from clumping properly. I have explained it in very vague terms, but the effects are actually well-understood mathematically. In fact, it's similar to something that does happen, with photons: Diffusion damping (or "Silk damping"). However, in the case of Dark Matter, the result would be a signNow delay (or even outright prevention) of the formation of galaxies, to the extent that "warm" Dark Matter can be observationally ruled out.Incidentally, this is how we know that it's not all just neutrinos: given what we know about the early Universe, they would be far too hot!It interacts only very weakly.This is somewhat part of the definition of Dark Matter, but it's good to see observational confirmation. I know fewer of the details on this, but I do know that there are observational bounds in the "interaction cross-section" of Dark Matter, both in terms of its interactions with luminous matter and for its theorized self-annihilation processes (in which two DM particles could interact and annihilate each other). Also, as discussed before, the Bullet Cluster shows giant dark matter halos more or less just passing through each other, which suggests very weak interactions.So... given those properties,What might Dark Matter be made of?There are two leading theories (as far as I'm aware) that suggest the existence of specific types of new particles. Both are well-motivated theoretically (as in, we have good reasons for suspecting that particles with those particular properties might exist), but neither has been experimentally confirmed yet. Interestingly, the two predicted particles are totally different from one another, not slight variations on the same theme.At the end of the day, either of these theories could be right, or both (given the existence of neutrinos, there's no need for all the rest of the DM to be a single type of particle), or, of course, neither.So, what are the theories?Axions.I feel morally obliged to put this one first, even though the other one is more popular at the moment, because my university is heavily involved in the Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX), and so of course I'm rooting for my colleagues!The existence of Axions has been theorized since the 1970s, but we only recently have the technology to even properly start to try to measure them in the lab. Axions are extremely tiny particles (unlike WIMPs, the other leading option), and so they would have to exist in truly huge quantities. Still, because they interact so weakly, it's hard to detect them, even with billions of them passing through your detector in a tiny fraction of a second. The linked wiki articles do a better job of explaining the theoretical motivation and experimental search than I could. It's really quite elegant, and would solve a lot of outstanding mysteries in particle physics (like the Strong CP Problem), but I can't do it justice.Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)(Wiki reference: Weakly interacting massive particles)To explain why WIMPs are theoretically attractive, I have to take a little detour into "relic abundance", i.e., how many particles of a given type were left over after the Universe cooled down and generally became a more stable place.In the early universe, everything was very dense, and many different kinds of particles were "tightly coupled" (i.e., they interacted with each other frequently). However, as the universe got larger and cooler, these interaction rates slowed down, more or less to a stop, a phenomenon known as "freezing out". The time at which something "freezes out" depends on a number of things, including its mass and how strongly it interacts with other things. This "freezing out" has a huge effect on the abundances of various particles in the Universe. For example, consider the process[math]n \Leftrightarrow p + e^- + \overline{\nu_e}[/math],in which a neutron can turn into a proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino (or vice versa). If you go back far enough, this reaction will be in thermodynamic equilibrium, just like with any chemical reaction that can go either direction. However, once the neutrinos "freeze out", equilibrium can't be maintained anymore (although other processes, like beta decay, can still happen). The relative abundance of protons and neutrons at the moment of freeze-out is determined by two factors: the mass difference [math]\Delta m[/math] between the two particles, and the temperature of the Universe when freeze-out occurred. These factors combine to determine by how much the lighter particle is thermodynamically favored, with an exponential dependence:[math] \frac{N_n}{N_p} \propto e^{-\Delta m c^2 / k T}[/math]where [math]k[/math] is Boltzmann's constant.This clearly impacts the "relic abundance" of the particles involved (here, protons and neutrons). So, in general, the abundance of a given particle in the Universe today is signNowly influenced by the mass of that particle and how strongly it interacts (since that affects freeze-out time and thus freeze-out temperature). This brings us to the so-called "WIMP miracle": a particle that interacts predominantly via the Weak Nuclear Force, and that has a mass near the mass scale associated with Weak interactions ([math]\sim 100 \text{ GeV}/c^2[/math]), would have a relic abundance that would match the measured abundance of Dark Matter in the Universe. Given that such a particle was already speculated to exist (in the context of Supersymmetry), this was very theoretically attractive to a lot of people, although our inability to find it so far has damped some of their spirits.So, there you have it: my summary of Dark Matter. Hope it was worth the time it took to read! (Let alone write...)
