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FAQs
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What is the process to get Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) for Canada PR from WES?
For everyone asking questions on WES. Steps for WES ECA evaluation for Canada Immigration purpose, important points and some more info.(a lot of info, so going to be a long post) Before you start just check following things: 1. Website: World Education Services Canada: International Credential Evaluation [ https://www.wes.org/ca/ ] Please please go through the website and make yourself familiar with navigation. You will get most of your answers there. Don't start asking questions before going through information posted on website. Its for your own good to get first hand information before listening to other people. ***Always make sure you are on Canada website not USA one. you can see that on top right corner of Website where a flag is listed with country name or in website address with "/ca" listed in address.*** 2. Degree equivalency tool Degree Equivalency Tool [ https://applications.wes.org/ca/degree-equivalency-tool/ ] WES has free tool to check equivalency of your degree to Canadian degree. Don't rely completely on this as the final assessment always depends on the actual evaluation but it will give you an idea and a head start. If your degree is not listed there it doesn't mean it wont be equivalent to anything, you will get to know that in real assessment. ***If you are not sure after using the tool, if your degree/college will be valid for ECA through WES try to email/ WES to check or ask if anyone had same degree evaluated before. That might help you little bit in the case where your degree/ college is not valid and save you some money, you can check other designated organizations for your ECA then.*** 3. Required Documents Required Documents - World Education Services [ https://www.wes.org/ca/required-documents/ ] Check what documents you need for your evaluation here. If you don't have those in hand just start collecting those. Get your transcripts from your university or any other document listed as per your education. You can also ask your university if they can mail your transcripts directly to WES, you can use "Academic records request form" given on website for this. Check if your University needs their own form filled too for releasing your documents.(do this after you get your WES reference number as you will need that in case you are giving the address of WES to university for mailing your transcripts, In case you are taking your transcripts yourself for mailing, you can get reference number later too). ***Make sure your transcripts are valid. Transcripts must show: all subjects taken, grades received for each subject, and for each year you were in the program. Semester wise transcripts are not valid for evaluation. Transcripts should be sealed and signed with a stamp from university.*** ***If your University does not give subject-wise Transcript, Ask if you can get all your mark sheets attested from University, and they will sign and stamp all photocopies and put them in one envelope and seal them with stamp like transcripts. That is mostly called document verification in University.*** 4. Check how will you pay your fees. Credit card/ Money order/ Western Union or in case any other option listed in instructions. Check it out. Fee is approximately $225-$230(including taxes) in Canadian currency. Rest depends on what additional services you chose for delivery etc. Cheapest courier option is $7. ECA - World Education Services [ https://www.wes.org/ca/evaluations-and-fees/eca/ ] Next steps: 1. Create a WES account. World Education Services Canada: International Credential Evaluation [ https://www.wes.org/ca/#get-started ] Click "Apply now", then click on "Canada", Then "ECA application for IRCC" and proceed with further steps. ***Make sure you choose ECA application for IRCC not the other option.*** Fill up your details in all pages very carefully and correctly. You will have to provide a recipient address, give your address there. When you will proceed it will automatically generate "Recipient 2" as IRCC. Don't worry about that one, it is used for electronic delivery of your records to IRCC when you put your WES report number while filling your express entry profile. 2. Pay your fees 3. Reference number will be generated.(This will be used in all your communications with WES) ***Once you submit your profile and reference number is generated you cannot edit your information so do not be in haste, check carefully and then submit.*** ***Your reference number is not ECA report number. You can't use it in Express entry profile. It is only used for communication with WES. When your evaluation is completed and you get your ECA report it will have your ECA number which you will mention in Express Entry application.*** 4. Read all instructions on what documents to send and at which address. *** Put your reference number on all your transcript envelops(at an empty space, not on the seal or signature or anywhere on flaps) and backside of your degree photocopies. I will suggest using a pencil not a pen for that as sometimes pen ink leaks through paper.*** ***You can put all your documents in one big/ master envelope and send to WES. No need to mail everything separately. Make sure again to put your reference number with WES address on the packet.*** ***Do not send any original document to WES unless asked specifically with instructions that they will return it after evaluation.*** 5. you can check status of your application by logging in your WES account. It will show once they have received your documents, your evaluation report will take up to 20 days after your documents are received. Be patient. ***If you are using tracking with your courier and it shows your documents delivered but WES account doesn't show received don't panic. It takes up to a week for WES to update receiving of documents.*** 6. Once your evaluation is completed you most probably will receive an email. You can find pdf copy of your report by logging in your WES account. ***Check your report that everything is correctly mentioned.*** ***No need to wait for hard copy of your report for Express entry if you have got pdf version in your account. It is same and have your report number on it which you can use for express entry profile.*** ***Your ECA is valid for 5 years.*** Note: Do not ask any question if you have not read entire post. If the information is already posted here just check it out. I am no expert but will try to answer any question which I haven't answered here if and only I am sure about that. Will also edit the post and add the point. If I have posted anything wrong feel free to mention and I will edit the post. Good Luck. Cheers.
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How do I make a PVT Ltd company in India?
