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FAQs
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How was your ISRO interview experience?
My interview was at Antriksh Vihar, Delhi on 1/08/2018. I applied for Scientist ‘SC’ in Mechanical Engineering Branch. I was 30th in the merit in the written qualified candidates(Scored 200/231) but it was of no use as ISRO selects solely on the basis of Interview. Total 382 candidates were qualified for the interview.Firstly, I took guidance from some of my seniors at AMU working in ISRO. They told me to confident while giving the interview. Yet, I was quite nervous as I am 2018 batch pass out and had no idea of such interview.I entered the room and wished the panel members. There were around 11-panel members staring at me. The senior-most of them asked me to take my seat.M1: Introduce yourselfME: I introduce myself like this (remember the order)My name is Mohammad Munis and I am from Deoria, UP. I did my high-school from Jeevan Marg Sophia Secondary School, Deoria with 88.04% in 2012, +2 from Senior Secondary School, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) with 84% in 2014. I did my B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology, AMU with 8.94 CPI in 2018. My B.Tech final yr project was on “Optimisation in the efficiency of Wells Turbine” which was successfully completed by the team member of three. Currently, I am pursuing my M.Tech in Thermal and Fluid Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.Now, coming to my family background. My father is a teacher, my mother is a housewife. We are 5 siblings. 2 brother and 3 sisters and I am at number 4.M2: Take the pen and go to the whiteboard.ME: I didM2: Draw a vertical line. from its, draw a horizontal line with a mass attached at its end. The system is rotating about its vertical axis. Design the shaft.ME: As I was doing, they stopped me and jumped to next questionM2: Why the spokes of a cycle wheel do not buckle although their bunch gets buckle?ME: I explainedM3: what are the modes of heat transfer?ME: conduction, convection, radiationM3: What are the laws of radiationME: I answered and we had some discussion over thatM3: Does the wavelength of radiation is fixed or it has some range?M3: Then how we use the formulae to calculate them?ME: I explained to them by drawing some fig of black, real and grey bodyM3: Why blackbody is called as a blackbodyME: I explainedM4: How to prevent a body from radiation?ME: I explained by drawing some figM4: Why rocket are yellow in colour?ME: I asked is it really yellow or white as I have seen in movies then we had some funny discussion over that.then I tried to explain using E vs lambda dig which was already drawn on board.M5: Suppose you have a black and a white car. Which would have a higher inner temp.?ME: both will have the same temp.They laughed and said that I am wrong.then I explained using emissivity I explained the Stefan eqn very properly and gave some eg for the two cars and applied the law.They asked my eg again and finally got convinced(there was an inverted frustum-shaped glass on my table)M6:Draw the elevation, plan, LHS, RHS,cross-sectional.while I was drawing one of them asked that whether it is a 1st angle or 3rd angle projection.ME:3rd (hurriedly)they all laughed and asked me to go verify. I was confused and about to say something.M1: thank you very much.I thanked them and walked out of the room.The result of the interview has been declared and I am happy to announce that I have been selected with AIR 29
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What actually happens in a UPSC interview?
I have had the opportunity of giving 'THE UPSC INTERVIEW' twice, one in 2016 and other in 2017. Both the time I had the same board headed by former Air Marshal Ajit Bhonsale.I was awarded pretty good scores both the times, 184 (in 2016) and 187 (in 2017) :)Before I answer what happens in UPSC interview, let me break some myths.MYTHSInterview questions are not like the whatsapp forwards you recieve. Example : How to throw egg from a building without breaking it?Interview is not a system of rejection or acceptance. It is just a part of whole process , your written marks are added in your interview score to determine your rank. So you may have high written score but low interview marks can mar your chances of rank and vice versa.Interview is not a test of your knowledge. Knowledge has already been tested in written examination. Interview is test of your personality and confidence. Obviously questions are asked to test your confidence but if you don't know the answer you can say “I don't know sir/ma'am” confidently instead of bluffing. You have to be truely honest.Some interview boards are dreaded due to myth that they give low marks but I think every board has its range of marks( Bhonsale Sir board is dreaded but he awarded me good marks both the times). It is just that every board chairman has probably different parameters and ways of testing you. For example : Ajit Bhonsale sir will make you really comfortable but sometimes when you become very comfortable you let yourself loose and commit blunders. On other hand B.S. Bassi sir is very strict ( I have heard) , puts in you in spot for the first few minutes. His strategy is maybe to check you during tough times.UPSC interview is not like a roadies audition. All the members of the board are highly cordial.BEFORE UPSC INTERVIEWNight before the interview is really tough. There are butterflies in your stomach. There is soo much going on in your head that sleeping becomes a task.On the day of interview it becomes quite a task for us girls because we have to tie a saree. My mom was with me so she helped me with that but handling the saree gracefully is your task. I want to tell you that I wore the same green colour saree for both my interviews because after my first interview I thought it was lucky for me :)2016 interview2017 interview ( 5 kg lighter!!)Once you signNow UPSC office on Shahjahan road , you are made to stand in a line outside the gate for verification by showing summon letters. For me this moment for the first time was in 2016 and it was really mesmerizing. I was like Aamir Khan ’s character in “3idiots” movie where he couldnt stop smiling because it felt like a dream.After all verification candidates are made to sit in a room for document verification. There are 6 tables with 6 candidates each. All the 6 candidates on one table go to same interview board. After document checking candidates are moved to a central hall. Here we are finally told which board we are assigned.Candidates are called one by one for the interview and headed towards respective members 's rooms. A candidate is called 5 minutes before the previous candidates 's interview is over. So you are made to sit outside the interview room. This is the most unnerving moment. My strategy used to be: to sit and gaze around so that I don't think about the impending interview and calming myself in the process. And finally after few minutes the peon asks you to GO INSIDE!!DURING THE INTERVIEWHere I will narrate my 2017 CSE interview held on 24 th April 2018:I entered the room I wished everyone good afternoon ( it was around 1:30 pm ). I was asked to take seat. The interview board had chairman (Air Marshal Ajit Bhonsale Sir in my case) and 4 other members seated around a table. There was a member seating very close to me and watching my every action, most probably he was psychoanalysist or something like that.So