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How can I sell original e mails from Steve jobs?
I’m going to say that it’s impossible for you to sell original emails from Steve Jobs.One of the problems with trying to sell something like that is that it’s not really enough for you to prove that it’s an email from Steve Jobs.You might actually be able to do that; I have a bunch of emails from Steve Jobs, and it might match one of them exactly, because you were Cc:’ed on it, or maybe it was one of the political emails that he wasn’t supposed to send out, but that he did anyway.So let’s say I vet that this email you have is from Steve Jobs.And let’s say that my authority isn’t questioned, so there no issue with repudiation by Steve’s estate, or from Apple, Inc., or anyone else who’d rather that email not be from Steve.You can’t do this, of course, because Steve wasn’t in the habit of cryptographically signing his emails with his private key, and publishing a public key that could be used to verify that the cryptographic signature was, indeed, his.But let’s say that everyone is willing to attest, under oath, that this was an email from Steve Jobs.Now comes the next problem: you want to sell it.How do you sell something rare and valuable (let’s assume, for the sake of argument, that the email was both rare and valuable), if it’s an electronic copy?The answer is, of course, you can’t, really.If Steve were still alive, and he wanted you to have a non-repudiable email of his, and he wanted it to exist in only one place… that’s sort of a problem. How do you keep something that’s an electronic copy … rare?And if it’s no longer rare, how do you keep it valuable?Well, the normal way we do this with digital things is to … oh wait. We don’t do that with digital things, because:In order to be readable, it has to be convertible into a human intelligible form, and……as soon as you do that, it’s possible to make a perfect copy of it.Rats.Wait, what if we put a blockchain around it, and had it signed by Steve’s private key, and… yeah, that’s not going to work.Such an email might have intrinsic value to you, but unless it has intrinsic value to me, as well — which it wouldn’t, because you could run off a couple of hundred thousand copies in less time than it took me to type this sentence — it’d have to have extrinsic value.So, in other words, it’d have to have something in it like a trade secret, which you could sell, and by selling, transfer some of the value to someone else, and then agree to further non-disclosure terms.Or maybe blackmail material, which is kind of a legally questionable thing to begin with, since use of it as blackmail material would be illegal (extortion and racketeering).So let’s stick with a trade secret. Like maybe the formula for “Old Coke”, before they “New-Coke’ed” it with corn syrup. Or maybe it’s the KFC 11 herbs and spices, in the proper proportions to make an exact duplicate of their fried chicken.That, you might be able to sell to someone, as long as they could be sure you’d never, ever sell it to someone else, too.But dude… there are many Apple employees, and former Apple employees that have literally hundreds of emails from Steve.Heck, I’ve got a box of papers with his actual signature on many of them, including my offer letter, and my 5 year employee anniversary certificate (Steve used to sign those himself).Sorry to say: no intrinsic value to an email, any more than if you had one of the million DVD’s of “Operation Dumbo Drop”. Once something is in electronic form, it loses any value that you can’t enforce copyright on.
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What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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How do I make a PVT Ltd company in India?
