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FAQs
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Why do German ID cards have labels in French even though French ID cards don’t have labels in German?
it's a government decision. there was no real European standard. Although France and Germany are part of Europe, each country reserves the right to choose the format of the identity card . (the card must include mandatory information. Note that only labels are concerned . Nationality field is written , nationalité / Staatsangehörigkeit and the value is Deutsh only not deutsch/allemand. ) the Germans had made this choice according to the number of people speaking french in the world and also because of cross-border workers crossing the French border every day. They do so for countries which have common borders with Germany. France had not done so on the assumption that the indentity card is normally used within the country and the passport used for travel outside the country . to be completely logical, it would have been necessary to write all the texts in the 28 languages, sorry soon 27. the format has changed a lot since the paper chart.moreover nearly 300 millions people still speak french and the french was a language spoken in the whole europe and used in international legal treaties. French is one of the official languages used by UN organization with English, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish and Russian. not german even if it’s the language of Von Goethe ! The European Union prepares a directive which will even oblige the Member States to make evolve their identity documents to biometric documents (with 2 fingerprints and photograph on the micro-processor). The security features of ID cards will align with those of passports. the written mentions will become useless for the crossing of borders even if present for daily life for example the stores which will not necessarily have adapted reader. the cards will contain two chips. The first chip, called "regalia chip", will contain the civil status data (name, first names, sex, date and place of birth), address, and biometric data (size, eye color, fingerprints, photo). the chip will respond to RFID technology, that is to say that it can be read by readers "without contact" . The second chip, called "chip everyday life", will be intended to identify itself on commercial and administrative services on the Internet through an electronic signature. It aims to allow easy identification and "secure manner" without having to multiply the login codes or passwords, avoiding any fraud . It will be optional. This chip can be read by commercially available devices connected to a computer. It will be activated by means of a PIN code.the text like name or nationality will diseapear and will be replaced by standardized numbers as on the future document showned below.
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What is your opinion on Saurabh Bhardwaj's EVM demo?
EVM is an Embedded device without any network connectivity.In General, any embedded device can be hacked predominantly in 3 ways.During System Boot upDuring firmware upgradeThrough network (if the device is connected to network or any ports are open to hack the device)1. Embedded devices will boot from Onboard/Onchip flash memories. After power up, the ROM boot loader or BIOS firmware will look for a secondary boot strap loader and copies it to system memory which in turn copies the application binary to the system memory. The current embedded devices implement what is known as Secure boot which authenticates the boot loader and also the firmware binary before loading to system memory. If by chance the device is hacked and a bad copy of firmware is stored in flash, then the secure boot fails and hence the device cannot come up. Most of the Present day embedded devices implement a Secure boot mechanism and hence they cannot be hacked during boot up.2. Embedded devices can be hacked during firmware upgrade (Locally or Remotely) by writing malicious firmware binary which corrupts the system. The present day embedded systems implement Secure firmware upgrade mechanism which authenticates the new firmware before writing to flash.3. Embedded devices can be hacked through network ports by injecting malicious packets. The present day systems implement SSL for network communication with external world and also block all the ports. The EVM’s don’t have any network connectivity and hence not possible to hack the device.So what are the possibilities of hacking EVM.The hacker can design his own custom firmware which can function as per his needs and can put the firmware in EVM. This option is ruled out in case of EVM assuming it has secure firmware upgrade implemented and also qualified/authorised people are allowed the firmware upgrade.The firmware loaded into the EVM may have some Secret logic which can be activated by pressing few key combinations! I am not sure if the firmware put into the EVM has any such secret logic and anyone is aware of that!EVM can have some default configuration (Say this configuration may contain some fixed votes for each party) which can be activated by some key press (Generally any embedded device can have a button for re setting to default configuration)So the point here is that, unless the EVM firmware has some secret logic which should be known to someone to activate, it is hard to break or manipulate the device. Else one needs to physically access the device memory using some JTAG port (Which will be blocked in production EVMS generally) and change the data/code in the memory to tamper the device!I am assuming that EVM should have implemented all the security features of the Embedded system as it used for high security application.So why AAP is doing this?Divert public attention from the Core issue of Bribery charges against Mr KejriwalThey want to feed a wrong information in the minds of public that EVM is not safe by repeatedly saying that and many educated people believed that this guy used actual EVM and is able to manipulate it so easily where as the fact of the matter is something different.Already EC has invited hackers to try and hack EVM. Let’s see if anyone can do it!
