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i welcome all of you for this manage international conference on agricultural extension and advisory services innovation to impact on because of manage and behalf of all the all the participants and managed stakeholders we welcome you for this international conference this conference the first of this conference earlier we thought 2020 february is supposed to be happen but due to kobit we were postponed and it is going online otherwise we planned for the traditional and face-to-face uh international conference on agriculture extension and advisory services and also these six themes we thought something it will go like uh important themes like uh it will be every year we want to conduct something like introducing innovations and reforming capabilities of agriculture institutions and followed by beyond agricultural extension what they are agree agriculture generally field crops and allied sector like livestock and fisheries uh what are the important innovations are happening in agriculture extension and now we talk about lot of startups and the entrepreneurship activities and agriculture no more it's a traditional traditional way of living or it is a business that's why how it makes agriculture extension how it is helping and last two decades many of the developing countries we are talking about icts and how it makes the difference what is the impact it is created and again today they talk about new extension something like gender nutrition or urban agriculture and how it makes like that and these three topics we thought of having international conference with practitioners it is not very regular academic conferences like it happens and most of the today's today this conference for three days almost 25 only 25 percent as they are presenting starting from two keynotes and there are six invaded speakers and twenty of uh paper presenters these all research based paper passengers and also there are somebody there most of them are practicing they are doing on the particular topic and this annual event this year due to kobe pandemic we started in online otherwise it will go for uh it's a biennial event and it is supposed to be 20 20 onwards it's a biannual event and we'll have next even during 2023 on same topic the topic may not change because it comprises of most of the broad areas of agriculture extension it will be continuing and after two years again 2023 in the same february same dates we will go for this conference and as you know manage was seen it's the organization started in 1987 and it is the maybe globally if you talk about some organization for agriculture extension very specifically there may be large number of developmental departments others might be doing for agriculture extension doing research or developmental activities but the the institute which is very much specialized and only for agriculture extension may be globally we see only only the manage national stop agriculture extension management and we are proud to host this program and today's with us there are two speakers that are very renowned two speakers are with us and and keynote speakers are two of them are today they are there and today evening also there are invited speakers from michigan state university professor muraris vedi today evening at seven o'clock he will be with us and and first i will go for our introducing first keynote speaker dr christine davis and dr christine davis is a senior research fellow in the development strategy and governance division of the international food policy research institute washington dc and she serves as the co-director of the feed the future developing local extension capacity project popularly called delc dlec delq project and christine davis a u.s national joined in international food policy research institute in november 2004 as a post-doctoral fellow she has conducted research on former field schools rural institutions and agricultural innovation systems pluralistic extension systems and extension education in africa and worldwide and she has some 40 peer-reviewed journal articles one of the high rated journal articles highly cited articles he is having and a lot of large number of book chapters and policy briefs for his credit she has served as a president of the association for international agricultural and extension education properly called as aiaee and currently services the board of the aae and she is editor-in-chief of the journal of agricultural education and extension from beginning in netherlands and davis was the architect of the new extension learning kit and a set of modules containing core competencies for the global extension agent and also she was the leader in leading gfrs for almost one decade and put across the country she put some 18 global and regional networks to work for the agriculture extension and also to professionalize and also to provide the advocacy for agriculture extension there are a large number of regional networks under the country for us promoted by uh dr christine davies and uh on behalf of manage we welcome dr christine davis from ypre for today's keynote speak and we have another another speaker uh today's another keynote speaker from feo food and agriculture organization dr silva raj ramaswamy is head of the research and extension unit and office of the innovation of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations he leads the fpos efforts in agriculture research and extension strengthening of agriculture innovation systems and outreach of innovative agriculture technologies and practices his work also focuses on partnership with international national agriculture research centers and forums of extension advisory services dr silva raj ramasam is with fao more than almost it is one and of decades since 2007 is with feo and on behalf of maine age and on behalf of all our participants we welcome you sir dr silva raj ramaswamy and for the keynote speakers madam today we are having dr christine davis and dr salvaraj ramaswamy we are having the participants from across the country and also other parts of the country and they are mostly from practices they are agricultural extension professionals mostly from india majority of them from india very few from foreign countries because we didn't put registration link open for across because due to internet outages other things we restricted participation and only yesterday we put it a few members we want to join because we are going for this entire proceedings we are going to record and we will be putting across for across anybody can see in the youtube link we are recording the entire event of all the presentation and most of them extension practitioners there