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Not on my kids phone she's just now getting her own phone…. However I did see on my younger sisters phone a rather sexual text conversation between her and a guy who I was casual friends with in high school. My sister and I were both home for Easter, and it would have been her freshman year age 18 and a few months. We had phones through the same provider and manufacturer. Different models but similar, and near identical cases. I am in the living room and hear my text notification go off. Grab my phone check it…. The text was “good morning baby girl spent the night dreaming of you.” wtf scroll up a bit some somewhat steamy sexting. But it's a number I vaguely recognize going with a name I know. Realize it wasn't my phone, scroll up and see that every 3 or 4 weeks there would be a couple of days of this sort stuff. Put it back, move magazine that it was on, see my phone. Bitch at my sister for just using my charger without asking. Realize that my “friend” was stringing my little sister along as a side peice. Grab my phone text friend “dude you're 23 it's not really ok for you to be getting freshmen drunk and sleeping with them especially when they are your friends little sisters.” I was honestly less upset about the initial hook up though than the fairly routine get laid, text the next two or three days, have a week and a half with one or two texts right before the second weekend start back up….Yeah I know every guy did it a couple of times around that age and I did to, but the whole girls 18 out of mom and dad's house for the first time getting preyed on and plied with alcohol by guys 21–25, isn't ok or cool. Bad part is I don't really have a problem with people sharing booze with underage friends in social settings in that age group, but the whole targeting, intentionally getting girls drunk and pressuring them isn't right.

Originally answered: What is the biggest scam you’ve ever seen?The sad irony of the Kargil Coffin Scam was that not even a single such transfer case was used to carry the slain soldiers during the Kargil war of 1999. Those transfer cases arrived much later.And they were Caskets, not Coffins. Thus ‘Kargil Coffin Scam’ is a misnomer.Caskets are rectangular boxes with hinged lids while the Coffins are tapered at the head and foot with unhinged lids.What Indian govt. at the time ordered was somewhat like this—In 2001, the Opposition, led by SoGa of Congress, disrupted the parliamentary proceedings accusing the BJP led NDA government of a major scam in a Defence equipment deal.The allegations were, primarily, on the basis of a CAG report that claimed that NDA government had purchased the reusable aluminium caskets from the US at an exorbitant rate of $2500 apiece when the actual price is just $172 per casket.The Opposition wasted no time in exploiting the erroneous report to its advantage.The Untold TruthHere’s the step-by-step development of the said (and sad) episode laid out in an in-depth investigative report by Chidanand Rajghatta, the TOI correspondent in Washington, dated Dec 13, 2001.Source: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.c...Origin:The alleged scam has its roots in Somalia where a large Indian contingent was on a UN peacekeeping mission.In 1994, seven Indian doctors of the said contingent were killed in a mortar attack in Mogadishu.Lt. Col. Danish, an Indian pathologist, and Victor Baiza, a US mortician, were tasked with the autopsies, the embalmment procedure and finally sending the mortal remains back to India.The caskets used for the purpose were US Army standard issue aluminium transfer cases along with the body bags.Here it must be noted that India at that time was, and still is, using wooden (and cardboard) boxes for the mortal remains of its martyrs minus the body bags.During long-distance hauls, the bodies, after the autopsy, would arrive in pretty bad shapes what with the decomposition process already set in owing to the time passed between a soldier’s death and his arrival back in the country. The insides of the wooden boxes, and sometimes the outside too, would become a mess drenched with the bodily fluids oozing out of the bodies.The shipment from Somalia carried a note from Victor Baiza that if the Indian govt. chooses to keep the caskets then the price per case would be $2000.The MoD (Ministry of Defence) sent them back. However, the reusable transfer cases had the curiosity of the Indian officials piqued. They were impressed. Victor Baiza was felicitated by the Brig. M.P. Bhagat