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What are the chances of tampering with the EVMs and rigging elections in India? If any person from the Election Commission can a
This is a long answer.I may be violating copyright law. But I think it is necessary.This question has been blown out of proportion. I am directly quoting the relevant sections- without any editing-from former election commissioner book.Read both Technical security aspects and administrative security aspects. Those who say that give me EVM and I will hack it ignore the administrative security aspects is like saying give me a gun and remove the security of Prime Minister and I can Kill him.Link of the book:English:Buy An Undocumented Wonder: The Great Indian Election Book Online at Low Prices in IndiaHindi:Buy Loktantra Ke Utsav Ki Unkahi Kahani (A Undocumented Wonder) (Hindi) Book Online at Low Prices in IndiaBelow are the sections from the book:Electronic Voting MachinesHistory and BackgroundNo presentation on the use of technology in Indian elections can be complete without a reference to EVMs. The voting system in India has undergone several changes over the decades. During the first two general elections to the Lok Sabha in 1952 and 1957, each candidate was allotted a separate coloured ballot box. The candidate’s name and symbol were not printed on ballot papers. Voters would drop an unmarked ballot paper in the ballot box of the candidate of their choice. The system, though very simple, evoked fears of tampering in the minds of stakeholders. Therefore, a marking system on the ballot paper was introduced during the mid-term elections to the Legislative Assemblies in Kerala and Odisha in 1960–61. That system remained in vogue until the 1999 Lok Sabha elections.Meanwhile, in 1977 the Commission introduced some form of electronic machines for recording votes in an error-free manner and removing the possibilities of invalid votes. S.L. Shakdhar, the then Chief Election Commissioner, while on tour in Hyderabad in December1977 requested M/s Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) to study the feasibility of using an electronic gadget for conducting elections. M/s Bharat Electronics Limited, Bengaluru (BEL) had already developed microcomputer based voting equipment, which they had used for the elections for the various unions of the company. They approached the Commission in January 1981 for manufacturing EVMs. On 29 July 1981 the Commission held a meeting with representatives from BEL, ECIL, the Ministry of Law and some CEOs regarding the use of EVMs in elections. It was decided to introduce EVMs in fifty polling stations in the 70-Parur assembly constituency in the assembly elections to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala held on 19 May 1982 as an experimental measure (the machines used had eight candidate buttons in the ballot unit (BU) instead of the sixteen candidate buttons as in existing EVMs. However, seven such BUs could be connected in series to provide for a maximum of fifty-six candidates).Since the central government could not take steps to introduce legislation as proposed by the Commission for amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and to the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 to facilitate the use of EVMs, the Commission issued directives under Article 324 of the Constitution of India for the use of EVMs and conducted elections at fifty polling stations using the machines. The use of EVMs was challenged in court and the Supreme Court of India* held that EVMs cannot be used in an election unless a specific provision is made in law providing for their use. The law was amended by Parliament in December 1988 and a new Section 61A was added in the Representation of the People Act, 1951, empowering the Commission to use voting machines. The amended provision came into force on 15 March 1989.In January 1990 the Government of India appointed the Electoral Reforms Committee (Dinesh Goswami Committee) consisting of representatives from several recognized national and state parties. The Electoral Reforms Committee felt that the machines should be examined by technical experts with a view to removing any doubts or misapprehensions in the minds of the public with regard to the credibility of the working of the machines. To do so it constituted an expert committee under the chairmanship of S. Sampath, Chairman, TAC, Defence Research & Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, and comprising reputed scientist P.V. Indiresan of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, and Rao C. Kasarbada, Director, ER&DC, Trivandrum. The committee, after meeting with the manufacturers, election administrators and technical experts and conducting detailed laboratory tests, came to the conclusion that the EVM was a secure system. In April 1990, therefore, the expert committee unanimously recommended the use of EVMs without further loss of time.On 24 March 1992 necessary amendments to the Conduct of Elections Rules 1961 were notified by the government with regard to the use of EVMs. EVMs have been used in all bye-elections to parliamentary constituencies and Legislative Assembly constituencies since November 1998. The general elections to the Lok Sabha in 2004 and 2009 were conducted exclusively on EVMs. Several technological changes were made in EVMs in 2001 and again in 2006 to upgrade them. To address