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Thank you for the A2A, Gopalkrishna Vishwanath sir.I had the same question after I read the Wikipedia page on the Indian passport. Indian passport - WikipediaThe link mentions that the first biometric Indian passport was issued to Mrs. Pratibha Patil, former President of India in 2008. Moreover, it also claims that all diplomatic passports issued to Indian diplomats is a biometric passport. The validity of this claim may be disputed because the pictures available on Google do not show any Indian passport, diplomatic/otherwise, with the biometric passport symbol.A biometric passport is a passport which contains a chip embedded into it. The chip contains the same information that is available in the information page of any passport. Therefore, if the passport is physically tampered with, the abnormality will show when the chip is read by the computer. Therefore, it is a double-check system.However, not everyone is happy with a biometric passport because of security concerns. If the passport is held within a close proximity to a RFID reader, all the personal information (even in a closed passport) may be obtained without the knowledge of the passport holder.Keeping this debate aside, the Indian government may not start issuing biometric passports anytime soon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi confirmed, in January 2019, that ordinary civilians will be able to obtain a biometric passport, but a fixed date was not given. I assume that the costs required to replace the existing processing and printing systems will be expensive and bureaucratic (because of tenders, approvals etc.). However, I believe that the current passports which are valid will continue to be valid until their expiration dates. Therefore, there would be no need to convert all passports to a biometric passports. Moreover, such conversion will not be feasible as 12 million passports were issued in 2015 alone. All new passports issued will be biometric passports from the date of implementation. There won’t be any retrospective change to existing passports.The transition to biometric passports will be inevitable if the ICAO regulations on the matter is changed. Currently, all passports need to be machine-readable and not biometric. This may change in the future (within 10 years, perhaps) and India will need to comply.Below is a very attractive design for an Indian biometric passport’s cover-page.r/india - Fictional Minimalist Indian Passport Design. What do you think of it?

“But the new India is a more confident India, it is not the defensive India. It is India, which is willing to globally integrate, share knowledge, get knowledge from outside” - Arun Jaitely (Ex-Defense Minister)In past several Months several deals has been cancelled in order to cut imports and support “Buy Indian” or “Indigenously Designed Developed and Manufactured (IDDM)” Products. Some of the deals are:SR-SAM in favour of Akash SAM.LMG in favour of DRDO-OFB LMG.MP-ATGM in favour of almost three MP-ATGM programmes(BDL/DRDL PPP Project)Context of the Question:Asking the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to indigenously develop and produce a Man-Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) for the Army, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) has decided to cancel the $500 million deal for Spike ATGM with Israel. The deal, seen as another proof of growing Indo-Israel defence cooperation, was expected to be signed after price negotiations with Rafael Advanced Defence Systems of Israel were completed last year.In anticipation of this deal, Rafael had entered into a joint venture with Kalyani group for missile production in India. The missile sub-systems manufacturing facility, based near Hyderabad, was inaugurated in August.Ministry sources told The Indian Express that the decision to cancel the deal was based on the consideration that importing a foreign ATGM at this stage would adversely impact the programme for indigenous development of the weapon system by DRDO. Earlier, India had also rejected an offer from US-based Raytheon-Lockheed Martin for Javelin ATGM in favour of the Israeli weapon system.“DRDO has successfully produced the Nag and Anamika ATGMs. It is confident about providing the Army with an MPATGM of 3rd generation missile technology, at par with Spike, within three to four years. It won’t also need any transfer of technology,” sources said.The decision to retract the Request for Proposal (RFP), however, will be a setback to the modernisation programme of the Army. In letters to the MoD, the Army headquarters had highlighted “the operational urgency of the equipment”, arguing that the Spike “gives a major capability impetus to troops deployed on the Line of Control, especially in the current operational scenario”.Spike MR missile is a 3rd generation, fire and forget, top attack, ATGM with a range of 2.5 km, which can operate both during the day and night. The Army is currently using 2nd generation ATGMs — Konkurs and Milan 2T — which do not have night-fighting capabilities. Moreover, the Army currently has a shortage of around 68,000 missiles, with no missiles held as War Wastage Reserves against a government stipulation to build up stocks to last for at least 10 days of intense fighting.In 2009, the MoD accepted the requirement of buying 321 ATGM launchers and 8,356 missiles, with 30 per cent offsets and a transfer of technology