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FAQs
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How did Brian Roemmele become a payments expert?
Warning: I Am Not An Expert In Anything. I Am And Always Will Be A Student.My Payments Experience Is Completely And Utterly An Accident. I know not how to say this in a few words but it may be an interesting journey to share with you.A Nerd, A Geek And The Dreams Of Being A ScientistIt was all an accident while I was on my way to becoming a scientist. That dream got delayed. I was studying Quantum Physics and on the other end Astro Physics. This started as a university level course while a sophomore in High School. At the same time I was rather excited by electronics that start...
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What are some great free online tools for entrepreneurs?
There’s quite a lot out there, depending on what you’re looking for :)Some free online tools (in no particular order):Dropbox. Save and share everything.Evernote. Best note app ever.FreePik. Find thousands of free images.SurveyMonkey. Create surveys to gauge customer feedback.Rapportive. Useful tool for Gmail that allows you to see other people’s social media profiles.Trello. Project management made simple.Slack. Work communication simplified.AdCat. Allows you to use a single picture to get perfect-sized, up-to-date ad images for Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Free.Easel.ly. Great infographic generator for creating attractive content. Engaging content is vital for attracting audiences.Google Analytics. See who’s coming to your site and from where, among many many other awesome functions.Sidekick. Awesome email tool that tracks when emails are opened — super useful for proper follow-ups.Hotjar. Recordings of users on your website. Amazing to understand user behavior, which drives marketing strategies.Hootsuite. For social media management in one easy to use dashboard.Leadin by Hubspot. For lead management.Ahrefs. Powerful SEO tool.Later. Instagram consistently shows amazing engagement with users. This tool manages scheduling for you.Crowdfire. Great tool to figure out who to follow on social media for optimal engagement.BuzzSumo. Analyze what content performs best.Social Rank. Allows you to see which are your most valuable followers.UberSuggest. Free keyword suggesting tool.LinkMiner. Free tool for the link building strategy.JustsignNowOut. Finds journalists interested in covering you.Keyword.io. Free keyword research tool for SEO.MailChimp. To run automated email campaigns.Optimizely. A/B testing to optimize your website.Google Trends. Shows how often a particular search-term is entered.TweetDeck. Owned by Twitter, it makes discovering content easily digestible and allows you to find the topics and people you want.Title Maker. Content idea generator.Explore. Get to know what’s trending.Engage Master. Convert visitors to customers.Startup Bootstrap. Website building templates.Submit.co. Get press for your startup.SumoMe. Tool set to grow your website traffic.Quip. View documents on any device.Atomic Squirrel. Startup checklist.There’s tons more out there depending on what you are looking for specifically. I’m happy to update and reorganize if you need more :)Disclosure: I’m working on AdCat.
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What are the regulations for online beer sales in the UK?
Selling online: an overview of the rulesThis is an edited version of a guide for businesses.E-commerce TMT & Sourcing TMT Retail Education UKThere has been a steady growth in the variety and volume of goods and services which are available on-line to both businesses and consumers, and on-line selling is increasingly seen as a major way for all businesses to save costs. Almost inevitably, as the practice of on-line selling proliferates so does the amount of legislation governing it. This article provides an overview of the law governing on-line sales in the UK and an analysis of the issues that a business should consider before setting up an on-line sales process.The law governing online salesThere are two distinct types of legislation that affect on-line retailers. Firstly, traditional consumer protection regulations apply to all consumer sales made on-line. These regulations are well established, but it is important to remember that they apply to on-line retailers as much as they do to traditional ones. Secondly, there are regulations designed specifically to deal with problems and issues facing retailers on-line.Traditional consumer protection regulationsThese protect purchasers and consumers whether they are buying the goods over the counter of a shop or over the internet. For instance the Sale of Goods Act gives certain rights to purchasers about the quality of the goods they receive, and their rights if the goods fail to live up to these standards. The Consumer Credit Act protects consumers' rights when they enter into an agreement for someone to provide them with loans or credit facilities including circumstances where they buy goods or services using a credit card. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations protect consumers' rights where they enter into agreements with retailers who try to impose unfair terms in the agreement. There are also numerous other pieces of legislation, many of which will apply to different contract and product types.Online regulationsThese regulations are new, and were brought into force largely to protect consumers' rights when they buy products either over the internet or by telephone. They largely derive from EU Directives, and include the E-commerce Regulations , the Distance Selling Regulations and the Electronic Signatures Regulations . These are the regulations that control the actual on-line sales process and they provide the starting block from which we can consider the practical business requirements of on-line retailers.Although the traditional consumer regulations are important for all sales processes, this article focuses on the on-line regulations and how they affect the various stages of the on-line sales process. The next five sections take you through what the regulations require including information that must be provided to a purchaser, the use of electronic signatures, contract formation issues and ensuring your contract is legal.Information that must be suppliedThe various regulations share a central