the concern that the fast changing technology may have overtaken older members, the Technical Experts Committee was expanded and it now has P.V. Indiresan as its Chairman, and D.T. Shahaniand, A.K. Aggarwala of IIT, Delhi, D.K. Sharma of IIT, Mumbai and Rajat Moona from IIT, Kanpur (now DG, CDAC) as its members. The Commission does not take any technical decision without their recommendation or approval.Types of Electronic VotingAcross the world, electronic voting is essentially of two types. First and most commonly used is polling place e-voting. The second is remote e-voting online which has been used only experimentally in some countries like Switzerland, Canada, Estonia and Spain. Moreover, EVMs used in polling place e-voting are of two types, Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machines (DR-EVM) and those using optical scanners. When a voter presses a button on the DR-EVM his vote is recorded electronically in the machine’s memory. EVMs used in India, Venezuela and Brazil fall in this category. In the other type a voter marks his choice on a paper ballot which is then optically scanned and the counting is done electronically. Some states in the US use this type of machine. Direct recording voting machines can either have electro-mechanical buttons or a touch-screen to record votes. These can either be stand-alone or networked. Networked machines can transmit results to a central server to compile results quickly and display them at a central website. Indian EVMs are direct recording voting machines with electro-mechanical buttons for voters and are non-networked. Counting is done separately by each machine and the result from all machines is compiled manually.Security Features in Indian EVMsTechnical Security—ECI-EVMs are manufactured by the Electronics Corporation of India Limited (Department of Atomic Energy) and Bharat Electronics Limited (Ministry of Defence), both central public sector undertakings which are entrusted with developing high security defence equipment. The machines are both mechanically and electronically protected to prevent any tampering. The software used in these machines is burnt into a one-time programmable/masked chip so that it cannot be altered or tampered with. These machines are not networked either by wire or by wireless with any other machine or system.Therefore, there is no possibility of data corruption by hacking. The software for this chip is developed in-house by BEL and ECIL independently. The software development team is separate from the production team and reports directly to the CMD.Operationally, the Indian EVM is a set of two units—the ballot unit and the control unit. A vote can be recorded only after the presiding officer enables the ballot unit through the control unit. However, even the presiding officer cannot enable the ballot for twelve seconds after every ballot is cast. Thus, a maximum of five votes can be cast in one minute. Samples of EVMs from production batches are regularly checked for functionality by the quality assurance group which is an independent group within BEL and ECIL. Certain additional security features were introduced in 2006. These include dynamic coding between the ballot unit and the control unit, installing a real-time clock, installing a full display system, and date and time stamping of every key press.Administration Security Measures for EVMsThe Commission has put in place elaborate procedural checks and balances aimed at preventing any possible misuse or lapses.EVMs are kept in a secure room with only one double-locked door. The room is guarded twenty-four hours by armed police. The lock on the EVM warehouse is opened only after giving notice to political parties to be present at the time of unlocking.First level checking (FLC) of each EVM is done before elections by BEL and ECIL. FLC is done transparently in the presence of representatives of political parties. A mock poll by casting at least a thousand votes in at least 10 per cent (now reduced to 5 per cent after political parties found 10 per cent too cumbersome) of EVMs randomly selected by political parties is done at the time of FLC. After the mock poll, a sequential printout of the result is taken and shown to the political parties for comparing the record of the mock poll kept by them. The entire FLC process is videographed. After the FLC every EVM is sealed using a pink paper seal manufactured by the Security Printing Press, Nasik, using security paper and security printing technology. Every pink paper seal has a unique number. Representatives of political parties put their signatures on the pink paper seal. After it has been sealed thus, the plastic cover of the machine cannot be opened during the election without breaking it. Any machine with a broken or damaged seal will not be used.EVMs are randomized by the District Election Officer before being distributed in the assembly constituencies in the presence of representatives of recognized political parties, to guard against the possibility of anyone manipulating the software.Preparing EVMs for candidates’ setting is done in the presence of the candidates or their agents or authorized representatives, and in the presence of the Commission’s observer. At this stage, once again, a mock poll is conducted.Multi-level thread sealing of various compartments and sections is done at the time of candidates’ setting as:Thread seal for the ‘candidate