clause. An option of approaching the US for buying Javelin ATGM was also explored, but the US government was not amenable to transfer of technology. Only Rafael of Israel responded, and Spike missiles underwent trials in 2011-12. The ministry accepted the trial evaluation in 2013 and gave clearance for procuring from a single vendor. The US government later tried to offer the Javelin ATGM with transfer of technology but India chose to go ahead with the Israeli system.Ministry sources said that trials highlighted a problem with one of the two homing devices in the launcher which led to constitution of a study group. The study group presented its report in August 2014, and the ministry agreed in October 2014 to procure the missiles from Rafael.Price negotiations between Rafael and the MoD started in March 2015. After the prices were finalised in June 2016, then Defence Minister Manohar Parrikarconstituted an experts committee to review the evaluation report and explore the possibility of an indigenous missile system. There was divergence in the views of the DRDO representatives and Army representatives in the experts committee over the case. The matter was eventually resolved earlier this month with Army headquarters agreeing to retract the RFP for ATGM launchers and missiles.(Footnote:Ministry of Defence scraps $500 million Israeli missile deal, wants DRDO to make in India)Some people claims this is “ ILLEGAL/UNETHICAL”.Answer is “NO”.The deal negotiation started in “MARCH 2015”. The new DPP was launched in “SEPTEMBER 2016”, which was purely based on top priority to “Make in India” and clearly stated that if there are two weapons systems for a same category, one Foreign and Other Indigenous, both with similar specifications, then the Indigenous platform will get priority over other, even if it is a bit more costly.Hence the MOD was right in their decision regarding the issue and had been abiding by the set rules.Other Claims Include :”We are playing with national Security”Answer: Again “NO”. GOI in March or April(Month I can’t remember clearly) sanctioned a amount of approximately 2 Bn$ to the IA, to straight out purchase whatever they feel is important to replenish their immediate requirement of war reserves.But long term requirements will be met through indigenous platforms.INDIGENOUS PLATFORMS UNDER CONSIDERATION:Man Portable version of DRDO CLGM:The MPATGM has been under development with DRDL, with VEM Technologies being responsible for product engineering development.MISSILE :WEIGHT : 14.5 kgLENGTH : 1.3 mDIAMETER : 120 mmOPERTIONAL RANGE : 200 mm to 2.5 kmLOCK-ON-BEFORE-LAUCH (LOBL) guidance with a passive homing IIR Seeker‘Soft’ launch propulsion system for gunner safetyLAUNCHER SYSTEMCommand launch unit (CLU) consisting of Target Acquisition System (TAS) and Command Control Unit (CCU)WEIGHT : 14.25 kg(NOTE: ANY ARTICLE FROM “DEFENSENEWS.COM”BY “VIVEK RAGHUVANSHI” CLAIMING “NAG HAS FAILED” WILL NOT BE ENTERTAINED COUNTER PROOFS MAY EMBARRASS NAY-SAYING FANBOYS!)UPGRADED AMOGHA MISSILE:AMOGHA-I is a self-funded project by BDL. It will be used to replace Konkurs and Milan ATGM in future.It’s developement trial were over successfully in April 2016. Details of it are not available in public.(BDL test-fires anti-tank missile)The interesting part is to be seen is there is already a competition between two platforms one by BDL alone other by DRDO & VEM-TECH in PPP partnership.What kind of technological and industrial developments can we expect?So far we have seen Indian version of Vehicle mounted ATGM and a 2nd Gen MP-ATGM(Amogha-I). Cancellation of this RFP will give momentum to the said projects which became out of the sight due to imports.Long terms effects: We have just realising what it takes to move on the dream path of achieving Super power status i.e Self-Reliance! We just showed little more guts we are not more on being defensive and import rather we have balls to take little risks, probably fail a little bit but to stand our ground on a stick that we own not someone else’s stick.P.C: INDRAEDIT 1: DRDO+VEM TECH ATGM

Because it concerns them,S-400 is a Russian Air Defence System and is considered to be the most advanced long range surface to air missile. The specialty of this missile is that it can simultaneously engage 72 targets and keep track of 160 more. It is also capable of intercepting ballistic missiles in the radius of 60 Km. It also has tracking and search radar systems, 8 launchers and 112 guided missiles and command and support vehicles and it can also defeat modern stealth aircrafts like F-22 and F-35.Now, the countries who are concerned with India purchasing S-400 are:United States of America:One of the main reasons why America is so affected by this is because they believe that in the long run, S-400 can be a threat to their security.[1]They fear that if the S-400 is used by India to test the stealth capabilities of American fighter jets, She( India) would have access of the datas of American jets and that data could be leaked to Russia or other rival of the USA.Now, this is a very sublime message given by India to USA that if they ever mess with India’s security, India can counter act too.US knows that India is the 2nd biggest defense market of the world and it doesn’t want to it to turn to any other country especially Russia.America is also concerned for the fact that many countries like Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia etc who are in the pipeline to order S-400 may shift towards Russia which would give it (Russia) a more powerful geopolitical status.China:China has acquired this system in 2018 with a much lesser advanced technology, China’s S-400 has the range of only 250 Kms, while India has been provided the best version of the missile with the range of 400 Kms.