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so in today's webinar we'll talk about impacts that have already occurred and some that are more likely in the future as we move forward and I think it is particularly important to say to everyone we know that these are extenuating times and and difficult times for some and so we certainly appreciate you taking the time to continue to focus on climate change in Kansas and and appreciate you joining us and in this webinar today as part of the weather data library and service climatologist Mary Knapp occupies a unique position in the Department of agronomy at Kansas State University she is responsible for answering questions on climate and weather matters she also maintains a website that provides a constant update and complete archive of weather related data for Kansas her degree is in agronomy from k-state but her career path backed to the department was not entirely straightforward the weather data library started at k-state in 1976 and the physics department Mary started working at k-state after a stint in the Peace Corps in the Dominican Republican as a rice specialist after a number of years as a research assistant in entomology she joined computer information systems and Extension working with state climatologist Dean bark when dr. bark retired in 1990 she became the acting state climatologist she served as state climatologist until July of 2013 at that time the unit expanded with the addition of dr. Lynne who now serves as the state climatologist also a network manager a web programmer and technician Mary continues her emphasis and outreach and making climate information accessible to Kansans so we're super excited to have Mary Knapp to join us today we will be keeping track of your questions and so if you have a question type it in the chat box and then we will keep track of it and at the appropriate time we will answer those questions so unless any of our staff Leilani or Jamie has anything to add and we will get going with Mary Nath and climate change in Kansas I would just say it's a good time to go ahead and share your screen Mary and Porter slides there I I have shared the screen and the slides are up there so I will stop my video and we will look at the slides can everyone see that it looks good Mary all right so let me go if I can get back all right how are we ready to start okay my name again is Mary Knapp I work in the weather data library at k-state I'm going to share the Kansas climate presentation that I used when I was talking to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment district groups and so most of this information is from that particular presentation if anyone has any questions at any time don't hesitate to raise your hand or drop something in the chat box first thing I wanted to talk about is some of the questions that are posed first one is is climate change actually happening and then the next one that comes up is what does the future hold if present trends continue and in particular we're going to be talking about in terms of agricultural productivity property damage insurance rate and health impacts and I could spend weeks talking about this but we'll try and get it done in this hour and again if at any time people have questions or want more information don't hesitate to let me know first thing we need to do is talk some about the terminology so we're all on the same page when we're talking about this topic first thing is the difference between climate and weather and climate is the weather trend over a long period of time we're talking decades and centuries while weather is the day-to-day at the atmosphere its short-term and its immediate impact and one way you can think about the difference between the two of these is that climate is akin to your wardrobe it's what you have in your closet weather is what you pull out to wear for a particular day so did you need to pull out your sweater or could you get by with shorts on today's weather here in Manhattan it's cloudy and gray and it's not too cold but it's certainly not in my opinion short weather the next term we want to cover is normals and normals have a very specific meaning in the weather and climate world what we're talking about is 30-year averages that are updated every 10 years kind of serves as a baseline to measure change and that's what you'll hear the weather people talk about on the TV and the radio they'll talk about it's warmer than normal or it's colder than normal that's the baseline they're looking at the current u.s. normals use 1981 through 2010 but different people will use different baselines when they're judging change the National Climate Assessment uses the 1901 through 1960 time period for their baseline you can look at some international programs and they use the different time base they may use the 1961 through 1990 so again when you're looking at any studies you want to check and see what baseline they're using for their comparison because that will make a difference in what your output will be like so the next thing we're talking about is our climate trends and we sometimes hear about global patterns and we so look at local patterns when we're talking global patterns it's usually based on a gridded data set and for that all of the referring stations within agreed are aggregated for a single observation joined anything local patterns we do both gridded data just like the global patterns but we also use divisions and we use individual stations when you grid data you tend to lose some of the precision that you get with an individual station particularly when you're looking at extremes or at at the variability and so that's why having that individual