theme: companies should not hide themselves from purchasers, and should provide as much information to purchasers as possible.Company information that must be supplied under the E-Commerce RegulationsThe E-Commerce Regulations require that all commercial web sites make the following information directly and permanently available to consumers via the website:the company's name, postal address (and registered office address if this is different) and email address;the company's registration number;any Trade or Professional Association memberships;the company's VAT number.All of this applies regardlessof whether the site sells on-line. In addition, any commercial communication – that is any email or even SMS text message – used in providing an "Information Society Service" must display this information.The E-Commerce Regulations also require that all prices must be clear and unambiguous, and web sites must state whether the prices are inclusive of taxes and delivery costs.Contractual information that must be supplied under the E-Commerce RegulationsWhen it comes to actually going through the contractual process the requirements for information increase once again and the consumers must be told:the steps involved in completing the contract on-line;whether the contract will be stored by the retailer and/or permanently accessible;the technical means the site uses to allow consumers to spot and correct errors made while inputting their details prior to the order being placed;the languages offered to conclude the contract;The website must also provide links to any relevant Codes of Conduct to which the retailer subscribes and set out the retailer's Terms and Conditions, in a way which allows users to save and print them.All of this information must be provided before the purchaser selects the product and starts the contractual process and it is possible to convey it early on in the sale, without deterring users with an unwieldy sales process. The most common route is to bundle as many of these details into the terms and conditions as possible, and ensure that consumers are appropriately directed to read them.Information that must be supplied under the Distance Selling RegulationsThese Regulations set out the information which must be provided to a consumer prior to the conclusion of the contract.The information must be provided in a clear and comprehensible manner which is appropriate to the means of distance communication used. This means that the information can be set out on a web page, provided that the information is brought to the attention of the consumers before the contract is entered into. The information to be provided includes all of the information which a supplier should, in any event, wish to provide in relation to:the identity of the supplier;the main characteristics of the goods or services;their price;arrangements for payment and delivery; andthe existence of the right of cancellation created under the Distance Selling Regulations.Information that should be set out in the terms and conditionsThe terms and conditions should:make it clear who is selling the product, together with the geographical and email address;describe clearly what the customer is getting and what it will cost, including all taxes and delivery costs; andidentify the arrangements for delivery of the product.The terms and conditions of the site are very important, and will vary for every retailer. It is important that the terms and conditions are properly drafted, as poorly drafted terms and conditions will expose the retailer to unnecessary risk.Electronic signaturesThe Electronic Signature Regulations apply to any contract and not just those entered into with consumers. In order for there to be a binding contract the following essential elements of a contract must be present:an unconditional offer;an unconditional acceptance of that offer;consideration passing from both parties other than in Scotland where consideration is not a requirement; andan intention to create legal relations, i.e. the parties must intend to enter into a legally binding contract.There must also be certainty as to the terms, parties and subject matter of the contract. For the majority of contracts there is no legal requirement for a signature.Whenever a person buys or sells something he or she is entering into a contract, no matter how small the purchase. In the newsagents, when a person buys a newspaper he or she contracts with the newsagent for the purchase. The newsagent makes an 'Invitation to Treat' by placing the publication on sale. The person offers to purchase it from the newsagent, proffering money, and the offer is accepted (concluding the contract) by taking the money. This is still a contract, although not a word needs to be said, and nothing is written down. However, the essentials of a contract have been formed: an offer (to buy, or sell), an acceptance of that offer, and (everywhere except Scotland) consideration (whether money being paid, or some other form of consideration) for the sale. The various stages of the contractual process will be discussed in more detail later, as it is important to distinguish between who is making the offer and who is accepting it.Signatures are not actually necessary for the conclusion of every contract (your visit to the paper shop could become a chore), but they can have three essential functions when we consider on-line contracts:To identify the person who has bought the product;To indicate a personal involvement, or trustworthiness; andTo indicate an intention to be bound to the contract.The principal, and simple effect of the Electronic Signature Regulations is to make electronic signatures legally valid. Most of the discussion, and further interpretation of electronic signatures actually comes from a report published in December 2001 by the Law Commission entitled "Electronic Commerce: Formal requirements in Commercial Transactions", and in subsequent guidance from the DTI.Depending on exactly what is being sold the method of collecting the electronic signature will vary. In most cases, the function required of the electronic signature is the third one listed above – indicating that the purchaser is making an offer to contract. However, for more complex products being sold on-line, for instance financial services products, the role of the signature may become more important for one or both of the first two reasons.Depending on