set’ and power pack (battery) section of the control unit after setting the number of contesting candidates and installing the battery respectively.Thread seal for ballot paper screen of the ballot unit after fixing the ballot paper.Two thread seals for ballot paper cover of the balloting unit.After this, the returning officers do the second randomization of the Control Units (CUs) and Balloting Units (BUs) to allot a CU and BU to specific polling stations.These CUs/BUs are then stored in a strongroom in the presence of the candidates/their agents and the Commission’s observer. The candidates/their agents are allowed to put their seals on the lock to the strongroom.The strongroom is opened in the presence of candidates/ their agents and the observer on the day when polling parties are dispatched to their respective polling stations.Before the actual poll, a mock poll of at least 100 votes is done by the presiding officer in the presence of candidates or their authorized agents to demonstrate that the EVM is working properly.Sealing of the result section/bottom compartment of the control units is done by the presiding officer after the mock poll in the presence of polling agents with the following seals:Green paper seal for result sectionThread seal for inner door of result sectionThread seal for the bottom compartmentThread seal for connector box for the cascading balloting unit, if any (when there are more than sixteen candidates)After the poll, the EVMs are sealed with paper seals and packed in plastic boxes, which are also sealed. These EVMs are taken straight to the strongroom from the polling stations. The strongroom is closed and sealed in the presence of the candidates/their agents and the Commission’s observer. They are permitted to affix their own seals on the locks of the strongroom and are allowed to guard it till the counting begins. They are provided facilities for this purpose. In addition, an armed police guard keeps round the clock vigil. Arrangements are also made for video coverage and CCTV coverage of the strongroom round the clock.The storage hall so sealed is opened in the presence of the candidates/their agents and the Commission’s observer on the day of counting.Controversies about EVMsEarly ControversiesBefore the elections in Tamil Nadu, Jayalalithaa Jayaram, General Secretary of the AIADMK, had written a letter to the Commission to discard EVMs and use paper ballots in the state assembly elections in 2001 on the grounds that electronic devices had failed miserably even in scientifically and technologically advanced countries like the US and Japan. She also filed a W.P. No. 3346 of 2001 in the High Court of Chennai. The case finally went to the Supreme Court where it was decided in favour of EVMs.Captain Amrinder Singh, President, Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, raised objections in a petition before the Punjab High Court prior to assembly elections in 2002. He sent a team of experts to the Election Commission, as directed by the High Court, to examine the machines. The experts could not come up with any concrete objection even after detailed examination of the EVMs.Satinath Choudhary, a computer scientist in the USA and the President of Better Democracy Forum, could not demonstrate any tamperability of EVMs in a demonstration session on alleged tamperability of ECI–EVMs on 8 August 2009 in the premises of the Election Commission of India.A demonstration session on alleged tamperability of ECI–EVMs by one Haneefa (who, incidentally, wanted to promote his own machine) was held on 12 October 2007 in Bangalore. He could not demonstrate any malfunction or tamperability and was fined by the court.Recent ControversiesThe Commission also received petitions from individuals raising doubts about the non-tamperability of EVMs. These include Kirit Somaiya of the Bharatiya Janata Party, G.K. Mani, President, Pattali Makkal Katchi, Omesh Saigal, retired Chief Secretary of Delhi, Subramaniyam Swami, President Janata Party and Satinath Chowdhery.Rashtriya Janata Dal, All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Telugu Desam Party, All India Forward Bloc, Asom Gana Parishad, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Indian National Lok Dal, Janata Dal United, Janata Dal (Secular), Rashtriya Lok Dal, Revolutionary Socialist Party and Samajwadi Party wrote a letter to the Commission requesting an all-party meeting on EVMs. The BJP also made the same request in a separate letter. The Commission held an all-party meeting on 4 October 2010 in which EVMs were discussed along with three other issues—monitoring expenditure, paid news and criminalization of politics. Most of the political parties expressed satisfaction with EVMs. Some political parties requested the Commission that the Expert Committee may be asked to examine the feasibility of introducing a Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) with the EVMs.A programme on a Telugu TV Channel TV-9 by V.V. Rao and Hariprasad made a demonstration of alleged tamperability of EVMs on an EVM allegedly stolen from the office of the DEO, Mumbai. An FIR for theft of public property was registered. The trial in the case is ongoing.The main points raised by people alleging tamperability and the reasons why these are not acceptable include:It has been alleged that there is a possibility of the presence of a Trojan horse in an EVM. However, there is no