station data becomes very very important in Kansas we're very fortunate that we have about 23 Centennial stations centennial stations are identified as stations that have been in operation since at least 1900 they have at least 90 percent of their observations complete that makes for a very very robust set of stations in order to evaluate again the trains that we might see and the extremes that we might see also Kansas is very fortunate in that our Centennial stations are across the entire state so we can get the trends that might be happening in northwest Kansas versus those that are happening in the southeast part of the state because we have a highly variable climate and what happens in one part of the state isn't necessarily what we'll be seeing in the rest of the state when we're looking at additional data we want to have a little bit more than what we have for our centennial stations and so we look at the National Weather Service co-op sites these are volunteer networks that report again daily data temperature and precipitation cross the state you'll also notice on this map there are grids labeled as one two three four five six seven and eight those correspond to the divisions and those divisions also near the the AG statistics crop reporting districts which is very very useful in looking at what kind of impact divisions might have divisional data might have on crop production data we can move to a little bit more modern period where we're looking at the automated weather stations and by modern I'm talking about starting around 1818 around 1985 these are automated weather stations they include the Kansas Mesonet which is shown in the in the picture but also aviation and National Weather Service a sauce or automated surface observing system stations the advantage with the more modern stations is that you have a finer detail in time reporting and in other words they can report on a minute 5-minute hourly as well as daily basis instead of just the hourly data or the daily data that the more the older systems had for their for their measurements and again another advantage of that is that they can report that fine detail for more measurements than just temperature and precipitation we add wind speed relative humidity solar radiation soil temperature soil moisture so there's a lot more details about the components of the atmosphere than just the temperature and precipitation from the older systems so again here's looking at the divisions one of the advantages of using a visional gradient is that as stations closed or open if they're within that division we can still aggregate that data to a divisional basis that allows us to extend the period of record and we have divisional data for temperature and precipitation going back to 1895 and the county by county and divisional data is also available on our climate website at the agronomy department so getting into some of the trends let's start with just looking at last year 2019 it will come as no surprise that 2019 was one of the wettest in record for the state of Kansas despite the fact that parts of the south west and northwest ended up being drier than normal for the entire year in contrast parts of the southeast had their wettest year ever we are in the process right now of determining whether we set a new statewide all-time record rainfall and we'll be analyzing that over the next couple of months in verifying that indeed we have a new annual rainfall record for the state when we look at the temperatures we actually were on the cool side most of the state was near average or slightly below average when we look at the global temperature pattern it was the second warmest year on record and one thing to note is there's a quite distinct pattern from the central plains through the rest of the globe so you note that although we were colder than normal the globe was warmer than normal and again that's the difference between global and local climate so you can have a warmer than normal year for the globe and still have pockets of cold air another thing that we wanted to look at is the trend this is looking at the trend in temperatures degrees Celsius from 1976 to 2000 where you see the red circles it has been warmer than normal over that time period where you see the blue circles you have cooler than normal temperatures and the size of those circles indicate which way the trend has gone and what we're seeing is there are a lot of much warmer and in Kansas where split between the slightly warmer to slightly cooler and it's about two-tenths of a degree that is showing for the difference in that time period if we look at the preset patterns and again we're looking at 1900 to 2000 and the orange circles are drier and the green circles are wetter and Kansas has been wetter than normal for the entire period we are watching that drier than normal trend in the desert Southwest that would be New Mexico Arizona in those regions because some of the models suggest that that dry pattern could move its way north and east and include parts of western Kansas you might also notice on the map there are big areas without any gridded data points using the data that was available at that time you might wonder well there's nothing in parts of India or Africa or South America many cases the records are not available to be utilized in that gridding or in that data that's something that the more modern era has looked at overcoming and they are actually in the process of doing a data recovery project to try and find earlier records in those areas that might be available some places there simply won't be information at the northern Africa a lot of that is the Sahara with a migratory population and not