the value and/or importance of the transaction the parties may want a greater degree of certainty as to reliability of the signature. This may involve the use of public key infrastructure, for example.Contract formation issuesThe main issues considered in this section are how, when and where the contract is formed. This involves an analysis of the contract formation procedure based on the principle of offer and acceptance and the significance of the "country of origin" principle.The offer and acceptance procedure onlineStep 1: Establishing the offer and acceptance procedureThis is where the E-commerce Regulations can be used to the seller's advantage. It is possible to sell on-line and take payment by credit card without concluding the contract on-line. The solution is to provide that the customer is making an offer on the site and that the contract will be formed only if the customer's order is accepted – and that taking payment from the customer's credit card does not indicate cceptance.On-line merchant accounts provide for making refunds to a customer's credit card. Therefore, the terms should explain that, while the customer's card may be debited before the contract is formed, if the customer's order is ultimately rejected, a refund will be made immediately.Step 2: Completing the order formThe customer is taken to the order form where he completes the quantity of goods and his delivery details. It would be good practice to offer three buttons: submit, clear and cancel. The "clear" button is needed because the E-Commerce Regulations require a means for the customer to correct any errors.Step 3: Incorporating the terms and conditionsAt the bottom of the terms and conditions page the purchaser should, ideally, be required to check a box to indicate that he or she has read, understood and accepted the terms and conditions, before clicking the "Accept" button. The "Accept" button should not work until the box has been checked. Equally the page should be designed in such a way that the consumer cannot check the box and click "Accept" until the page has fully loaded onto the screen. By doing this, you improve your position in the event that a purchaser claims there was no opportunity to read your terms.While there is no responsibility on the retailer to ensure that the consumer has in fact read them, following this procedure will demonstrate that reasonable efforts have been made to bring them to purchasers' attention. The terms and conditions should be in a format that can be printed or saved – therefore avoid pop-up windows and ensure that they fit within the width of the page and are presented in a way that they will print properly.It is wise to also include a term like the following:"By clicking the 'Accept' button you agree to these terms and conditions. By completing and submitting the following electronic order form you are making an offer to purchase goods which, if accepted by us, will result in a binding contract."The words, "if accepted by us," are very important.This approach is the suggested 'best practice' approach for relaying the terms and conditions, and ensuring that the consumer has read them. However, it is not the most consumer friendly approach to present the purchaser with a screen of 'small print' in the middle of what, to the consumer, was an otherwise normal shopping experience. Therefore a number of on-line retailers adopt a second-best approach, which is to include a link to the terms and conditions, and make the consumer tick a box to confirm that they have read and accepted the terms and conditions, before they click the main button to buy the product. This approach, while not as legally secure, is probably acceptable in a number of purchasing models.Step 4: Taking the consumer's credit card details on-lineAt this stage, the user should be taken to the page on a secure server where his credit card details are taken. This page should state: "Your card will be debited with the sum of £X when you click the Submit button. This will be refunded if your offer is refused." Repeat the choice of submit, clear and cancel.Step 5: Acknowledging receipt of the orderWhen the card details are validated, the E-Commerce Regulations require that you give the customer an acknowledgement page and send an acknowledgement email. This should not confirm a contract; it should instead confirm that the order has been received and that the order is being "processed". It is helpful to give the customer an order number at this stage so that he or she can chase-up any problems. It is good practice, though not legally required, to ask the user to click a button on a confirmation page to indicate that he has read the confirmation – e.g. a "Continue" button, linking to the homepage of the site.Step 6: Providing confirmation of the information provided and the right to cancelThe Distance Selling Regulations now require the supplier to provide the consumer in writing or in another durable medium confirmation of the information provided prior to the conclusion of the contract and details of the right of cancellation. Generally a consumer has a period of seven working days within which to cancel the contract and return the goods to the supplier. The only cost to a consumer will be the cost of returning any goods received by it to the supplier.A consumer will not be entitled to cancel a contract after it has been entered into, where the supplier has commenced the provision of services with the consumer's agreement prior to the end of the cancellation period then the consumer will not have the right to cancel the contract for the provisional services. However, in order to benefit from this exception, the supplier must have advised the consumer that the consumer will not be able to cancel the contract once the performance of the services has begun with the consumer's agreement.It is not possible to contract out of the Distance Selling Regulations. Any term which attempts to do this will be void to the extent that it is inconsistent with the provisions of the distance Selling Regulations.Step 7: DeliveryFinally, dispatch the goods. If a typo mislabelled an item costing £200 at £2 and someone ordered 500 of them, the site could politely – and legally – refuse the order. This is because by following the procedure set out above the dispatch of goods is in effect the acceptance of the offer made by the consumer at the start of the process. Until