E-mail Electronic signature Form Later

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When “I never received notice” isn’t a valid excuse, it is because too many people will, frankly, lie about this. People also make affirmative efforts to evade service. And sometimes people decide to just up and move without bothering to tell anyone. Shocking, I know.Thus, formal rules about service make it easy to determine whether service was done properly, and a party claiming lack of notice despite compliance with the rules will be required to prove the likelihood of actual lack of notice before the excuse will be even considered. On the other hand, if the party purportedly giving notice did not comply with the rules, the notice won’t be presumed to be valid without either an acknowledgment or waiver by the defendant.There are two different categories of notices—initial process and subsequent notice.For initial process, the court must obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. Traditionally this was done by personal service within the court’s territorial jurisdiction—the defendant needed to be “tagged.” This tagging was done by the sheriff (or a deputy), an agent of the court itself. If the defendant never showed up in the jurisdiction, the case could not proceed.¹More modern concepts of personal jurisdiction do not place as much emphasis on presence within the place; as any American law student will know, the case of International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington² established that personal jurisdiction could be asserted beyond a State’s boundaries if “minimum contacts” existed and “fair play” suggests that haling a foreign defendant to answer an in-state complaint would be reasonable.Of course, personal service by the state’s sheriff isn’t possible in such a case, and so most states do permit alternative forms of service as a matter of course (sometimes those alternative methods are available domestically as well). The exact requirements may vary by type of case and in any event will be spelled out in local rules of civil procedure; for proper advice you will want to consult a lawyer in the place where the action is. But generally, when initial process is involved, some form of service that leaves no doubt about the service, and the verification of some third party—the sheriff, the Post Office, a process server, &c—is required (the plaintiff in propria persona is not usually allowed to do initial personal service as they have as much motivation to lie about it as does the defendant). That might be personal service by a disinterested adult, another jurisdiction’s deputized sheriff, or service by certified mail.³ This means that someone is in a position to submit proof of the service to the court. (A defendant may also acknowledge service or waive⁴ any defects in service.)Now, for subsequent service, the rules tend to be a bit different. Once a party has been tagged and haled into court, they have a responsibility to themself and to the court to appear and present whatever defence they have to the action. Parties are, of course, entitled to notice of things that happen in the case—ex parte and sealed proceedings are extremely limited. But, at this point, because being party to a suit involves this responsibility, part of it is to keep the court and the other parties apprised of a proper address where notices may be served with a minimum of fuss (and to notify the court if that changes). Usually this is a mailing address and service is made by ordinary mail—which doesn’t require a signature and thus is less hassle for everyone—but in some cases service by e-mail, facsimile transmission, and the like may be agreed to (in the case of electronic case filing systems, e-mail service will likely be mandated as a condition of ECF use). Personal service is still permitted as a method of serving these subsequent papers, but not required. Again as to specific methods of service, you need to consult your local rules of procedure and the local attorney previously suggested.And so, a movant or the court will not be expected to make extraordinary efforts to provide “actual notice” of every single piece of paper by certified mail or personal service and give the defendant the opportunity to delay the case by evading service of motions. Neither will the court or other parties be required to chase a party around in the event of their moving and not leaving a forwarding address.⁵ Service to the “last known address” is almost universally sufficient. And the court won’t be impressed with “I didn’t get notices” when the lack of such notices is apparently the respondent’s own fault.N.B. This answer may be somewhat generalized for the United States; other legal régimes have their own ideas about notices.Notes:¹ A plaintiff unable to effect service could, of course, attempt to commence the action in another jurisdiction where the defendant could be found.² 326 U.S. 310 (1945). International Shoe is famous for the notion that an out-of-state defendant with “continuous and systematic contacts” to the state would nonetheless be susceptible to being sued there; the rule was further broadened by Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985), where even contacts that could not even be characterized as “minimum” with Florida were sufficient in the context of specifically making a comprehensive agreement to deal with a corporation legally resident in Florida.³ “Special service” or service not generally provided for by rule may be obtained by order of court only in the event that regular service cannot be obtained. Special service is usually publication. The purpose of special service is to allow the plaintiff to proceed with the action without having it stayed for an unreasonable period of time due to the absence of the defendant. The showing required for special service will vary by jurisdiction and possibly the facts of the case. And a defendant seeking to set aside a judgment obtained in this manner will have a much easier time of it than the defendant seeking to contest normal methods of service.⁴ As the primary purpose of service requirements is “notice to the defendant,” the mere fact that the defendant appears in the action suggests rather strongly that the defendant does in fact know about it. Consequently, a party seeking to challenge the validity of original service must do so at the outset and before making any substantive response to the complaint, otherwise the court will not hear such challenges and they will be deemed waived.⁵ We have this problem rather perennially in support court. I suspect it is a combination of general haplessness on the part of some of our obligors and deliberate efforts to evade our enforcement proceedings, but we get a lot of people who don’t show up at their contempt hearings because they “didn’t get notice.” The court issues bench warrants and most of the individuals are later arrested, and the failure of notice is not regarded as a defense by the court and in fact often leads to an additional contempt for failing to appear or to comply with the language in the support orders requiring parties to notify the court of address changes.