How to register a company (Pvt. Ltd.)Pre-requisites1. Have paid-up capital of INR 1,00,0002. Have minimum of 2 directors/board members and two shareholders3. Have maximum of 50 members only4.Cannot publicly sell shares. Can only invite people to buy shares by issuing aprospectusStep1: Acquire DIN (Director Identification Number)DIN is a unique identification number for an existing director or a person intending tobecome a director of a company. As per a recent amendment to the Companies Act 1956, DIN has become mandatory for all the directors. DIN is unique and specific to an individual, therefore only one DIN is allotted per individual even if the individual serves as director at multiple companies. No fee is charged for issuing DIN. This process takes approximately 3 to 5 working days.Supporting documents required (soft-copies):1.Photograph2.Proof of identity3.Proof of residenceRegister on MCA website for login ID and password(create an account)I.File eForm DIN-11.Download eForm DIN-12.Fill the form3.Attach necessary documents4.Sign using digital signature5.“Check Form”6.Upload eForm7.Pay fees by credit card, debitcard, internet banking or cash/cheque at designated banks (State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank) using the pre-filed challan that will be generated8.Note the Service Request Number (SRN) for later enquiries9.Check acknowledgement by email or through MCA portalII.Intimate approved DIN To your Company (within 30 days from date of approval)a.Download Form DIN-2 and printStep 2: Acquire Digital Signature Certificate(DSC):At least one of the directors should have a valid Digital Signature Certificate issued by the signNowing Authorities (CA) and approved by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The Information Technology Act,2000 provides for use of Digital Signatures on the documents submitted in electronic forms, in order to ensure the security and authenticity of the documents filed electronically. Every document prescribed under the Companies Act, 1956, is required to be filed with the digital signature of the managing director or director or manager or secretary of the company. Therefore at least one of directors must have a digital signature. Any person may make an application to the signNowing Authority for the issue ofa Digital Signature in such form as may be prescribed by the Central Government. Digital Signatures are typically issued with one year validity and two year validity. The issuance cost varies depending on the CA. Digital Signatures can be obtained within an hour.One can acquire his/her Digital Signature certificates from these government listed agencies like TCS, IDBRT, MTNL, SAFESCRYPT, NIC, nCODE Solutions etc.Step 3: Apply for the company to be registeredThis is the final major step in a registration of your company which includes incorporating company name, Registering the office address or notice of situation of office and notice for appointment of company directors, manager and secretary. And also regarding the take and pay for their qualification shares.Prerequisite for Virtual eFiling1.Install the following prerequisite software:Windows 2000 / Windows XP / Windows Vista / Windows 7 –Operating SystemInternet Explorere v6.0 and above, Google Chrome, Mozilla FirefoxsignNow from version 7.5 to version 10.1.4Java Runtime Environment (JRE –latest version freely downloadable fromwww.sun.com)2.Get yourself registered at the portal (www.mca.gov.in)3.Obtains a Director Identification Number (DIN).4.Obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).5.Broadband Internet connectivity or higher.6.A scanner (above 200 DPI) for converting the attachments in the PDF format.Steps:I.Fill Form-1A for obtaining the name for the company-onlineFor obtaining name for your new company, An application in Form-1A needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) of the state in which the Registered Office of the proposed Company is to be situated to ascertain the availability of a name along with an official service fee of Rs.500. You also have to provide the following information in the form.• Name of the proposed company (Minimum 4 alternative names, maximum 6).Indicate the order of preference. Ensure that the company name is in accordance to the guidelines of the MCA, and also ensure the name is unique and does not resemble the name of any existing company in India. The company name must end with the words ‘Private Limited’ or ‘PVT Ltd’. In order to have specific key words in the name such as corporation, International, Hindustan, Industries, India etc., the proposed company should satisfy a minimum authorized capital criteria.• Location of registered office of the proposed company• Main Objectives of the business of the company• Names and addresses of the directors• Proposed Authorized Share Capital of the Company• DIN & DSCSubmit duly filled form to the Registrar along with fee of Rs. 500.The Registrar shall intimate, within two to three days, whether the proposed name is available or not. If the preferred name is not available apply for a fresh name on the same application. The name made available by the Registrar shall be valid for a period of six months. In case, if the company is not incorporated within this validity period, an application may be made for renewal of name by paying additional fees. Otherwise the name approval process has to be repeated by submitting new application after payment of requisite fees.In about 10 days, the ROC will inform you about approval or objections. If there are any objections then ROC will suggest you with some available names and let you choose among them. If your company name is approved then you will receive a formal letter regarding the confirmation of the same. Keep the same which will be required during registration process of the proposed company.II.Prepare documentsAfter obtaining name approval from the ROC the following documents must beprepared to incorporate the company• Memorandum of Association (MOA) The Memorandum of Association is a document that sets out the constitution of the company. It contains, among-st others, the objectives and the scope of activity of the company and also describes the relationship of the company with the outside world.• Articles of Association (AOA) The Articles of Association contains the rules and regulations of the company for the management of its internal affairs. While the Memorandum specifies the objectives and purposes for which the Company has been formed, the Articles lay down the rules and regulations for achieving those objectives and purposes. It also states the authorized share capital of the proposed company and the names of its first / permanent directors. Professional help is to be sought in the drafting of the MOA and AOA, as it contains the governing policies, rules and by-laws of the proposed venture. The draft must be carefully vetted by the promoters before printing and stamping.The MOA and AOA must be signed by at least two subscribers in his own hand, along with father’s name, occupation, address and the number of shares subscribed for and witnessed by at least one person. Then the MOA and AOA are required to be stamped & filed with the ROC. A stamp duty is required to be paid on the MOA and on the AOA. The stamp duty depends on the authorized share capital and varies between states. Details of applicable stamp duty can be obtained from here. eStamping facility is now available via MCA’s portal. The document preparation process may take five to seven days.• Form 1 –providing details of promoters of the company• Form 18 –providing details of address of the registered office of the company• Form 32 –providing details of Directors, managers and secretaries of the companyIII.Submission of DocumentsSubmit the following documents to the ROC with the filing fee and the registration fee:• The stamped and signed Memorandum and Articles of Association (3 copies).• Form-1, 18 & 32 in duplicate.• Any agreement referred to in the Memorandum & Articles.• Any agreement proposed to be entered into withany individual for appointment as Managing or whole time Director.• Declaration of Compliance by an advocate or company secretary or chartered accountant or director, manager or secretary of the company• Name availability letter issued by the ROC.• Power of Attorney authorizing a person, on behalf of subscribers, any documents and papers filed for registration. The power of attorney should be given on Non-Judicial stamp paper of appropriate value and shall be submitted to the Registrar.After submitting these forms, once the application has been approved by MCA, you will receive a confirmation email regarding the application for incorporation of a new company, and the status of the form will get changed to Approved.IV.Payment of Registration FeesThe fees payable to the Registrar at the time of registration of a new company varies according to the authorized capital of a company proposed to be registered. Payment for the Registration and Filing Fee must be made by Demand Draft/Banker’s Cheque if it exceeds Rs.1000/.V.Obtaining Certificate of IncorporationThe ROC will issue a Certificate of Incorporation after careful review of documents submitted. Section 34(1) cast an obligation on the Registrar to issue a Certificate of Incorporation, normally within 7 days of the receipt of documents.A Private Limited Company can start its business immediately on receiving the Certificate of Incorporation.Check these documents before submission of a company:1.DIN of all those directors of a proposed company.2.DSC –Digital Signature Certificate3.Original copy of the formal letter issued by ROC regarding availability of Company name.4.Form-1 for incorporation of a company.5.Form-18 for situation or address of the proposed company.6.Form-32 for particulars of proposed directors, managers and secretary.Formalities to be followed while incorporation of a company:1.Obtain a TAN card2.Obtain a Permanent account number (PAN) from income tax dept. India3.If required: Documents obeying shop and establishment acts.4.If required: For foreign trade, Registration documents of import export code from Director General of foreign trade.5.If required: Registration documents of Software technologies Parks of India (STPI).6.If required: RBI approval for foreign companies investing in India and FIPB approval.7.Both Indian and foreign directors need to have valid Digital Signature Certificates from authorized agencies.For any further clarifications, please visithttp://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/Regi...Thanks & Regards,Stay4u.