for the job well done. He also received a letter of appreciation from the Indian government.Shortly afterwards, the quest for procurement of such transfer cases on a permanent basis began.In the period encompassing 1995-1998, Baiza received several letters from the MoD regarding the purchase of aluminium caskets.The involved officials, here, erred. Victor Baiza was only a retd. soldier-turned-mortician who owned a funeral parlour in Texas. He was not the casket manufacturer. The officials should’ve contacted the actual manufacturers directly.In anticipation of a potential deal on hand, Baiza started a new company, Buitron and Baiza Casket and Funeral Suppliers, with partner Fred Buitron.Baiza was now quoting a price of $2500 instead of the earlier $2000.The Indian end was adamant on the initial quoted price.Baiza argued that the US govt. has stopped all further orders of the caskets as they are overstocked. Now only one company is manufacturing them and it has increased the price at its end too.Baiza, here, was also considering the bureaucratic channels he’d have to navigate through as the Clinton administration has imposed sanctions on India post Pokhran nuclear tests of May 1998.The procurement thus underwent a period of lethargy only to be revived back with vengeance during the Kargil war of 1999. India was fighting a literal uphill battle and was taking in considerable casualties.In August 1999, Baiza finally visited India. The Kargil war had already ended by then. The new price he quoted was $2663 per case.A week of back and forth on the price with the MoD officials in New Delhi, he signed a deal of $1.5 million promising 500 aluminium transfer cases along with 3000 body bags at $2500 per case and $80 per body bag.The first consignment of 150 caskets and 900 body bags was scheduled to arrive on Feb. 22, 2000. The rest within eight months from the date of the contract.The first lot arrived on the said date. By which time, several months had passed since the Kargil war. The caskets, obviously, could not be used for the Kargil martyrs.A hitch in the dealA flaw in the arrived items is discovered soon. The MoD officials found out that each casket weighs 54 kg whereas in the contract the weight mentioned was 18 kg per casket.Baiza admitted it to be a secretarial oversight from his end. The specification offered by him was that all caskets would be made with an 18 gauge thick aluminium sheet. An 18-gauge casket. It erroneously got noted down as an 18-kg casket.The US standard issue casket weighs the same i.e. 54 kg apiece. The caskets sent earlier from Somalia were also of the same weight.Hence, he said it was impossible to bring down the weight to 18 kg.It, however, failed to convince the Indian officials. The entire deal was promptly scrapped.No army official was consulted before scrapping the contract. Otherwise, they would have sided with Baiza as they had better knowledge of the caskets than the obstinate MoD desk jockeys.The UproarThe fake allegation spree commenced in 2001, after the CAG report, with Congress party accusing the NDA govt. of skimming off millions in the said deal which also included hand-held thermal imagers and snowsuits.The major culprits, according to them, were the then Defence Minister George Fernandes and the Prime Minister A. B. Vajpayee.They, conveniently, ignored the fact that purchase orders under Rs. 5 crore do not signNow the Defence Minister’s desk for approval. Or that the ambassadors from India and US had already declared in writing that the caskets in question cost $2768 apiece.Kafan Chor (Coffin Thief) they would shout, including SoGa, whenever the Def. Min. tried to put forth the facts in the Parliament.The Case and AcquittalIn June 2006, the CBI registered a case.In August 2009, it filed a charge sheet against the three Army officers—Major General Arun Roye, Colonel SK Malik, and Colonel FB Singh—and the US supplier, Buitron & Baiza.In Dec 2013, a special CBI court found no evidence and discharged all the accused.On Oct 13, 2015, the Supreme Court gave a clean chit to the former Defence Minister George Fernandes and the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of any misconduct in the fake Kargil Coffin Scam.ObservationChidanand Rajghatta in his report says—“In fact, the purported price of $172 for a coffin would be unbelievable in a country where death is a costly proportion.”His inquiries had further revealed that the normal casket price ranges from $500 to $2500 depending on the material used i.e. wood or metal.The reusable aluminium