Bitcoin was introduced to the public on November 1st, 2008 with an email from Satoshi Nakamoto to the cryptography@metzdowd.com mailing list:I've been working on a new electronic cash system that's fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party.The paper is available at:http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdfThe main properties:  Double-spending is prevented with a peer-to-peer network. No mint or other trusted parties. Participants can be anonymous. New coins are made from Hashcash style proof-of-work. The proof-of-work for new coin generation also powers the     network to prevent double-spending. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Abstract.  A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without the burdens of going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted party is still required to prevent double-spending.  We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.  The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.  The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power.  As long as honest nodes control the most CPU power on the network, they can generate the longest chain and outpace any attackers.  The network itself requires minimal structure.  Messages are broadcasted on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. Full paper at: http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdfSatoshi NakamotoThe resulting thread saw some insightful analysis by Hal Finney, James A. Donald, and others on the email list. Satoshi also revealed something of 'his' motivations by saying that while Bitcoin wouldn't solve the world's political problems, "we can win a major battle in the arms race and gain a new territory of freedom for several years".Prior to that first email, nothing is known of the genesis of the Bitcoin idea. Satoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym, used by an individual or a group to protect their identity. The protocol has precedents in prior e-cash attempts, like Wei Dai's "B-money".Two months later, the official Block 0 was mined, and Satoshi posted to the crypto list again to announce the open-source release of the first Bitcoin client.References:Bitcoin P2P e-cash paperRe: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paperRe: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paperBitcoin v0.1 released

(I started to answer a very short answer and ended up with a long entry. I hope you find it useful.)As Richard Tuisk said, it depends a lot on where you are from. However, let me tell you what my experience has been so far in Estonia, what I think it is good and what I would see as a downside of living here. Of course, I need to qualify my answer by saying that I am Latin American, but also have lived in four other countries (including the US where I went to college).A quick introduction: Estonia is a small country located in the Baltic Sea next to Russia and Latvia and very close to Finland. It is part of the European Union. The area of the country is roughly the same as Switzerland or as Maryland and Massachussets combined. There is about 1.3 million people living here which means it is not densely populated. The country is essentially flat, except in the south where you find the highest point at 318 meters (1043 ft). The main city and where I live in is Tallinn. The population is about 400,000 people. Tartu is the second city with about 100,000 people and all the rest of towns are smaller than that.Immigration systemIf you are European, moving here is no problem as you enjoy all the benefits of any country within the European Union. If you are not European, the main reasons people immigrate here is to work which would guarantee a working visa or if you are married to an Estonian citizen which allows you to apply for a visa as long as you have enough funds to live here.Overall, the process to get a short-term visa is straight forward. Obtaining a long-term visa is more complicated as you have to speak the language at a relatively high level. Obtaining a citizenship requires that you give up your own citizenship.JobsAlthough Estonia suffered also during the 2008 crisis, there is enough jobs in areas of business and technology for people to move here. One of the problems Estonia faces is that it does not have enough people to fill all jobs in IT areas as I hear.There is a few big companies who recruit people from abroad, but if you don't speak the local language, your opportunities are reduced to the IT area (I work for Skype which originated here in Estonia which was acquired by Microsoft in 2011). You can see a list of notable companies here: List of companies of EstoniaSocial interactionEstonians tend to be reserved in comparison to other Europeans. I suggest to foreigners who come here to be aware of differences so they are not taken by surprise. Some examples of faux pas I have encountered:Using smalltalk in a conversation.Saying good morning when coming to office or good bye when leaving.Smiling with no reason (I have to accept that this could be awkward in Northern Europe and some parts of the US, but it is totally normal in Mediterranean or Latin American environments).Being noisy. People love their quiet here.However, it is totally Ok to try to make a conversation in English especially with young people. I am learning Estonian and try to use the language when I can, but in some occasions (say, at the