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FAQs
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What is the difference between a digital signature and an electronic signature in your professional opinion?
Both terms - “electronic signature” and “digital signature” - are often used interchangeably, they aren’t exactly the same. Electronic signatures could be considered virtual representations of a pen-and-paper (“wet”) signatures. Digital signatures, also called cryptographic signatures, are a type of electronic signature that’s coded and encrypted in order to prevent the impersonation of a signee, tampering, and improve security overall.The main difference is that a digital signature is mainly used to secure documents and is authorized by certification authorities while an electronic signature (e-signature, e-sign) is usually associated with a contract where the signer has got the intention to do so: Difference Between Digital Signature and Electronic SignatureE-signature helps an individual to show his agreement to the conditions and terms of an electronic service. It can also be used to confirm the identity of the message's creator. Many countries give the same legal importance and significance to e-signatures as to traditional ways of executing documents. Here are the features of some most popular tools in this area: Best E-Signature Software Reviews & Comparisons | 2019 List of Expert's ChoicesWith electronic signature tools you avoid signing digital documents by hand - which is tedious cause otherwise you need to print, sign and scan all that stuff - that’s why such tools are on the rise. If you work with such signatures often, maybe you need some simple free tool which is specialized exactly for your business tasks. It really depends on the purpose for which you need this to sign an already typed document - it is often better to use a specialized tool, like Draw Your Signature Online and Sign PDF - CreateMySignature.com (instead of a regular image editor) to streamline your business documents workflow.
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What is the business model of Apple Pay? Being that the payment industry is so complex, with the margins so thin, I've always be
All Roads Lead Back To The Card Issuing Bank To present a cogent insight on this subject, I will need to present an overview how the Interchange system actually works. This is just a simplistic presentation so as to develop a background on how Apple may be profiting.In a typical traditional merchant account transaction a merchant pays a Discount Rate(s) and Transaction Fee, many merchants, especially the very large merchants have the rates directly tied to the wholesale Interchange Rates [1] published by the payment card companies. A vast majority, over ~85% of the Discount Rate and Transaction Fee collected actually is paid to the Bank that issued the customer’s credit card. This means that about ~85% of the component that makes the Discount Rate a merchant will pay, is actually Interchange and is not under the control of the company offering a merchant account. It is a rate that just about 99.99% of all merchants will pay, it is generally not negotiable. Hiding The Complexity Companies like PayPal and Square hide all of this complexity and wrap the Discount Rate into a flat fee. The upside to a small merchant is simplicity, the down side to a large merchant is a rather large cost penalty for this simplicity and it is why most medium and large merchants do not pay flat fees and pay Interchange Plus rates. Remember the payment card issuing banks will still get the ~85% and thus there has never been a tremendous amount of profit left after processor, brand usage fees and other dues paid directly to the payment card companies are factored.The Apple iWallet Revenue SystemIt is clear that the details of the negotiations Apple held directly with about 20 banks along with direct negotiations with Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, China Union Pay and others will never be open public knowledge. The best one can do is to use domain experience and form a postulation. Apple is building a mobile wallet and will use a technology called Host Card Emulation housed in the Secure Enclave of the ARM processor found on the iOS device that will be used for the NFC based transaction. Under current card company (Interchange) rules these cards are considered “Card Present” transactions. The Card Present Interchange has always been the lowest cost because in practicality when a payment card is in the hand of a consumer and is swiped through a payment card terminal, the fraud and losses are signNowly lower. The “Card Not Present” fees are always higher because a stolen payment card is far easier to use when just the numbers are required and thus the Interchange is higher.It was never a debate that Apple’s NFC system would be deemed as Card Present. The negotiations with top banks and then the payment card companies were produce a consensus with all parties that there is a foundational basis for Apple to earn some portion of the Interchange. This would amount to a rebate to Apple paid directly from the banks, via the payment card companies for transactions concluded via the iWallet. One primary reason for the Apple rebate would be based on the fact that the card is more secure in the Secure Enclave, it is in most embodiments, one use tokens with the transmission system via some Verifone terminals afforded end to end encryption. thus could never be a part of any useful hack.Apple will also have a unique way to send a payment card to an App and in do this in such a manner that the transaction may qualify as a Card Present transaction. This would be accomplished through an API of sorts. There are a number of very logical use cases for this system and it will be a featured part of the Apple payments model. This