such possibility because the software code is secret and not readable by anybody. The software programmers are of very high integrity. EVMs are manufactured by reputed public sector organizations and have proved very reliable. Every EVM is subjected to rigorous checks before deployment in the presence of political party representatives.It has been alleged that there is lack of voter verifiability in EVMs. The fact is that the voter verifies his or her ballot by a beep and by a LED getting lit next to the candidate’s button on the BU once the button is pressed.Some people say that there is a lack of a possibility of recount. The fact is that a recount is possible any number of times. There will not be any variance in the result displayed as there are no human errors in machine counting.Possibility of change of components (hardware hacking) has been mentioned. The fact is that after FLC an EVM is sealed and its inside cannot be accessed, making hardware hacking impossible.It was shown on television that the display on an EVM can be controlled from another Bluetooth device by passing the data in the EVM. This is not possible in a real election because in a real election nobody has access to EVMs and it is not possible to introduce a Bluetooth device in an EVM because of administrative safeguards and security.It was shown in the same television programme that using a chip on the memory, he could access and change the data in the memory of the EVM. This cannot be done in a real election because nobody can access the memory in an EVM without breaking open all its seals. A broken seal can be easily identified. If a seal is found broken or damaged, the machine is not used.Voter Verifiable Paper Audit TrailThe demand for a voter verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) in the EVMs has been around for some years. VVPAT allows voters to verify that their vote was cast correctly, and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results. It includes a direct recording electronic voting machine (DRE) and a printer to print the ballot recorded in the electronic memory. It was first demonstrated in New York City in March 2001 and first used in Sacramento, California in 2002. In a VVPAT system the voter can review a physical ballot to confirm that the electronic voting system accurately recorded his or her vote. In addition, the election officials may manually recount ballots in the event of a dispute.The demand was referred to the Technical Experts Committee by the Commission, as suggested in the all-party meeting held by the Election Commission. The committee anticipated several technical problems in a VVPAT system, including:Possibility of the printer getting jammedRequirement of a large battery to operate the printer, which is difficult to maintain and chargeRequirement of special technical training for all polling personnelLonger time required per voterHigher costsIlliteracy in large sections of the population making it difficult for them to read the printoutPossibility of fading of the printout in a thermal paper printerThe Technical Expert Committee held consultations with political parties, civil society organizations and manufacturers of EVMs, and also saw a demonstration of the prototype VVPAT system developed by EVM manufacturers. The Technical Expert Committee recommended that a field trial of the system should be held in extreme environmental conditions.A field trial was accordingly conducted in Thiruvananthapuram (coastal area in Kerala), Delhi (capital of India), Jaisalmer (hot, desert region in Rajasthan), Cherapunji (in Meghalaya, receives highest rainfall in the world) and Leh (snowbound region in Jammu & Kashmir) in July 2011 in the presence of all stakeholders including political parties, civil society organizations and the media. The Commission issued a press note for wide participation of voters. It was found that certain improvements were required in the VVPAT system before it could be considered for use in an election. The Commission asked EVM manufacturers to carry out the design changes required.Thereafter, the manufacturers made several important changes in the design and produced an improved prototype. The Technical Experts Committee recommended that it should be tested in the field once again at the same places where the first field trial was held. Accordingly, the second field trial was held in July–August 2012, again in the presence of all stakeholders.The Technical Expert Committee approved the final design of the VVPAT units in a meeting held on 19 February 2013. The system was demonstrated in another all-party meeting held on 10 May 2013. All political parties recommended that VVPAT should be used in elections as soon as possible. The Commission decided to use the system initially in a bye-election. Accordingly, the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, was amended and notified on 14 August, 2013, allowing for the use of VVPAT along with EVMs in elections, and it was first used on 4 September 2013 in a bye-election for 51-Noksen (ST) assembly constituency in Nagaland.Subsequently, it has been used successfully in ten assembly constituencies in Mizoram on 25 November 2013 and one constituency of Delhi on 4 December 2013 during general elections to Delhi assembly constituency. The Commission has now decided to gradually expand its use and has placed orders for procurement of 20,000 units of VVPAT.