pharmacy), I need to switch to English and have never found anyone being annoyed by that.The exception to all of this is if you meet young people. They tend to be more open and curious (especially women). I am speaking about more casual environments such as a cafe or a restaurant, but a bit less at work. Another obvious exception is if you are in a touristy area (such as the Old Town in Tallinn), but this should go without saying.It is totally Ok to be in a group of people and be totally silent. For example, you can have lunch or share a cab with Estonians when no one is speaking, but there is no awkwardness on it. Another thing is that people do not demonstrate much through their expressions which is one of the difficult things to deal with for me. Remember, I come from a country where you smile or frown or show your teeth if you want someone to understand you clearly.When having a conversation with an Estonian, you should say what you mean and mean what you say (remember what I said about smalltalk?). For example, if you ask "how are you?" to an Estonian, do it only if (a) you really want to know how the other person is, and (b) don't ask it if you don't know the person well. I value that Estonians take your word at face value and you should do the same with them.One word of advice is that Estonians can be very critical of others, but they are mainly critical of themselves. Someone told me once that complaining is a national sport, and I have to agree with that. In other words, when they tell you that something is truly bad here in this country, you have to take it with a grain of salt.Because of this, you should also expect that people are straight forward with you. In some cases, this borders on rudeness if I measure by my home country's standards, but here is totally Ok. I have seen a few foreigners getting shocked by that, but you get used to it. In other words, they are not politically correct (this I like very much).Also, because people are economical with the language, you shouldn't expect what I would call, a "warm" communication most of the time. As a latin person, I need to say and hear things on a beautiful way, but this doesn't happen here much. It is different when you start to get to know locals.Which brings me to the last point. It takes a while before you break the ice with an Estonian, but it is worth waiting. I have had the chance to establish a closer link with some locals outside my wife's family and I find an honesty and sincerity that I haven't seen in other places. If you get to that point, congratulations, as you have made it through this journey. By this time, you should also be an expert on sharing saunas with people you don't know (and yes, naked) and have had your share of vodka.Quality of life, services, infrastructureWhen compared to other places where I have lived, I have to say that Estonia still doesn't signNow the level of living in Germany or the US, but it is getting closer by the day. However, I would say that Estonia is already at the level that I would call it first-world country in most aspects.Infrastructure and services need some improvement, but they provide the minimum level of service. For example, if you don't have a car, you can use public transportation everywhere even if buses, trains or trams are sometimes old. Roads in Tallinn are Ok, even if you find potholes in some places. Services such as schools and hospitals are public which means that there is always a waiting list. If you need to visit a specialist doctor, you have to wait. On the other hand, the wait is not as bad as in third-world countries (like where I come from). Also, those services are basically free. The downside is that there is almost no private service, and even the ones there are rely partially on the public health system for some aspects.I have had two children born here and had no complaints about the process. In fact, I felt that everything was very professional and that they always try to do their best. However, when I spoke with Estonians, some of them were very surprised that I spoke highly of the hospital system. I guess it's up to my personal point of view in this case.Taxes are low. Personal income tax is 21% flat for everyone. If you live here and your visa allows it, you can create your own start-up in no time which is prevalent among young people in IT.By the way, unemployment was at 8% at the end of Q3 in 2013. I am no economist, but I understand that this is still considered high. However, it came down from 10.2% at the end of 2012.Food, shoppingEstonia has the typical supermarkets like any other European country. There is also local markets, but you probably need to speak Estonian or Russian. Typical food you find are potatoes, wheat-like grains, oats and so on. Pork meat and fish are eaten often here, but beef is not yet too common. Vegetables and fruits tend to be expensive. I miss having international food though. There is one supermarket in town (Stockmann) that carries some international products, but it is very expensive. I was used to visiting Oriental-type shops in Ireland and Germany, but there is none here that I know of.There is a few shopping centres, but the variety is not wide. I am in favor of buying local to support businesses here, but in many cases, we end up buying from abroad because of the lack of options or because we would have to wait for too long. For example, my wife and I love movies (yeah, still