permanent locations that you could add data from in South America much of that area that is missing is in the Amazon again where you don't have a very dense population and may not have the observations recorded to produce that data point so let's look at a at the more recent assessment and this is looking from the fourth National Climate Assessment that was released in 2018 and it's looking at the change in the modern period and we're talking 1986 to 2016 from the earlier period of the climate record 1900 to 1962 things that you can look at one you can see that most of the u.s. is showing a warmer pattern with about a degree and a half Fahrenheit on the largest change but there are also pockets of cooler Oklahoma into the deep south is it's an area that sees a cooler than that long-term trend for the annual temperature but it's also important to note that there's a big difference in the seasonality of that temperature change you've got much warmer conditions across again a large part of the US for wintertime temperatures and a much smaller trend but even more of a cooler pattern for the summer temperatures that brings to mind the question of well what kind of impact will those warm winter temperatures have will that be been a or negative and a lot of that depends upon what your viewpoint is or what your focus is if you're looking at energy consumption warmer winter temperatures could reduce energy demands if you're looking at it from a pest perspective those warmer temperatures could increase the overwintering pattern for some of those pests and make them more difficult to control one thing I've done in the live audiences have talked about if you have pets do you have to deal with flea control year-round rather than just having it a matter of the winter time the summer time control another point would be insect borne diseases have a larger overwintering reservoir the summer temperatures while they're cooler than the long-term pattern may not necessarily be beneficial because what you can be facing is a matter of higher humidity x' higher nighttime lows and not as many of those daily highs those warm nighttime lows can actually be more stressful for both people than light and livestock than a day where you have a deep day above 100 but the temperatures drop down to the 60s at night so when we also look at it when we're looking at are we seeing more daily record highs or more daily record lows you can see since about 1990 there have been a whole lot more daily record high temperatures than daily record low temperatures and this is on a national basis not not specifically to Kansas and if we look at Kansas one of the things that we can look at is the temperature trends of days above 100 because 100 is generally considered one of those threshold very difficult to deal with kind of days and what we've seen is that overall there's a downward trend in the frequency of those days we're looking in this case particularly at McPherson Kansas but I looked at the remaining Centennial stations and saw a similar pattern across the state another thing that we might look at is whether or not we're going to see an increase in our growing season what we're seeing is an increase in the frost-free season length and there's the projection that those will continue to increase that might sound very positive particularly I know colleagues up in the North are going okay yeah a longer growing season we can grow longer season corn things like that the problem that we face in Kansas is that we still have a highly variable first and last freeze date so if you have a very mild winter and you have an average freeze date you have more vegetation that is vulnerable to damage than you would in a historical pattern so moving on to the precipitation pattern again we're looking at the more recent period of 1986 through 2016 versus the earlier period in our time record from 1901 to 1960 and no surprise here in Kansas our annual precipitation has increased by some places as much as 15% again the question is the seasonality of it when is the timing of that precipitation we're seeing an increase in the winter precipitation particularly in the southeast part of the state as well as an increase in the spring precipitation there's again the similar pattern for the summer and a slight decrease in the fall in the southeast timing can be everything when it comes to field work and flood risks and particularly those are two areas that we can look at the projected seasonal change and continues to favor an increase in wetter conditions for the winter and spring with a tendency towards drier conditions in the summer and the fall that can complicate life enormous lee for agriculture the wintertime precipitation won't equal a large amount since our normal seasonal pattern is for our heaviest rains to come in the spring and the summer so if we get an increase of in our winter but you don't normally see a lot in the winter that's not going to translate into as much available moisture for the crop season but having that wet winter and spring can make it more difficult to get field activities done in a timely manner which can delay planting and create all sorts of issues with that of course a drier pattern in the summer means that there will be less available moisture for the growing season when we're tending to have our highest water demands so if we look at Kansas average annual precipitation we've got a steady increase but you can see in that not surprisingly again it's highly variable from year to year and as we've mentioned before it's not always a question of what the annual precipitation is it's more question of the seasonality of that precipitation the other factor that