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What are the latest topics for research papers on cryptography?
what are the latest topics for research papers on cryptography ? You can use any of the research paper as reference for latest topics in Cryptography: Source: Security, Cryptography, and Privacy200 PublicationsAd Injection at Scale: Assessing Deceptive Advertisement ModificationsKurt Thomas, Elie Bursztein, Chris Grier, Grant Ho, Nav Jagpal, Alexandros Kapravelos, Damon McCoy, Antonio Nappa, Vern Paxson, Paul Pearce, Niels Provos, Moheeb Abu RajabProceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (2015)Adding Third-Party Authentication to Open edX: A Case StudyJohn Cox, Pavel SimakovProceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learn...
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How and when did the system of passports, visas and immigration embassies officially come into existence?
Barbwires on the plainThe elite set up walls worldwide to control the movements of population, they installed these administrative walls roughly between 1914 and 1930, this was asked by the USA which wanted to protect themselves from a too strong immigration of the Russian population which ran away from the new bolchevic regime, and it was implemented by the SDN. A series of intergovernmental meetings on the adoption of the passport is held under the aegis of the temporary committee of the communications and the transit of LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the first conference is held in Paris in 1920 then in Geneva in 1926.Because countries implemanted the passport at different pace, it made a big disorder, Certain countries were early to start the expulsions whereas other countries closed their borders, it resulted in stateless persons without passport, they eventually invented the passport Nansen. Certain titles of residence were granted according to the job of the person it could be green and as it always happen extraordinary things to the Jews, we can consider that their yellow star was a part of their passport permanently visible....It brought a new race of Lord, the employee of Prefecture " the testimonies are many who indicate the necessity for the applicants to frequent dedicatedly the lanes of prefectures, negotiate with the state employees to obtain the progress of their case and the acceleration of the procedures. The face-to-face negotiation, and the unpredictable or unequal dimension that it implies, according to the condition of the applicant, its appearance, its master's degree of french, the good will of the agent, transforms the request of card into a an uncertain and, sometimes, indefinite wait.The elite felt the need to set up the system of passports in 1920 while the world population was "only" 1,750 billions of individuals, no need to wonder why the system is still active today with 7 billions of indiv. and let alone will it be active when in 2030 there will be 9 billions of people to be managed, although it will follow tehnology. This history of passport joins a long trend of identification of the people with a side front office (display, labeling), any more or less visible document allowing the person to become identified, and back office (central files keeping the history of these people). The fast evolution of techniques from the end of the XIXth century to licence in the states to find discriminating characteristics among every individual (it was of access of techniques in the former, the photo, the fingerprint in the ink and some anthropometric indications up to the recent techniques, the magnetic card of access, scan of the iris or the hand, the DNA, the flea RFID, the phone triangulation, followed by bank card, IP internet address, electronic signature, to normalize documents and to interconnect them it which became really effective with the creation and the IT interconnection of files.In France the "foreigner" status exists since 1917. France made an “ ID card of foreigner ", by a decree of April, 1917, it was the first experience in Europe of an identification targeted at every resident foreign on the national ground, it marked a fundamental stage in the history of the immigration control in France.", they also had a "central Service of the Russian refugees".The strong European migration in the United States was an economic migration, most of the migrants, English, the Irish, German, French migrated without will of return to participate in the economic life of their new homeland. The dislocation of the tsarist, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empire caused a big movement of the order of 4 million people. In Russia there were several waves, a wave "white" (the Russians white with the name of the color of their uniform opposed to red), the civil war then the famines of 1921-22 then the extension of the sovietization. It is estimated that after the end of the 1st war 1,500,000 Russians ran away from the Soviet Russia, 1,500,000 Greeks of the Anatolia and the Turkish provinces, 350,000 Armenians of Asia Minor, 120,000 Bulgarians of Greece, 25,000 Assyrians of Iraq, 115,000 German of Germany and another 8,000 of Saar. Without counting