[2]China is witnessing it as a threat to the relations of Russia and China as this deal is considerably improving the Indo- Russian relation which is again symbolizing a major power shift of Asia.China’s acquisition of S-400 was considered as a game changer of the Asian politics, now the power being passed to different country is concerning them.China was very well aware of the dilapidated status of Indian airforce whose squadron strength has depleted to 31, largely owing to ageing Russian aircraft. This deal will turn the odds in the favour of India.S-400 is an important boost to India's defence because its air force is facing a shortage of squadrons.Now, countering China in a war, will not be a big thing for India so its old tactics of bullying countries with military might will definitely not work for India.Further, it gave them a very important message that Russia trusts India more than China and they are very well aware of the Chinese theory of Reverse engineering.Pakistan:I believe that this country which is currently on the verge of becoming bankrupt has got the full rights of being insanely disturbed by this Indo- Russian deal.[3]S-400 can engage 72 targets and keep track of 160 more, further it is capable of intercepting ballistic missiles in the 60 Km long. So, no PAKISTANI MILITARY CAN MATCH THE INDIA’S DEFENSE RIGHT NOW.Pakistan can now never win any border argument or war against India ever and they very well know the essence of joy from losing a war against India.In short, this makes India currently a much mightier power than Pakistan and this is driving them crazy. This is a total shift of the power game.Other countries:Now, many countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar etc are on the pipeline of this deal and the thing that concerns them is the preferential service India is getting by Russia.[4]Further, Turkey is literally challenged by USA and they are concerned again by the discrimination that USA is doing with India.I believe that India has given a very strong message to the world that she is not aligned with the world politics and she means pure BUSINESS. Further India is no more a country that can be bullied ever.Thank you.:)Footnotes[1] US Worried S-400 May Obtain Sensitive Data on American Fighter Jets – Analyst[2] S-400: The geopolitical missile[3] PhD Explains How S-400 Deal Will Affect Balance of Power Between India, Pakistan[4] Why do countries want to buy the Russian S-400?

I'll speak to my specific experiences and leave it to you to decide how generalizable they are.Our company sells Enterprise Service Bus technology, which is used by developers to either integrate existing systems in the enterprise (and with external partners) or to serve as the infrastructure for a larger distributed system - often both. Our competitors include some of biggest names - IBM, Oracle, Microsoft.So, how is it that we've been able to get into enterprise customers like Bank of America, Dell, United, and others?Bottom-up and out.We make a technology that our end users (developers) love and we have a pricing model that enables them to use us at low scale for a low cost - meaning that they usually don't need to go up to the CIO for approval. We also have a very simple and lightweight deployment model so they don't end up tripping over the central IT department. (Side note - this is very similar to SaaS models, but our technology is primarily used on-premise by enterprises, though we do have a cloud model too).Once those developers succeed on that first project, they then introduce our technology into other projects and then other developers in the company are exposed to it and slowly fall in love with it too. I'm told that that's "viral" (a good thing).Yes, this process can take years but it doesn't require expensive salespeople flying around and, most importantly, it generates revenue and profit all the way through. That's really important when you're bootstrapping your company without any VC funding.Eventually (or not), word spreads far enough in the company that the CIO hears about us and signNowes out to us to talk about a more formal arrangement - getting an "all you can eat" enterprise license with 24x7 support, etc. At that point in time, we're not trying to "sell" in the traditional sense - yes, it is a negotiation, but the technology is already deployed and used. Most of the big obstacles to an enterprise sale have already been dealt with.To summarize, I guess my recommendation would be to take the "enterprise software" you're trying to sell and create a meaningful value proposition at much smaller scales and see how you can attract the end users to be your champions.I don't want to take credit here - I came to this model totally by accident and without any real forethought that this is how it should be done, or whether it would even work. Truth be told, I don't know that this model will continue to work and for how long. Like I said at the top of this post - this is just the story of my experiences. How well this would work in other cases - I wouldn't know to say.This is my first answer on Quora so I hope that it's contributed something here.