caskets India was interested in were the made-to-order ones designed as per US Army specifications. They are in the $2000-$3000 price range.The $172 per casket claim by the CAG in his report could actually be the rental price for a single casket.OutcomeThe entire exercise, over the years, with all its good intentions thus ended in futility as 150 top notch aluminium transfer cases still lie unused in some army warehouse instead of playing a role in imparting dignity to the final journey of a martyr.It is evident that the entire brouhaha over the fake Kargil Coffin Scam was actually the scam played by the SoGa led Congress on the NDA govt. and on the Indian public.The Real ScamCongress knew that by, falsely, dragging the plight of martyred Kargil War Heroes they could play with the sentiments of us Indians.It would tarnish the honest image of Late Shri A.B. Vajpayee and his govt. and thereby polish the image of Congress.It was one of the greatest scams they ever played on the Indian public.Present DayNow replace the word ‘Coffin’ with ‘Rafale’ and go through it again. You will find the beginning of the same false narrative being constructed around the French fighter aircraft deal.The focal point of the Opposition’s 2019 election campaign will be Rafale Scam and Lynchistan like narratives inflated with hot air.SoGa’s son, RaGa, is attempting to lead the charge this time. And failing thus far.As for BJP, it has failed to offer a forceful fact-based counter-narrative, to date even when it claims to have actually saved some Rs. 59 crores per (fully equipped) fighter jet in the deal.Nonetheless, it needs to act fast and sharp.NaMo wouldn’t want to repeat the same mistakes committed by Shri A.B. Vajpayee’s govt. and lose the chair.Source: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.c...; No scam called ‘coffingate’; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka...

Everybody has their own unique reason and purpose, we are are all unique. This is not like a group of people would be made miserable for us to learn anything. That would be a horrible thing if somebody would be forced to be ill or miserable to teach other people. People become ill or damaged because of the imperfection of our world.We are all here to explore and find who we are. Narcissist don’t know who they are. They real self was imprisoned by their false self. Their defence mechanism took over the real self. If anything…I think their purpose might be to free their self and find out who they really are. But that would still be a generalisation and would not work for all people with NPD. What they can teach us? They can teach us how it’s important to love your children and be kind to them so they don’t end up with a personality disorder. They can teach us that we still have to work to improve the world and find a way to help all people, including those with NPD. During our life path we can meet many different people that can give us a personal lesson. But this always works both ways. You learn something from the interaction with the person and they learn something too. This is never one sided.How we see the world is mainly defined by what we have inside. If you have unconditional love and compassion inside you, you won’t see the world as cold and indifferent place. Of course we are just humans and when we are hurt, abused, unhappy, ill, miserable, we might have no love inside or our love is very far from unconditional. I believe that the emptiness narcissists experience is caused by lack of love. They have no love for themselves and for others. Emptiness is lack, something that is missing. Idealization is not love. Love is compassionate.There's is an interesting spiritual idea that states that our souls choose the lessons they have to learn during each lifetime. According to the idea we all chose our hardships ourselves and we do this for our own soul evolution. But then of course while inside our physical bodies we don’t remember anything outside of this certain lifetime. But in-between lifetimes we must have the ability to remember all our experiences, otherwise it would be pointless. I don’t know if I believe in this, I’m rather an agnostic by nature, which means I see multiple possibilities and I can accept some of them unless I have a good proof that it can’t be true. But I do like the idea. It gives a hope that even those of us who never got a chance to live a happy and fulfilling life (and, unfortunately, there are millions of such people) don’t disappear in eternity and continue their path somewhere else.