this point there has been no acceptance and only an acknowledgement.The "country of origin" principleThe E-commerce Regulations apply a "country of origin" principle. In its simplest form, this means that as long as a UK business complies with UK laws, it can "ignore" the laws of other Member States. In general terms this is a definite bonus for on-line retailers. However, recognising that such an approach would be bad news for consumers, this basic rule is qualified.The E-Commerce Regulations do not apply the country of origin principle to the terms of consumer contracts. In practical terms, this means that a UK-based e-commerce site's terms and conditions should meet the laws of every Member State in which consumers can buy its products, not just UK laws.As a result of the consumer contract exception, any site selling to French consumers must provide its terms and conditions in French – otherwise they may be considered invalid. If selling into Denmark, consumers must be given a 14 working day cooling-off period during which the consumer can change his or her mind about the purchase and return the goods for a refund. In the UK, the cooling-off period is only seven working days. These are only examples, of course there are many other differences.Despite this signNow qualification, there are still advantages in the Regulations' country of origin principle that can benefit a UK-based business. For example, the UK's retail laws are among the most relaxed in Europe. This can give UK businesses advantages over, say, German competitors. A German e-tailer must comply with any German restrictions on promotional offers; its UK rival escapes such restrictions, even when selling to German consumers.Ensuring your contract is legalIt is important for e-commerce retailers to ensure that the contract which is formed with the consumer under the process described above is both legally correct and also affords the retailer the maximum protection. There are various ways in which the contracting process can be structured to be legally correct, and it is important to balance absolute best practice, and a more commercial approach which is still legally correct. Equally, it is surprisingly easy to structure the process in a way which is legally incorrect, and which exposes the company to more risk than is necessary.
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What are the risks associated with Coin as a product? So far I've heard chatter about "chip n pin" legislation in the US and mer
All things considered, there are really just two points of paramount importance that Coin, Inc. faces and just about any company that plans to create a similar solution. These two points are:The merchant The payment card companiesThis posting is not meant to rain on the wonderful success Coin has achieved. I am a supporter of Coin and other systems that are truly innovative in payments and actually solve real problems.How Dorothea Perry Invented The Modern Credit Card While Ironing Crisp White ShirtsThe payment card has a rich history that spans back to the spring of 1960 when Forrest C. Perry’s wife casually ironed a reel to reel tape strip to the back of a manilla heavy cardboard card [1] and invented the modern payment card. History may not remember Dorothea Perry’s name and contribution, but she solved a huge problem that over 200 types of glues and pastes failed at, to secure the magnetic strip in a manner that it would not bubble. Doerhea’s iron had just the right amount of heat to melt the tape strip to the card in a very uniform way. Specimen of one of the first 1960s prototype of a magnetic strip payment card rear and front. The data on the card was still readable in December 2012.Over 50 years later you and I are still using this technology just about every day. Forrest’s invention was cutting edge and many years ahead of its time. The company that Forrest worked for was IBM and they did not patent the system because they where the only company with the computers at the time that would be able to process these new cards. One of the unique feature of this new invention was to encode information that was nearly impossible for the average person to mimic. The magnetic strip was just as much a feature for encased speed of processing as it was a security feature. The Merchant: The Code 10 ProblemThe payment card companies, acquiring banks and processing companies see innovation through a completely different set of glasses then most of us technologists. They establish rules and operating guidelines based on history, recent risk management challenges and state and federal laws. One of the first things all new merchants should be trained for when they begin to process payment cards is the ability to identify a genuine card. All of the payment card companies adopted a number of security features that should be noted before a merchant processes a payment card transaction. As low tech as it may sound, the legacy payment card has a number of very clear security elements. These elements although seeming trivial are really quite important and useful:The payment card logoThe hologramThe raised numbers and raised card holder nameThe signature panelThe cardholder’s signatureThe reprinting of the payment card number and the CVV2 number in the signature panelThe expiration dateStandard issue Visa branded merchant security features flyer. Standard issue MasterCard branded merchant security features flyer. Standard issue American Express branded merchant security features flyer. Thus far Coin card does not have any of these security features. This may have an impact on acceptance at some merchants. All merchants agree to examine each payment card for these minimum security features. If the payment card companies can demonstrate that these features were not examined, they could hold the merchant, even though they swiped the card, 100% fully liable for any repudiation by the cardholder that results as a chargeback. This means the merchant could face losing the full amount of the transaction plus a penalty fees called “Retrieval Requests” and "Chargebacks” and can cost from $25 to hundreds of dollars. They can reject acceptance of the card and in some circumstance retain the card under the Code 10 procedure [2] [3]. Visa’s Code 10 Procedures When you suspect fraudIf you’re suspicious of a card or cardholder at any time during a transaction authorization process, you will need