are scientists from indian council of agriculture research there are practitioners and subject matter experts from the crucifixion cameras and developmental departments like the department of agriculture department officers and across the country there are different developmental departments the professionals are they are here and i welcome all of you on behalf of maine's and we hope today's keynote speech will be inspiring for all of us and we will take lot of take home messages and with this i request dr christine davies to start your presentation thank you very much thank you very much dr sana nice to be with you all today and i'm honored to be uh cher um okay here we go i've got the slide now so i think turbulence of last year has caused us to come back and take stock and i wanted to talk a little bit today about the past the present and the future of agricultural extension and advisory services let me know if any technical problems so we'll look at some of the past a little bit of history of extension going quite far far back and look at some of the trends going on today and then talk about some of the scenarios for the future of extension so when we look at the past we can go all the way back uh to around 1800 bc actually when we're talking about tablets of a different sort being used in mesopotamia for agricultural advice i think today we have a sort of a different tablet that is being used but nevertheless extension and advisory services have been around for a long time if we go back in time to the 1800s a d this is really the start of what they call modern extension in the british islands when universities like oxford and cambridge were trying to extend knowledge that they were gaining from research and education to nearby communities and the u.s land-grant system also took up this idea of extending knowledge and research to local communities and that was the birth of modern extension still back in time a lot of the post-colonial approaches uh were when the the colonial governments withdrew and the new governments often with help of world bank or other investors started providing services to small-scale farmers all crops and not just the cash crops and the focus of these post-colonial approaches to extension was really on transfer of technology modernization of agriculture new techniques new seeds new inputs and so forth and they had strong links with research in the 1980s or so we had the famous or should i say infamous world bank's training and visit system which was a very structured and formalized approach to extension with regular visits by attention regular training of farmers and extension agents this caused governments to put a lot of um money and efforts into the civil service and the extension services became very large uh very top-heavy with a lot of funds going towards salaries and so forth and um the world bank and imf wanted to liberalize uh countries governments and and um economies around the 1990s they instituted these structural adjustment programs and as a result a lot of the funding uh was no longer available for operational funds and all of the funding that was available had to go more more towards salaries and stuff leading to sort of um you know people not able to really implement programs well uh because they hadn't didn't have these operational funds so this led to a lot of different reforms and extension as well as the the recognition that maybe tnv and some of the traditional extension wasn't working so well so we had reforms like decentralization privatization market orientation pluralism and participatory approaches came in around the same time in the 1980s 1990s and into the 2000s and i just wanted to to document i don't think it's been documented before very well that the evolution of extension knowledge hubs in the past so around the time of training uh the nushatel initiative was started and this involved the swiss uh donor agency sdc coming and saying let's think of some alternatives to training and visit and they called together other donors that were investing in extension and advisory services they met in a shotel in 1995 and thereafter every year they would meet on an ad hoc basis with no formal structure to develop knowledge materials about how can we do extension better how can we fund extension better so the nash hotel initiative started reaching out more to the south and more toward non-donors to involve the african forum for agricultural advisory services farmer organizations and others and around um 2010 the global forum for rural advisory services g frost was born um and after that nachito was was given a nice uh burial and and thanked for their work and that and the gfros network was born around the same time a lot of european chairs of extension were closing as as people retired they didn't continue to put new chairs in and they closed those programs and so i think today we really see the rise of extension research coming out of india and africa so looking more at the present uh we've come from this very linear sort of approach the transfer of technology approach where research develops technologies or innovations extension then passes them on to farmers to the much more complex messy but i think realistic agricultural innovation systems approach which really looks at how do actors interact to produce innovations it also focuses on the fact that innovations don't just come from research innovations come from farmers they come from extension they come from the private sector and they're not just technical innovations but there's also innovations in processes and innovations and institutions the other element to think about when we look at extension from an innovation systems framework or viewpoint is that the enabling environment the rules of the game the rules the regulations really affect how innovation occurs and how these actors interact so this is the viewpoint we have today which has a lot of implications for what we see as extension and what capacities extension and advisory services need so it's really beyond transfer of technology beyond information delivery to think about all the activities all the actors that are providing information and services that farmers and other rural actors need with regard to technical organizational and management capacities to improve their livelihoods their quality of life and their well-being and i just wanted uh to highlight a little bit this book since we're talking about the present of extension or the status of extension today there's a book that's just been put out the link is in these slides you can download it from the ifree website if you like hard copies you can also download it from google or amazon and pay for that