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- [Narrator] In 2016, 11.5 million files were leaked from Mossack Fonseca, the world's fourth largest offshore law firm. These were called the Panama Papers. Hundreds of thousands of offshore entities and shell companies connected to over 200 countries and territories appear in the papers. Prominent world leaders, politicians, business people and the super wealthy were exposed to have been using offshore accounts for tax avoidance and other purposes. So, why should you care? Every year, about 70 billion dollars that the US could be using for infrastructure, law enforcement, healthcare or education is missing. It's hidden deep within shell companies and anonymous entities in places like the British Virgin Islands. Now, let's back up. What exactly is a shell company anyway? - Setting up a shell company is really quite easy. You can go to a place like Panama or the British Virgin Islands or Delaware or Nevada and usually the places where you're doing it have tough laws where they will not reveal who the beneficial owner is and they just layer on different aspects of anonymity. So for example, you could have fake directors where you pay a little bit extra and someone pretends to be the public face of this company. Just because you have a shell company does not mean necessarily that you're doing anything illegal. Say for example, you wanna have some business activities but you don't want certain business partners to know what you're doing. The more normal one is some form of legal tax avoidance. I think that a lot of people in the US think that tax evasion and tax avoidance is something that happens in a far off place with palm trees and ocean breezes. And the reality is it's a big deal here. The US Treasury estimates that something like 300 billion dollars a year is laundered through the United States. Foreigners are coming in and buying up property with anonymous shell companies and some of that is perfectly legitimate but some of it is clearly money laundering and corrupt officials and other people using their cash to park it in property and making it impossible for the people who live there to afford it. And our government is claiming that it doesn't have enough money for infrastructure or for healthcare or for police or for education and at the same time, there's just huge amounts of tax avoidance and tax evasion going on through this secrecy world. Worldwide tax authorities have collected more than a half a billion dollars based on the Panama Papers leak. - [Narrator] Of the 214,000 entities identified in the Panama Papers, about one half of them are located in the British Virgin Islands. How did this tiny area become such a huge tax haven? Mossack Fonseca is a Panama based law firm founded in 1977. After instability in Panama was pushing clients away during the '80s, the firm discovered the British Virgin Islands were ripe new territory for anonymous shell companies. - Their vision was to be McDonald's of the offshore system, right? It was high volume, low cost and so they were going to pump out these anonymous shell companies and make them available to a wider audience. In the beginning, that's a great business model, right, because all you're doing is you create this anonymous shell company, you give it a name, you don't care who actually is behind it and you stick it in a folder and you forget about it until a year passes and it's time to invoice for the renewal. Later on, there's more vetting. Governments start to realize that these are being used by criminals and money launderers and things like that and so they say, "We need more information." And I asked Jurgen Mossack, "Did you ever see that wonderful "I Love Lucy episode where she's in the chocolate factory "and she's trying to keep up with the conveyor belt "and it's going faster and faster?" And he said, "Yes." It was very much like that at a certain point. - [Narrator] So we know it's a big problem but how is this still happening? - There's a lot of bureaucratic inertia and timidity in the IRS for sure. But another big part of it is that Congress has eviscerated the IRS and they've starved it of funds, there's been a lot of retirements and so you've deliberately hobbled the IRS and made it impossible for them to go after this kind of tax evasion. A lot of this information is being held in banks and in jurisdictions where they do not cooperate with US authorities easily. The only way that the IRS can really figure out what's going on is through these leaks. And it's really these leaks in recent years that have allowed the IRS and the rest of the public to really get a vision of how this system works and how big it is, how all-encompassing. It's gonna take people being aware that the reality is we don't have to accept the austerity that is being forced on us. The Europeans are ahead of us on this because they got hit very hard after the financial crisis. There were major cutbacks in multiple countries. And so when these leak investigations started coming out and they found out that the mega wealthy amongst them were not paying their fair share, people got very upset about that and it really hasn't penetrated in the United States quite as much but I suspect that it will in the future.