system will not use NFC directly. Traditionally this would be considered a card not present transaction, however Apple’s extended negotiations may have changed this classification. There are a few other additional premises on why Apple established a rebate from the Interchange. One really important consideration to all involved on the other side of the table is the fact that Apple has a tremendous number of payment cards on file, nearly 1 billion. This could in theory make it very easy for Apple to create a new payment system and challenge all the parities. Of course Apple does not really want this and certainly the other side of the table would not want this.In the next phases of the iWallet system, Apple will send location data and other identity data to the card issuing banks to assure them that they can crosse reference the exact location of the transaction and the iOS device. This is a huge anti-fruad feature that no payment card currently offers.So as it stands today Apple is highly likely to have agreements that pass a rebate back to Apple for any iWallet transactions. There may also be a fixed amount paid to Apple fro every card loaded into the Secure Enclave.The resulting revenues can look like this:Interchange = 1.50% (assumed) Apple Rebate = 0.20% (assumed) A $100 hypothetical iWallet transactionApple iWallet revenue = $100 x 0.20% = 20¢ No Need To Change Merchant Accounts No Costs For iWallet EquipmentTo be very clear, merchants and consumers would not see any cost increases at all. Merchants do not need to sign up to any particular provider and likely pay $0 for the NFC upgrades since no payment company wants to lose a merchant over a $50 device. This is in deep contrast to companies like Square, with the now canceled Square Wallet, which required the merchant to sign up to have a Square merchant account to be a part of the closed Square wallet system. This was a huge flaw in the business premise of the Square Wallet that guaranteed a limited signNow. Apple wants the widest number of merchants and frankly knows that merchant accounts are not a business they want to be in and will never scale to the adoption level they need. Additionally, the method Square used, pay with your name, was not considered a “Card Present” transaction by the banks and thus Square absorbed higher fees for this method. This just about guaranteed the service would lose money no matter how fast or far it scaled. Apple’s brilliance is in the fact they chose to work with, rather then against, all existing relationships and procedures. They add signNow value to all participants and are being paid a reasonable amount accordingly. When the dust settles these negotiations will be recorded in business history as being a masterstroke in the same league of the negotiation Apple had with record labels and cellular companies.You and I will not need to be concerned with all of this detail, the iWallet will just work. ___[1] Interchange fee
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Cryptography: Why have dedicated hardware encryption devices gone out of style?
Hardware crypto devices are actually still in use, they just resemble a standard computer more than an old mechanical cipher system such as Enigma.The standard term for dedicated crypto hardware now is hardware security module [1]. These are designed to be tamper-proof (or at least tamper-evident, for audit purposes), extremely fast (they frequently have dedicated hardware such as FPGAs programmed to do the cryptographic operations), resistant to side-channel attacks (e.g., differential power analysis, timing analysis), and secure even against insiders.HSMs are very common in financial applications, where a branch or ATM needs to have keying material to perform secure operations with the main system, but can't be given actual access to the private keying material. For example, the HSM might be programmed every month with a new symmetric key shared with the main system that is used to handle secure transactions.Some people have recommended using a dedicated x86 box that basically acts as an HSM [2] (there are even people looking at using Arduinos as HSMs [3]). This is becoming more common for cloud services that want to maintain strong security of their private keys.The general requirements are:Locked, so only authorized personnel can ever have physical access.Access restricted to protocol-level operations (an entity could request a message be encrypted, decrypted, verified, signed, etc.).Resistant to cryptanalysis and side-channel analysis.Fast implementations of the necessary crypto. This can be as simple as using the dedicated AES instructions on modern Intel processors.We also see dedicated cryptographic hardware in smartcards [4], which have similar goals (secure storage of keys, secure protocol-level operations, tamper-resistance), but have a more challenging threat model (you can't lock a smartcard in a safe to protect it from tampering) and much less resources available (they must be low power, low cost, small in size...). A common example of a smartcard would be the SIM in your mobile phone: it securely stores a shared key with your provider, which the phone can query (ask the card to decrypt/encrypt a message using that key) when it needs to authenticate with a cell tower.Ross Anderson is probably the singular expert in smartcard and physical security. I highly recommend his work, and his writing is actually quite accessible [5,6,7].Sources:[1] Hardware security module[2] MagicPoint presentation foils[3] Arduino, TPMs and smart cards: redefining Hardware Security Module[4] Smart card[5] http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mkb23/r...[6] Ross Anderson's Home Page (articles on reliability of secure systems)[7] The Bank Fraud Resource Page
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Which engineering will be best after 4-6 years?