buying old-fashioned DVDs), but there is no shop that fills our expectations. Because of that, we buy everything from Amazon.ActivitiesIf you love nature, you are in luck. There is a lot of natural areas in the country and they are a short drive away. There is plenty of sea shores, forests, rivers and lakes. In the Summer you can do hiking, camping, canoeing and you can add cross country skiing in the Winter. Estonians love nature in general.If you are a city person (like myself), then that's another story. There is a few theatres, cinemas, galleries and so on, but everything is limited. Tallinn itself has the most interesting activities in the center. There is plenty of good restaurants though.Cinemas show the popular movies like everywhere else and you can find some artsy type of cinemas for alternative movies. No movie is dubbed here, but they usually carry subtitles in both Estonian and Russian.What is impressive about this countryThere is a few good things that I haven't seen outside Estonia. The first one is the electronic system prevalent in this country. When you are a foreigner and get your Estonian ID, you are also getting your electronic identity. With that, you can file taxes online, access information about property, bank accounts, mobiles, whatever services you need. When you get your local ID number, you automatically get a local e-mail address at the eesti.ee domain that you can redirect to your personal account. With that, you never miss an official communication (such as whenever is time to file your taxes).That ID has also legal validity and you can sign documents electronically anywhere in the world. For example, if you apply to get a car leasing, you don't have to show up at the bank necessarily. They send you some forms, you put your ID card in your computer reader, sign the document electronically, and send it back and that's it. It is the equivalent of putting your signature on paper in front of the bank official or lawyer. Estonian citizens and permanent residents are even allowed to vote online with their ID.A second impressive area is bureaucracy: it is a well-oiled machine. One recurrent example is taxes. You get the notification that your taxes are ready to file, you login to the tax office site, sign in, check that they have the correct information that they have collected from your company, employer and so on, sign with your ID card, and that's it. It might take as little as five minutes. My wife and I file jointly, so it takes us much longer: twenty minutes (and that's because we always forget to do one crucial step so we are delayed).The government doesn't even use paper for their minister meetings. They file everything electronically which is made available so you can follow up agendas, minutes and whatever happens there.You want to open your own company? It might take literally twenty minutes to do that too. All of this thanks to the frictionless bureaucratic system they have here. You want to park? Send a text to the number 1902 with your plate number and where you are parking and it will be charged to your mobile.One more impressive part: internet. Besides having decent speeds, there is practically free access points everywhere through the country. I personally have witnessed free available working access points in national parks and public beaches. You can read this article that talks about this (read the date: 2005!): Estonia sets shining Wi-Fi exampleIn my case, I don't use access points much because I have a decent LTE connection with my mobile. Mobile companies have good coverage and relatively good service. I remember that when we got our internet when we moved here, it took only one day to install it. When I measured the effective speed a few months later out of curiosity, it was 50 Mbps. Not bad.The downsidesAs anywhere else, there is a few things that you need to be aware of that could be difficult to adapt to.The first part for me is the social interaction which tends to be dry and quiet. I mentioned that above, so not much more to say here.Another one is the weather. In Winter, the sun might rise at 9:30 in the morning and set at 3 in the afternoon. That's just about six hours of sunlight. If you add that it is cloudy most of the time during the Winter, then you realise how dark it might be. As counterposition, Summers are amazing (up to 20 hours of sunlight and clear skies easily).Winters are relatively long. It gets cold around the end of October and stays that way until around April. It varies from year to year, but sometimes the temperature drops to -30 degrees Celsius (-22 F). Life rarely stops here because of the cold or snow though. I have taken the bus at -30 degrees Celsius. It makes for an interesting ride.One more problem for a foreigner to live here is that you feel a bit isolated from the world. Flights are available mainly to neighbouring countries plus Germany, UK and the Netherlands. If you are from another country, you always need to make connections which makes it longer and more expensive to go back home.Last, if you are from a big city, you might find even Tallinn a bit provincial. It is changing as of late though. On the other hand, there is some positive things out of this too: less crime and virtually no traffic jam as I know it (I live 20 km. from work and make it in 30 minutes on a good day and 45 on a bad one).If you are thinking to move here, I definitely recommend this place.