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How do I establish a private limited company?
A private limited company is the most common form of business entity in India. It is easy to maintain and raise funds, offers limited liability to its members, offer flexibility, easy bank loan accessibility.Read Advantages of Private Limited Company. Following are the steps involved in the registration of private limited company Basic requirementThere must be at least 2 members in the companyThe company shall be made for legal business and must not harm the society. The company object should not be illegal.In case, if the registrar issue the certificate of incorporation to such business entity , then certificate will be void and registration will be itself cancelled by the Central Government and appropriate proceeding will take place against the entity and the Registrar.Read in detail Pre-Requisites for Registration of Private Limited Company Step 1: Obtaining Director Identification Number (DIN) & Digital SignatureThe First step isObtaining Director Identification Number (DIN) for the proposed Directors in the CompanyObtaining Digital Signature for one of the Directors of Company.After this, application for name of Private Limited Company must be applied. Step 2: Applying for the nameThe promoters should propose one or more suitable name for the name of company as it offers the flexibility and choice to registrar to select the name in case some names are identical or similar to registered business entities or trademarkThe name should not be similar or identical to any registered company or trademark.The name should not be one prohibited under the ‘Emblems and names Act, 1950’.The name of company must have suffix “Private limited Company “.After submission of name, registrar will review and approve one of the name .It usually takes 3 to 5 working days to approve the name for company .Read tips for Choosing the right name for your company registration for easy approval of name by ROC.Step 3: Filing for Incorporation/Establishing of Private Limited CompanyAfter the name approval, promoters should submit the application, prescribed fees and below said following documents to the registrar.Articles of Association, if anyMemorandum of AssociationDeclaration from DirectorsAffidavits of the DirectorsA declaration stating that the requirements of the Act and the rules framed there under have been compiled with. This declaration is required to be signed by an advocate of the or Supreme Court or an attorney or a pleader having the right to appear before or a High Court or a Chartered Accountant in whole time practice in India who is engaged in the formation of a company, or by a person named in the Articles as a Director, Manager or Secretary of the Company.Besides the aforementioned documents, the company must provide relevant information regarding of its registered office within 15 days of registration or during filing of incorporation documents.Step 4: Subscribing to the Private Limited CompanyAs per the Companies Act 2013, a subscriber must sign their names and must be subscribed to the shares of the company incorporated. It means each subscriber must have at least one share of the company. Each subscriber should sign the memorandum in presence of at least one witness and must clearly state the following:AddressPersonal DescriptionOccupationNo of shares subscribedNature of shares etc.Likewise both (Article and Memorandum of association) must be duly signed and stamped.Step 5: Certificate of IncorporationAfter filing the above-mentioned documents and payment of necessary fees, the certificate for incorporation would be issued by the Registrar of Companies. Upon Incorporation, the company becomes a legal person separate from its members.The process to register a private limited is complex and time-consuming. Our team at LegalRaasta can help startups and Entrepreneurs Register Private Limited Company in 14-15 days @ 13,999/- only (inclusive of government fee) saving 40% compared to typical CA/CS
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What documents do you provide when invited to apply (ITA) for Canadian PR?
Passport (Self and accompanying dependents)Language Test Results (IETLS)TranscriptsDegree CertificateEducation Credential Assessment (from authorities like WES or IQAS)Once you get an invitation to apply, you will need the following documents along with the above.Police Clearance Certificate (Self and accompanying spouse)Medical Exam (Self and accompanying dependents)Employment Reference LettersPayslipsProof of Funds (Balance Certificate and 6 months statement from the bank)Marriage CertificateBirth Certificate of accompanying childrenIf you are claiming points for your spouse’s education, work ex. and language, IELTS, ECA, and work experience documents are required.Nomination Certificate if you are applying through a Provincial Nominee ProgramJob offer if you are claiming points for a job offer in CanadaYour own birth certificate is not requiredLetter of explanation (Optional)Digital Photos (Self and accompanying dependents)
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What would Christians (or other theists) on Quora like to discuss about belief/faith/God/Christianity with longtime atheists?
What is it you actually believe?So I did some reading. I didn't manage all of it, it was exhausting just reading the stuff I did. There are some interesting conclusions.Despite your continued appeals for me to read your prior work, the information I was after was remarkably scarce.Assuming you are not defined as a person by the absence of something, I simply asked ''what is it you DO believe in?''Well, here Lack of belief in something does not demand an alternative belief by Barry Hampe on Basic Atheism you say "yes, of course my personal life is full of opinions and beliefs. They just have not much to do with gods and religions.."....but go no further. That's as close as we come. oooooook.Here is close to what I was after Barry Hampe's answer to Can anyone offer what they would consider the best '10 Commandments for Atheists'?Ah! good, let's see what your belief system is."One of the advantages of being atheist is that there is no dogma, therefore there can be no commandments."Hmm.. ok.This is an interesting question Username's answer to What do atheists hope to gain by discussing their lack of religious belief on internet forums?Not your answer Barry, but an endorsement by 'upvote'."To put this as clearly as I can for the theists out there: Atheism is not an alternative to Theism"ok great! got it. But what do you believe Barry? What guides your actions or motivates you to get out of bed? Your entire purpose for being surely isn't to argue the absence of something? Day to day, what is it that is most important to you?This is the closest I got Barry Hampe's answer to If there is no God or gods, then what is there?"Life.The moment.Love and loved ones.Accomplishment.Friendship and friends.The fascinating journey from birth to death.Self-confidence.A whole world of ideas.Doing what is right because it is right.And so much more . . ."Well, that is a great answer. Honestly. It gets close to what I was asking for. But look at my answer here, made independently. Gavin Marshall's answer to What is your religion and what are some religious experiences you had?I'm not saying you are actually a theist, you are not. I am not saying I am secretly a humanist or atheist. I'm not.I'm claiming that the human experience is incredibly rich and deep and meaningful. It is awesome and incredibly painful. Religion and dogma don't even close close to doing it justice. Having an IPA with my best friend from high school blows any church experience I have had clean out of the water. It satisfies the deep spiritual longing in all of us for connection, just like the things on your list.You will not be intellectually satisfied by Christians on Quora, and you know this very well. What you will get is validation. Validation that you are smarter and sharper than most and that feels good. After 1500 answers concerning a negative though, I would ask, is it really working? Like an alcoholic you keeps coming back for 'one more'. Jesus knew this only to well and so said ''whoever drinks the water I give willneverbethirsty"THAT is the heart of the message. You do not step in or out of the circle depending on what you believe or think. You do not choose, then join a club and then help with the recruitment process yourself. These are smokescreens.You recognise what it means to be fully human. You keep adding to your list and one day you say "thank you", but you don't know why.''For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust." Matt 5:45Everyone.