No doubt, the champ will be COMPUTER SCIENCE because computer science plays an important role in every engineering field. The advancements and the linkages with the different fields like Medicine, space exploration, engineering are so high such that many noted persons are recognizing the significance of computer technology(CT) to reshape the present trends.Here are some of the new inventions related to this domain:BIO-MedicinePredictive diagnosis tools, Bio-infomatic chips.Estimation of diabetic level via tears with help of softwares2. Cloud ComputingLook at the services like DropBox, Google Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive etc. The ability for users to sync files across several devices has drawn a lot of people to using these services.3. Artificial IntelligenceThe theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. Even the giant company GOOGLE CEO is interested in this emerging field.4. Simulation tools for many engineering fields( ECE, EEE,Chemical, Mechanical, Civil, Bio-technology, Aeronautics etc…)5. Computer NetworkingWe cannot imagine our lifes without the networking/communications. Fastness, data security(encryption) , data storage are our primary needs.6. AutomationThe technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically.Requirements like Cost reduction, time saving, less manual labour, reduction in errors, fast processing etc…booms the industry to shift towards automation of equipment, process.7. Connectivity(part of data science)Many techniques are evolved to improve the connectivity between the locations where internet can’t be provided. Example: Google’s project LOON.Computer science and Mathematics together can bring out numerous astonishing inventions to the human life. All the above are just fimiliar ones and according to the present situation. After 4–6 years, entire world may change!Telephone changed the world in 10yearsMobile changed the world in 6yearsLaptop changed the world in 4yearsSimilar to that, upcoming inventions still may ramp the pace of change and growth.Signing offManikanta Nallamalli
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What is Apple Pay and why is it important?
What is ApplePay and why is it important? "It is the mark of a good action that it appears inevitable in retrospect" -Robert Louis StevensonThe Long Journey Of Apple PayInvented in the early days of 1960, the magnetic stripe payment card was almost and accidental invention with a very colorful history. It was never even conceived in the original form to do more then open a locked door. The technology was adapted and adopted along the way. On September 9th, 2014 a baton was passed from the reliable magnetic stripe payment card on to the next generation and history will record that the company that went about creating the f...
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Wasn't Pearl Harbor in 1941 a "sneak attack" solely because the Japanese Embassy in Washington took too long to translate the de
No.The message delivered by Admiral Nomura and Ambassador Kurusu to Secretary of State Cordell Hull was not a declaration of war. Please be clear about that. Below is the text of that memorandum.1. The government of Japan, prompted by a genuine desire to come to an amicable understanding with the Government of the United States in order that the two countries by their joint efforts may secure the peace of the Pacific Area and thereby contribute toward the realization of world peace, has continued negotiations with the utmost sincerity since April last with the Government of the United States regarding the adjustment and advancement of Japanese-American relations and the stabilization of the Pacific Area.The Japanese Government has the honor to state frankly its views concerning the claims the American Government has persistently maintained as well as the measures the United States and Great Britain have taken toward Japan during these eight months.2. It is the immutable policy of the Japanese Government to ensure the stability of East Asia and to promote world peace and thereby to enable all nations to find each its proper place in the world.Ever since the China Affair broke out owing to the failure on the part of China to comprehend Japan's true intentions, the Japanese Government has striven for the restoration of peace and it has consistently exerted its best efforts to prevent the extension of war-like disturbances., It was also to that end that in September last year Japan concluded the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy.However, both the United States and Great Britain have resorted to every possible measure to assist the Chungking regime so as to obstruct the establishment of a general peace between Japan and China, interfering with Japan's constructive endeavours toward the stabilization of East Asia. Exerting pressure on the Netherlands East Indies, or menacing French Indo-China, they have attempted to frustrate Japan's aspiration to the ideal of common prosperity in cooperation with these regimes. Furthermore, when Japan in accordance with its protocol with France took measures of joint defense of French Indo-China, both American and British Governments, willfully misinterpreting it as a threat to their own possessions, and inducing the Netherlands Government to follow suit, they enforced the assets freezing order, thus severing economic relations with Japan. While manifesting thus an obviously hostile attitude, these countries have strengthened their military preparations perfecting an encirclement of Japan, and have brought about a situation which endangers the very existence of the Empire.Nevertheless, to facilitate a speedy settlement, the Premier of Japan proposed, in August last, to meet the President of the United States for a discussion of important problems between the two countries covering the entire Pacific area. However, the American Government, while accepting in principle the Japanese proposal, insisted that the meeting should take place after an agreement of view had been signNowed on fundamental and essential questions.3. Subsequently, on