to make a Code 10 authorization request.What is Code 10?The Code 10 authorization request alerts the card issuer to the suspicious activity—without alerting the customer. During a Code 10 call, you will speak to the card issuer’s special operator, who will provide instructions on any necessary action. This type of authorization request is the most likely to result in a call to law enforcement.Code 10 stepsIf you receive an electronic authorization, but still suspect fraud, do the following:Keep the card in hand to quickly respond to questions.Call your voice authorization center and say "I have a Code 10 Authorization Request."The call will first be received by your merchant bank who may need to ask you for some merchant and/or transaction details. You will then be transferred to the card Issuer and immediately connected to a special operator. A series of yes/no questions will be asked to determine whether you are suspicious of the card or cardholder.When connected to the special operator, answer all questions calmly and in a normal tone of voice.Follow all operator instructions.If the operator asks you to retain the card, comply with this request only if it is safe to do so.No Matter Which Card Is Presented, Always Follow These Important Play It Safe.1. Slide the stripe through the terminal in one direction only to obtain authorization.2. Check the card’s security features to make sure the card has not been altered.Check the authorization response and take appropriate action.Get the cardholder’s signature on the transaction receipt.5. Compare the name, account number, and signature on the card to those on the transaction receipt—they should match.Code 10 is a way for a merchant to be certain that any questionable element of the transaction is addressed and will leave it to the bank that issued the customer’s payment card to make a final judgement call. If the payment card issuing banks do not know of or agree with Coin’s system there may be a request to suspend the transaction.Thus any system that mimics an authentic payment card may very well present a problem with merchants that may or may not understand what is taking place. But moreover may fear loss if they do not have clear guidelines established by the payment card companies in advance. The Payment Card Companies: The Rule And Branding ProblemAll of the payment card companies issue cards through banks. In the case of American Express it is slightly different. This means that to make any changes it takes many meeting with institutions that are known to not change anything that appears to be working. Even if Visa and MasterCard wanted to make any minor changes to the current system, they would be required to get the vote of support from the bank partners. This has had a rather deep impact on innovations. Just getting the US to an EMV standard that much of the rest of the world has in place took over two decades. The bank that issues a payment card legally owns the card and as a cardholder you are licensed to use it in contractually agreed upon settings. In a very real way a cardholder does not own the payment card number or another part of the card other then their name when it appears on the card. There are specific rules about trying to alter or change the card in any way. There are also rules about trying to decode or encode the magnetic strip. They are grounds for termination and in some cases fees being assessed.These banks along with the payment card companies will absolutely have to grant Coin a provision that will allow them to operate. They do have full legal rights (I am not a lawyer) to block any attempt to insert a new system between the card and the merchant. I can say that I am rather certain that Visa, MasterCard, Discover and American Express want to see more innovations in the payment space. They do however need to balance rules, laws, relationships, branding and marketing. And it may be the last two points that present a more pressing challenge to Coin.Visa and MasterCard are effectively the marketing and branding they have created and invested in for over 50 years. They work very hard to establish exactly how the brands are positioned and exactly how the use marks are displayed. Coin currently does not have any payment card branding. This aspect alone runs counter to the very nature of how these companies market. There is still power in the prestige of presenting a Platinum or Black card for example. This broadcasts a big message to the merchant and to the customer. Present an American Express Centurion Black Card at the Four Seasons and see what I mean. The Distillation Thus we have two issues that really can be distilled down to one issue. Will all of the payment card companies issue a provision that will allow Coin to produce these cards and will they encourage and endorse the idea?I have thought considerably about this subject for the last three years and have some ideas and some solutions. There are a number of ways the company should be addressing these challenges. I can say very clearly, ignoring them or using social media pressure is not one of them. This challenge will require some of the best minds in payments to address in my view. I think it is better to address with experienced professions, sooner rather then later and learn from the challenges that Square is now facing with the pricing fiasco that did not need to happen[4].There Are Always SolutionsI have been a champion of creativity in payments for a very long time. There have been a lot of companies that have had profoundly great ideas but faded into history with little more then a footnote for any number of reasons. I have made it clear, I ordered a Coin card and stand with the company as they face these challenges. There are solutions to all of the issues I presented here. I look forward to seeing this innovation in the market and hope it sparks a revolution of creativity and the solving of real problems. Keep your mind and heart open, true innovation can come from the most unlikely places, like Dorothea Perry’s iron.___________[1] When was the first credit card with a magnetic stripe issued?[1] Code 10 | Visa USA[3] Page on Visa[4] Square Turns Its Back On Small Businesses by Janet Yurcik on Accepting Payments
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How can I apply for a UK visa from a European country when I am in the EU country on a work visa? I am an Indian national.