finally the interview started :CHAIRMANChairman : Shilpa sit down. Feel comfortable. Take a deep breath. I see a young and smart lady in front of me who has a very good academic background. Are you nervous?Me: No sir ( I smiled)CHAIRMAN : Ok then we will start with the interview.Which areas you are expecting that we would ask from DAF ( detailed application form , it is like a CV which contains information about you, your qualification, your hobbies etc).Me: Sir about my graduation i.e. BDS , my birthplace Chandigarh and hobbiesChairman : What do you derive from making greeting cards? ( Apart from reading , teaching/ mentoring , I mentioned “making handmade greeting cards” as my hobby in DAF)Me: Sir, it is a form of creative expression for me which gives me immense pleasure.Chairman : Ok shilpa.MEMBER 1M1 : What are your views on death sentence for rape accused in case victim is below 12 years? Accused are generally known to victim in cases of child abuse cases.Me : Sir ,you are right. NCRB records state that in child sexual abuse cases 94% of accused are known to victim. This may lead to non reporting or victim turning hostile due to pressure from family.Secondly, death penalty is not a deterrent. It has been proven from many reports.Thirdly , now rape and murder have same punishment so now the rapist will not leave his victim alive .(M1 : good point Dr. Shilpa)M1 : Have you heard about euthanasia? What is the recent SC judgement.Me: Euthanasia in common terms means mercy killing. It is of two types : active and passive euthanasia. Recently SC has allowed passive euthanasia in case patient is in permanent vegetative state.M1: Who decides it is time for euthanasia?Me: Sir , It consists of three layered mechanism . A mechanism for living will has been given which is accessed by the doctor. If he feels that there is need for go ahead the permission is send to a special medical board which consists of four specialists. After approval it is forwarded to district collector.M1: What is living will?Me: It is a directive by a patient that in due course of his treatment if stops responding to treatment or is in permanent vegetative state he be considered for passive euthanasia.MEMBER 2M2 : Comment on our relations with our neighbours with respect to Bangladesh , Nepal.Me: Sir , Neighbourhood first policy has been major component of our foreign policy.Good relations with Bangladesh for example recently land boundary agreement was signed very amicably. There is just one irritant in form of teesta water treaty.Nepal we have historical and cultural ties. 'BETI AND ROTI' ka rishta. A buffer state. But due to unprecedented foray of China into south asia and Nepal playing China card due to its domestic compulsions , relations have taken toll right now.( I wanted to summarize but M2 said ok shilpa fine)M2 : Chinese president XI Xingping and PM modi will be meeting recently. Where?ME: Sir there will be an informal meeting in City of Wuhan , China. Here wide array of issues will be discussed.M2 : China is saying it will be sharing data on satluj river. What is that?ME: Sir basically hydrological data. Water levels and dams to be constructed.M2: Sociolgists are better administrators. Why? (Sociology is my optional subject)ME: Sir, it is basically study of social groups , social institutions and their dynamics. And as civil servant you are basically dealing with these institutions and groups. For eg : as a sociologist one knows laws decide where society SHOULD GO but Societal norms decide where society actually GOES. It serves a great value as a civil servant.MEMBER 3M3 : Dr. Bhatti you were talking about China right now. How are we same ?How does it poses a danger how India is responding? Can we learn something from China?( it was a long question so I broke it into parts)Me: China and India are same with respect to thriving economies. China is second largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and India is 7th.Both are populous nations with huge human capital potential.Dangers : China 's unprecedented foray into South Asia. Increasing footprint in Indian ocean.Learn from China: China has emerged as workshop of world. Its manufacturing sectors contributes around 34% to its GDP where India its just 17% ( Member said good Dr.Bhatti)MEMBER 4M4 : Social media is turning a place for spreading wrong news and all ( long lecture) . How to address this?Me: Sir in the post truth era social media is turning into menance where fake news are being spread. (M4 interuppts)M4 : You used word post truth. Very interesting word. What is that?Me: Sir it is an era where facts are considered less and beliefs and emotions shape the public opinion.M4 : Very good Shilpa. Continue with your answer. How to address?Me: Sir we can address first at legal level. For eg : EU has .......( M4 interuppts.)M4: Shilpa talk at a more local level. Like you are Chandigarh DC.Me: Sir first we can use social media itself. These days every administration has official twitter , FB accounts. From this we can give correct info n allay fears.Secondly in Chandigarh during Ram Rahim case SMS were sent as precaution. We can use this platformThirdly , involving civil society to create awareness to not accept any news at face value before confirming it from standard source.M4 : Did you choose Medical field by choice ? You are no longer pursuing it?Me: Sir , Civil services was always on my mind but idea wasn't very concrete at that time. I choose medical field because of my love for science and I have always performed good in academics.Also while working as a dentist I realized that civil services gives much larger platform to bring a change plus job diversity it offers is unparallelled.CHAIRMANCHAIRMAN : Tell me where woman bureaucrats or officers in general can be of great help?Me : Sir , in police administration for example if the cutting edge officers or bureaucrats in general are woman we can make our police services more gender sensitive.Chairman : yes ok. Continue.Me: Sir I cant think of other areas right now.(Chairman smiled and said ok)CHAIRMAN : Ok Shilpa tell me one last question before we go for lunch. You have heard about tussle between delhi chief secretary and chief minister?Me: yes sir.CHAIRMAN : So now bureaucrats blame its ministers who hamper work and politician blame bureaucrats. What to do?Me: Sir the permanent executive and the elected executive has work in tandem.CHAIRMAN : Yes tell me solution?Me: Following SOP and due process of law.Secondly, Sir transperant administration. Egovernance to cut down bureaucratic red tapism and also ensuring the executive is pro active in various people centric schemes or policies.Thirdly , we can have informal meetings in form of ‘chintin shivirs' or organising sports events for breaking the ice and acting as confidence building measures.CHAIRMAN : Ok Shilpa your interview is over. So now you will go back to Chandigarh or stay back.Me: Sir I will stay back for medical and leave on 26th.Chairman : Ok. Thank you Shilpa.Me: Thank you Sir. ( I thanked other member too)Interview lasted around 25 minutes. Members were extremely cordial and I had a feeling that it went well.And I got a good score of 187 :) I was able to secure 712 rank UPSC CSE 2017 and currently Iam preparing for rank improvement :)I hope this answer conveyed what happens in UPSC interview :)
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Was there a stranger you met once, are not likely to meet again, and who profoundly affected you?