The Dassault Rafale,literally meaning "gust of wind", and "burst of fire" in a more military sense) is a French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrencemissions. The Rafale is referred to as an "omnirole" aircraft by Dassault.In December 2000, the French Naval Aviation, the air arm of the French Navy, received its first two Rafale M fighters.The Rafale was one of the six aircraft competing in the Indian MRCA competitionfor 126 multirole fighters. Originally, the Mirage 2000 had been considered for the competition, but Dassault withdrew it in favour of the Rafale.In February 2011, French Rafales flew demonstrations in India, including air-to-air combat against Su-30MKIs. In April 2011, the Indian Air Force(IAF) shortlisted the Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon for the US$10.4 billion contract.On 31 January 2012, the IAF announced the Rafale as the preferred bidder. It was proposed that 18 Rafales would be supplied to the IAF by 2015 in fly-away condition, while the remaining 108 would be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in India under transfer of technologyagreements. The contract for 126 Rafales, services, and parts may have been worth up to US$20 billion.Rafale taxies to the runway for take off during Aero India 2011.About the dealRafale deal is an govt-to-govt agreement between India and France for procurement of 36 fighters. The proposal was put forth in 2000 during Vajpayee's rein for procurement of advance jet fighters as part of modernisation of the Indian Air Force. Though the process was initiated by Manmohan Singh government in 2007. The UPA-II govt zeroed in on Rafale jets in 2012 and the deal was inked with Dassault for 126 Multi-Role Combat Aircrafts. After Modi govt came to power in 2014, India and France announced a government-to-government deal in 2015 to acquire 36 Rafale jets in fly-away condition during PM Modi's visit to France.According to the joint statement issued then, the delivery would be in time-frame that would be compatible with the operational requirement of IAF; and that the aircraft and associated systems and weapons would be delivered on the same configuration as had been tested and approved by Indian Air Force, and with a longer maintenance responsibility.The proposals were presented to the Defence Acquisition Council and after a Cabinet Committee on Security nod the deal was signed in 2016.Why India needs Rafale fighter jets4/6Many international aviation manufactures expressed interest when they got know about the Indian government's plan to revamp its IAF fleet by introducing Multi-Role Combat Aircrafts. In order to replace MiG-21 aircraft, a case to procure 126 Mirage-2000 aircraft was initiated in 2000, which was later converted to a procurement of 126 MMRCAs. A Request For Proposal (RFP) was issued in 2007. The RFP for procurement of 126 MMRCA was finally issued in 2007.IAF then conducted technical evaluations and flight evaluations and in 2011, declared that Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon had met its criteria. Rafale was declared L-1 bidder in 2012 and contract negotiations began with its manufacturer, Dassault Aviation, that year. Contract negotiations remained incomplete even after 2 years, in 2014 due to a lack of agreement on various terms of RFP compliance and cost related issues. There was no deal under the UPA Government.Transfer of Technology remained the primary issue of concern between the two sides. Dassault Aviation was also not willing to take the responsibility of quality control of production of 108 aircraft in India. While Dassault provisioned for 3 crore man hours for production of the aircraft in India, HAL's estimate was nearly 3 times higher, escalating costs manifold.Cost5/6The deal was initially estimated to be worth Rs.54,000 crore. NDA government has insisted that it got signNowly better terms than those quoted in the original bid under UPA, with a total reported saving of more than 1600 million Euros (350 million Euros on the cost of aircraft with a further reported saving on weapons, allied maintenance and training package amounting to a around 1300 million Euros or Rs 12,600 crores). However, a cost breakdown of Rafale in the original bid under UPA and in the 36 aircraft in the government-to-government deal under NDA are not in the public domain.Procurement process6/6There was no agreement on the terms of Technology Transfer previously. What was on