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How do I get my transcripts to apply for my masters?
Steps for WES ECA evaluation for Canada Immigration purpose, important points and some more info.(a lot of info, so going to be a long post) Before you start just check following things:1. Website: https://www.wes.org/ca/Please please go through the website and make yourself familiar with navigation. You will get most of your answers there. Don't start asking questions before going through information posted on website. Its for your own good to get first hand information before listening to other people.***Always make sure you are on Canada website not USA one. you can see that on top right corner of Website where a flag is listed with country name or in website address with "/ca" listed in address.***2. Degree equivalency toolhttps://applications.wes.org/ca/...WES has free tool to check equivalency of your degree to Canadian degree. Don't rely completely on this as the final assessment always depends on the actual evaluation but it will give you an idea and a head start. If your degree is not listed there it doesn't mean it wont be equivalent to anything, you will get to know that in real assessment.***If you are not sure after using the tool, if your degree/college will be valid for ECA through WES try to email/ WES to check or ask if anyone had same degree evaluated before. That might help you little bit in the case where your degree/ college is not valid and save you some money, you can check other designated organizations for your ECA then.***3. Required Documentshttps://www.wes.org/ca/required-...Check what documents you need for your evaluation here. If you don't have those in hand just start collecting those. Get your transcripts from your university or any other document listed as per your education.You can also ask your university if they can mail your transcripts directly to WES, you can use "Academic records request form" given on website for this. Check if your University needs their own form filled too for releasing your documents.(do this after you get your WES reference number as you will need that in case you are giving the address of WES to university for mailing your transcripts, In case you are taking your transcripts yourself for mailing, you can get reference number later too).***Make sure your transcripts are valid. Transcripts must show: all subjects taken, grades received for each subject, and for each year you were in the program. Semester wise transcripts are not valid for evaluation. Transcripts should be sealed and signed with a stamp from university.******If your University does not give subject-wise Transcript, Ask if you can get all your mark sheets attested from University, and they will sign and stamp all photocopies and put them in one envelope and seal them with stamp like transcripts. That is mostly called document verification in University.***4. Check how will you pay your fees. Credit card/ Money order/ Western Union or in case any other option listed in instructions. Check it out. Fee is approximately $225-$230(including taxes) in Canadian currency. Rest depends on what additional services you chose for delivery etc. Cheapest courier option is $7.https://www.wes.org/ca/evaluatio...Next steps:1. Create a WES account.https://www.wes.org/ca/#get-startedClick "Apply now", then click on "Canada", Then "ECA application for IRCC" and proceed with further steps.***Make sure you choose ECA application for IRCC not the other option.*** Fill up your details in all pages very carefully and correctly.You will have to provide a recipient address, give your address there. When you will proceed it will automatically generate "Recipient 2" as IRCC. Don't worry about that one, it is used for electronic delivery of your records to IRCC when you put your WES report number while filling your express entry profile.2. Pay your fees3. Reference number will be generated.(This will be used in all your communications with WES)***Once you submit your profile and reference number is generated you cannot edit your information so do not be in haste, check carefully and then submit.******Your reference number is not ECA report number. You can't use it in Express entry profile. It is only used for communication with WES. When your evaluation is completed and you get your ECA report it will have your ECA number which you will mention in Express Entry application.***4. Read all instructions on what documents to send and at which address.*** Put your reference number on all your transcript envelops(at an empty space, not on the seal or signature or anywhere on flaps) and backside of your degree photocopies. I will suggest using a pencil not a pen for that as sometimes pen ink leaks through paper.******You can put all your documents in one big/ master envelope and send to WES. No need to mail everything separately. Make sure again to put your reference number with WES address on the packet.******Do not send any original document to WES unless asked specifically with instructions that they will return it after evaluation.***5. you can check status of your application by logging in your WES account. It will show once they have received your documents, your evaluation report will take up to 20 days after your documents are received. Be patient.***If you are using tracking with your courier and it shows your documents delivered but WES account doesn't show received don't panic. It takes up to a week for WES to update receiving of documents.***6. Once your evaluation is completed you most probably will receive an email. You can find pdf copy of your report by logging in your WES account.***Check your report that everything is correctly mentioned.******No need to wait for hard copy of your report for Express entry if you have got pdf version in your account. It is same and have your report number on it which you can use for express entry profile.******Your ECA is valid for 5 years.***
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Will the digital voting system help India?