Unfortunately, many non-EEA nationals living in Germany need a visa to travel to the UK as a Schengen visa or German residency permit doesn’t allow entry to the UK. In this answer, I will try to explain the process of getting a Visa (tourist) for non-EEA nationals living in Germany.SEE ALSO: https://thehonest.blog/uk-visit-...Do I need a UK Visa?Before you visit the UK, the most important question you should ask is: Do I need a Visa? You can check if you need a UK Visa here: https://www.gov.uk/check-uk-visa/yFollow the simple steps:Select your countrySelect the intention for your visit to the UK. For example, if you want to visit the UK as a tourist, select “Tourism”Select if you will be traveling with or visiting either your partner or a family member in the UK. If you are traveling with or visiting either your partner or a family member in the UK, you will be asked to select if you have an article 10 residence card.What is an article 10 residence card? Read HereAfter following the above steps, you will be shown if you need a visa or not. In case if you need a visa, you will also be informed of the exact visa type you will need.UK Standard Visitor visaThis type of visa is valid for:visiting the UK on holidayto see your family and friends,do business (for example, conference, meeting, etc; but you CANNOT do paid or unpaid work),take part in sports or creative events, orreceive private medical treatment.Study for up to 30 days (as far as it is not the main reason for your visit)It is valid for up to 6 months from the date of issue and costs £93 (as of Sept. 2018), excluding User pay fee (£59) and fees for any selected Value added services at TLScontact. The last time I applied for a UK standard visitor visa (July 2018), I paid €176 including User pay fee and an additional €30 for express courier return (value-added service).UK Visa type: Standard VisitorFees (as of Sept 2018): Visa Fee: £93, User pay fee: £59Validity: Up to 6 months (multi-entry)Earliest you can apply: 3 months before the intended date of travelAverage processing time: 2~3 weeks (maybe longer during the rush season)Visa centers in Germany: Düsseldorf, Munich, BerlinHow to apply?Go to https://www.visa4uk.fco.gov.uk/h... and create an account (if you don’t have one already; otherwise log in to your existing account).Login into your visa4uk account and select: “Apply for myself” – if you are applying for yourself “Apply for someone else” – if you are applying for a family member or a friendFill in the form that appears. Make sure you fill in all the details as mentioned in your passport and other supporting documents. You may see a notification that says “Please note there is an additional fee…”. This refers to the User Pay fee mentioned above.Select the visa type, that was suggested by https://www.gov.uk/check-uk-visa/yNote the reference number starting with “GWF”. It will be needed later on.Now select “Create application”Now select “go to application” and fill in all the details thoroughly.Sign the declaration (Electronic Signature)Book an appointment (You will have to select a location from Düsseldorf, Munich or Berlin). In my experience, Düsseldorf has the fastest processing time. You can check the visa processing times here: https://visa-processingtimes.hom...Pay the visa fee (~ €176 in Aug 2018). There are many options to pay the visa fee like PayPal, Master/Visa cards, Maestro cards, etc. Note: If you want to withdraw your application, you may only get a full refund of visa fee if you cancel the appointment and submit a written request at least 5 days before your scheduled appointment.Once the payment is successful, go to https://uk.tlscontact.com/de/dus...Select the same location from step 8 at TLScontact website.Click register (if you don’t already have an account). Otherwise login into your existing account.Click “Add an applicant” (Blue button at bottom of the page).Enter the GWF number from “step 5”, all other details as mentioned in your passport.If you select the return courier service, it will cost you €30 in addition. If you don’t select this service, you will have to come back to the visa center to pick up your passport after the visa is issued (or rejected). I would highly recommend