Let me admit, this is a wonderful question to answer and I am going to relish it.First of all lets put a glance at three major and prominent players from the house of the Pawar Dynasty.1.Mr.Sharadchandra Pawar2.Mr.Ajit Pawar3.Smt.Supriya SuleFollowing are the details of assets the above mentioned players have revealed as part of affidavit before the election commission of India in year 2014.Mr.Sharadchandra Pawar:Rs 32,06,26,677 ie ~32 Crore+ (here is the link Pawar Sharadchandra Govindrao(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):(MAHARASHTRA))Mr.Ajit Pawar:Rs 38,83,27,867~38 Crore+(here is the link Ajit Anantrao Pawar(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- BARAMATI(PUNE))Smt.Supriya Sule:Rs 1,13,90,90,851 ie ~113 crore+ (here is the link Supriya Sule(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- BARAMATI(MAHARASHTRA))Net wealth=Rs 183 CroreNow that been said, lets dig out the corruption.Lets take a look at the affidavits filed in year 2009.Mr.Sharadchandra Pawar: Rs 2,10,00,000 ~@2 Crore ( this is the link to his affidavit Page on 23.150.75) Please note that I haven't included the wealth on his wife's name.Mr.Ajit Pawar: Rs 10,78,38,032 ie ~10 crore+(Here is the link Ajit Ananthrao Pawar)  Smt.Supriya Sule: Rs 51,53,63,663~51 Crore+ (here is the link SUPRIYA SULE(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- Baramati(MAHARASHTRA))Net worth:Rs 62 CroreWhich means there is 195% increase in the wealth of the clan.Where does this wealth come from is a moot point (pun intended as we all know it) but the interesting fact is that this is just the tip of iceberg. Remember that I haven't included the wealth owned by their immediate relatives for example the wealth owned by wife of Sharad Pawar, wife of Ajit Pawar, husband of Supriya Sule etc. Had I included those figures to the above figures the entire sum of money would be astronomical.As I have said earlier that this is just the revealed which is visible to the naked eye, there is definitely lot buried down the earth.

Mandi, hello, thanks for your A2A.Due to their singular focus and one track mindedness, narcissists, at times, seem more reptilian than mammalian in nature.The Reptilian/Primitive BrainReptiles live instinctually from moment to moment. Whenever a reptile's instinctual drive pings its primitive reptilian brain, the reptile engages in whatever behavior the ping kicks off.The totality of the reptile's "brain power" is devoted to a reptiles fulfilling its primal base level functions such as.....•eating•drinking•procreating•turf protectingThe reptile never thinks let alone -- reflects on its behavior. Reptiles are in essence automatons with a heart and a nervous system. Reptiles do not think, they just do ---Reptilian Behavioral CharacteristicsReptiles.....•are driven by instinct•live moment to moment•do not indulge in executive functions/complex thinking•are formidable predators•devote virtually all their life energy to the fulfillment of their primal-basic needsIn many ways just as the reptilian brain provides the requisite brain power for reptiles to fulfill their instinctual primal needs, the narcissist similarly engages the reptilian portion of his or her brain regarding the fulfillment of the narcissist's base functions.For lack of a more suitable descriptor, a narcissist's behavior could aptly be designated "narctilian" in nature.Many Narcissists Seemingly Have Reptilian BehaviorsOne reason why some narcissists strike me as having some kind of kinship or connection with reptiles concerns how reptiles devote virtually all of their energy doing what reptiles do best-- predation and procreation.The Narcissist's Preoccupation with Attention ProcurementThe narcissist is not inclined to partake in activities that are not related to his or her be all and end all preoccupation with --- getting a adrenaline high during the pursuit and capture of self-esteem regulating supply, also known as ---attention.In other words, just as reptiles live from moment to moment in order to be fulfill their instinctual drives, narcissists seem to be perpetually on autopilot and virtually all of their life energy is focused on and devoted to supply procurement.Attention is as Important to Narcissists as Oxygen is as Integral to NTs SurvivalIt may be hard for neurotypicals (NTs) to appreciate how all encompassing obtaining attention is to a narcissist. Suffice it to say that supply is as important to narcissists as oxygen is to NTs.Narcissist's are not inclined to emphasize this aspect of their reality as they likely believe such information would somehow be a sign of...