Electronic voting in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchThis article is about the voting machines used in India. For general information on EVMs, see Electronic voting.VVPAT used with Indian electronic voting machines in Indian ElectionsControl unit in EVMElectionic Voting Machine India ballot UnitElectronic Voting is the standard means of conducting elections using Electronic Voting Machines, sometimes called "EVMs" in India.[1][2]The use of EVMs and electronic voting was developed and tested by the state-owned Electronics Corporation of India and Bharat Electronics in the 1990s. They were introduced in Indian elections between 1998 and 2001, in a phased manner. The electronic voting machines have been used in all general and state assembly elections of India since 2004.[3][2][4]Prior to the introduction of electronic voting, India used paper ballots and manual counting. The paper ballots method was widely criticized because of fraudulent voting, booth capturing where party loyalists captured booths and stuffed them with pre-filled fake ballots. The printed paper ballots were also more expensive, requiring substantial post-voting resources to count hundreds of millions of individual ballots.[2][1]Embedded EVM features such as "electronically limiting the rate of casting votes to five per minute",[1]a security "lock-close" feature, an electronic database of "voting signatures and thumb impressions" to confirm the identity of the voter, conducting elections in phases over several weeks while deploying extensive security personnel at each booth[1]have helped reduce electoral fraud and abuse, eliminate booth capturing and create more competitive and fairer elections.[5][2]Indian EVMs are stand-alone machines built with once write, read-only memory.[6]The EVMs are produced with secure manufacturing practices, and by design, are self-contained, battery-powered and lack any networking capability. They do not have any wireless or wired internet components and interface.[7]The M3 version of the EVMs includes the VVPAT system.[6]In recent elections, various opposition parties have alleged faulty EVMs after they failed to defeat the incumbent.[8][9]After rulings of Delhi High Court, the Supreme Court of India in 2011 directed the Election Commission to include a paper trail as well to help confirm the reliable operation of EVMs.[9][10]The Election Commission developed EVMs with voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system between 2012 and 2013. The system was tried on a pilot basis in the 2014 Indian general election.[11][12]Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs are now used in every assembly and general election in India.[13][14]On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India ordered the Election Commission of India to use VVPAT paper trail system in every assembly constituency and verify these before signNowing the final results. The Election Commission of India has acted under this order and deployed VVPAT verification for 20,625 EVMs in the 2019 Indian general election.[15][16][17]The Election Commission of India states that their machines, system checks, safeguard procedures and election protocols are "fully tamper proof". A team led by Vemuri Hari Prasad of NetIndia Private Limited has shown that if criminals get physical possession of the EVMs before the voting, they can change the hardware inside and thus manipulate the results.[18]The Prasad team recommended a VVPAT paper trail system for verification.[18]The Election Commission states that along with VVPAT method, immediately prior to the election day, a sample number of votes for each political party nominee is entered into each machine, in the presence of polling agents. At the end of this sample trial run, the votes counted and matched with the entered sample votes, to ensure that the machine's hardware has not been tampered with, it is operating reliably and that there were no hidden votes pre-recorded in each machine.[19]Machines that yield a faulty result have been replaced to ensure a reliable electoral process.[20][21]Contents1 History 1.1 EVM and Indian judiciary 1.2 Electronic voting2 Design and technology3 Procedure to use4 Benefits5 Limitations6 Security issues 6.1 2019 allegations7 Voter-verifiable paper audit trail8 Exports9 See also10 Further reading11 References12 External linksHistoryIndia used paper ballots till the 1990s. The sheer scale of the Indian elections with more than half a billion people eligible to vote, combined with election-related criminal activity, led Indian election authority and high courts to transition to electronic voting.[2][22]According to Arvind Verma – a professor of Criminal Justice with a focus on South Asia, Indian elections have been marked by criminal fraud and ballot tampering since the 1950s. The first major election with large scale organized booth capturing were observed in 1957.[22]The journalist Prem Shankar Jha, states Milan Vaishnav, documented the booth capturing activity by Congress party leaders, and the opposition parties soon resorted to the same fraudulent activity in the 1960s.[23]A booth-capture was the phenomenon where party loyalists, criminal gangs and upper-caste musclemen entered the booth with force in villages and remote areas, and stuffed the ballot boxes with pre-filled fake paper ballots.[24][25]This problem grew between the 1950s and 1980s and became a serious and large scale problem in states such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,[2][22]later spreading to Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal accompanied with election day violence.[26]Another logistical problem was the printing of paper ballots, transporting and safely storing them, and physically counting hundreds of millions of votes.[1][22]The Election Commission of India, led by T.N. Seshan, sought a solution by developing Electronic voting machines in the 1990s.[22][27]These devices were designed to prevent fraud by limiting how fast new votes can be entered into the electronic machine.[22]By limiting the rate of vote entered every minute to five, the Commission aimed to increase the time required to cast fake ballots, therefore, allow the security forces to intervene in cooperation with the volunteers of the competing political parties and the media.[2][22][5]The Commission introduced other features such as EVM initialization procedures just before the elections.[7]Officials tested each machine prior to the start of voting to confirm its reliable operation in the front of independent polling agents. They added a security lock “close” button which saved the votes already cast in the device's permanent memory but disabled the device's ability to accept additional votes in the case of any attempt to open the unit or tamper.[2][19]The Commission decided to conduct the elections over several weeks in order to move and post a large number of security forces at each booth. On the day of voting, the ballots were also locked and then saved in a secure location under the watch of state security and local volunteer citizens. Additionally, the Election Commission also created a database of thumb impressions and electronic voting signatures, open to inspection by polling agent volunteers and outside observers.[2]The EVMs-based system at each booth matches the voter with a registered card with this electronic database in order to ensure that a voter cannot cast a ballot more than once.[2][5]According to Debnath and other scholars, these efforts of the Election Commission of India – developed in consultations with the Indian courts, experts and volunteer feedback from different political parties – have reduced electoral fraud in India and made the elections fairer and more competitive.[5]EVM and Indian judiciaryEVM and electronic voting have been the subject of numerous court cases in Indian courts including the Supreme Court of India. The first case was filed in the 1980s even before EVMs were used in any election. The AC Jose vs. Sivan Pillai case was a case seeking a stay order on the use of EVMs for Kerala election.[28]The case was reviewed by the Supreme Court. It ruled on March 5, 1984, that the extant laws of India – in particular, Sections 59–61 of the Representation of People Act 1951 – specified paper ballots and it therefore forbade the use of any other technology including electronic voting. The Court stated that the use of an alternate technology would require the Indian parliament to amend the law.[28]The parliament of India amended the Representation of People Act in December 1988. Section 61A of the amended law empowered the Election Commission to deploy voting machines instead of paper ballots. The amended law became effective from March 15, 1989.