September 25th the Japanese Government submitted a proposal based on the formula proposed by the American Government, taking fully into consideration past American claims and also incorporating Japanese views. Repeated discussions proved of no avail in producing readily an agreement of view. The present cabinet, therefore, submitted a revised proposal, moderating still further the Japanese claims regarding the principal points of difficulty in the negotiation and endeavoured strenuously to signNow a settlement. But the American Government, adhering steadfastly to its original assertions, failed to display in the slightest degree a spirit of conciliation. The negotiation made no progress.Therefore, the Japanese Government, with a view to doing its utmost for averting a crisis in Japanese-American relations, submitted on November 20th still another proposal in order to arrive at an equitable solution of the more essential and urgent questions which, simplifying its previous proposal, stipulated the following points:The Government of Japan and the United States undertake not to dispatch armed forces into any of the regions, excepting French Indo-China, in the Southeastern Asia and the Southern Pacific area.Both Governments shall cooperate with the view to securing the acquisition in the Netherlands East Indies of those goods and commodities of which the two countries are in need.Both Governments mutually undertake to restore commercial relations to those prevailing prior to the freezing of assets. The Government of the United States shall supply Japan the required quantity of oil.The Government of the United States undertakes not to resort to measures and actions prejudicial to the endeavours for the restoration of general peace between Japan and China.The Japanese Government undertakes to withdraw troops now stationed in French Indo-China upon either the restoration of peace between Japan and China or establishment of an equitable peace in the Pacific Area; and it is prepared to remove the Japanese troops in the southern part of French Indo-China to the northern part upon the conclusion of the present agreement as regards China, the Japanese Government, while expressing its readiness to accept the offer of the President of the United States to act as 'introducer' of peace between Japan and China as was previously suggested, asked for an undertaking on the part of the United States to do nothing prejudicial to the restoration of Sino-Japanese peace when the two parties have commenced direct negotiations. The American Government not only rejected the above-mentioned new proposal but made known its intention to continue its aid to Chiang Kai-shek; and in spite of its suggestion mentioned above, withdrew the offer of the President to act as so-called 'introducer' of peace between Japan and China, pleading that time was not yet ripe for it. Finally on November 26th, in an attitude to impose upon the Japanese Government those principles it has persistently maintained, the American Government made a proposal totally ignoring Japanese claims, which is a source of profound regret to the Japanese Government.4. From the beginning of the present negotiation, the Japanese Government has always maintained an attitude of fairness and moderation and did its best to signNow a settlement, for which it made all possible concessions often in spite of great difficulties. As for the China question which constitutes an important subject of the negotiation, the Japanese Government showed a most conciliatory attitude. As for the principle of non-discrimination in international commerce, advocated by the American Government, the Japanese Government expressed its desire to see the said principle applied throughout the world, and declared that along with the actual practice of this principle in the world, the Japanese Government would endeavour to apply the same in the Pacific area including China, and made it clear that Japan had no intention of excluding from China economic activities of third powers pursued on an equitable basis. Furthermore, as regards the question of withdrawing troops from French Indo-China, the Japanese Government even volunteered, as mentioned above, to carry out an immediate evacuation of troops from Southern French Indo-China as a measure of easing the situation.It is presumed that the spirit of conciliation exhibited to the utmost degree by the Japanese Government in all these matters is fully appreciated by the American Government.On the other hand, the American Government, always holding fast to theories in disregard of realities, and refusing to yield an inch on its impractical principles, causes undue delay in the negotiation. It is difficult to understand this attitude of the American Government and the Japanese Government desires to call the attention of the American Government especially to the following points:The American Government advocates in the name of world peace those principles favorable to it and urges upon the Japanese Government the acceptance thereof. The peace of the world may be brought about only by discovering a mutually acceptable formula through recognition of the reality of the situation and mutual appreciation of one another's position. An attitude such as ignores realities and impose (sic) one's selfish views upon others will scarcely serve the purpose of facilitating the consummation of negotiations.Of the various principles put forward by the American Government as a basis of the Japanese-American Agreement, there are some which the Japanese Government is ready to accept in principle, but in view of the world's actual condition it seems only a utopian ideal on the part of the American Government to attempt to force their immediate adoption. Again, the proposal to conclude a multilateral non-aggression pact between Japan, United States, Great Britain, China, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, and Thailand, which is patterned after the old concept of collective security, is far removed from the realities of East Asia.The American proposal contained a stipulation which