•vulnerability•weakness•emotional dependenceReptiles.....•are driven by instinct•live moment to moment•do not indulge executive functions/complex thinking•devote virtually all their life energy to the fulfillment of their primal needs•are Mother Nature's apex predators•prominent features of disposition and demeanor are…••jet black lifeless eyes••a malevolent deadpan look••a deep penetrating stare••muted facial expressions without the slightest hint of animation"Narctiles" too are formidable "supply procurement predators." Once either a shiny object or a prospective signNow other (ProSO) enters the narctile's field of vision, the narctilian brain kicks off a procurement protocol which is manifested by the narctile's penetrating stare."Narctilian" Behavioral CharacteristicsThe narctile.....•puts a premium on not wasting an iota of emotional energy on activities unrelated to attention procurement•is perpetually on “auto-pilot”•lives solely “in the now” — from moment to moment•does not consider desisting from engaging in reckless behaviors that had previously caused signNow wreckage•does not consider future consequences before impulsively acting out.•instant gratification trumps all other considerations•does not consider the emotions and feelings of others before doing whatever whenever•does not consider ethical implications of his or her actions•does not consider issues pertaining to moralityNarctililian Adages on Right Living•"If it feels good, do it!"•"It's a dog eat dog world -- so get as much as you can, as fast as you can."•"The ends justify the means"•"I was screwed over and abused so why should I not inflict the same damage my SO?"•"I take Nike's attitude when it comes to my hurting a SO who has been nothing but good to me -- I just do it."•"My misery loves my SO's company."•"If you need to make a splash to get ahead, who cares if people drown in the process -- poor suckers were in the wrong place at the wrong time!"•"Winning is not everything -- aside from exerting power and control, it's the only thing!"•"True happiness is found on the Dark Triad side of life."•"When it comes to the fulfillment of my needs--- I do so by any means necessary."The Narctile's Primary Life DirectiveThe Narctile does what he or she wants whenever the narctile wants to do it with whomever the narctile want to do it with.If a SO does anything that intrudes on the aforementioned directive, the narctile will deem the SO as being all bad.Thereafter, the SO will be summarily dispatched from the narctile's reality regardless of a history that speaks to a SO not only doing only good by the narctile but also (regardless of inconvenience or hardship) never forsaking the narctile.ConclusionBoth the reptile and narcissist appear to rely on their reptilian primitive brains when it comes it comes to fulfilling base life functions.•Anecdotal evidence supports the contention that the narcissist does not engage in complex thinking that is associated with one's prefrontal cortex.•Just as a snakes have no feelings or complex thoughts relating to the mouse it strangles and then devours, the narctile apparently does not have sentiments or thoughts akin to.....••"Maybe I should not have hooked up with my SO's good friend because on some level it's immoral. Come to think of it if my SO did that to me I would be devastated."••"I think I had an ethical lapse when I told my SO I was loyal to one SO at a time while in reality I was really sucking up to five different prospective SOs in order to see who would give me the best deal."••"If I am honest with myself, maybe it's wrong to pathologically lie to someone at every turn. If I knew somebody lied to me as much as I lie to my loved ones, I would feel like sh*t. Come to think of it , my sh*tty behavior lacks any semblance of integrity or right action. Perhaps, it would behoove me treat others the way I expect to be treated."••"Come to think of it, it was really cold of me to never have thanked my SO for giving me that really nice heartfelt gift which I pawned a few days later. Just thinking about my frighteningly callous behavior makes me feel a really terrible blend of negative emotions."••"I always cognitively knew that what I did behind my SO's back was wrong. Worse yet rather rather than own up to my cowardly and immoral actions, I simply picked a fight with my SO in order to foist the blame for my despicable and deplorable behavior on him or her.Now I am awash in guilt as well as thoughts about my lack of conscience and immoral behavior. I think I better try to do right by him or her because I know there is such a thing as karma so as of this moment I am basically f**ked."