How to register a company (Pvt. Ltd.)Pre-requisites1. Have paid-up capital of INR 1,00,0002. Have minimum of 2 directors/board members and two shareholders3. Have maximum of 50 members only4.Cannot publicly sell shares. Can only invite people to buy shares by issuing aprospectusStep1: Acquire DIN (Director Identification Number)DIN is a unique identification number for an existing director or a person intending tobecome a director of a company. As per a recent amendment to the Companies Act 1956, DIN has become mandatory for all the directors. DIN is unique and specific to an individual, therefore only one DIN is allotted per individual even if the individual serves as director at multiple companies. No fee is charged for issuing DIN. This process takes approximately 3 to 5 working days.Supporting documents required (soft-copies):1.Photograph2.Proof of identity3.Proof of residenceRegister on MCA website for login ID and password(create an account)I.File eForm DIN-11.Download eForm DIN-12.Fill the form3.Attach necessary documents4.Sign using digital signature5.“Check Form”6.Upload eForm7.Pay fees by credit card, debitcard, internet banking or cash/cheque at designated banks (State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank) using the pre-filed challan that will be generated8.Note the Service Request Number (SRN) for later enquiries9.Check acknowledgement by email or through MCA portalII.Intimate approved DIN To your Company (within 30 days from date of approval)a.Download Form DIN-2 and printStep 2: Acquire Digital Signature Certificate(DSC):At least one of the directors should have a valid Digital Signature Certificate issued by the signNowing Authorities (CA) and approved by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The Information Technology Act,2000 provides for use of Digital Signatures on the documents submitted in electronic forms, in order to ensure the security and authenticity of the documents filed electronically. Every document prescribed under the Companies Act, 1956, is required to be filed with the digital signature of the managing director or director or manager or secretary of the company. Therefore at least one of directors must have a digital signature. Any person may make an application to the signNowing Authority for the issue ofa Digital Signature in such form as may be prescribed by the Central Government. Digital Signatures are typically issued with one year validity and two year validity. The issuance cost varies depending on the CA. Digital Signatures can be obtained within an hour.One can acquire his/her Digital Signature certificates from these government listed agencies like TCS, IDBRT, MTNL, SAFESCRYPT, NIC, nCODE Solutions etc.Step 3: Apply for the company to be registeredThis is the final major step in a registration of your company which includes incorporating company name, Registering the office address or notice of situation of office and notice for appointment of company directors, manager and secretary. And also regarding the take and pay for their qualification shares.Prerequisite for Virtual eFiling1.Install the following prerequisite software:Windows 2000 / Windows XP / Windows Vista / Windows 7 –Operating SystemInternet Explorere v6.0 and above, Google Chrome, Mozilla FirefoxsignNow from version 7.5 to version 10.1.4Java Runtime Environment (JRE –latest version freely downloadable fromwww.sun.com)2.Get yourself registered at the portal (www.mca.gov.in)3.Obtains a Director Identification Number (DIN).4.Obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).5.Broadband Internet connectivity or higher.6.A scanner (above 200 DPI) for converting the attachments in the PDF format.Steps:I.Fill Form-1A for obtaining the name for the company-onlineFor obtaining name for your new company, An application in Form-1A needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) of the state in which the Registered Office of the proposed Company is to be situated to ascertain the availability of a name along with an official service fee of Rs.500. You also have to provide the following information in the form.• Name of the proposed company (Minimum 4 alternative names, maximum 6).Indicate the order of preference. Ensure that the company name is in accordance to the guidelines of the MCA, and also ensure the name is unique and does not resemble the name of any existing company in India. The company name must end with the words ‘Private Limited’ or ‘PVT Ltd’. In order to have specific key words in the name such as corporation, International, Hindustan, Industries, India etc., the proposed company should satisfy a minimum authorized capital criteria.