I was fresh out of high school, getting ready to head to college on a scholarship. I was the bomb, the cream... I was destined for the best. I was pure EGO.My car was crap though. And while driving through a very bad area of town, it stopped working. I was stranded. I didn't have but a single dollar on me, so I figured that I had to find a phone and call my family to come get me... but within moments of stepping out of my car a bum came up and asked me if I could give him a dollar for a beer.I explained to him that NO... I needed that dollar to call for help as my car just broke down. He asked what was wrong with it and I explained that I had NO idea. He asked if he could look at it and I said sure. He asked me to start it and started messing around with a few thing.He found there was a split in a vacuum hose that was preventing the carburetor from drawing gas properly. He pulled out a pocket knife, trimmed the hose to remove the split, reattached it and the car started.I was the bomb. He was the bum. I was headed to college and great things. He could fix my car with a pocket knife. I gave him my last dollar to buy a beer with.My ego shrank permanently that day.I realized that everyone knows something that I don't. You can learn something from everyone if you listen.
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How was your KVPY 2018 interview?
Location: IISc BangaloreNote: long answer aheadI gave the Kvpy SX interview 2017–18.It was my first interview ever. Being a physics enthusiast and ambitious to do pure science after 12th, this interview was very important to me. My calculated score seemed to be pretty decent and I still had a chance of getting a rank below 200 if I get above 80 in the interview.After consulting some seniors and friends I decided to take up electromagnetics and physical chemistry as my strong topics and prepared for the interview.I signNowed the centre by 8 30 AM and waited for about 4 hours before I was finally called in.There were 7–8 interviewers sitting by a long table. Most of them looked young and in their 30s.P: Good afternoon. Have a seat.Me: Good afternoon mam and sirs.P: So Sharaj tell me how have you been preparing for this interview.Me: For last two weeks I have been preparing exclusively for kvpy interview. I went through the concepts of my syllabus and prepared electromagnetics and physical chemistry specificallyP: What about other topicsMe: I went through them but I am not that confident in other topics.P: Ok. So tell me how do you know light is an electromagnetic wave?Me: ( what!? All my life I learn that light is an EM wave and why did it never occur to me why?) Well, I think its because it has sinusoidally varying electric and magnetic fields. Plus it's also non mechanical wave so we know it should be EM waveP: No you just defined an EM wave. But how do you know light is one?Me: (thinks)P: Do you know what diffraction is?Me: Yes mam. But how does that prove….(thinks again)[ well later I realised she was leading me on to polarisation by scattering is phenomenon we observe everyday. And it is caused due the electric fields]P: Ok leave it. Tell me what is lenz law?Me: *answers*P: where do you see it in your real life.Me: *talks about magnet dropped through metallic pipe slows down due to induced currents*P: Ok but where else? Do you know about transformers, step up transformer and all?Me: Yes mam. Step up transformers has two coils with secondary winding more than primary and its used to step up the voltage level.P: go explain it on the board.Me: *goes and draws an air core transformer with 2 coils and explains the apparatus*P: Wait. What is a solenoid?Me: *answers and then continues* Ok here now the current varies in primary which causes a change in flux in secondary and that induced an EMF in the secondary.P: Yes but why is the EMF induced?Me: *Repeats that current is changing and says as a result of faradays law emf is induced.*P: [looks unsatisfied as if she was expecting something else. Maybe I misheard the question] OK leave it. Why does a conductor conduct and not an insulator?Me: there are free electrons in conductor which can move when electric field is applied but in insulators only dipoles can be induced. The electrons are bound.P: So if you rip out all free electrons off a conductor and then apply an AC source across it what would happen.Me: *instantly*it would act as an insulator. It won't conductP: Are you sure?Me: *Thinks and says yes*P: Draw the circuit for AC applied across capacitors. And explain what happens there.[Stupid me! I didn't realise she was leading me to the answer to the previous question. ]Me: *by this time I was already lost as I realised I messed up the interview. I take around a minute to draw the circuit and write Q=CV.* Mam should I derive the impedance equation here(as she asked me to explain the working).P: No that's enough. Q=CV is what I wanted ( not sure if she was being sarcastic)(By this time I had given up already. The chemistry professors C1 and C2 look at me and smile. The math and bio profs don't give a damn and are doing something on their cell phones. Some other prof was sitting in the corner and writing something)C1: Ok now draw the free energy vs reaction coordinates curve.Me: *clumsily starts erasing the board using hands. Then C2 told there was a duster around the corner and to use it.* sir, the free energy..?C1: *repeats* for an exothermic reactionMe: ( well it must be the same as potential energy vs reaction progress graph) *draws this*C2: Are the reactants and products stable?Me: Yes sir but the product is more stable. Hence its exothermic.C1: Yes but your graph doesn't say that.Me: *thinks and has no clue what's wrong *C1: For things to be stable shouldn't its potential energy be at the local minima?Me: Yes *realises and alters the drawing to this*[ In my defense most books including NCERT doesn't have that well in the ends. It was something I learnt during the interview.]C1: Ok now mark the activation energy.Me: *marks everything and explains through graph*C2: What is the EA for backward reaction?Me: *marks*C1: Well tell me, where is the transition state and is it stable?Me: Its at the topmost point and no its not stable ( recalls that intermediate states are the stable states but not transition)C1: Are you sure?Me: Yes sir. It has maximum potential energy and hence its unstable.C1: No there are many degrees of freedom and * talks about stuff I didn't understand. Says something about saddle point*C2: *notices the weird frown I give* they don't have it in their syllabus.Me: (Oh thank god!)C1: Do you have order of reaction in syllabus?Me: yes sir! (Happy because its an easy chapter)C1: What is first order reaction?Me: *answers*C2: What is second order reaction?Me: ( wait! Did I mess up so much that they are asking easy questions now?) *answers*[Now I gather a little confidence and realise 10 minutes are up. (OK ask me questions I”ll answer them!!!)]C1: Ok. You can go now.Me: (No!! Give me more. Let me prove to you that I am worthy to go to iisc. Give another chance. Literally this expression!)*I thank them and leave the room. I come out and I am shocked and disappointed. If I were the interviewer I would hardly give myself 30 marks. I mentally calculate to find that I have very less chance to go to IIsc with such a performance*I come out and my dad just smiles and doesn't ask much. He just says “let's go have lunch”. He might have realised that I messed up.To all who are going to give the interview next…just know that it can go unpredictably good or bad. Just give it and wait for the results. I gave importance mainly to derivations because that's what most of my seniors were asked. But things are never the way you expect them to be!Fingers crossed till the results come.✌peace✌Edit: (20–04–2018)Turns out the interview had not gone as bad as I thought. Might be the interviewers asked relatively difficult problems to test my breaking point. Moreover the aptitude test of 2017 was much more difficult than the previous years.Thank you guys for all the up votes!