comes into play is that that was a state average and we know that precipitation is highly variable not only across the state but it can be variable from one side of the county to the next and we've seen everything from that excess of moisture to I got it but my neighbor didn't - the very dry nobody's getting anything here's a picture of what the recent patterns have been across the state in a month-to-month basis and two things that are of interest is if you look at that point of February to March you'll see an increase in all three of the normals periods that I'm framing it in and more tracking the red line is the 1961 to 1990 the Green Line is the 1971 through 2000 and the orange line is the 1981 through 2010 and again a very distinct increase in that late winter early spring moisture and a slight decrease in the summer moisture you'll notice that that July August time frame there was a dip in the 1961 through 1990 period but it doesn't show up in the 81 or the 71 periods there's one month that explains that all and that's the July of 1993 the question will be how doesn't 2019 influence our next normal periods because we had two very wet months in nineteen in 2019 and those were our May which was the warmest months which was the wettest month ever recorded and our August which tied the 1993 July record so two very very wet months for that year if we look at a smaller capsule of the State and look at the south-central you'll see similar trends although they have a larger peak in the 81 2010 for the summer moisture when we look at it it's not just what we get on a month-to-month basis but what do we get as far as daily rainfall and what we're seeing is an increase in intense precipitation and what we're looking at for intense precipitation is days with two inches of rainfall or more and again you can see a steady increase in that so it's not just overall moisture we're also seeing it come in more concentrated form so that's not surprised that we end up with an increasing flood magnitude trend if you're getting more moisture and it's coming in larger quantities at one time it's not surprising that you're also seeing a an increase in the flood events and one of the examples that we can point to is the September 3rd or the Labor Day flood in Manhattan you can see one of our commercial districts that was completely flooded one of the points that that we want to note with the flood is that it's not just that water that's creating the damage you can see in the lower left-hand side of the picture some of the contaminants that are also part of that water so we've got oil and you have all sorts of other things that can come as part of that and that complicates recovery efforts down the road so let's jump into impacts in agriculture the impacts are uncertain we're really trying to figure out how much mitigation and preparation and resiliency can offset those changes and things that are they come under that heading our breeding patterns for the for the different crops where they're more resilient to those temperature extremes and other practices being implemented is using no-till or conservation tillage so there's more residue and the crop is more able to withstand those changes so those are some of the factors that make it difficult to see say whether those changes will be favorable or unfavorable in production there are some reports that show that even if you have an increased production those higher temperatures can influence the content of nutrients in the crop and what impact that might have when we move to a more urban setting property damage we could say urban or rural property damage is likely to increase and slide by slide with that if we have increased property damage you're also likely to see increased insurance rates when we look at disasters across the u.s. you'll see that there's a very large increase in the number of billion dollar disaster events and you can see those in the different categories purple is winter storm blue is flooding brown is drought and we also have an orange for a wildfire Green for severe storms and light blue for freeze risk and you'll see that freeze doesn't show up every year not surprisingly but you have just about every year it's going to have some severe storm some winter storm and wildfire components to it it's interesting to note the 2018 which is the last one that they have data for winter storms had a very significant portion of the disaster events and Kansas certainly had its share with that so if we look at health impacts that can come from climate change what we're looking at are what are the climate drivers the four that they're really focusing on is the increased temperatures the precipitation extremes extreme weather events and sea level rise sea level rise is not likely to be a factor in Kansas but the other three certainly are and keep in mind that the increased temperatures as I noted earlier aren't necessarily those high temperatures they're not that hundred plus days it might be those night times that stay above 75 so the exposure pathways are extreme heat poor air quality reduced water and food quality changes in infectious disease agents and population displacements all of those can translate into heat illnesses cardiopulmonary illnesses food water and vector borne diseases and one that tends to be underrated is the mental health consequences and stress uncertainty tends to bring a lot of stress and we are certainly in uncertain times some of the possible health impacts that we're looking at is an increase in disease carrying insects we've already noted fleas ticks and mosquitoes tend to like these warm moist conditions and tend to increase a number also likely to see