• Location of registered office of the proposed company• Main Objectives of the business of the company• Names and addresses of the directors• Proposed Authorized Share Capital of the Company• DIN & DSCSubmit duly filled form to the Registrar along with fee of Rs. 500.The Registrar shall intimate, within two to three days, whether the proposed name is available or not. If the preferred name is not available apply for a fresh name on the same application. The name made available by the Registrar shall be valid for a period of six months. In case, if the company is not incorporated within this validity period, an application may be made for renewal of name by paying additional fees. Otherwise the name approval process has to be repeated by submitting new application after payment of requisite fees.In about 10 days, the ROC will inform you about approval or objections. If there are any objections then ROC will suggest you with some available names and let you choose among them. If your company name is approved then you will receive a formal letter regarding the confirmation of the same. Keep the same which will be required during registration process of the proposed company.II.Prepare documentsAfter obtaining name approval from the ROC the following documents must beprepared to incorporate the company• Memorandum of Association (MOA) The Memorandum of Association is a document that sets out the constitution of the company. It contains, among-st others, the objectives and the scope of activity of the company and also describes the relationship of the company with the outside world.• Articles of Association (AOA) The Articles of Association contains the rules and regulations of the company for the management of its internal affairs. While the Memorandum specifies the objectives and purposes for which the Company has been formed, the Articles lay down the rules and regulations for achieving those objectives and purposes. It also states the authorized share capital of the proposed company and the names of its first / permanent directors. Professional help is to be sought in the drafting of the MOA and AOA, as it contains the governing policies, rules and by-laws of the proposed venture. The draft must be carefully vetted by the promoters before printing and stamping.The MOA and AOA must be signed by at least two subscribers in his own hand, along with father’s name, occupation, address and the number of shares subscribed for and witnessed by at least one person. Then the MOA and AOA are required to be stamped & filed with the ROC. A stamp duty is required to be paid on the MOA and on the AOA. The stamp duty depends on the authorized share capital and varies between states. Details of applicable stamp duty can be obtained from here. eStamping facility is now available via MCA’s portal. The document preparation process may take five to seven days.• Form 1 –providing details of promoters of the company• Form 18 –providing details of address of the registered office of the company• Form 32 –providing details of Directors, managers and secretaries of the companyIII.Submission of DocumentsSubmit the following documents to the ROC with the filing fee and the registration fee:• The stamped and signed Memorandum and Articles of Association (3 copies).• Form-1, 18 & 32 in duplicate.• Any agreement referred to in the Memorandum & Articles.• Any agreement proposed to be entered into withany individual for appointment as Managing or whole time Director.• Declaration of Compliance by an advocate or company secretary or chartered accountant or director, manager or secretary of the company• Name availability letter issued by the ROC.• Power of Attorney authorizing a person, on behalf of subscribers, any documents and papers filed for registration. The power of attorney should be given on Non-Judicial stamp paper of appropriate value and shall be submitted to the Registrar.After submitting these forms, once the application has been approved by MCA, you will receive a confirmation email regarding the application for incorporation of a new company, and the status of the form will get changed to Approved.IV.Payment of Registration FeesThe fees payable to the Registrar at the time of registration of a new company varies according to the authorized capital of a company proposed to be registered. Payment for the Registration and Filing Fee must be made by Demand Draft/Banker’s Cheque if it exceeds Rs.1000/.V.Obtaining Certificate of IncorporationThe ROC will issue a Certificate of Incorporation after careful review of documents submitted. Section 34(1) cast an obligation on the Registrar to issue a Certificate of Incorporation, normally within 7 days of the receipt of documents.A Private Limited Company can start its business immediately on receiving the Certificate of Incorporation.Check these documents before submission of a company:1.DIN of all those directors of a proposed company.2.DSC –Digital Signature Certificate3.Original copy of the formal letter issued by ROC regarding availability of Company name.4.Form-1 for incorporation of a company.5.Form-18 for situation or address of the proposed company.6.Form-32 for particulars of proposed directors, managers and secretary.Formalities to be followed while incorporation of a company:1.Obtain a TAN card2.Obtain a Permanent account number (PAN) from income tax dept. India3.If required: Documents obeying shop and establishment acts.4.If required: For foreign trade, Registration documents of import export code from Director General of foreign trade.5.If required: Registration documents of Software technologies Parks of India (STPI).6.If required: RBI approval for foreign companies investing in India and FIPB approval.7.Both Indian and foreign directors need to have valid Digital Signature Certificates from authorized agencies.For any further clarifications, please visithttp://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/Regi...Thanks & Regards,Stay4u.
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