Okay, let's answer your question.Iran's Contribution to the WorldToday's civilization is the product of the genius and contributions of many nations. Some nations lived for a span of time, contributed to the world and vanished completely from the face of the earth. Others stopped making any new offerings after a period of time, while some started very early and still continue contributing to the modem civilization.  AgricultureIran has helped the development of agriculture in two ways: first by controlling the forces of nature and domesticating animals and plants existing in the wild state in the plateau, and secondly by inventing ways and means of procuring water and diverting it to the places where it was needed. According to Professor Ernest Hertzfeld and Sir Arthur Keith, the Caspians i.e. the original inhabitants of the plateau of Iran, were the original agriculturists and that their knowledge of agriculture spread from the Caspian plateau to the three adjoining alluvial plains which later became the site of early urban civilizations. This theory was later corroborated by later excavations in Iran. The oldest human settlement to be identified on the plain is at Siyalk near the city of Kashan, south of Tehran. Among the tools used by these early settlers, that were all of stone, one could distinguish flint knife-blades and sickle-blades. Per Professor Girshman, stockbreeding and cultivation of land followed, and in the fourth millennium B.C. man already used the plough and was cultivating wheat and barley. Charred grains found at the excavated Neolithic village of Geoy Tepe (tappeh) near Lake Oroomieh in the northwestern part of Iran prove that wheat must have been grown there more than 5000 years ago.Grape Vine and Wine - The laboratory analysis of a 4,500 year old clay pot excavated in the northwestern part of Iran showed that it was used for storing wine. To date, this is the oldest wine container found.The grape-vine, which is indigenous to Iran, was introduced to China by Can K'ien in 128 B.C. at the time of the Chinese Emperor Wu (140-87 B.C.). The introduction of the vine from Iran to China is well attested. The word for wine the Chinese envoy carried with him to his country was budo, which apparently came from the Persian badeh.Rose- Clement Hurat and Louis Delaporte in their book "L'Iran Antique" state that the name of rose in Indo-European and Aramean and Arab languages shows its origin to be Iran because in all these languages the word for it is derived from Zand "Varedha", the perfect plant. In Persian "Vard" means the rose. In Syria the rose is called Vard Juri. The whole district of Jur, or Firoozabad, in the province of Fars in Iran was noted for its air (scent) of red roses. Fars included in its Kharaj (to the Caliph of Baghdad) 30,000 bottles of the essence of rose. Rose was introduced to Spain in the 7th century A.D. hence it was propagated all over Europe.Spinach- A. de Candolle believes that it was in Persia where the spinach was first raised as a vegetable. The Spaniards, who spread it throughout Europe, received it through Arabs from Iran. Additional evidence is afforded by the very name of the plant which is of Persian origin. Its name in Persian is aspanah, aspanag or asfinaj; Arabic isfenah or isbenah. Hence Medieval Latin Spinachium, Spanish espinoca, Italian spinaci.... The Chinese name for it means "Persian vegetable".Early Environmentalists! From ancient times, Persians have shown great respect for flowers, plants and trees. From times unknown to present day, Persians have advocated planting trees, and there is even a special Derakht Kari (tree planting) day when thousands of trees are plated throughout the country. Another sign of the significance of trees in Persian culture is evidenced in the ruins of Persepolis- the 2,500 year old Achaemenid palace- where numerous flowers and cypress trees are found in the bas-reliefs throughout the palace.Crafts and IndustriesPottery and Ceramics- Professor Pope states in the Masterpieces of Iranian Art: "In light of the data recently discovered it has been proved that agriculture and perhaps the crafts attached to it i.e. pottery making and weaving originated in Iranian plateau. From several essential points, the civilization in this area began 500 years before Egypt, 1,000 years before India and 7,000 years before China."Professor Girshman corroborates this theory by stating that between 15,000 and 10,000 B.C. prehistoric men lived on the Iranian plateau. He mentions that in 1949 traces of human remains were found in the Bakhtiyari mountains. These men used a coarse, poorly baked pottery.Textile Industry- Textile in Iran can be traced back to the beginning of the Neolithic times. Professor Pope believes that textile industry originated in Iranian plateau. Excavations in the early 1950's in