increase in respiratory stress particularly allergies blowing dust and smoke and just because we're wetter than normal doesn't mean that we won't have death storms in fact we saw one earlier this month out in southwest Kansas a very strong front came through a lot of wind was there and they have highly eroded soils so that that dust was picked up and moved around with the smoke we in the eastern part of the state are very familiar with the prescribed burns but we can also have that smoke issue from wildfires in particularly steer they had a lot of wildfires in the force in the West and Northwest but that smoke reached areas as far east as Chicago so what happens around the globe can be traced right around the globe so it's not necessarily what's happening locally but what's happening up wind if you will and with the possible health impacts we're also looking at the increase in temperature stress and again want to focus on those higher nighttime lows which tend to be more stressful than a daytime high the body can't recover whether it's the human or whether it's livestock or indeed crops also suffer stress from those higher nighttime temperatures so again one of the things with the allergy season is that if we have a longer growing season we have longer allergy seasons more of that pollen is available and it tends to persist longer when we talk mental health the two points is stress the uncertainty and concerns about cost whether it's making the payment on the land or covering your utility bill that can be an issue and again the uncertainty tends to increase that stress level but the other thing that is noted is that it doesn't tend to impact everyone at the same pattern or manner so you look at it the adults may not be as affected as much as the children or older adults children tend to have higher his risk for heat stroke because they are less able to regulate their body temperature and that also holds for older adults low-income communities can be more severely impacted they have less capability of responding to any of those triggers or stresses they have less adaptability they may be for example in marginal housing so they may be forced to rent or buy in a floodplain and are less able to move out if there is an increased risk of flooding and less able to make repairs once that happens so the key messages that I wanted to cover were climate change affects the health of all Americans the exposure and resiliency vary across populations and communities adaptation reduce risks and improves health and some of the things that I've talked about for example are ways that agriculture is adapting to those changing patterns and reducing greenhouse gas emissions results in health and economic benefits so now I'll move to questions hi everyone Mary do you want to turn on your video so folks certainly they can see me as I hunker down in my remote office and now I turned it on and it went off again there you are see you great great well we're gonna we're gonna go with questions in the chat box so a few people have put their questions in the chat box and I'll share those with you in a minute but I want to remind everybody that you can you're on mute so if you'd like to ask a question we would encourage you to type it into the chat box and then we will go from there Mary I'm gonna I'm gonna start with the moderator prerogative and I'm going to my question first so it seems like for the last several years each summer we hear this message of a new record high being set for temperatures in Kansas and and and around the world I know that the data does only go through 2010 and that we're expecting new data at some point that will give us the next decade and do you have any kind of analytical data that you can share about you know what we have actually seen in the last 10 years in terms of record highs well when you talk about record highs the question is first are you talking global are you talking state level or are you talking on an individual station level in Kansas we haven't had that many record high temperatures either by month or by year we've had if you look at any individual station we can see a new record that would be set here or there and again it's a question are you looking at day-to-day records so you might have a record high for a given day that if it had fallen on the next day it would not have been a record so again you want to take a look at that and look at what time period are you covering and what resolution are you using for that and that makes a difference in what we see one thing I point out in Kansas in particular when you're talking about a record high in Kansas on an annual basis if that station doesn't include the 19 30s you're missing a picture of the conditions because our record highs all go for the 1930s that's when we had 121 degrees on two different locations and two different dates and we haven't approached that since then but we can also look back to 2016 where we had our warmest January ever because it was a very very mild winter so again it all depends upon what size window are you using to look out and say what kind of record you're seeing wonderful thank you Mark Carlson has a question he noted on one of your slides it looks like much higher than average precipitation in Australia may have contributed to the heavy vegetation fuel load much of which recently rapidly oxidized yes that is definitely a problem and it wasn't only in Australia that was one of the concerns in California with the wildfires that they've had in recent years they had a number of wet periods people were more conservative on doing any kind of control burns or control of the vegetation that meant there was a lot out there to produce