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Does my twin flame miss me everytime I see his name?
I can't say for sure, but usually, there are signs…Let's begin with what others say. There will always be more skeptics than believers…No disrespect to the profession, but I have a thing against Psychologists. I was constantly being sent to them as a kid, & they all thought there was something wrong with me…Why?Because I'm an Empath, & have Psychic abilities too.But it doesn't mean there's anything wrong with me. I'm just different; and can see what others can't.Your Twin does miss you. Regardless of what he says. When you see his name, you're being reminded of him.When it bottles down to it, here's the truth…Your Twin is you. He's probably unaware of the true connection. It's not obsessive, unrequited love.It's very real.I didn't realise the true connection, which I share with my Twin, until almost 3 months after we separated.I received an E-mail from a Psychic some weeks back; about a month or so ago; and was told that she's really missing me.About 3 weeks ago, I had a personal Tarot reading, regarding my Twin. I was told, she is coming back very soon.Summer is like Open Season for Twin Flame Unions, especially this year.But, when it comes to signs, you need to learn to recognise them.Always know, Twins communicate on the 5D. On the 3D, he could be hiding from you. He could say, he wants nada to do with you…My Twin was very cold with me after we separated. She really hurt me.But then, the messages began. I’d receive E-mails from various Psychics & Tarot Readers. They were all saying, she's coming back.Now, in the beginning, I was so heartbroken, I'd plead for her to come back.That's where I went wrong. The Universe, & everything it envelopes is energy. Everything…This message you're reading. It's not there. But you see it with your conscious mind. But, because I kept pleading, the Universe echoed the same thing back.I've learnt, you have to work with the Law of Attraction, & learn to manifest events. There were moments with my Twin Flame, which I manifested, before we'd even met.The way, in which my Twin communicates with me, is through music.Over time, you won't just hear, or see something, which reminds you of them. You'll recognise it. Your own intuition will tell you when it's them.The night after we separated, I was working late at a corporate Christmas party. The DJ was playing his set, & a particular song caught me off guard.Christmas Lights, by Coldplay.A set of lyrics resonated perfectly…Those Christmas lightsLight up the streetMaybe they'll bring her back to meThen all my troubles will be goneOh Christmas lights keep shining onAt this point, I almost had to walk away & cry somewhere. In fact, I found out earlier this evening, one of my colleagues is worried about my Mental Health. He's a die-hard Atheist, so no surprise. The truth is, I was crying myself to sleep every night, for 3 solid months.I've been through break-ups before. But a Twin Flame separation?Don't go there…Obviously, you know the feeling.My Twin is the same. She's the DM Runner, & I'm the DF Chaser.Or, at least it was that way. I gave up the chase some time ago. I learnt how to Surrender…And that it is perhaps, the hardest part of the journey.But many tend to believe, you have to simply Surrender on the spot. It's not like switching off the kitchen light. Oh, no…You have to allow yourself to Surrender at your own pace. Gradually, it'll happen.And here's what I noticed…We separated just before Christmas ‘18. I still have all of her Christmas presents, along with her card.I kept seeing reminders of her everywhere, along with experiencing deja vu on a regular basis.As time wore on, after learning initially, that reconciliation will happen, the signs began to change. I'd think of her; and all of a sudden, I'd see a car, exactly like the one she drives.Then came the synchronicities. I'd see certain numbers everywhere. On number plates; and clocks, etc.It kept going on. And then finally, as soon as I'd completely Surrendered, the signs changed very unexpectedly. I'd be walking along; and suddenly see triple numbers…111, 444, 888 & so on…Even a song would suddenly play while I was thinking about her; and it were as if, she's trying to tell me something.Recently, I had a dream one morning. I was being told where I was in my journey; and that I was close to reunion. All of a sudden, I just woke up. I looked at my watch; and it was exactly 5:55am.I've had dreams, which others have mentioned, also. I was sitting on the couch one evening, watching the box when I began to nod off. As I closed my eyes, I suddenly found myself on her couch. I opened my eyes; and I was home again. Seconds later, I nodded off again, & the same thing happened.Now, when I had that personal reading 3 weeks ago, I was told that she's finally going to show some emotional vulnerability.Ultimately, I woke up recently; and strangely enough, I couldn't feel anything for my Twin. It was strange, & yet disconcerting at the same time.I was told, by a Twin Flame Reader, it's normal. It means that, I'm finally moving on with my life; and am close to reunion.My advice to you, is based on my experience…You & your Twin are one & the same. Remember, the Separation is a sort of growing stage. It's the most painful, but at the same time, the most liberating.I'm never again, going to be the same person I was before.But, as I said, I allowed myself to Surrender. If you force it, you meet resistance.Get to know yourself; and find out what makes you tick. You don't have to date anyone, or socialise. Just work on being the best version of yourself.Technically, the Separation is triggered by a lack of willingness to face ourselves. I saw a side of my Twin on the day we separated, which I didn't like. Because, it was me…Twin Flames are mirrors of each other. We're the physical manifestations of our own reflections. So, in a sense, we're both Runners. The Runner is trying to run from the intensity of the connection. The Chaser, on the other hand, is trying to run from facing up to themselves.As you get to know yourself, you'll feel easier about things. Don't expect him to miss you. Just know, regardless of what he says; he does miss you. It's undeniable.Anyway, as you loosen up, your vibration will heighten. Your Twin is not with you, because you believe that he's not with you.Convince yourself, he's going to return. Think about all the good moments together; and how it's going to be when you reunite.It won't be an overnight result. But, it will happen…You just have to believe in yourself. If you truly love your Twin, then it's safe to say, you've mastered self-love. Because, your Twin is the physical manifestation of the being that you love more than anything…Yourself ❤And as for fear, it's an illusion. Fear is the opposite of love. It's as simple as ‘yes' & ‘no'If you see a big dog; and he's looking directly at you, it'll be one of two ways…You're feeling scared, because you ‘believe’ he's out to get you.He's actually looking at you; and reading your body language. You're talking to him through expressions.And, he's probably saying hello…Cats