states -- 'Both Governments will agree that no agreement, which either has concluded with any third power or powers, shall be interpreted by it in such a way as to conflict with the fundamental purpose of this agreement, the establishment and preservation of peace throughout the Pacific area.' It is presumed that the above provision has been proposed with a view to restrain Japan from fulfilling its obligations under the Tripartite Pact when the United States participates in the war in Europe, and, as such, it cannot be accepted by the Japanese Government. The American Government, obsessed with its own views and opinions, may be said to be scheming for the extension of the war. While it seeks, on the one hand, to secure its rear by stabilizing the Pacific Area, it is engaged, on the other hand, in aiding Great Britain and preparing to attack, in the name of self-defense, Germany and Italy two Powers that are striving to establish a new order in Europe. Such a policy is totally at variance with the many principles upon which the American Government proposes to found the stability of the Pacific Area through peaceful means.Whereas the American Government, under the principles it rigidly upholds, objects to settle international issues through military pressure, it is exercising in conjunction with Great Britain and other nations pressure by economic power. Recourse to such pressure as a means of dealing with international relations should be condemned as it is at the time more inhumane than military pressure.It is impossible not to signNow the conclusion that the American Government desires to maintain and strengthen, in coalition with Great Britain and other Powers, its dominant position it has hitherto occupied not only in China but in other areas of East Asia. It is a fact of history that the countries of East Asia have for the past two hundred years or more have been compelled to observe the status quo under the Anglo-American policy of imperialistic exploitation and to sacrifice themselves to the prosperity of the two nations. The Japanese Government cannot tolerate the perpetuation of such a situation since it directly runs counter to Japan's fundamental policy to enable all nations to enjoy each its proper place in the world. The stipulation proposed by the American Government relative to French Indo-China is a good exemplification of the above-mentioned American policy. Thus the six countries -- Japan, the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, China, and Thailand -- excepting France, should undertake among themselves to respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of French Indo-China and equality of treatment in trade and commerce would be tantamount to placing that territory under the joint guarantee of the Governments of those six countries. Apart from the fact that such a proposal totally ignores the position of France, it is unacceptable to the Japanese Government in that such an arrangement cannot but be considered as an extension to French Indo-China of a system similar to the Nine Power Treaty structure which is the chief factor responsible for the present predicament of East Asia.All the items demanded of Japan by the American Government regarding China such as wholesale evacuation of troops or unconditional application of the principle of non-discrimination in international commerce ignored the actual conditions of China, and are calculated to destroy Japan's position as the stabilizing factor of East Asia. The attitude of the American Government in demanding Japan not to support militarily, politically or economically any regime other than the regime at Chungking, disregarding thereby the existence of the Nanking Government, shatters the very basis of the present negotiations. This demand of the American Government falling, as it does, in line with its above-mentioned refusal to cease from aiding the Chungking regime, demonstrates clearly the intention of the American Government to obstruct the restoration of normal relations between Japan and China and the return of peace to East Asia.In brief, the American proposal contains certain acceptable items such as those concerning commerce, including the conclusion of a trade agreement, mutual removal of the freezing restrictions, and stabilization of yen and dollar exchange, or the abolition of extra-territorial rights in China. On the other hand, however, the proposal in question ignores Japan's sacrifices in the four years of the China Affair, menaces the Empire's existence itself and disparages its honour and prestige. Therefore, viewed in its entirety, the Japanese Government regrets it cannot accept the proposal as a basis of negotiation.The Japanese Government, in its desire for an early conclusion of the negotiation, proposed simultaneously with the conclusion of the Japanese-American negotiation, agreements to be signed with Great Britain and other interested countries. The proposal was accepted by the American Government. However, since the American Government has made the proposal of November 26th as a result of frequent consultation with Great Britain, Australia, the Netherlands and Chungking, and presumably by catering to me wishes of the Chungking regime in the questions of China, it must be concluded that all these countries are at one with the United States in ignoring Japan's position.Obviously, it is the intention of the American Government to conspire with Great Britain and other countries to obstruct Japan's effort toward the establishment of peace through the creation of a new order in East Asia, and especially to preserve Anglo-American rights and interest by keeping Japan and China at war. This intention has been revealed clearly during the course of the present negotiation. Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese-American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost. The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it cannot but consider that it is impossible to signNow an agreement through further negotiations.December 7, 1941.Anyone who takes the time to read this so-called 14-Part Message will find no clause or phrase that conveys the information that by the way, Japan is now at war with the United States or any words to that effect. The memorandum only ends negotiations. It doesn’t even end diplomatic relations.The actual declaration of war came at about 9 p.m. Washington time in the form of an Imperial Rescript published in several Japanese newspapers and read aloud on Japanese radio. Here it is:We, by the grace of heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on the throne of a line unbroken for ages eternal, enjoin upon ye, our loyal and brave subjects:We hereby declare war on the United States of America and the British Empire. The men and officers of our Army and Navy shall do their utmost in prosecuting the war, our public servants of various departments shall perform faithfully and diligently their appointed tasks, and all other subjects of ours shall pursue their respective duties; the entire nation with a united will shall mobilize their total strength so that nothing will miscarry in the attainment of our war aims.To ensure the stability of East Asia and to contribute to world peace is the far-sighted policy which was formulated by our great Illustrious Imperial Grandsire and Our Great Imperial Sire succeeding him, and which we lay constantly to heart.To cultivate friendship among nations and to enjoy prosperity in common with all nations have always been the guiding principles of our Empire's foreign policy. It has been truly unavoidable and far from our wishes that our Empire has now been brought to cross swords with the United States and Great Britain.More than four years have passed since China, failing to comprehend the true intentions of our Empire, and recklessly courting trouble, disturbed the peace of East Asia and compelled our Empire to take up arms. Although there has been reestablished the National Government of China, with which Japan has effected neighborly intercourse and cooperation, the regime which has survived at Chungking, relying upon the United States and British protection, still continues its fratricidal opposition.Eager for the realization of their inordinate ambition to dominate the Orient, both the United States and Britain, giving support to the Chungking regime, have aggravated the disturbances in East Asia. Moreover, these two powers, inducing other countries to follow suit, increased military preparations on all sides of our Empire to challenge us. They have obstructed by every means possible our peaceful commerce, and finally resorted to a direct severance of economic relations, menacing gravely the existence of our Empire.Patiently have we waited and long have we endured, in the hope that our Government might retrieve the situation in peace, but our adversaries, showing not the least spirit of conciliation, have unduly delayed a settlement and, in the meantime, they have intensified the economic and political pressure to compel thereby our Empire to submission.This trend of affairs would, if left unchecked, not only nullify our Empire's efforts of many years for the sake of the stabilization of East Asia but also would endanger the very existence of our nation. The situation being such as it is, our Empire for its existence and self-defense has no other recourse but to appeal to arms and to crush every obstacle in its path.The hallowed spirits of our Imperial ancestors guarding us from above, we rely upon the loyalty and courage of our subjects in our confident expectation that the task bequeathed by our forefathers will be carried forward, and that the sources of evil will be speedily eradicated and an enduring peace immutably established in East Asia, preserving thereby the glory of our Empire.Imperial sign-manual and seal.8 December 1941.Tojo’s foreign minister didn’t even deliver a copy to the United States Embassy in Tokyo. They figured we already knew about the war by that time.PSThe question contains another error of fact besides the claim that the 14-Part Message which Nomura and Kurusu presented to U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull was a “declaration of war”. The document did not need to be translated. It was transmitted in English though encrypted using the Japanese diplomatic encryption system known to American military intelligence as MAGIC. The delay was caused by the Japanese embassy in Washington not having a skilled typist on duty with the required security clearance.Post-PostscriptWhat alarmed the United States military intelligence about the 14-Part Message was not the contents intended for presentation to the Secretary of State Hull but private instructions for the Japanese ambassador included in a coded transmission in Romaji (Japanese using the Latin alphabet) that arrived immediately after the last segment of the 14-Part Message. These instructions included an exact time for the presentation of the memorandum to Mr. Hull, 1 pm Eastern Standard Time, and orders for the destruction of all codebooks, encryption equipment, and classified documents to be completed by Sunday noon. General Marshall took that to mean that a state of war was imminent and drafted a message to be sent to all US Army overseas commanders with instruction to forward his words to neighboring Navy commands.The Japanese are presenting at 1 PM EST today what amounts to an ultimatum. Just what significance the hour set may have we do not know, but be on alert accordingly.(signed)George C. Marshall, Chief of StaffThanks to code room bungling (no urgent stamp was applied when the encrypted message was given to Western Union) and the attack itself the message was not delivered to General Short or Admiral Kimmel until after the attack.CORRECTION: The Japanese foreign ministry encryption system was known to the War Department intelligence branch as PURPLE. MAGIC referred to the effort (a remarkably successful effort, btw) to duplicate the actual mechanism and circuitry used by the Japanese system by the United States. I recommend “The Broken Seal” by Ladislas Farago (available from Amazon) for a detailed and exciting account of MAGIC.