Steps to Register Private Limited Company:-Step 1. Digital Signature Certificate(DSC) RequiredThe first and foremost step to start the registration process is to have directors & shareholders Digital Signature Certificate. Digital Signature are nothing but a USB drive(DSC token) which contains the encrypted digital signature of a person.It is same as a person is signing with a pen on a paper and with digital signature, a person can sign a document on Computer.Step 2. Directors Identification Number(DIN)Directors Identification Number(DIN) are mandatory for every person, who wishes to become a director in any company. PAN card is mandatory to have a DIN number. Director Identification Number is a unique code which has lifetime validity.Documents required for DIN ApplicationPAN CardAdhar CardElectricity BillPhone billMobile BillBank StatementNote: There can be Maximum 15 Directors in a Private Limited Company which can be received by giving Notice to ROCStep 3. Name ReservationAfter having DIN number. Name Reservation Application can be filed through Form INC-1 and Name will be reserved by the DIN numbers of the Directors. Following points should be considered while making the application for Name Reservation.The name should not be similar to any existing company or LLP name.The name should not be similar to any Registered Intellectual Property.In the event of winding-up of a company, the name of such entity will not be available for use for the next 2 years. However, if company winds up by the court order, then the name of such entity will not be available for use for the next 20 years.Step 4. Drafting of Memorandum of Association(MOA) and Article of Association(AOA)Memorandum of Association: It is the constitution of a company. It is a document, which among other things, defines the areas within which the company can act. It states the objects for which the company has been formed.  Articles of Association: It contains the rules and regulations relating to the internal management of a company. It serves as a binding contract between the company and its members. Once the company name is approved by the ROC, the subsequent step is to draft the MoA and AoA. The subscribers need to determine their name, address, and occupation in their own particular handwriting and sign the subscription pages of MoA and AoA.Step 5. Certificate of IncorporationAfter the submission and completion of all the necessary documents, the registrar of the company shall retain and register the memorandum and articles. After the registration of the Memorandum of a company, the registrar shall signNow that the company is incorporated. The digitally signed "certificate of incorporation" then will be emailed to the directors.

Great question!There are several ways that you can promote your website. Here are a few of my favorites:Schedule social media posts (blog articles, quotes, bit size content from your website) via Hootsuite to post on multiple channels such to get maximum signNow.Channels such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TwitterLook up hashtags specific to your business on Twitter and engage with others or even better yet provide them a free resource that you’re giving away (preferably one that leads back to your site).Engage with people on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram by asking questions, answering questions, and starting new conversations.Pin new content on Pinterest a couple of times a week.There are many ways you can promote your website and it’s hard to not to get overwhelmed–so pick a few and give them a try. Once you’re ready you can always do more to promote.