offer was just Licence Manufacturing technology. Under the current agreement, the 36 Rafale procurement offset proposal supports the 'Make In India' initiative of the Indian Government through Article 12 of the IGA. It states that the French Party will facilitate the implementation of 'Make In India' by the industrial supplier notably through offsets for 50% value of the supply protocol.The Offset proposal also includes provisions for transfer of sophisticated design technology which is meaningfully superior to the licence manufacturing on offer in the earlier 126 MMRCA nonstarter. These critical design technologies are presently under discussion between the two governments.The present IGA was signed purely between two sovereign governments and no private individual, firm or entity was involved in the process from the Indian side. The procurement process also does not involve any Indian private partyIAF sought additional fighter jets in 2001. The Defence Ministry considered bringing in intermediate medium-weight fighter jets. Though the idea has been around since 2001, the actual process began in 2007. The Defence Acquisition Council, headed by the then Defence Minister AK Antony approved the RFP to buy 126 aircraft in August 2007, which kick-started the bidding process.

A single-word answer would be Power but I’ll try to explain the controversy in as simple manner as possible. But it will be a long answer with the recent Lok Sabha debate (02/01/19) of Shri Rahul Gandhi.Rafale Deal Controversy is related with the purchase of 36 multirole fighter aircraft for the price of Rs 58,000 crore by Ministry of Defence from Dassault Aviation.TimelineJan 31, 2012: Indian Defence Ministry announced Dassault Rafale had won the MMRCA competition to supply Indian Air Force (IAF) with 126 aircraft along with an option for 63 additional aircraft. Rafale was chosen as the lo...

Yes school shootings are already illegal, no new law will change that. It is illegal to murder. It's illegal to take guns to school. Most of these shooting have been in cities where it's illegal to discharge a firearm. In many cases the kids were in illegal possession of the guns. The guy in Sandy Hook killed his mom to get her guns. Most states have laws that require guns to be locked, when stored in homes of minors. One of the guys had previously committed a felony but was not prosocuted. Most of them concealed weapons without permits. Even waving a gun around making threats is illegal. S...

The Congress has been screaming from the rooftops about the so called "scam" of the century in the Rafale aircraft deal. So much so that the Congress VP has chosen to take to social media to accuse the govt of a scam.Here is a look at the deal as proposed during the UPA regimeThe UPA deal1. Total cost outlay - 90k Crore.2. 126 Aircrafts3. Cost per Aircraft - 714 crBJP deal1. Total cost outlay - 58k cro2. Total aircrafts - 363. Cost per Aircraft - 1611crSo the Congress says we are paying almost 900k cr per Aircraft extra and that is a scamHowever. They conveniently forget to mention the inclusions in this deal.Lets now see what all does the Modi Govt deal includeFeatures And Inclusions1. Israeli Helmet mounted displays2. Radar system3. Infra red search and track4. Flight Data recording facility for 10 hours5. Towed Decoy System6. Integrated BrahMod -NG missile system7. Simulators spares and other maintenance costs8. Guaranteed performance based logistics support which means 75 percent of the fleet with be airworthy at any given time (airworthiness of our Sukoi fleet is less than 50 percent at this time)9. Training for 9 selected AirForce Personnel10. 50% offset cost ie 29k crore will be reinvested in India thereby creating many employment opportunities.11. 74 percent of that offset will be imported from India12. The current deal also includes(a) price capping as on date of signing the deal. That is at 3.5 percent on European Inflation IndexWhich effectively means if the prices go down then India gets the advantage of lowered prices but if the inflation rises then India needs to pay only at a 3.5 percent rise and not beyond.Rafale Weapons Package includes1. Meteor Air-to-air missile system with a range of about 150 kms2. StormShadow Air-To-Surface missile system with a range of 560 kmsAdvantages- permits deep penetration inside enemy territory without the need to actually cross the enemy air space.So dear readers of quora can you see any scam here?