the heavy fire risk and we've seen that same issue in Kansas in particular we've talked about it when you look at the fire danger reports that are going out there when we have very wet summers that allows a lot of that vegetation to grow you have a normal dry winter and that cures that vegetation to make it available for burning whether it be from a fire that got out of control or whether it's a lightning strike that starts it off so that is an issue and it's a particular concern to fire managers when you look at the eastern half of the state where we've had a lot of invasion of the red cedar redcedar has a lot of oil content to it they came to burn very very hot and tend to have kind of smoldering conditions that can breathe re-emerge and restart so you're going oh no if we have a dry summer or a couple of dry years which again our climate record has plenty of evidence of moving from a wet pattern to a dry pattern that you've got a lot of dry field that's there and available for burning yeah I was going to say the Kansas Forest Service has a very nice webpage on fire management so they can look at how people can prepare their household and their farmstead and their buildings for that fire danger and be prepared in advance of that need Mary do you know that website it's I can look it up real quick while we're doing this but I believe it is Candice forest gov but let me check it while we're going on to the other questions okay one question that came in from YouTube because we are streaming this from four live on YouTube as well how do you respond to people who think climate change is not happening I say you can look at the evidence it is happening and one of the things that I've mentioned in other presentations is a lot of it will depend on how we respond to it even if we completely eliminated the the gases that are contributing to that greenhouse gases we've got enough in the atmosphere that it's already going to be a factor for quite some time so the question is how do we respond to that and we can go back and look at how people responded to for example the heat wave in the 1930s many people went out and camped on the river banks or slept outdoors to escape the heat and again in that period there was no air-conditioning there was no there was very little electricity particularly in the rural areas so you're kind of like okay how many people would sleep out in the parks now if they were trying to avoid a summer heat wave how many people would leave their windows open to allow for passive exchange of energy so those are as a society we respond differently than we have in the past the other thing that comes into play with that is what are our expectations for acceptable temperatures we have become very accustomed to having conditioned weather where our temperatures stay between 68 and maybe 75 or 88 depending upon how you set your thermostat that's not at all like what they were accustomed to in our grandparents day where they may have had a much wider range of temperatures wonderful okay yeah yes I do and what I will do is I will put it drop it in the chat box so people can see it it's Kansas Forest org and there's a fire management link that you can follow terrific thank you Mary a couple more questions Bill Cutler says it would seem that confined animal feeding operations sometimes referred to as Capo's would be highly impacted by the higher nighttime temperatures definitely and that is and when you're talking confined that's not just those that are in the large feeding sheds or something like that like pigs or chickens but also in feedlot areas or even again feedlots are another point and it is a very large concern and again they're looking at ways of mitigating that particular problem is the concern that too much heat stress at night the animals don't gain as much weight as that the it's not just that they don't gain as much weight they can actually die so yeah it can be fatal for them if they cannot regulate their temperature so the minimal problem is that they don't gain weight as readily the larger component is you actually lose animals and that question from a city girl o ay from my limited my limited experience with cattle from Cathy downing and can you explain more about what you mentioned earlier conservation tillage well conservation tillage or no-till is where you limit the amount of operations that you do on your land so you're not plowing as frequently again you try and maintain as much residue as possible on the land surface that protects the soil it improves soil health it allows for more of that water to be contained on the soils and less runoff so again that's a lot of the activities that they're trying to do now and I've had producers out in western Kansas where rainfall tends to be limiting who have noted that they've had much more available water because of using of the use of that that kind of pattern thank you Mary this kind of falls along in that same kind of question but Alex asked what impacts do you think the transition into a more sustainable way agricultural practices such as organic farming would have on our overall ecosystems obviously within the heartland but also spreading out to the whole nation and then hopefully the world well again if we can and it doesn't necessarily need to be fit into the strict organic farming mode but again if you use less resources in producing that particular crop or livestock you're having less contaminants to the to the ecosystem all of that will help and it's kind of a web that goes out and if you have a smaller footprint on the the ecology and the ecosystem it tends to be healthier so you improve soil health is that you improve that soil health you also can