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What are the best cloud storage apps on Android?
It depends surely on several factors - how much space you need, the levels of security, the features you require, the OS you are using. I will take a look at some of the most popular apps and how much they give you for free.1) Google DriveFirst of all it's from Google, so it gives you the benefit of being the heart of various services that Google currently offers. On setting up your Google account or linking your existing one to Drive, you get an instant free storage of 15GB, more than any other storage app offers. Now, this storage space will shared by all your Google services. Like wh...
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Are bankers investing in Bitcoin?
Investing and trading in cryptocurrency is not limited to a group of people neither should any profession hinder your chance from making extra buck. Presently. Bitcoin and Altcoins are great investment to make for any smart investors. because mere keeping cryptocurrency can make you money while trading and investing can make you much more.but before you start investing in anything, you have to look before you leap. here are few things you should know before you dive into cryptocurrency trading and investment.Here's What Investors Need To Know About CryptocurrencyCryptocurrency investment opportunities abound, but just how valid are they?With all the loud and conflicting talk surrounding cryptocurrency, how can someone gauge whether to invest in it, or the idea behind a digital coin?Last Saturday, Berkshire Hathaway’s Vice Chairman Charlie Munger told attendees at the company’s annual meeting in Omaha that “people who are professional traders that go into trading cryptocurrencies, it’s just disgusting." According to Nobel prizewinning economist Robert Shiller, “We are over-emphasizing bitcoin.” And JPMorgan Chase & Co. CEO and Chairman Jamie Dimon’s view on cryptocurrencies have arced from disdain to ambivalence.While Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETC) are the cryptocurrencies currently holding the first and second largest market cap respectively (BTC $105.3B, ETC $18.8B), there are more than 2,500 other cryptocurrencies according to this list at http://Investing.com. The opportunities abound, but just how valid are they?Crypto Valuation = Philosophy + Technology?Eric Kovalak, a managing partner for Vellum Capital, a hedge fund management firm specializing in crypto assets, says, “People are trying to translate the value of cryptocurrencies into a traditional model where they’d use something like P/E.”While there is a calculation called NVT Ratio (i.e., network value to transactions ratio) that mirrors a kind of P/E ratio for Bitcoin, its creator says it’s “not always” a valuation metric for other cryptocurrencies. According to Mr. Kovalak, putting a value on a cryptocurrency means evaluating the asset against a philosophy and technology. He says investors should ask themselves if the cryptocurrency’s fundamental structure provides a transparent, decentralized solution.Mr. Kovalak says a digital coin should also solve a problem that aligns with the philosophy of a distributed currency solution. For example, digital coin XRP solved the technological problem of allowing Visa- and Mastercard-like volumes of transactions on the network, which has been a challenge for the current structure of Bitcoin. However, XRP operates on a centrally permissioned consensus ledger, not an open peer-to-peer blockchain, and per Mr. Kovalak’s view, not philosophically aligned to the distributed model advocated by many crypto experts.Going Mainstream: “Using Blockchain Without Knowing It”One of the greatest levers for widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies is how easily people can acquire, protect and use them. Just ask your grandmother to pay for something with bitcoin. Her reaction will illustrate some of the challenges to broad adoption. Suffice it to say there’s still a great deal of intellectual know-how required to understand, find and sign into an encrypted portal and begin trading.That said, for believers, the promise of cryptocurrency is its potential to be a first-ever global currency. One cryptocurrency security expert told me, “More than money, crypto is an industry. Imagine you invested in email in 1993 [before browsers provided the platform for mass adoption]; cryptocurrency might be the way to do that today.” It’s a tantalizing thought for investors.The cryptocurrency industry, say experts, hasn’t arrived at its “browser moment” yet. To go mainstream, they say, you would expect people to use a blockchain without knowing they’re using a blockchain—a kind of backdoor “Intel Inside” strategy. The application built on top of it would be simple to use. For example, Brave Software Inc. is offering a browser that allows users to send money to websites they like. What consumers don’t realize is that the Brave browser is integrated with Basic Attention Token, a decentralized ad platform based on Ethereum. And while Brave Software is making the use of cryptocurrency