Hungarians who ran away before the red terror and the Hungarians who ran away before the white terror, the Italians who ran away before Mussolini, the Spaniards who ran away before Primo de Rivera and the Spaniards who ran away before the Republic. (The Greeks and the Bulgarians were forced to emigrate as a result of the Balkan Wars, the World war and of the Greco-Turkish War in 1923). This turmoil led the USA to protect themselves from a too strong immigrationIn US the existence of a card of identity was always fought as being the mark of totalitarian regimes in practice they use either birth certificates, or numbers of Social Security, or driving licences. This explains the place that FBI set. Thus FBI made in a more or less covered and discreet way what the French prefectures could make in full light. Thus we see that all these countries, that they are democratic as the US, republican as France, fascist as Germany or dictatorial as Russia, was of agreement on a point to set up a world police system, Hitler and Stalin were more brutal than the French Prefets but the will behind was the same. It begins with "Vos papiers!" and it finishes with Interpol.In Russia the tsarist passport was abolished with the Revolution, but an urban passport was restored by the decree of December 27th, 1932, the campaign of passeportisation was presented as a gigantic operation of check of the identity of every inhabitant. For the only year of 1930, the political police recorded 14 000 demonstrations, riots and peasant uprisings, among which a big part in Ukraine, this obliged the central state to develop a police of maintenance of law and order. The central state had to feed not only its cities but also to export products on the international markets to obtain products of the outside as machine tools or tractors but feeding an army what put a new pressure on the agricultural world. Overcome militarily the "Resistance fighters" (soon considered by the central power as botchers, speculators, enemies of people and middle-class person) launched a passive resistance, by working weakly or shooting down the livestock and emigrating on close China. In front of the "passive resistance" Stalin launched the policy of the Gulag and the policy of passports to access cities though avoiding that populations useless to the industrial project came to try to feed in town.What are Westphalian treaties good at?Westphalia did not solve in itself the conflicts of religion, because the treaty of Nuremberg took place before Westphalia and the abolition of the Edict of Nantes took place later. Westphalia serves as narrative to justify the concept of nation state which would have developed in several stages 1648, 1815 (concert of Europe), 1919 (LEAGUE OF NATIONS) and 1945 (United Nations). This system where the elite can play the game of the international relations while choosing the policy to use inside of her zone, brought a solution to the religious wars only because the minority people could emigrate to join a safe zone. This is what made the Huguenots after the revocation of the edict of Nantes and this helped to not having such another story as a new Saint Barthelemty. This migration of the Huguenots off the Bourbon space towards Protestant countries of the North thus remind the exchanges of population between Turkey and Greece, between Germany and Russia, between Pakistan and India as well as the return of the descendants of the Genoese of Tunisia towards Italy. Thus the westphalien system is indissolubly connected to the possibility of emigrating; but since the institution of passports the immigration is forbidden, the consequence of Westphalia + passport is that the peoples do not have other choices than to accept their bad fate if they are stocked in a war zone.Authors wrote on the appearance of these barbed wires on the plain Bertold Brecht "The State takes care of you. It is not anymore as before. (...) As for passports, if we invented them, it is before any a question of order. In this day and age, the order is something absolutely necessary. Let us suppose that you and me, us have a walk without a giving evidence room whom we are: in the daytime or we would want to deport us, impossible to find us: It would be the anarchy "or this Stefan ZWEIG's beautiful text" nothing maybe makes more sensitive the great backward movement than underwent the world since the World War I that the limitations brought to the freedom of movement of the men and, in a general way, to their rights. Before 1914, the earth had belonged to all the men. Each went where he wanted and remained there as long as he pleased him. There were no permissions, no authorizations, and I always have fun with the surprise of the young people, when I tell to them that before 1914 I travelled in India and in America without possessing of passport, without having it seen even never one. We got on the train, we came down from it without asking for anything, unless we asked you for nothing, we did not have to fill the only one of these thousand formulae and declarations which are required today.”
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How can one apply for an internship in DRDO?