improve air quality you can have more beneficial insects rather than the damaging ones so it kind of comes along fulls and it can't a full system so some of the things that they've been looking at have been things like mixed crop so that you're not doing a monoculture so you may have a couple of rows of one crop and then another row of some other stuff so again you mix that up have a more natural pattern and there is of course the land institute in the Salina area that's working on instead of having a annual crop that you would have a perennial crop and that would again reduce the amount of of inputs that you need in the land and we'll have to see how that goes thank you Mary so one additional question can you talk about how climate change impacts the start and spread of viruses such as good night Jean well it's kind of hard to say what impact it had on the particular virus that's covin 19 and the actual virus name is SARS something or another Kovan 19 is the disease associated with that I think more than the environment one of the problems with the Cova de that has been very well illustrated is simply were such a global society now that movement of any virus that migrates from animals to people tends to go much more rapidly than it might have in earlier times one thing is that the viruses tend to thrive less when we have warm conditions but they and then it depends on the virus whether it likes the humidity or not but warmer temperatures tend to reduce that sunshine tends to reduce the survivability of the viruses one of the articles I was reading talked a lot about this we don't know enough yet about this particular strain to have a sense of how he might impact it right again it's very very early days than that they're making a lot of progress on it but I'm also seeing some literature that says that it's already started to mutate so again viruses can be very difficult to pin down as to how they will respond to any particular climate weather condition thank you Mary so I just have a few closing remarks before we end our time together Mary any closing remarks you'd like to make before we wrap things up today well I see one question that I'll address right here how does the heat island effect in cities and suburbs affect temperature changes seen on a regional or national level is it a significant impact on overall data and actually despite the size of the Islands the overall signal is not particularly large it's much more an issue for those that are within that particular heat island area and as you have the urban heat islands you tend to have a larger concentration of people so the number of people impacted by those local impacts are it tends to be a larger percentage of the population thank you Mary for catching that last question so so we appreciate Mary joining us we've had the good fortune to be working with her over the last several months and crocheted all of you joining us I'd like to remind you that the Kansas presidential primary will be on May 2nd this year so please sure please be sure to make sure you're registered to vote in order to participate fortunately for this year Kansas is doing has a has a mail-in option and so unlike some states whose primary elections have been negatively impacted by the coronavirus you know we have an opportunity to vote in person if you are a registered Democrat and I and please don't take this as a partisan issue but just as an information you will begin receiving a mail-in ballot and those will go out in the mail March 30th for anyone who is not a registered Democrat if you would like to take part in this Kansas presidential primary you can change your party affiliation or you can register to vote but you must do that by April 17th so if you want to be engaged in the presidential primary in Kansas and register to vote by April 17th you can check your party affiliation and your registration @ks votes dot org and so if that's something you're interested in please please do check that since we thrive on community interactions we really want to hear from you all on what would be helpful to keep you connected to the climate conversation during this time when many of us our social distancing or our following stay-at-home recommendations and so do you want more zoom video conferences like this one with experts you have to talk are you more interested in virtual community dialogues with robust conversations small group phone calls so that you can share and learn about updates or specific in-depth articles and if you have ideas on how you'd like to stay connected we would encourage you to email those ideas to take action at climate and energy org you can complete a brief survey that will help us frame our interactions over the next coming months and if you are you'll get that information in an email that will follow up from today's webinar with copies of Mary's slides and so I just wanted to say thank you and and again we appreciate your participation and it looks like Mark Carlson had pardon me at one wanted it one last question about USD landowners yeah I went ahead and did him it gave him an offline reply to it okay very specific to his situation as a landowner dealing with drainage issues okay and again for anyone else who's online or any of your contacts if you want more information or if you have you can reach me at M K and a P P at KSU edu or you can reach me on my cell since we're locked down right now seven eight five five seven eight five three one three one five six two and Dorothy you can certainly share that with anybody that's registered for the meeting okay all right well thank you all again stay safe stay home stay healthy and take care thank you so much Mary thank you