[28]The use of EVMs, their reliability and speculations about fraud through the use of EVMs have been the subject of many lawsuits before state high courts and the Supreme Court of India. These courts have either dismissed the cases as frivolous or ruled in the favor of the Election Commission and the EVMs.[29]Of these, in the 2002 ruling on the J. Jayalalithaa and Ors vs. Election Commission of India case, the Supreme Court of India stated that the use of EVMs in elections was constitutionally valid.[29][30]Electronic votingThe Indian electronic voting machine (EVM) were developed in 1989 by Election Commission of India in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited and Electronics Corporation of India Limited. The Industrial designers of the EVMs were faculty members at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay. The EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by-election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala for a limited number of polling stations.[31]The EVMs were first time used on an experimental basis in selected constituencies of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi. The EVMs were used first time in the general election (entire state) to the assembly of Goa in 1999. In 2003, all by-elections and state elections were held using EVMs, encouraged by this election commission decided to use only EVMs for Lok Sabha elections in 2004.Design and technologyBallot Unit (left), control unit (right)An EVM consists of two units, a control unit, and the balloting unit.[32]The two units are joined by a five-meter cable. Balloting unit facilitates voting by a voter via labeled buttons while the control unit controls the ballot units, stores voting counts and displays the results on 7 segment LED displays. The controller used in EVMs has its operating program etched permanently in silicon at the time of manufacturing by the manufacturer. No one (including the manufacturer) can change the program once the controller is manufactured. The control unit is operated by one of the polling booth officers, while the balloting unit is operated by the voter in privacy. The officer confirms the voter's identification then electronically activates the ballot unit to accept a new vote. Once the voter enters the vote, the balloting unit displays the vote to the voter, records it in its memory. A "close" command issued from the control unit by the polling booth officer registers the vote, relocks the unit to prevent multiple votes. The process is repeated when the next voter with a new voter ID arrives before the polling booth officer.[32]EVMs are powered by an ordinary 6 volt alkaline battery[33]manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore and Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad. This design enables the use of EVMs throughout the country without interruptions because several parts of India do not have the power supply and/or erratic power supply. The two units cannot work without the other. After a poll closes on a particular election day, the units are separated and the control units moved and stored separately in locked and guarded premises.[32]Both units have numerous tamper-proof protocols. Their hardware, by design, can only be programmed once at the time of their manufacture and they cannot be reprogrammed.[34][7]They do not have any wireless communication components inside, nor any internet interface and related hardware.[34]The balloting unit has an internal real-time clock and a protocol by which it records every input-output event with a time stamp whenever they are connected to a battery pack.[34]The designers intentionally opted for battery power, to prevent the possibility that the power cables might be used to interfere with the reliable functioning of an EVM.[34]An EVM can record a maximum of 3840 (now 2000) votes and can cater to a maximum of 64 candidates. There is provision for 16 candidates in a single balloting unit and up to a maximum of 4 balloting units with 64 candidate names and the respective party symbols can be connected in parallel to the control unit.[32]If there are more than 64 candidates, the conventional ballot paper/box method of polling is deployed by the Election Commission.[32]After a 2013 upgrade, an Indian EVM can cater to a maximum of 384 candidates plus "None Of The Above" option (NOTA).[6]The current electronic voting machines in India are the M3 version with VVPAT capability, the older versions being M1 and M2. They are built and encoded with once-write software (read-only masked memory) at the state-owned and high-security premises of the Bharat Electronics Limited and the Electronics Corporation of India Limited.[6][35]The inventory of election EVMs is securely tracked by the Election Commission of India on a real-time basis with EVM Tracking Software (ETS). This system tracks their digital verification identity and physical presence. The M3 EVMs has embedded hardware and software that enables only a particular control unit to work with a particular voting unit issued by the Election Commission, as another layer of tamper-proofing. Additional means of tamper proofing the machines include several layers of seals. Indian EVMs are stand-alone non-networked machines.[36][37]Procedure to useThe control unit is with the presiding officer or a polling officer and the balloting Unit is placed inside the voting compartment. The balloting unit presents the voter with blue buttons (momentary switch) horizontally labeled with corresponding party symbol and candidate names. The Control Unit, on the other hand, provides the officer-in-charge with a "Ballot" marked button to proceed to the next voter, instead of issuing a ballot paper to them. This activates the ballot unit for a single vote from the next voter in the queue. The voter has to cast his vote by once pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice.As soon as the last voter has voted, the Polling Officer-in-charge of the Control Unit will press the 'Close' Button. Thereafter, the EVM will not accept any votes. Further, after the close of the poll, the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately. Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit. Again the Presiding officer, at the close of the poll, will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents. During the counting of votes, the results are displayed by pressing the 'Result' button. There are two safeguards to prevent the 'Result' button from being pressed before the counting of votes officially begins. (a) This button cannot be pressed till the 'Close' button is pressed by the Polling Officer-in-charge at the end of the voting process in the polling booth. (b) This button is hidden and sealed; this can be broken only at the counting center in the presence of designated office.BenefitsThe cost per EVM was ₹5,500 (equivalent to ₹44,000 or US$640 in 2018) at the time the machines were purchased in 1989–90. The cost was estimated to be ₹10,500 (equivalent to ₹13,000 or US$180 in 2018) per unit as per an additional order issued in 2014.[38]Even though the initial investment was heavy, it has since been expected to save costs of production and printing of crores of ballot papers, their transportation and storage, substantial reduction in the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them. For each national election, it is estimated that about 10,000 tonnes of the ballot paper are saved. EVMs are easier to transport compared to ballot boxes as they are lighter, more portable, and come with polypropylene carrying cases. Vote counting is also faster. In places where illiteracy is a factor, illiterate people find EVMs easier than ballot paper system. Bogus voting is greatly reduced as the vote is recorded only once. The unit can store the result in its memory before it is erased manually. The battery is required only to activate the EVMs at the time of polling and counting and as soon as the polling is over, the battery can be switched off. The shelf life of Indian EVMs is estimated at 15 years.[39]LimitationsMain article: TotaliserA candidate can know how many people from a polling station voted for him. This is a signNow issue particularly if lop-sided votes for/against a candidate are cast in individual polling stations and the winning candidate might show favoritism or hold a grudge on specific areas. The Election Commission of India has stated that the manufacturers of the EVMs have developed a Totaliser unit which can connect several balloting units and would display only the overall results from an Assembly or a Lok Sabha constituency instead of votes from individual polling stations.[40][41]Security issuesAn international conference on the Indian EVMs and its tamperability of the said machines was held under the chairmanship of Subramanian Swamy, President of the Janata Party and former Union Cabinet Minister for Law, Commerce and Justice at Chennai on 13 February 2010. The conclusion was that the Election Commission of India was shirking its responsibility on the transparency in the working of the EVMs.