I ‘ll share my personal experience of interning at Solid State Physics Laboratory (S.S.P.L), D.RD.O, New Delhi :1. To secure an internship at D.R.D.O is no big deal. Since it is a government organisation and works like any other P.S.U (apart from the fact that the entire campus is under a very tight security), it is quite easy to secure an internship if one has proper contacts.2. I applied for S.S.P.L due to a couple of reasons. First and foremost was the fact that it was in Delhi itself. Secondly, I was not particularly interested in pursuing some serious research and only wanted a tag of D.R.D.O on my resume.3. D.R.D.O usually provides internships in the summer vacations only. But if one has good contacts with either the scientists or the H.R personnel, then one can intern in any month.4. To apply for an intern position at D.R.D.O, first one has to prepare a quality cover letter which mentions one’s field of interest ,work experience and most importantly, references. Although, no one in the H.R department bothers to read the cover letter, one still has to send the letter as per the organisation’s instructions.Along with the cover letter, one needs to attach N.O.C from his or her parent organisation (university or company), 2 Passport sized photographs, Resume and a copy of Student I.D proof. Here is a copy of my cover letter5. The entire set of documents need to physically mailed to their address, latest by January. Although students send their applications as late as May, still one cannot take any chance.6. Once the applications are mailed, one simply needs to wait for about 2 months, till the month of March or April. I remember being quite tense during these months since I wasn’t sure of being selected. Do remember to ask your reference to give a call in the H.R department and inform the authorities regarding your internship.7. Once the application gets accepted, one might receive a mail from the concerned laboratory regarding the confirmation of his or her internship and joining date. Here is the copy of my email. I remember jumping with joy and excitement on seeing this email.8. After one gets free from college exams, he or she needs to visit the D.R.D.O campus for document verification and allotment of I.D cards. Also, the H.R officer asks about one’s field of interest. Accordingly, students are sent to different departments and under different scientists.9. The only thing that concerned me was the laid back attitude of several scientists in D.R.D.O. They were treating their job like a regular 9–5 job and weren’t serious about research.10. The canteens serve very good food and at highly subsidized prices. Also, one cannot carry any electronic device inside or outside the campus. If caught with any kind of storage device, then be ready for some serious trouble.11. If one is lucky to find a good mentor and successfully completes the allotted project work in given time, then only he or she is eligible for an internship certificate. I was allotted the V.L.S.I department under Dr. Harish Rawat. The topic of my project work was ”Crystal Vapor Deposition of atomically thin MoS2″.Here is a pic of my internship certificate, which I received after working hard on my project for 4 weeks and after submitting a satisfactory report to my guide.My only tip for you guys is not to run after the D.R.D.O tag like I ran and rather learn something useful from the institute. I strong believe in the following saying:“If you need to achieve something substantial in life, you need to fight hard for it.”
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How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
When a client enters information (such as a password) into the online form on , the information is encrypted so the client cannot see it. An authorized representative for the client, called a "Doe Representative," must enter the information into the "Signature" field to complete the signature.
How to use electronic signature paint?
Here is how to use electronic signature paint:
1. Get started in this tutorial, and follow all steps.
2. Take your digital signature and print it on a piece of paper, paper that is not too thick. You can use a regular paper for that. We recommend paper with the same color as your skin, as it will ensure that your signature will be easy to see. If your signature does not fit on your paper, it will be very difficult to see on it.
3. Get a paint marker. You would be surprised how much this costs, and for good reasons. We've found cheap paint markers at local craft shops. If you can't make these yourself, then get a good brand like Tacky or Wet N' Wild. You can buy these at local craft stores, or you can buy them online. We buy ours at , where it costs just $ for a ounce bottle.
4. After you've purchased and used a paint marker, take that paint marker to a surface that is not too slick for ink to adhere to, and lightly paint your digital signature onto it. This will not be too messy, and it is a good idea to paint lightly, since the thicker the paint, the more ink that will be needed.
5. Place your signature on the paper that you want your digital signature on, such as a piece of newspaper.
6. Using the tip of the paint marker, apply very light pressure to the paper with a very light stroke. The lighter your stroke, the harder it will be to see. You want it to be very lightly brushed, without the brush leaving any ink on the paper.
7. Remove the paper from the paper hol...
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