but basically a few brief highlights from this book we look at a global level of extension what's happening today we compare national systems to each other and regional systems we do performance of assessment of a number of extension services in five countries and then we give lessons and policy insights we use the best bit framework to analyze extension services in this book so we look at the governance which of course we have increasing pluralism but public sector roles still remain and public sector is still important if you look at this example from uganda it's quite uh quite prevalent in the extension system there we also find a real lack of policies worldwide to guide extension governance and this is a problem capacity is a huge issue in extension organizations and for their staff we have more than a million extension agents today and really the line is starting to blur between what's formal extension what's a farmer extensionist what's a lead farmer what's a village agent who's providing services in a private sector capacity and so forth but looking at this extension core today around the world more than half of them only have a two to three year diploma or less in terms of their level of education and in many countries there's very little on the job training continuing education for the extension staff so capacities are very very low and i'm glad that we have manage and institutes like that who are really working on capacities of extension agents and then with regard to management of extension services also an important component of extension services we see that in many countries agents extension agents would carry a heavy workload and the workload isn't always related to your typical agricultural advice and information they often do things like providing or collecting credit helping with national surveys and censuses and things like that so they're not always doing agricultural work and many countries have very limited or no incentive system there's no career path there's little rewards there's no continuing education as i already mentioned and this is a factor that needs to be addressed if extension services are gonna play a big role in the future and then finally looking at advisory methods we often think of digital approaches today and that's that's true it's important however if we look across the world at extension approaches traditional approaches are still important your demonstrations your group meetings um there's also an increasing focus on market-oriented approaches and linking farmers to market um but we'll be talking more about digital approaches in other speakers um during this conference so i'm not going to focus on that today they're becoming more and more important several other trends are worth mentioning in extension today there is a lot of crises going on from covid to climate change and pests and diseases to other risks digitalization pr vatization engagement of youth and agropreneurship so with regard to crises and emergencies there's a lot more it seems droughts fires hurricanes tsunamis the epidemics even conflicts are affecting how people do agriculture and what extension can do as a as a result and how extension can support people and communities during crises so the question is you know in spite of all these crises how can we still reach sustainable development goal number two zero hunger how can we feed these hundreds of millions of hungry people the gross annual meeting in 2019 in jamaica addressed this and i know that the agricultural extension south asia network iesa also has some blogs and other materials on extension and crisis so you can take a look at those links and then digital extension our use of icts and extension obviously these tools offer us a lot of opportunities for information distribution for collecting information helping to diagnose problems through taking pictures of diseases and so forth there's many many functions of icts for for extension so i list some of them here the gfrost global good practice notes has a number of really useful materials on extension using ict so you can take a look at that using this link and then we have privatization as a trend today so there's an increasing use of non-public providers ngos private providers whether they're individuals or companies and a lot of this is due in part to cost recovery people want to recover their costs and issues of sustainability but it's also an issue of demand-driven extension so private extension is more attuned to the demands of their customers by the nature of of private extension provision it also helps them to customize messages and advice to what farmers really want and need the questions around privatization are who is left out you know maybe there's very poor farmers and producers who can't afford to pay for extension services and extension advice and what about bias if it's a company that promotes a certain seed or pesticide you know maybe they're biased toward promoting those those inputs to farmers so those are questions around privatization there's a 28 country study by developing local extension capacity dlac which you can also look at to learn more about private sector extension provision and then engagement there's millions of unemployed youth uh worldwide and a lot of programs and and donors and country governments are thinking about how can we engage youth in agriculture um to provide them with livelihood opportunities to reduce poverty to help stimulate economies some of the issues around this are that youth number one they lack assets um to start businesses they don't have credit they don't have farmland per se there's also an issue of cultural perceptions or let's say misperceptions that you know youth are maybe are not respected um to give advice if they want to become a village extension agent or something youth themselves maybe don't want to go into agriculture they want to do something different than what they perceive as you know an old-fashioned um career that their grandparents or maybe their parents had some people think there's a lot of opportunities because of the digital tools we have these days so youth are very adept at using digital tools and maybe this is something that can entice them into agriculture if they're able to use digital technologies and make some money on the side so the question here is does extension have the right approach engaging youth there's also some d-lex studies on the youth so you can look at the dilek website and and look look at our youth studies that we've been doing there's about five or six of them and then bringing together the two previous ideas of privatization and also the youth can be really engaged in this idea of agropreneurship