This is going to be fun. Although I could elaborate my answer and broaden it up, I will stick to the question's details.Brazzers is owned by a company called MindGeek. Mindgeek happens to own also Digital Playground. Brazzers and Digital Playground shoot porn scenes and wrap them into DVDs or add them to their premium websites (sometimes both). Some money come from users who subscribe to those websites or buy the DVDs, usually because they want to get entertained by first-hand material. A lot of that material, however, end up being available "for free" on PornHub and RedTube. I have put for free in quotes because nothing is for free, especially in the adult entertainment business. AdvertisingWhen you watch a free movie or a scene on a porn tube you are forced to interact with some form of advertising at some point. Being it when you click on the play button or even before that as soon as you have loaded the page containing the video, the porn tube will deliver you a piece of advertising. It doesn't matter if you pay attention to it or not, if you follow it up or not: you have spent a part of your time in interacting with that particular ad and someone is going to cash your time in. It may seem free to you at that time, but in truth you have paid with your visit and if you keep reading you will realize that you might be ending up pay with real money too at some point.Cookies and privacyThe tube installs a cookie (well, more than one...a lot) on your computer which tracks and collects a lot of information about you and your browsing habits. Some of these cookies are temporary and expire soon after you leave the site; some others, however, are persistent and they get stored on your computer forever (or until you delete them of course). The sad (or scary, it depends how you look at it) thing is that when you visit a tube, your computer does not just get injected with the site cookies but also with third parties cookies, "delivered" to you not only any time you interact with an ad, but more often than not also as soon as you load the first page of that site. This is a typical excerpt from the privacy page on porn tubes:We have to emphasize that our Website includes Third-Party’s Content or some other type of external services. These providers, partners and contents use Cookies as well though We have no control or insights over their Cookies and it’s usage. For these reasons, We advise You to read carefully any Cookie Policy issued by our Partners in order to avoid any misuse of Your personal information collected and processed by these Administrators.How you pay for free pornSo now, not only you have watched an ad that you would have otherwise happily skipped, but you have also passed a certain amount of private information to a third party company, which will use it to push you targeted ads for as long as their cookie resides on your computer. And chances are that before or after you will buy something with real money. So, to recap, this is how you pay for free porn:The video you watch is often attached to a referral code. An adult film studio add their videos to PornHub which have signed up to that company referral program. When you watch the video that referral code and its related information are stored on your computer (yes, another cookie). If you will visit the studio's website, one day, and you will buy something in there, a slice of the sale will be turned to the initial referrer (the tube, in this case).Even if you will never visit that company's website, the tube has forced one or more ads to you and the company featured in the ad has paid the tube a certain amount of money.The company featured on the ad or their intermediary ads agency has paid for injecting a cookie on your computer in order to collect sensitive private data about your browsing history and taste. This same data have been grabbed and will be used also by the tube and not necessarily on the tube site itself. But I will talk about this later.Even if you used something like AdBlock, non-intrusive ads are still served to you and cookies still get installed in your machine. Furthermore, the use of adblock is often countered by artificially crafted workarounds such as disabling some features on the tube website and making it a nightmare to browse it.Hence, it is clear that you don't watch movies for free: you pay by watching ads and by "selling" your privacy (and personal data, in the digital era, are gold). Adult tubes capitalize on their traffic by referring sales to other websites and by selling ads and users' private information, as well as premium subscriptions.Brazzers and Digital PlaygroundGoing back to the core of your question, how do Brazzers and Digital Playground make money when their porn is "freely" available on PornHub and Redtube? Well, partly from those referral sales I was mentioning before. Broadening up the question, that works for most of the companies out there. But when it comes to Brazzers and Digital Playground there is something else worth noting. Those two film studios are functional to the PornHub and RedTube's business model and as long as those tubes earn money the companies are just fine. The reason for this is easily explained.Do you remember Mindgeek owning Brazzers and Digital Playground? Well, Mindgeek owns also PornHub and RedTube. And YouPorn and Tube8 and Xtube and Sextube and many many more. They own all the major porn tubes online except for Xvideos and Xhamster. The main line of business of Mindgeek is porn tubes, not adult film studios. The adult film studios are functional to the tubes and Mindgeek have acquired or got involved with most of the major film studios around, so that they can profit to the expense of smaller studios. The Mindgeek business modelThe tube features free porn. Some of this free porn is legit, some other is stolen copyrighted material. The tube's owners acquire legitimate, important, major film studios. They flood the tube with legitimate content from their just acquired studios and they capitalize on traffic through affiliations, advertising and the sale of sensitive data. This works like a charm and I wouldn't have much to object, as long as the law allows it, if it wasn't for the fact that the tube remains filled with stolen copyrighted content. This is why I didn't want to generalize the answer much and instead i focused on the questions' details. Brazzers and Digital Playground make