[42]In April 2010, an independent security analysis was released by a research team led by Hari K. Prasad, Rop Gonggrijp, and Alex Halderman.[18]In order to mitigate these threats, the researchers suggest moving to a voting system that provides greater transparency, such as paper ballots, precinct count optical scan, or a voter verified paper audit trail, since, in any of these systems, skeptical voters could, in principle, observe the physical counting process to gain confidence that the outcome is fair.[43]But Election Commission of India points out that for such tampering of the EVMs, one needs physical access to EVMs, and pretty high tech skills are required. Given that EVMs are stored under strict security which can be monitored by candidates or their agents all the time, its impossible to gain physical access to the machines. Plus, to impact the results of an election, hundreds to thousands of machines will be needed to tamper with, which is almost impossible given the hi-tech and time-consuming nature of the tampering process.[44][45]Manufacturers of Electronic Voting Machines, namely Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad and Bharat Electronics Limited, Bengaluru have said that EVMs are unhackable and tamper-proof as programming for EVMs is done at a secure manufacturing facility in ECIL and BEL (where operations are logged electronically) and not with chip manufacturers.[34]Control and ballot units in EVMs and VVPATs have an anti-tamper mechanism by which they become non-operational if it is illegally opened. EVMs are standalone machines, have no radio frequency transmission device features , operate on battery packs and cannot be reprogrammed. The control Unit of EVMs has a real-time clock that logs every event on its right from the time it was switched on. The anti-tamper mechanism in the machine can detect even 100-millisecond variations.On 25 July 2011, responding to a PIL (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 312 of 2011), Supreme Court of India asked EC to consider request to modify EVMs and respond within three months. The petitioner Rajendra Satyanarayan Gilda had alleged that EC has failed to take any decision despite his repeated representation. The petitioner suggested that the EVMs should be modified to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favour the voter cast his ballot.[9][46][47][48]On 17 January 2012, Delhi High Court in its ruling on Dr. Subramanian Swamy's Writ Petition (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 11879 of 2009) challenging the use of EVMs in the present form said that EVMs are not "tamper-proof". Further, it said that it is "difficult" to issue any directions to the EC in this regard. However, the court added that the EC should itself hold wider consultations with the executive, political parties and other stake holders on the matter.[49][50]Swamy appealed against Delhi High Court's refusal to order a VVPAT system in Supreme Court. On 27 September 2012, Election Commission's advocate Ashok Desai submitted to a Supreme Court bench of Justice P. Sathasivam and Justice Ranjan Gogoi that field trial for VVPAT system is in progress and that a status report will be submitted by early January 2013. Desai said that on pressing of each vote, a paper receipt will be printed, which will be visible to the voters inside a glass but cannot be taken out of the machine. Dr. Swamy said that the new system was acceptable to him.The Supreme Court posted the matter for further hearing to 22 January 2013[51][52]and on 8 October 2013, it delivered a verdict, that the Election Commission of India will use VVPAT.[53]Another similar writ petition filed by the Asom Gana Parishad is still pending before the Gauhati High Court.[54]2019 allegationsSyed Shuja, described as a "self-claimed expert" on EVMs by The India Today,[55]has alleged that Indian EVMs can be hacked, and have been hacked by Indian political parties such as the AAP, BJP, Congress, SP and others.[56]Shuja appeared from a remote location using Skype in January 2019 for a press conference organized by the Indian Journalists’ Association[57]and the London-based Foreign Press Association.[58]He alleged that the EVM units can be wirelessly tampered with, and have been tampered with the help of Reliance Communications. He also made allegations of many murders and other criminal activity associated with EVMs tampering, allegations he could not substantiate nor did he present any evidence for his allegations before journalists gathered in London for the Shuja press interview.[59]The possibility of EVM tampering as described by Shuja have been rejected by the Election Commission of India.[55]The Commission stated that the Indian EVMs do not contain any wireless chips and related communication components.[59]The Election Commission reiterated that their official EVMs are manufactured in India under very strict supervisory and security conditions and there are "rigorous Standard Operating Procedures meticulously observed at all stages under the supervision of a Committee of eminent technical experts constituted way back in 2010".[55]The commission has charged Shuja under Section 505(1)(b) of the Indian Penal Code (titled "Punishment for Statements Conducing to Public Mischief") by lodging a First Information Report against him with the Delhi Police.[60]The Bharatiya Janata Party attributed this claim to the opposing Indian National Congress as an attempt by them to manipulate the electorate with fake news before forthcoming elections.[61]In January 2019, the London-based press conference organizer stated, "The Foreign Press Association strongly disassociates itself with any claims made by the speaker Syed Shuja during the #IJA event [about Indian EVMs and related matters] in London yesterday. Not one of the masked speaker’s accusations has so far been corroborated."[58]The India Today called Shuja's allegations as "sensationalism without substance."[58]Voter-verifiable paper audit trailFurther information: Voter-verified paper audit trailOn 8 October 2010 Election Commission appointed an expert technical committee headed by Prof. P. V. Indiresan (former Director of IIT-M) when at an all-party meeting majority of political parties backed the proposal to have a VVPAT in EVMs to counter the charges of tampering. The committee was tasked to examine the possibility of introduction of a paper trail so that voters can get a printout that will show symbol of the party to which the vote was cast.[10]After studying the issue, the committee recommended introduction of VVPAT system.[62]On 21 June 2011, Election Commission accepted Indiresan committee's recommendations and decided to conduct field trials of the system.[63]On 26 July 2011, field trials of the VVPAT system were conducted at Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, Cherrapunjee in Meghalaya, East Delhi in Delhi and Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.[64][65]The Election Commission on 19 January 2012 agreed to add a "paper trail" of the vote cast. The upgrade of EVMs that followed modified the EVM software and a printer was attached to the machine. With the VVPAT system, when a vote is cast, it is recorded in its memory and simultaneously a serial number and vote data is printed out. This states Anil Kumar, the managing director of the state-owned EVM manufacturer Bharat Electronic Limited, ensures more confidence in the voting results.[66]The printouts, Kumar said, "are used later to cross-check the voting data stored in the EVMs".[11][67]Voter-verifiable paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen in Nagaland.[68]The voter-verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies in 2014.[69][70][71]VVPAT was implemented in the 2014 elections at Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South,[72]Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib[73][74]and Mizoram constituencies.[75][76][77]On 8 October 2013, Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict on Subramanian Swamy's PIL, that Election Commission of India will use VVPAT along with EVMs in a phased manner.[53][78][79]In June 2018, Election Commission of India decided that all VVPATs will have a built-in-hood to protect the printer and other devices from excess light and heat.[80]ExportsNepal, Bhutan, Namibia and Kenya have purchased India-manufactured EVMs. Fiji was expected to use Indian EVMs in its elections in 2014. In 2013, the Election Commission of Namibia acquired 1700 control units and 3500 ballot units from India's Bharat Electronics Limited; these units will be used in the regional and presidential elections in 2014.[81]Several other Asian and African countries are reportedly interested in using them as well.