are known for their polite nature. They may seem smug, but they're just defensive, because they're Predators.When a cat says hello to you, they'll slightly nod their head & blink. It's a form of greeting…So, remember, you need to work on convincing yourself, he's going to return soon.As with manifestation, & the Law of Attraction, learn all you can about it.Start with a random event. You're walking down the street; and you think about a red car driving along past you. If your vibration is high, then it's likely to happen.Remember, small events. Thing of Twin Flame reunion as the cherry on the cake.Everything, which you manifest is an ingredient for your energy cake.Eventually, you'll have a good batch of ingredients for your cake. And those ingredients are manifested through your own vibration.And as soon as your cake is ready, you just need to place your Twin Flame cherry on top.And as soon as you have the cherry on top, you have your very own homemade Reunion CakeRemember, anybody can stand on a mountaintop; and shine a light. But we never get there, without climbing first.Love & Light ❤
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What questions are asked in the ISRO interview for a mechanical engineer?
Result : Selected, All India Rank - 4 (ISRO 2018)I want to give not only a very detailed experience but also some tips from my side. I have tried to write in such a way that you feel as if you are in interview hall. Because of all this you might feel this interview experience is a bit long but it's only for people very serious about ISRO. Going through the full experience will definitely give you a competitive edge. My contact informations including my whatsapp number is given at the end. Feel free to approach me. Now let's begin. It was 17th August 2018, 8:00 am ISRO guest house, Chennai. This year there was no interview center at Bangalore, only Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai and all who had written test centers at Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, Andhra Pradesh and maybe Orissa had their interview center at Chennai. I was wearing a white shirt, a black pair of trousers, black belt, black pair of shoes with plain black socks and a plain and sober grey tie. Please put on a tie, this is what candidates don't understand, ISRO is almost like a private firm. Here looks, appearance, proper dressing sense and smartness matters, that is why in interview panel there are members from HR present. Without tie, it is not formal, your top button is not closed and your collars are not properly upright. First 10 minutes are deciding for any interview and for first 10 seconds all they are going to observe is your appearance. Candidates who do not take care of these tiny details will say tomorrow that their luck was bad. Its not about luck, it's about taking care of the tiniest details. My name was first on the list on that day so I signNowed 15 min before the time mentioned in call letter (7:45am).I expected 8:00 to be time for start of verification of documents just like in case of BARC, but ISRO people are not playing around, they do not have classic government job mentality of working 9 to 5 and 5 days a week. So they actually started the interviews 10-15 minutes before 8:00 as few students arrived as early as 7:00 and completed the document verification before me so even though my name was first on the list, 6-7 candidates got interviewed before me (Actually, I liked it... I didn't wanted to be the first but also I didn't wanted to wait for 4-5 hours). So sometime before 10 a.m. I was asked to get into the interview room. Even for me who has already cleared BARC last year, who has already spent days and nights among biggest scientists of this country for the past one year, it was a cereal moment when I slightly opened the door and saw the world on the other side. I got the first glimpse of INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION. That moment I'll never forget for the rest of my life. I know a lot of you folks are confused, if I already was in BARC then why did I go for ISRO? Right? See it has something to do with passion. I know exactly what I want, I know exactly which field of engineering fascinates me. It is aerospace engineering and rocket science. This was never possible in BARC and that is why even after failing twice in ISRO written test(May 2017 & Dec 2017) I went for ICRB exam the third time and this time I made it happen. @ the door Me: May I come in sir? I3: yes please (from now on interviewer 1=I1, interviewer 2=I2 and so on) I went and stood near the only chair on my side. It was a gigantic hall. A completely different setup than BARC interview panel. There was a giant rectangular table between me and all the interviewers, there was atleast 7 feet distance between me and the closest interviewer (12 o'clock),so they had a mic for every person attached to the table. There were around 10 interviewers out of which one was a lady but I think including her, two were from HR, because they were monitoring the way I speak and the way I present. I teach a lot about how to be confident, how to have good speaking skills and body posture on youtube so I had a good idea of how to present myself (so those two were continuously impressed and were smiling). I2: Ashish Ramj... Ranjo... Rajm... Me: Sir, Ashish Ranjan. I2: Ok Ashish, please sit down. I sat down (I had my documents left outside), I only had a pen in my right pant pocket which I had borrowed from a very humble fellow candidate because just in the rarest occasion of you need to wright or sign something you should not be in a position where you do not have a pen. Unfortunately this thought did not came to my mind when I left for interview center but fortunately I found a good person who had an extra pen. I2 : Ok Ashish please introduce yourself. Me : Sir, my full name is Ashish Ranjan (exactly like I introduce myself in my unacademy introduction videos but fortunately I leashed myself from saying the next line I say in my videos, "I cleared BARC 2017....", that would have raised a lot of unnecessary questions and I wanted most of the questions from technical side so that I can show my skills in engineering and not my background because I knew that's what the majority of the marking out of 100 is going to be for) I was born and raised in Ranchi, Jharkhand. From there I did my schooling. In 10th standard I got a CGPA of 9.2 and in 12th I had a percentage of 75.5 percent. Till then I did not had much direction in my life but when I started my btech in Sikkim Manipal Institute of technology something changed. I found engineering very interesting, I started to spend more and more time in learning more about engineering, by the end of 4 years I had a CGPA of 9.57 and a bronze medal from my university (by now they are so interested in my story of how an average student became a topper and so impressed by my high CGPA that it slipped their mind that I hid one very important fact.... I never mentioned which year I passed out or which year I joined b.tech. I was 2016 passout, I didn't wanted to mention that I worked at BARC but then I had a more than 2 years gap and that wouldn't have looked good). Throughout my btech, I never wasted time, I was hungry for knowledge so I utilised all my semester breaks to do internships. By the end of 4 years I had done around 5 internships and also I did classes on some designing softwares.