and i know that manage has been doing a lot with this as well so first of all we can't provide formal jobs for all of these rural people especially the young people who are coming into the job marketplace so we need job creation we need people who can employ themselves and create their own jobs the question is should extension serve agropreneurs and not just farmers and if so what skills or competencies would would they need um so the recent d like uh report that we've just put out does really talk about this and how can um youth be involved in agropreneurship either providing extension services or being recipients of extension services in an agropreneurial type of concept the new extensionist learning kit by gfrust the global forum for rural advisory services has a whole module about agropreneurship if you're wanting to gain some some competencies there or learn more about agripreneurship and then finally looking to the future so we've looked at the past we've looked at the present of extension and i want to look just a little bit into the future so i think the common goal that we will have when we think about the future are the sustainable development goals and of course extension and advisory services are critical and key to sustainable development goal number one no poverty and number two zero hunger as well as having links to many of the other ones as well um so this is our common goal when we're thinking about the future now there's a very interesting article um called hey siri what's the future of extension where this dr king sort of looked at extension today and you know why do we need extension if i can just say hey siri how do i grow rice better or you know alexa what do i do about the rats in my field you know do we need extension when we can just use um our apps and digital technologies to get the information so this is a big important question today and what's the relevance of extension in today's digital age so when we look into our crystal ball for the future of extension this is in part you know based on the the trends and where we're going but i think also in part hopes and dreams of the future of extension we see an extension that is capacitated it's professional it's digitally enabled customized and it's holistic so let's take these one by one what we think about extension there's really three levels of capacity there's your individual extension agent she or he need all sorts of functional and technical capacities but our organizations and our systems really need capacities too we need capacities to build alliances to partner to problem solve and so forth so there's a lot of capacities that are needed for extension and when we think about capacities we have to think about it at these three different levels i think an important element today for extension is really the issue of emotional intelligence so the individual agent needs technical competencies they need functional competencies but they need this capacity to reason and to analyze emotional information that's your self-awareness self-regulation and self-motivation and if you look at at google and other companies like this they really hire people based on their eq rather than their iq and their studies that show that what sets people apart if you have high performers it's this ability to reason and analyze emotional information your emotional intelligence and people are looking at this when they hire today organizational capacities i mentioned some of these but organizations of extension need to be able to adapt and respond just think about the covid crisis the past year and how extension organizations adapted and responded or maybe they didn't and they they totally failed we need to be able to adapt and respond to crises to solve complex problems to use critical thinking and to partner the second element is is the professionalization of extension so a lot of um organizations extension at the national level is putting in place they don't already have regulations for extension to make it more professional certification systems capacity development and continuing professional uh development and workforce development we have the agricultural skills council of india that i know certifies at least these village level agents if not also other types of extension agents in europe we have a system called chakra which certifies extension agents with regard to their professional competencies uganda and south africa have also recently instituted regulations and a certification system where you have to register yourself and show what professions professionalization skills you have as an extension provider and this is really important when we think about not just government hiring uh and firing extension workers but you know all sorts of people coming up in ngos and the private sector saying i'm an advisor i'm going to advise you about your crops but these people need to have regulation and certification systems in place and then we have digitally enabled extensions so these are really about enhancing your work accelerating your work it's not about replacing people with machines we still need people to provide the content to explain the content to farmer and to train and help farmers to use digital tools so it's much more than information delivery it's also about accessing finance and services monitoring and evaluating services and staff and it's about capacity building we can use digital tools to strengthen capacities of extension we really need ex digital extension and education today for these reasons listed here um the youth population that i mentioned to reach more marginalized groups and people that are very far away there's also an increasing tightening of budgets less funds available to do our work as extension digital tools offer some scope for doing things at a at a at a cheaper cost but we also have opportunities like big data the increased use of cell phones and internet today and the use of social media for information in myanmar for instance everyone goes to facebook to get information and news and agricultural advice and then we need uh for the future extension customized and smart advice for farmers so these big data that are available help us to really take a look at the big picture and go all the way down to farmers fields to see what might be needed in terms of inputs or what you know what we should do in terms of the predicted weather the digital tools offer a lot of opportunities for bundled services using the big data linking farmers to market providing them with credit opportunities and so forth i think the questions here are really about number one issues of privacy and then who owns the data companies are starting to collect information