more seamless, pundits and media outlets have given it mixed reviews.Formulating A Crypto Investment StrategyWhen I asked G. Mark Hardy, an expert on cyber security and president of the National Security Corporation, what criteria he would use to assess the value of cryptocurrencies, his answers included:Look at the financial stability and maturity of the cryptocurrency’s core developers and their sponsors.Monitor the consumer acceptance rate over time.Determine if the company behind the coin is solving a particular business issue. With more than 2,500 cryptocurrencies and growing, many simply emulate what an existing currency is already doing.I’ll add this: When PE firms evaluate a privately held company, the experience of the target company’s managers shape any decision to invest. Among the first criterion I’d use to assess a cryptocurrency would be looking at the team behind the digital coin. What’s their experience with encryption, economics, software development, auditing and system architecture?Another criterion is the cryptocurrency’s level of transparency and public statements. For instance, if a company indicates with a news release that it’s struck a valuable partnership with a major company, find out the level of commitment to that partnership. A brand name partnering with a blockchain developer is no guarantee of a successful endeavor.Last year, news of KODAKCoin broke at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Through a licensing agreement with Kodak Co., blockchain developer WENN Digital is apparently building a platform, called KODAKOne, using artificial intelligence to manage digital imagery. KODAKOne is supposed to pay image owners in KODAKCoin. According to recent news accounts, and in spite of the early fanfare and bump in Kodak’s stock, KODAKCoin still isn’t available and critics call the KODAKOne platform no more valuable than Shutterstock. In fact, digital rights management experts question the fundamental business objective of KODAKOne.Cryptocurrencies are still new and unconventional. But even with digital coins, there’s a conventional, albeit boring, two-part answer to assessing which ones to buy: First, investors should decide if these investments are within their sphere of know-how. If, for example, someone is an expert on manufacturing and misses an opportunity to invest in a healthcare start-up, is it really a miss? Next, learn about the organizations behind these digital coins and decide if they’re solving a legitimate problem. If so, can someone buy the asset for a rational price and articulate a clear rationale for how it is positioned to appreciate over several years?For those seeking safety in numbers, Mr. Kovalak offers this novel idea for investing in a new and largely untested industry: Pick your top five crypto investments from among the largest cryptocurrencies measured by market capitalization and manage them like your own mini-crypto-fund.Now, that you know something about cryptocurrency, you should not just wait as a bystander, make money with your little knowledge and get a chance to learn more while you make money by trading and investing alongside other smart investors and traders on Home-AlphaOptionMarket.Home-AlphaOptionMarket is a trading platform that trades in classic currencies and crypto. If you don’t understand what trading classic currencies and crypto means, not too worry this write up is just as relevant for you. At Home-AlphaOptionMarket you can earn up to 95% profit on your funds as bodly written on the website but so far so good the least i have earned was 65% profit on my funds and the highest was 87% so in my opinion I think it’s safe to cut them that slack since we all get how important marketing is.What makes this platform unique is the fact that I did not even know jack about trading. I had access to experts who were ready to help and guide me through it all. I basically just had someone trade my funds for me while i still got to learn.Thats crazy I agree !!!!!!After several trades I was able to start making trades on my own and even though the first few attempts wasn’t as good as when I traded as advised by experts, the point is I made profit.All you need to do is go to http://www.alphaoptionmarket.com... to create an Home-AlphaOptionMarket account. Fill in your details and on successful registration logon to your account.You will be required to verify your account before you can start trading so make sure you have a valid means of ID nearby.The verification process is also very fast and you get assigned an account officer immediately.Go ahead to fund your account and the account officer shall be ever ready to give you pointers.Guess what, immediately you fund your account, you get a deposit bonus which is a percentage of your deposit. Awesome i must say!!!!I can guarantee that trading would be a success this approach.Alot of other advantages really and another thing worth mentioning is the excellent customer care support starting from the live chat on the website to emails and customer relations generally. Far too excellent!!!
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