(All along I was making eye contact with each of the interviewer, the "light house effect" and the "spot light effect" which I talk about in my videos, because no interviewer should feel left out, this is something that I learned by giving 8-10 viva sessions in my days at BARC training school. You must understand that interviewers are also humans at the end of the day and wherever there are humans there are emotions and remember this: "humans take decisions emotionally and justify them by logic" so I wanted to make every interviewer feel good because I knew everyone had some percentage of my marks that would get me in. Now I took a look at them and tried to find by their expression if they wanted to know more. Everyone looked interested. I knew if they were bored they would have interrupted me. So I continued with my hobbies) I am also a lot into public speaking so I like to enhance my communication skills and I like to work on it everyday (at this point of time making spotlight eye contact with HR lady. She smiled) and I'm also into sports (making spotlight eye contact with the male HR) like track and field. Male HR: What sports?(with a smile) Me: sir track and field like 100m race, 400m race. He looked at me like he wanted to know more, everyone is looking at me to know more. I knew I had them. Now it's time to play my ace. That's when I dropped the nuke.... Me: I also have been a lot into martial arts. I am a black belt in shotokan karate(with a smile) Done! Now everyone has my attention. Male HR : (smiling) That is great Ashish. Female HR: (smiling) we would have never guessed that. Me : (smiling) I know mam. Remember it is very important to smile. Do not act like a scared student over there, act like a confident and friendly future colleague, because that's who they are looking to hire. I2: Ok Ashish what are your favourite subjects? Me: Sir my favourite subjects are Fluid Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Machine design... also I'm comfortable with Theory of machine and material science....and also heat transfer. (I knew that in ISRO interview there is one member from each subject, even theory of machine, material science and manufacturing. So I wanted to involve as much interviewers as possible.There is a probability that there will be 2 difficult (abstract) question out of 10, 8 questions will be easy textbook type. So if everyone is saying 4 favourite subjects and getting 2 difficult questions, you can say 6 favourite subject and get 3 difficult questions. Probability increased as now there is a higher chance that atleast 1 will be from one of your stronger subjects and you'll be able to answer it and that would definitely impress them. Plus on top of that you are getting double the number of easy questions, so for more number of time you'll be playing on your front foot. If you are not able to answer questions from one subject but show smartness and confidence, other interviewer might think let me test him/her with my subject, maybe he/she is good at that. But all of it will work only if you spent time working on all subject for a month. It is a difficult path but it is the only sure shot path to ISRO and the only way to deal with the uncertainty that is associated with every step of ISRO. What all of these will do definitely is that it will make your interview last longer (my interview lasted for over half an hour, which is very unusual for ISRO as most of the isro interviews go upto maximum of 20 minutes). Now what longer interview does is that it reduces the luck factor as longer you are infront of them more is the chances of you being able to show your skill in engineering. Female HR: (giggling) lot of favourite subjects. Me:(with a smile) I like mechanical engineering. (rehearsed line to show them I am an all-rounder and comfortable with inter-disciplinary tasks which is what all core companies want) Till now everything was rehearsed, I rehearsed that I would say these things 5-10 times infront mirror as I knew these two questions they would definitely ask. I knew from this point onwards rest of the interview is all about engineering skills and improvising, but doing this first step perfectly ensures that now they are looking forward to hire you, now all you have to do is not make a blunder. I2: Ok Ashish, please go to the board. I saw a 6ft. by 4 ft. white board behind me with a chair left of me on which two marker pens and an Eraser/duster was kept. As far as what I remember about the surrounding, the lighting of the room was not very bright, not as bright as it could have been, but above the board there was a white light which was making that area very bright. All this was increasing the feel in me that this is it... I worked for it for one and a half year and now I'm here, I'm in control and time to show them what I've got. I took care of how I stand, made sure that I'm standing up straight... Chest out, back straight but just enough to make it look natural. These are things that I practiced infront of mirror few days before the interview and also something that I've always been attentive about. I2: Draw two vertical lines. I did. I2: draw two horizontal lines in between them. I did I2:make vertical lines as fixed supports.and upper horizontal line is steel, lower horizontal line is aluminium bar. Tell me the stresses in them if temperature is increased from 20 C to 100 C Me: (writing all the information he was giving me on board, I wrote delta T=80 C) Sir due to increase in temperature this bar will try to elongate but the rigid support will not let it so there will be compressive reactions applied by the supports so there will be compressive stress. (while writing on board) sir, thermal stain epsilon =delta T*alpha so thermal stress will be alpha *deltaT*E, E being the Young's modules. I2: so what is the value? Which of them will have higher stress? Me: Sir that depends on the values of Young's modulus and thermal expansion coefficient. I2: what are the values? Me: sir Young's modulus of Aluminium is 69Gpa( this number was easiest to remember for obvious reasons ;) ) for mild steel it is 200 GPa. I don't remember the exact values of thermal expansion coefficients for these materials but I know that it's of the order of 10^(-6) and for steel it is around 10.I don't remember for aluminium. I2: take it 3 times the thermal coefficient of steel and take Young's modulus of aluminium as 70 and that for steel as 210. Me: Ok sir now we can compare. Let's first find for aluminium. (writing on board and speaking simultaneously) so stress in aluminium is alphaA*80*210=3*alphaS*80*70=16800*alphaS(on the side I did the calculation very quickly, I wrote 21*8 and directly wrote the answer as 16800 within fraction of seconds) I3: Why did you Wright 21?what is 8? Me: Sir 7*3=21. I2: what is 8? Me: sir I have taken 8 from 80....I'm just doing the calculation. I4: Oh.. Final answer likh dia isne. They were surprised that I did this calculation so fast, they forgot that this is nothing compared to the proficiency in hand and mental calculation we need to clear written exam. HR male : (smiling) Ha ha sahi kr raha hai. You continue. Me: so now the stress in steel bar. Stress =alphaS*80*210=16800alphaS I was a little confused seeing that the value is same. Me:Ok sir so what we have is that Young's modulus of steel is three times...