about all of us but whose data should this be and who makes the decisions based on these data and then finally the future extension needs to be one that's holistic i think covet 19 again has shown us that extension is about people and serving people's needs so they have health needs they have legal needs they have gender-based needs there's nutrition elements extension is much more than agricultural production it's about linking farmers to market it's about livestock and crops and natural resource management and it's about human health and nutrition and many more things and so extension agents obviously cannot be a master of all of these different competencies however extension agents need to be brokers and facilitators to link farmers to those experts to support their needs so in conclusion we've really come a long way since you know 1800 bc when we're using clay tablets to provide extension advice the present that we're in right now is very diverse and it's very fluid there's there's a lot of change going on and we can't really see the future but i think based on trends based on what what's what is going to happen in future from what we can see from the trends is that there is a lot of hope for extension there's a big role for an extension that is capacitated is professional digitally enabled customized advice and a holistic sort of approach to extension so with that i'd like you and put in a plug the developing local extension capacity project will be ending in june uh we're having our final annual community of practice online virtually the third week of april so stay tuned for that um and we're also currently running a video competition for this community of practice so if you want to put together an a video about extension please see the competition links here so with that i'll turn it back to our moderator and thanks for your time thank you christine for your very insightful and uh that also putting from 1900 sandwiches you are putting in there extension you brought up to today that may be very great challenge within 30 minutes and putting since 1900s thank you very much for your very comprehensive and also very insightful session on agriculture extension what was the past and what is the present now and what's supposed to be the future and really it is very enriching and we will take few questions and there are questions there uh the participants can type in the chat box we will take questions one by one another 15 minutes are there for 18 minutes are there for christine so he can answer those questions and before that as we clearly told today the globally if you see something like you told current trends like privatization and this one earlier also in latin american countries other countries it was their tried but even country like india the real privatization when we tell it really not making it big way because farmers still small and marginal farmers land holding farmers they feel that it is the government's responsibility and they supposed to give the public inform it's a public nature they need to give the information as a welfare activity like that that's why many of you when our agri-purnas they find it very difficult how do you see this trend in african countries or other countries because he only travels across the world and many studies also conducted especially in african continent any interesting examples on cost recovery or something farmers are paying for service like that anything so yeah one by one we'll take because people have started putting the questions we will go for one by one that's why i thought yeah yeah okay yeah i think um in african countries and a lot of other countries there's this um increasing pluralism as as mentioned in the chat there's there's aggressive growth of private sector extension services i think public extension services are still needed and if you recall i think uh dr bert swanson had produced a quadrant of different roles and services of extension so there's like you say the welfare there's public good services that there's no interest for the private sector to provide and so public sector needs to still produce and and provide public good services things like natural resource management is often uh considered a public good and then there's also national development goals reduction of of poverty reduction of food and nutrition and security these are these are issues where the where the government would come in and i see that the question in the chat is also talking about what's what's the future then of of public extension when private extension is is coming in and i think um the role of the public sector is changing public sector does need to retain some of those public good services but i think more and more the role of the public service is going to become the coordination and sort of regulation and oversight uh making sure that the myriad of private providers are actually qualified they're actually at behaving in an ethical manner um and these are sorts of roles of the public system and i see the public system um also you know providing those those basic competencies and capacities of course the private sector can do that as well but they'll be doing it in their areas of interest and so the public sector probably has to provide that baseline uh public um competencies that are needed yeah anyway the chat box question also is supposed to be answered and also he was wondering how that public extension feature along with the efficiency whether it will be delivering advisory service when compared to private extension or so many they are using digital services that maybe is concerned whether really public sector is more efficient compared to private sector but there may be roles maybe are clearly told but roles may be really differen many of the private sector might be going for market or something marketing or something aggressive they will go but the public extension may be right yeah the efficiency question is a good one and i think there's no real studies really looking at efficiency or comparing them because and it's quite difficult to compare apples and oranges but i would say you know the private sector tend to be more efficient but more narrow as well so the the public the private sector is more efficient and more narrow in the public sector is is broader and probably less efficient but this question of pluralism really brings big concerns with regard to duplication of efforts and coordination because if everyone starts providing services and in the country of malawi for instance they have great concerns that you know ngo a is saying do this and ngob is saying no do this and the government is saying something else and so quality um of of the messages is really