this service if you don’t live near one of the visa centers.A list of Required Documents is mentioned here: UK visit visa for Non-EEA nationals living in Germany - The Honest BlogVisa appointmentYou and every who is applying with you (friends/family) have to be present in person.Carry all required documents in original (to be on the safer side) and a photocopy (A4 size). In case you forget to get a photocopy, most visa centers have a photocopying machine (but they charge as much as 50 cents per copy).Arrive at the visa appointment location 15 minutes in advance.Don’t carry too much luggage or any dangerous items – your bags will be checked before allowing you to enter in.In case if you have opted for courier return for your passport, you may be asked to fill an additional form confirming the return address.Once your name / GWF number is called, you have to submit all the documents followed by biometrics (fingerprints and photo will be taken). Note: There are no British officials present at the time of document collection. There will be no formal visa interview. You will not be asked any questions (only document collection). The TLScontact representatives will blindly collect the documents you provide them. They will not tell you if something is missing or is extra. It is your duty to make sure you provide all the documents you want to be considered for your visa process (There is no harm in providing an extra document, but failing to provide even a single required document can result in a rejection). Note: Make sure you have don’t have any tattoos (like Henna) on your fingers that will hamper them from obtaining fingerprints.TLScontact will retain your current passport and copy of all the documents. You will be given a TLScontact checklist (Example below) and sent a confirmation email as well.This is the end of the visa application procedure. Note: There are some paid value-added services that allow you to apply and keep hold of your passport during the decision making process. You will have to submit the passport at a later point in time for visa stamping.Normally, after 2-3 weeks you will receive a notification email that your passport is ready for collection. You can track the progress of your visa on TLScontact website.Passport collectionIf you have opted for express courier return, you will receive your passport by courier (Usually it is sent by DHL express. You have to be present at home to collect it as a signature is needed. It is not delivered to neighbors or Packstation).If you have opted for express courier return, you will need to go the visa application center with the following documents to collect your passport (once you receive a confirmation that the passport is ready for collection):TLScontact checklist.Original and photocopy of a Photo-ID (for example: Driving license or Aufenthaltstitel).If collected by someone else, they will need original Authorisation form and representative’s valid photo ID document (copy & original) in addition to the above two documents.If collecting for a minor, a copy of the birth certificate is required.
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What do you do everyday to promote your website?
Great question!There are several ways that you can promote your website. Here are a few of my favorites:Schedule social media posts (blog articles, quotes, bit size content from your website) via Hootsuite to post on multiple channels such to get maximum signNow.Channels such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TwitterLook up hashtags specific to your business on Twitter and engage with others or even better yet provide them a free resource that you’re giving away (preferably one that leads back to your site).Engage with people on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram by asking questions, answering questions, and starting new conversations.Pin new content on Pinterest a couple of times a week.There are many ways you can promote your website and it’s hard to not to get overwhelmed–so pick a few and give them a try. Once you’re ready you can always do more to promote.
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How does the Sun emit radio frequencies? What is the mechanism?