a cave near the Caspian Sea produced evidence of woven sheep's wool and goat hair, dated by the carbon 14 method to about 6,500 B.C.From 4th or possibly 5th millennium B.C. traces of skillful fine plain linen cloth and signs of tablet weaving at the end of the 4th or early in the 3d millennium B.C. were recovered by the French Mission at Susa (Shoosh). Pierre Amiet in his book Elam, states that tablet weaving in the Susian civilization is proved by the discovery of a miniature weaving tablet in the foundation deposits of one of the Susa temples. Also a seal tablet belonging to the second half of the 4th millennium B.C. shows a weaving loom.ArchitectureAccording to Professor Arthur Pope (Persian Architecture), Iran has a continuous history of architecture from at least 5,000 B.C. to the present , and characteristic examples of this architecture are distributed over a vast area from Syria to North India and the borders of China, from the Caucasus to Zanzibar.First Bricks- Professor Girshman very clearly shows the gradual evolution of molded and baked bricks in different layers of Siyalk- near Kashan- and by doing so proves beyond the shadow of a doubt that brick was first made in Iran.Iran, the Origin of the First Christian Architecture- M.A. Choisy in his "Histoire de I'Architecture" prints a map on which he shows that the point of origin of the first Christian architecture is Iran. He declares: "the starting point of this movement could not be neither the Latin countries, nor the purely Greek regions, because the 4h A.D. was a time of complete decadence of the Roman Empire. Most of Latin provinces had nothing new to offer but an out-of-date civilization which was on the wane. Only one nation was guarding amid all this turmoil and general enfeeblement a vigorous upsurge of vitality based on the souvenirs of ancient grandeur and superiority and that nation was Iran." He further states that Iran was the center from which emanated three rays leading via (1) Asia Minor and Constantinople, (2) Armenia and Transcaucasian regions, and (3) Syria and the southern coast of Mediterranean Sea, towards Europe and Africa to introduce Iranian architecture and arts and crafts to these regions.Iran's Influence on the Architecture of Italy- The idea of a double roof with a void in between, according to Coisy, is Iranian. The double roofing in the dome of St. Marie de Fleurs is an example. The oldest Persian application of a double dome still in existence is seen in the Mausoleum of Oljaytu in Soltanieh, near the city of Zanjan, which dates back to the 14th century. However, the knowledge and expertise used in the construction of this dome, shows that this type of double must have been in style for a long time. Coisy further states that there is no doubt that the architects of Florence and Bologne have conceived the domes of their cathedrals in imitation of a Persian type.TransportationThe Wheel- Will Durant, in his famous work; "The History of Civilization" states that the wheel was first used for transport in Elam, in Iran. By about 2,000 B.C. wheeled vehicles were in use from Indian valley to the Syrian coast. But Gordon Childe states that in Egypt no wheeled vehicles were in use before 1,600 B.C.Roads- According to Professor Girshman, Iranians in Achaemenid times had developed a method of road building that consisted of paving the softer parts of the road, and even of making artificial ruts for wheeled vehicles. The Greek historian, Herodotus, states that the Persian Royal Road anticipated the Roman road by several centuries.Post and couriers- Herodotus, the Greek historian, attributes the creation of post and couriers to the Achaemenid Persians. He states:" The entire plan is a Persian innovation." In order to facilitate communications within the vast Persian Empire, Post stations were built along all routes to provide rest stations for the caravans and fresh horses for couriers on government business. Post stations were precisely spaced at intervals equaling one day's ride connecting the royal road stretching 2000 miles. Strong, skilled men riding fast, muscular horses carried royal messages as far as 1600 miles in one week. Herodotus marveled, "Nothing mortal travels so fast as these messengers.... They will not be hindered from accomplishing at their best speed the distance which they have to go, either by snow, or rain, or heat, or by the darkness of night" This system of communications was unmatched in speed until the telegraph doomed the horse to obsolescence.FinanceFirst Banks- During the Achaemenian period private banks were established. The most famous was Bank of Egibi which carried on the business of pawn-brokers floating loans and accepting deposits. Its capital was invested in house property, fields, cattle, and in the boats that carried the merchandise. Current accounts