a concern as well as coordination and overlap and so when we come into a pluralistic system there really has to be some really good um coordination to avoid the duplication and the overlap yeah another interesting point you raised when extension personnel need to be capacitated or professional development technical and functional competencies and even our new extensionist it is written by and a group of people led by you it also very clearly articulates along with the technical competencies functional competencies are very important not only for extension even european commission clearly attribute articulates for the even educational sector future of graduates should come more of something like functional competence is not really the technical competency but if india country like india we see over the years we talk about only technology transfer and then technology is more important not the functional competencies but today government of india tries to promote ten thousand hundred thousand former producer organizations but we see here there is a leadership for something like leadership qualities are promoting or mobilizing the farmers how they can work in the groups these type of functional skills are needed but whether our extension systems are able to offer that is the big question mark but still there is not great uh uh support for functional skills compared to technical skills unfortunately and how we tackle it like many of the developing and this may be extension personalities pressing same dilemma there is a problem always people give importance for technical competencies not for the functional competencies yeah what we can do for this any idea on this yeah right yeah thanks like that's a that's a good point and i think yeah this all stems probably from the green revolution and the positivist view that you know technology is going to solve all of our problems which technology is important and technical skills are important but as extension staff we go beyond agronomy we go beyond livestock and we're working with people so we need people skills um and in fact i mean i sometimes i try to explain to people who don't know what extension is and i say it's it's part agronomy it's part sociology it's part psychology and there's there's many different elements including education um so as you mentioned the gfrost new extensionist learning kit was developed to provide these functional competencies that are not included in in the technical training so technical training of extension staff has many limitations so it's it's it's studies that we've we've looked at there's almost no practical training um it's all textbook it's very old-fashioned they never get to drive a tractor or use an app or or whatever so even their technical training is is not perfect um but certainly it's lacking those functional skills communication group development leadership gender issues analysis and so forth and so the new extensionist learning kit was developed to provide a set of materials uh to people that want to upskill their knowledge these materials are free you can download them you can translate them you can use them um so they're freely available i know that i understand that india has recently been reforming your extension curricula to i hope include more of these functional competencies so it will be interesting to see in future how this is going to affect you know long-term outcomes and impacts of the communities that they're trying to reach yeah another point across also there is the same when you are studying many continents and there is a problem of workload for extension personnel even we studied many studies somewhere like 25 plus states we studied it is not the real advisory or other work bothers them but most of them continuously regularly reporting and other work and also other interesting fact in ict is information communication technology instead of facilitating their work they they will tell it whatsapp groups makes a lot of stress because always senior rpgs they will put they will put the reports and the orders will come from whatsapp group then they need to force it to answer all the time even they won't get the quality personal life like that there is a lot of uh there is a dissatisfaction among the large number of extension processors and that is continuously happening and there is no and what we can do because this icts it is not really facilitating they feel some of them it is really forcing them to do continuously work sending reports and whatsapp groups and they can't just know any time that's the issue they are replacing actually that's so that's what what we can feel and what you can suggest for this anything right right this is a very good point and it's something not uh you know it's not unique to extension it's unique to any profession uh really um but as you say extension officers tend to have an overwhelmed workload in any case because they say oh there's somebody in a rural area let's use them to implement a project about nutrition or to collect census data or to do all sorts of things that's not part of their job description so um the first thing i think is really it's an issue of of management um and we need to have a management system that suits today's technologies and we need to think about you know how to allow extension officers to switch off um so we need to manage their workload we need to manage their time in a better way and this is a job that needs to start at the highest levels of organizations but secondly we need something that is called digital wisdom and i don't think it's really out there yet but we need it and it's probably related to you know emotional intelligence and and critical thinking and all of this but we need to empower and capacitate individuals to be able to make wise decisions um to be able to filter out information to be able to filter out false news um there needs to be this capacity within individual extension agents to say i'm going to turn off this whatsapp group because it's not useful to me of course you can't turn off your bosses whatsapps but those bosses need to be really thinking about you know how how are my staff using their time wisely and and what's the best way to communicate and get reports and and so forth that needs to be thought out a lot more okay there is another question and a large number of countries still they go for the linear model like you told research extension and farmers how to really make them go for the something systems approach even though last 15 years the leaders are talking even gfr stocks in big way agriculture innovation systems how we can make it there is another question this one yeah somewhere right i've seen that question yeah and it's