Radio emission from the Sun originates at the Solar Corona, which is akin to the “atmosphere” of the Sun.Sun is a huge ball made of an ion-electron soup called plasma. In a plasma, electrons being the lighter materials, start moving to and fro with respect to the protons/ions in the plasma at a specific natural frequency, called the plasma frequency [Plasma oscillation - Wikipedia], which depends on the amount of electrons present there. These oscillations of the plasma are called Langmuir waves. The number of electrons per cm^3 decreases as we move farther and farther from the sun, which results in the plasma frequency decreasing with increasing distance from the solar center.The Sun, when quiet also emits radio emission. The quiet sun radio emission is thermal in nature, which arises due to the Million Degree Corona. The quiet Sun in radio wavelengths typically looks like this:Contrary to the thermal emission from the quiet sun, the bursts are caused because of non-thermal emission.Now, assume that there is some flare/activity on the solar surface. This will excite electrons from the lower regions to the upper regions of the corona, which will result in a change in the electron density. Thus, Langmuir waves are created and they combine (there are distinct mechanisms for this combination, but we do not know which is the actual way) to form transverse electromagnetic radiation. If the frequency of the emitted EM radiation is greater than the local plasma frequency, then they escape the corona and can be received as various kinds of solar radio bursts. Solar bursts can be broadly classified into five types viz. Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV and Type V. (see figure below) The bursts were first classified by an australian radio physics group at CSIRO, who named these bursts based on their life times. Type I has the longest life time, type III has the smallest life time. Type IV and V were discovered much later, but were named so, just to keep in with tradition. But radio bursts are not just limited to these five bursts alone.The electron population distribution in the corona is broadly considered to follow some kind of statistical distributions like Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Those electrons which have a velocity greater than the mean velocity are called suprathermal electrons. These suprathermal electrons which are trapped in magnetic arcades (see figure below), accelerate, exciting plasma layers, giving rise to type I radio emission (see figure). Type I radio emission is composed of a long-lived background radio emission (few days, depending on intensity of activity), which is very wide band and this background is superposed with short-lived, narrow band bursts called type I bursts. The background continuum is thought to be powered by repeated, rapid small scale reconnection events, but this still remains an open question. Stationary Type IV is due to gyrosynchrotron radiation over loop top. This burst is seen in the dynamic spectrum as a wideband, long lived emission, but over a period of at most 2–3 hours (not as long as type I bursts), which may show a very slow drift from the higher to lower frequencies in a dynamic spectrum.Type II bursts are comparatively short lived (~few minutes). They are signatures of a propagating shock wave in the solar corona. Shock waves are triggered due to some strong flare or Coronal mass ejection. When the ejected plasma moves, the leading edge of it gives rise to a shock wave similar to a boat moving in sea. The resultant shock waves accelerate the electrons in the local plasma, giving rise to radio emission. The radio emission will be seen in a time frequency water fall plot as a drifting lane at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies (ie, if there is a signature of this burst at an instant at 40 MHz, there will be one at 80 MHz), in fact, this was the argument which clinched the argument in favour of plasma emission. There are many types of type II radio emission itself: Split Band, Doublet, Fragmented, Inter-planetary etc. (see images)Coronal Mass EjectionFundamental and harmonic pair.Split band - doublet (Fu is the upper band of fundamental, Fl is the lower band of fundamental emission, Hl is the lower band of the harmonic.A split band (where the two lanes are not exactly Fundamental and harmonics, but some non integral multiple, which occur due to electron acceleration by the leading and trailing edge of the outward travelling shock front), The Stripes seen in the burst foreground are called herring-bones, which appear due to electron acceleration across the shock front.Fragmented type II (follow the white arrows)Interplanetary Type II (see image below) are created by CMEs which travel far into the interplanetary space. These are the ones that we actually have to worry about as they have significance from the Space weather Point of view.Similar to type IIs are Moving type IV radio emissions, which are created similar to type II (a moving shock like disturbance, but its more wideband and long lived compared to a type II (see image below).Moving type IV:Type III bursts are the final major classification of solar radio bursts, which are created due to plasma excitation by accelerated electrons travelling close to the speed of light. These electrons are accelerated at the sites of a flare. The following image shows the time-frequency waterfall of a type III burst.These are the most widely occuring form of bursts. The occur isolated or sometimes in group, indicating a burst of electron beams accelerated from a flare site. They originate sometimes in the GHz range (close to chromosphere) and may extend all the way to a few Khz (interplanetary medium), indicating the kinetic energy of electrons. Groups of type III also show some periodicity, indicating that they may be due to oscillations of plasma due to largescale Magneto hydro dynamic waves (for some other time, may be ;) ). Type V bursts are similar to type III bursts, but rather appear like a fast drifting continuum (see figure below).These bursts usually follow type III bursts, and the duration at a single frequency is always higher than that of a type III.Other than these there are other bursts (see images below):The one relation between all these bursts are that they are caused due to acceleration of electrons in the local plasma.P.S. All images are lifted from google images ;)For good references on the subject,Introduction to Solar Radio Astronomy and Radio Physics by Krüger, A. (has introduction from the science point of view)Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission from the Sun at Metre Wavelengths, edited by McLean and Labraum (for people interested in building instruments for solar radiophysics)Solar and Space Weather Radiophysics: Current Status and Future Developments, edited by D.E. Gary, C.U. Keller (A more recent update of events in the field of Solar Radio physics and the requirements for future arrays)
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