[82]See alsoRisk-limiting auditVoting machineElectoral fraudNone of the aboveFurther reading"WP (C) No. 11879 of 2009" (PDF). High Courts of India. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. Delhi High Court judgement saying EVMs are not foolproof.ReferencesVerma, Arvind (2005). "Policing Elections in India". India Review. 4 (3–4): 354–376. doi:10.1080/14736480500302217.Madhavan Somanathan (2019). "India's electoral democracy: How EVMs curb electoral fraud". Brookings Institution, Washington DC.Kumar, D. Ashok; Begum, T. Ummal Sariba (2012). Electronic voting machine — A review. IEEE. doi:10.1109/icprime.2012.6208285. ISBN 978-1-4673-1039-0.Wilkinson, Steven (2005). "Elections in India: Behind the Congress Comeback". Journal of Democracy. Project Muse. 16 (1): 153–167. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0018.Debnath, Sisir; Kapoor, Mudit; Ravi, Shamika (2017). "The Impact of Electronic Voting Machines on Electoral Frauds, Democracy, and Development". SSRN Journal. Elsevier BV: 1–59. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3041197.Lok Sabha elections 2019: Check FAQs related to EVMS, India Today (March 15, 2019)A look inside the electronic voting machine, The Hindu (March 10, 2019)"CPI(M), JD(S) back Advani on EVM manipulation issue". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2012."SC asks EC to consider request to modify EVMs". The Times of India. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.Ranjan, Rakesh (15 December 2011). "Delhi HC to decide on EVMs". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 January 2012."New EVMs to have paper trail". The Times of India. 20 January 2012. 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Security Analysis of India's Electronic Voting Machines (PDF). 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security.Electronic Voting Machine, The Election Commission of IndiaCEO issues clarification, says faulty EVM polled votes for Congress, not BJP, United News of India (April 26, 2019)Goa's faulty EVM polled votes for Congress, not BJP: CEO, Business Standard (April 26, 2019)Arvind Verma (2009). "Situational Prevention and Elections in India". International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. 4 (2): 86–89.Milan Vaishnav (2017). When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics. Yale University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-300-21620-2.Arvind Verma (2009). "Situational Prevention and Elections in India". International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. 4 (2): 86–87., Quote: "Organized 'booth capturing' began in 1957 when a group of upper-caste muscle-men chased away the electorate and forcibly cast the votes for their candidate (Sen, 2004). Such booth capturing (the forcible casting of votes in favor of a particular candidate) and the use of force to prevent genuine voters from exercising their rights slowly became a serious problem in most parts of India and especially in States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh."Milan Vaishnav (2017). When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics. Yale University Press. pp. 87, 111. ISBN 978-0-300-21620-2.N. S. Saksena (1993). India, Towards Anarchy, 1967-1992. Abhinav Publications. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-81-7017-296-3.Milan Vaishnav (2017). When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics. Yale University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-300-21620-2.Alok Shukla. EVM Electronic Voting Machines. Leadstart. pp. 70–73. ISBN 978-93-5201-122-3.Alok Shukla. EVM Electronic Voting Machines. Leadstart. pp. 72–74. ISBN 978-93-5201-122-3.Nandan Nilekani (2012). Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century. Penguin. pp. 115–117. 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Retrieved 10 January 2019."New counting method for Assembly polls". India Today. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2019."Know Your Electronic Voting Machine" (PDF). Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 1 September 2010."Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.Ramani, Srinivasan (18 December 2017). "It takes a heck of a lot to hack an EVM". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 January 2019."EVMs cannot be tampered: K J Rao". Indian Express. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2012.Lakshman, Narayan (10 August 2010). "Hot debate over Electronic Voting Machines". The Hindu. Chennai, India."SC order on EVM". Supreme Court of India. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012."SC seeks EC reply on EVM modification". The Assam Tribune. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012."Do EVMs need modification? SC asks EC to decide in 3 weeks". Indian Express. 25 July 2011. 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Retrieved 22 January 2019."Rigged EVM".Under attack from BJP, Kapil Sibal tries to save face after EVM hacking drama, India Today (January 22, 2019)Foreign Press Association distances itself from Syed Shuja's wild claims about 2014 rigging, India Today (January 22, 2019)Mystery man Shuja makes wild claims as London event to show EVM hacking flops, India Today (January 21, 2019)"EVM hacking claim: EC asks Delhi Police to lodge FIR". Press Trust of India. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019."EVM hacking claim a Congress-sponsored conspiracy to defame Indian democracy: BJP". Press Trust of India. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019."EVM with paper trail to be tested in 200 places". The Times of India. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012."Election Commission to introduce EVM and VVPAT system for more transparent electronic voting". The Economic Times. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012."New voting machines found perfect: Election Commission". Kolkata News. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012."New Voting Machines Found Perfect: EC". Daijiworld.com. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.New EVMs to have paper trail, The Times of India (January 19, 2012)"New EVMs to have paper trail: BEL". Firstpost. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012."Nagaland first to use VVPAT device for voting". Business Standard. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2019."LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019."VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days". The Hindu. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019."VVPAT to be introduced in Jadavpur constituency". India TV News. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019."VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South". The New Indian Express. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019."Patna Sahib electorate can see who they voted for". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 January 2019."400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 January 2019."Election Commission of India". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 January 2019."VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency". Daily News and Analysis. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014."EVM slip will help verify your vote". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 January 2019."Civil Appeal No.9093 of 2013". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019."Elections 2014: SC directive to EC for paper trail in EVMs". The Hindu. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2019.Vishnoi, Anubhuti (11 June 2018). "All VVPATs in 2019 to come with hood to keep light at bay". The Economic Times. Retrieved 10 January 2019."ECN unveils 'tamper-free' voting machines". Namibian Sun. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013.Tiwari, Rajnish; Herstatt, Cornelius (January 2012). "India – A Lead Market for Frugal Innovations? Extending the Lead Market Theory to Emerging Economies" (PDF). Hamburg University of Technology. p. 18. Retrieved 11 March 2013."Supreme Court issues contempt notice to Election Commission of India". Critic Brain - India News, Politics, Opinions - on Thoughts on Talks. 1 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.External links"Electronic Voting Machine". Election Commission of India.Security Analysis of India's Electronic Voting Machines, Scott Wolchok et al, A paper presented at the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security ConferenceCategories:Science and technology in IndiaElections in IndiaElectronic voting by countryElection technologyNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesभोजपुरीहिन्दीاردوEdit linksThis page was last edited on 5 August 2019, at 18:09 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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