were operated and checks were in use. Bank of Murashshu and Sons was founded later in Nippur. It held leases, dug canals and sold water to the farmers, secured monopolies, such as brewing or fisheries which were farmed out at a profit.Per Professor Girshman, Greeks followed the example of these banks and similar institutions appeared there, particularly in the temples of Delos, Olympia and Delphia. He adds: "how many financiers and bankers know, for example, that the word 'check' or the word 'avaliser' come from the Pahlavi language and were invented by the Iranian banking institutions of this remote age? The Christian traders of Syria borrowed the bill from Iran, and introduced it into the West."FashionPants and long coats- the trousers that we wear today along coats that was customary until very recently in Europe is a Persian heirloom. None of the nations of the old world except Iranians wore trousers and long tunics coming to the knee. The pants that were called in old Persian Sharval (modem Persian Shalvar) were accepted later by the Greeks with its name in the form of Saraballa, in Latin Sarabara. It was accepted by Arabs and was called Serbal and Serval, in Spanish it is called Ceroulas and in Hungary it is called Schalwary and in Turkish Sharval.Gloves- Xenophon in his Cyropaedia speaks of Iranians covering their hands with thick leather and their fingers in frames thereby explaining how he came to know for the first time what Iranians used in order to protect their hands against cold and frosty winds. This shows that the Greeks did not know what gloves were. Excavations in Ziwieh in Iran have produced a kind of a glove used as adornment belonging to the 7th century B.C.Games and SportsPolo (Chowgan) - is an ancient Persian game. Iranians call it Chowgan (chow to be pronounced like tow, and gan like gun). The oldest mention of this game is in Ferdosi's Shahnameh (composed about 1,000 years ago) where the game played between Siyavash and his Persian retinue in one side and Afrasiyab, the Tooranian King and his brother Garsivaz, on the other is described in the form of poetry. Many Europeans have written their accounts of Shah Abbas Safavi either playing polo or watching the game from the balcony of the Ali Ghapoo palace, in Esfahan, while drinking snow-chilled Shiraz wine with his courtiers.Polo was carried to India by the Mongol rulers. The Mongol emperor Akbar, is said to judge the suitability of a candidate for the position of the Minister of State by observing his behavior on the polo field. Later, the British army officers assigned to India, brought polo to England and from there, it was propagated throughout the world.Early forks, spoons and knivesAccording to the Journal of British Institute of Iranian Studies, Volume III published in 1965 in Iran, two very beautifully proportioned silver spoons were found in 1964 in Iran belonging to the second half of the 5th century B.C. One spoon has a duck or swan's head handle. The other, a zoomorphic handle ending in a cloven hoof. The same publication noted that among Achaemenian works of art, other spoons or ladles terminating in swan's handles had been recovered.Also according to Byzantine and Christian sources, the Iranian nobility in Sassanian times, had special knives to serve fruit with, and used gold forks and spoons and special gold cups at their dinner tables.PerfumesThe art of obtaining the essence of various flowers and preserving them in small containers was for the first time invented by the Zoroastrians in Iran as perfume played a great role in Zoroastrian religious ceremonies.From the Old Testament we learn how the ancient Persians considered perfume of utmost importance. It is stated in Esther that the virgins who were being prepared to be presented to Ahasuerus, the King of Persia, were obliged to be purified with oil of myrrh and for the next six months with sweet scents and other things.BathsIn excavations headed by Professor Girshman in Shoosh (Susa), in a layer attributed to 2,000 years B.C., bathrooms were found in the houses of the richer classes in the Susian community. Also in the book of Esther we have a description of the way the girls who were brought from the country being prepared to meet the King of Persia, had to be bathed in hot baths for the period of a year.World's First OrchestraExcavations in Chogha Mish, about 15 miles south-east of Dezful in the province of Khoozestan have provided evidence that it was a city of considerable size in the Protoliterate period (about 5,500 years ago) when writing was probably first invented. Most signNow of the items found are the cylinder seal impressions on clay. Per Sylvia Matheson in Persia: An Archeological Guide, "one of these gives the earliest known evidence of music as an organized art-form, showing an orchestra and a vocalist."