it's a big issue because i think what a lot of people have done they've just done a cut and paste so when they're talking about a project or they're talking about work as extension they just they just say agricultural innovation systems instead of transfer of technology but their mindset hasn't changed that just their language has changed i think it's going to take a lot of time and effort and dr rashid suleiman and myself you know worked on this position paper called the new extensionist which then led to the new extensionist learning kit but it's really thinking about extension in different roles in the the entirety of its roles in it in a different way but it's very very difficult to get policy makers and research programs to really think about the entire agricultural innovation system much simpler to think in a linear fashion and it's much simpler to think from you know research outputs inputs to outputs to you know your final target group but it's not really realistic um i think it's going to take a lot of capacity building and and continue dialogue with all these levels it has to really start probably from your ministers and high level decision makers to get them to think differently before it filters down to the rest of us yeah thank you christine another interesting question we'll talk agriculture extension over the years but uh recent positive cgfrs and many they will call agricultural extension and advisory services there is a question if you call this agriculture extension or extension it is not mean advisory why we are putting two like that there is another question right yeah this relates probably to that slide where i talked about nashitel initiative and gfros and even the earlier slide when i talked about the university-based extension so those universities were extending knowledge um when we started gfrost we had a big discussion about what are we calling ourselves and what are we talking about and we we landed on rural advisory services but it's limiting most of the world outside of europe uses extension the us uses extension most african countries maybe anglophone at least use extension asia uses extension india uses extension so toward the end of my tenure at gfrost we started saying extension and advisory services the reason we chose advisory services for gfrost was it's less it's more it's more inclusive extension means i'm the expert extending knowledge to poor farmers or to poor rural people whereas advisory services it's more participatory you're advising one expert to another the farmer is an expert in her own right or his own right so that's the reason people like to keep advisory services and it's much more focused on you know dialogue and that sort of thing and yeah it's difficult because now we've lengthened the name and people say extension and advisory services or agricultural extension and rural advisory services but if you just recognize the you know how these names came about and then often in papers i myself say you know this is what it means uh that's why i gave you the slide saying what we what we mean when we say extension and advisory services but then hereafter i'm just going to use a short term like extension or an acronym like r8 or something for rural advisory services okay thank you christine another interesting question from dr mr nissan ike and this kobe times and the training normally happens in the physical mode now many of them they are going kobe time blessing in disguise many of them putting in online lot of streaming and all happening trainings also they are replaced with online trainings whether what you think it can these online trainings can play a substantial role in feature related to pandemics or regular programs also what is take people are trying to adopt more and more online but really it substitutes for the traditional way of doing training or it is we need to have the complimentary how it is what is your opinion on this yeah yeah i mean i think it really depends on on the objective and the audience um the topic you know certain you have to the the form has to follow the function has to the the form has to suit the function right so if you're teaching something really complex and you need to do something in the ground or in a field you know obviously face to face is better i think covet 19 has forced us to go into greater digital literacy uh the extension officers the farmers and everybody and to recognize we don't always have to meet face-to-face we can do a lot of learning we can do a lot of interaction online and i think it's it's really going to change for the future in terms of you know meetings and and so forth but at the same time face to face is really important it's important to have that human interaction it's important to have you know the tea breaks and the coffee breaks and and the field trips which you cannot do in a virtual uh situation people try but you really can't do it um so i think the blended approach is is good and i think more and more we're going to see digital approaches which should help reduce costs and should help reach greater audiences but we lose certain elements by doing everything online yeah another maybe we'll take last question there are some more questions but you will take this one maybe dr silvaraj is next to 4 15 you need to start and across many developing countries we are seeing the resources for public extension continuously it is declining and how you see feature of the public extension and where to get the resources to run the public extension organizations yeah declining resources is a big issue for everyone governments in in particular i think you know the answer there is is in part to be bold and innovative and and think about you know new financing mechanisms i think g frost also has a um a global good practice note on financing uh models uh you know including things like levies and taxes and so forth at the local level but i think another key thing for governments and for extension systems to to lobby their governments is to really partner with the farmers the farmers need our extension services right the farmers want better livelihoods um and you know those are that's your tax base as well and so we need to make those linkages and and lobby and advocate with our partners who have the same interests um so i think we really need to work more with with farmer organizations and and lobby groups for different industries um you know different crop industries and so forth to to lobby governments to put more funding because you know funding is limited but they're putting the funding somewhere yeah thank you for candy dancer christine and thank you very much for all wonderful presentation and taking lot of questions