money, because their mother company Mindgeek makes money or, if you prefer, because PornHub and RedTube make money. They are tools to add legitimate, quality free content to the tube and keep the traffic numbers high; of course a big chunk of that traffic is returned to the studios websites, benefiting their sales volume as well. The real victims and the infamous DMCAIt's all the rest of the industry that suffers from the, often illegitimate, availability of free porn, though. There is so much copyright infringement on porn tubes that you cannot even imagine. Back in 2010 Ventura, owners of the big production studio Pink Visual, filed a lawsuit against Mindgeek for numerous copyright infringements. In the suit the company, among others, stated [1]:These Tube Sites maintain the fiction that they offer a forum for consumers to upload and share their own original ‘user-generated’ adult video content; however in reality, they function as repositories for an extensive collection of infringing adult videos.The suit was settled later that year and the terms of the settlement haven't been disclosed [2]. Whatever convinced Ventura to drop the case, it is obvious that smaller producers don't have either the tools or the money to force tubes to comply with take-down notices. I know this too well. If an hypothetical Mr. Smith uploads a scene of mine stolen from my website to a porn tube, this is going to be the best possible scenario before me:First, I have to discover that a video of mine has been uploaded illegally to a tube. This is very hard because there are thousands of tubes out there and each, especially the major ones, feature hundreds of thousands of videos. I am supposed to monitor all the tubes out there 24/7 checking every new upload. Impossible. All I can do is to check from time to time and to hope to get lucky enough to spot my video if the offender has used some title or description terms that sound familiar to me. Often, if ever, I can spot an illegal upload after weeks, if not months; let's assume that for once i get particularly lucky and that i spot a copyright infringement one week after the video has been uploaded and running. Now I have to let the tube know and file a take-down notice according to the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (aka DMCA). If the video was on PornHub, this is what I have to send:Identification of the copyrighted work you believe to have been infringed or, if the claim involves multiple works, a representative list of such works.Identification of the material you believe to be infringing in a sufficiently precise manner to allow us to locate that material. If your complaint does not contain the specific URL of the video you believe infringes your rights, we may be unable to locate and remove it. General information about the video, such as a channel URL or username, typically is not adequate. Please include the URL(s) of the exact video(s).Adequate information by which we, and the uploader(s) of any video(s) you remove, can contact you (including your name, postal address, telephone number and, if available, e-mail address).A statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the copyrighted material is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent or the law.A statement that the information in the written notice is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are the owner, or an agent authorized to act on behalf of the owner, of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.Complete complaints require the physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a representative authorized to act on their behalf. To satisfy this requirement, you may type your full legal name to act as your signature at the bottom of your complaint.Assuming that once I have filed the complaint the company goes through it and acts withing 72 hours, they will contact the offender who may or may not appeal sending a counter-notification within 10 days[3]. If my luck holds and they don't appeal, ten more days have passed and the offending content is finally taken down. For twenty days my stolen content has been made available on a high traffic website and downloaded by thousands of people. By this time it has already been uploaded back to other tubes, if not to the same one as Xbiz journalists Stephen Yagielowicz & Rhett Pardon explain well:For example, one shady scenario involves a company that knowingly and willingly submits infringing content to its tube site — or pays others to do it for them — under the guise of “user” uploads. Then in an effort to seemingly comply with the DMCA, removes clips on request — only to have the compliance department send the removed material to the upload department, where this cynically cyclical process is endlessly repeated. [4] [5]  You've got the picture: the big majority of content producers get their content stolen and they lose money while feeding the tubes' traffic despite themselves; part of this traffic is redirected to Brazzers and Digital Playground to finance their big productions; their scenes are leaked back into the tubes, which are owned by the same company, to feed even more traffic;the tubes cash in;rinse and repeat.ConclusionIt is worth noting that ironically this business model has started playing against its own creators. In late 2015, Mindgeek has filed an infringement lawsuit against Xvideos' (one of the only two major adult tubes players not owned by Mindgeek) parent company for allegedly streaming its content "in excess of 100 million times without authorization" and seeking $150,000 for each infringed film which Mindgeek estimate to be in the range of tens to hundreds of thousands[6]. Although the copyright infringements over my content in various tubes relate to only a few tens of videos, this scenario makes me a potential multi millionaire. Today's virtual drinks are on me, fellow Quorans. And if you want real drinks, make sure you pay the producers and not the tubes, when you look for porn. This of course stands for any copyrighted material, including, among others, Hollywood movies, books, software and music.Footnotes[1] "Tube Sites" Threaten Porn Studios[2] Pornhub[3] Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act[4] The Porn Industry Is Being Ripped Apart By Piracy-Fueled 'Tube' Websites[5] DMCA: The Porn Industry’s Worst Nightmare[6] MindGeek Is Both Plaintiff And Defendant In Two New DMCA Lawsuits