(was interrupted) I2:Which one has more stress? Me: Sir, stresses will be equal. I2: OK. (looking at I3, indicating him to ask his question) I3: Ok, do you know what keys are. Me: Sir, keys are mechanical elements used to have constant velocity rati... (my voice fading) {It was a very easy topic for me because it is the second chapter I teach on unacademy in my course of machine design but for some reason I got tongue tied but I pulled my self back, I gave myself time to breathe and think but at the same time made sure that interviewers don't have to wait, so I started to draw a shaft-hub assembly on board} Me:(while drawing) So if I have a shaft and over it we have a hub like a gear or a bearing then if we add a key then both shaft and hub will have same angular velocity, there will be positive drive which means there will be no slip. I3: How do you design a key? Me: A rotating shaft transmits torque to hub through key. Key will have tangential force. So we consider what we call a "sunk key", that means it is inserted within groves in both shaft and hub (drawing and explaining simultaneously) then let us consider a rectangular key of length l, width b and height t(I drew a fresh isometric view of key alone). Now we can design it by both crushing and shearing. So designing it by crushing first, let us say that sigmaC is the crushing strength of the material then crushing area will be this (showing on diagram) i.e. l*t/2. So cruising strength will be sigmaC*l*t/2,this is the maximum tangential load the key can take based on crushing, if we multiply it with radius of shaft, we will get the maximum torque it can take, if we again multiply it with angular velocity we can find out the maximum power it can transmit. {for this 2-3 minutes, I forgot about the rest of the world, I completely got into my teaching mode, nobody questioned anything, they were all just nodding and smiling, it was an easy question but it doesn't matter what the question is, it matters how well you explain it. I've said this before in my BARC preparation videos, these are top scientists of this country you are dealing with, for them everything is easy like ABCD, for them design of key is easy and so is finite element method, so explain any question you get to the fullest} I3:Ok ok(looked very satisfied) {But I didn't stop, I thought let's finish it perfectly, 18 months of preparation, 6 years of struggle, I'm not taking any chances, I'll present my 100%} Me: We can also design it based on shear, so for that the tangential force will be same but shear area now will be(showing it on diagram) b*l, so we have to know the shear strength of the material and we can again find the maximum tangential load and subsequently maximum torque in similar manner. I3:ok ok. I4:have you studied engineering drawing? {this is the thing about ISRO, they can ask questions even from subjects you didn't mention as favourite subject. I mentioned 6 subjects but still they went for 7th. What they didn't knew is that I was prepared for 11 subjects. I had already prepared engineering drawing along with all of production, refrigeration and air conditioning, engineering mechanics and obviously thermodynamics, in the last 2 months. You see the contrast in BARC & ISRO interviews? In BARC you say 5 subjects and you prepare for 4 according to my strategy that I shared on youtube. In ISRO on the other hand, you say 5-6 subjects and prepare for 11-12 subjects.} Me: Yes sir. I4:Why do we need engineering drawing? Me: Whatever a designer designs, engineering drawing is used to convey it to the manufacturer. I4: Suppose you have to produce this glass (there was a glass on my side of the table) how will you do it? What will be the engineering drawing? Show us on board. Me:Sir should I draw the projections? top view, front view etc.? I4: Yes. Me: (Drawing and explaining) I am going to use Indian standard. In India we use 3rd angl..sorry 1st angle projection so I'm going to draw according to it. I4: What? Me: Sir, we use first angle projection in India. Male HR: Is it so? (with a big smile on his face) Me: Yes sir, Indian companies use first angle projection and American companies use third angle projection. (they looked satisfied so I turned back to the board and continued drawing and explaining) So according to first angle projection, top view will be below front view and right view will be on left hand side of front view. So the front view will be like this (drawing a rectangular shape with its lower edge touching the horizontal plane. I also drew the hidden lines to show that glass has some thickness and that it is a hollow cylinder, drew projection lines towards left hand side plane to draw right view but stopped knowing that it will be same as front view and I didn't want to waste their time as I knew what they wanted to see are the front view and top view) Some Interviewer from back: It would be same right? (talking about the right view) Me: (without turning) yes sir.(continued drawing, drew two concentric circles using projections of front view and stopped). I4: So how will you show concentricity? Me: Like this sir(I drew two mutually perpendicular center lines, those with alternate long and short lines) I5: So how will you show a concentricity tolerance of let us say //some value I do not remember // microns? Me: (thinking for a second) sir it looks like this (drew two small concentric circles. 2 years ago when I was an intern at TATA Cummins, my guide forced me to go through geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, but it was impossible to remember all that now) I do not remember completely, I studied this a long time ago in Geometric dimensioning and Tolerancing (I later found out that the symbol I drew was actually correct, its just that it was a bit incomplete) I4:Ok ok(looked satisfied) {Till now it was perfect and I knew that if you are giving perfect answers to normal questions, they are going to get into more advanced and abstract questions because now they would like to push your limits. Honestly the easy questions lasted longer than I expected. By now I knew I had done more than enough to get in, the interview is over, I am selected, if they continue, it will be only be because they want to have a little fun} I1:You said material science right? Me: Yes sir. I1: In what way do we classify materials? Me: (A little confused about where to start? as this question has infinite number of answers) Sir, we can classify materials as ductile and brittle. I1: and? Me: (Thinking for a second or two) and we also classify it as isotropic and orthotropic. I1: and? Me: There are lot of ways to classify Materia... I1: have you heard of metallic and non metallic materials? Me: yes sir, metallic materials have free electrons in it where as non metallic materials has no free electrons. I1: Can you give me some examples of both? Me: Sir examples of non-metallic materials are plastic, polymers, ceramics. I1: and non metallic? Me: Steel, copper, aluminium etc. (such a silly question, I think by the end of me answering, he also realised it 7 so he said along with me) I1: Cooper, steel etc right? Me: yes sir, copper steel, aluminium etc. I1: can you draw the stress strain curve of mild steel, cast iron and aluminium? Me: yes sir. (turning towards the board and going to the left most part of it) so first I'll draw for mild steel. I1: No no.. In same graph. Me: ok sir (drew x and y axis at center of the board) on x axis we will have stress...Engineering stress (I didn't wanted to play that game of I'll say stress then you'll ask which stress then I'll say engineering stress then you'll ask what is other kind, what is it.... And so on... Because this interview had already gone way longer than I expected. At that point I just wanted to show all the excellence I have. By directly writing engineering stress, I had answered all those 6-8 questions perfectly in fraction of a second in their head, thus my impression improved and their time saved. It's a win win trick you play only when you know you are already on positive side because now they are confident about your skill in engineering, now they won't even ask... They'll just assume that you know it. That is the difference between 9/10 and 10/10. If you are 9/10 people will think there's something else you might not know and if you are 10/10 people will think you know everything. So I continued drawing, without wasting any time I drew three curves. I1: Now where will concrete lie? Me: (I drew a line near cast iron but with a larger slope) I1: will it be stronger than cast iron? Me : No sir, it will depend on young's modulus. Slope of this line is young's modulus. I1: so is it stronger than cast iron? Me: No sir(drawing a line with lesser slope) all I am saying is that concrete is brittle so it will have similar curve... There will be no yielding. I1: So where will it lie? Me: Sir it depends on young's modulus of concrete,I don't remember the value. I1: OK. I6: you said heat transfer right? Me: yes sir. I6: draw a pipe? Me: (drew two parallel lines) I6: no the other side. Me: front view? I6: yes. Me: (drew two concentric circles) I6: there is hot fluid passing. Tell me the modes of heat transfer. Me: convection-conduction-convection. I6: Now put an insulation. Me: (I did) I6: Now tell me the modes of heat transfer. Me: convection-conduction-conduction-convection I6: Now remove the insulation. Now this pipe is buried underground. Soil is maintained at 25 C. Tell me the modes of heat transfer. Me: convection-conduction-conduction I6: No, that pipe wall is maintained at 75 C. Me: There will be conduction taking place as soil is solid. There is no chance of convection. Since the temperature difference is large there might be considerable radiation. (this was an abstract question, these questions have no answers, you have to show your thinking capacity here, that's it) I7: Ok coming to fluid mechanics. (At this time I was surprised by the time they are investing on me) Me: yes sir. I7: have you seen air balloon? Why does it fly? Me: it is because of the buoyancy effect. The weight of the air it displaces is more than the its own weight. I7: So it will keep on going up into the outer space? ( A long time ago I had heard this question when I was still undergraduate, I knew it will stop at a particular height but never gave it a thought on why it will stop) Me: No sir it will stop at a particular height (with full confidence... hoping he doesn't ask why) I7: Why? Me:(thinking for a second, pretending that I'm gathering my words) Sir as we keep on going to higher altitudes the air becomes thinner and thus we have lower density, thus at some point weight of fluid displaced will equate to weight of balloon and it stops. I7: so have you seen that we use heat source placed at the bottom of balloon? Me: yes sir. I7: Why do we use it? Me: To heat the air. Hotter air will have lesser density. I7: That hole is made very small. Why? Why can't we have a larger hole? Me: Sir, so that we don't have to heat a lot lot of air. I7: No we are heating the same amount of air anyways. Me: (paused for few seconds, thinking) Sir I'll have to think about it. I7: Why can't we have it like a parachute? Me: (thinking) I7: why cant we have a big hole? Me: (Drew a semi sphere, convex upwards) like this? I7: Yes, exactly. Me: (Thinking. Somehow I knew I was taking more time than what they have, but they were unexpectedly giving me time to think and kept giving me hints, this was because of the strong base I created and also they were considerate about the fact that I have been standing and explaining for the last 30-40 minutes, I must have gotten tired) It will be difficult to manufacture (just didn't wanted to be dumb so I said something. This is very important, if I stood dumb for 10 more seconds, interview would have ended right there and what's worse? It would have ended at a bad note. So I said something so that they might think that I am trying) I7: We don't care about manufacturing cost. Have you studied about stability of a body? {Now that's all I needed} Me: Yes sir, ok I get it. For stability of submerged body of center of buoyancy should be above center of gravity of the body. I7:why? Me: If we tilt the body in any direction, there will be a restoring couple (showed it with diagram). So this principle is used here. I7:How? Me: Making a spherical shape must ensure the balloon to have G below B. I7:(looking for more) Me:(thinking for a second and then I finally got it, I got the answer. A submerged body can only be unstable if it has a differential density. What a smaller fire hole does is that it decreases the region directly in contact with the fire, i.e. it reduces the volume with sudden drop of density. Thus it helps in maintaining a relatively more uniform density so that the balloon remains stable in case of winds and bad weather. All these were running in my head. I forgot that I was in interview room, I just found the question amazing and was thrilled that I was able to get to the answer. That's when I exclaimed at a voice louder than any they had heard by me in the last 45 min...It was like a 'Eureka!' ) YES (took the marker pen and turned to the board) If I have balloon in the shape of a sphere (Drew a strong circle quickly, as soon as I did this, they knew that I've got it) I7: Ok Ashish you can go. Me:(nodded, kept the pen on chair) thankyou everyone (I exited from the door) I checked the time, it was way past 10:30. A guy (another candidate) followed me, he asked "what are they asking?" I said it all depends on your subjects. He said "your interview lasted very long". I asked, "how long?". "much more than half an hour" he said. I replied "it didn't feel like it, I have to go upstairs to return this pen". I returned the pen and went out thinking time to get some highlights in my hair. The interview lasted crazy long when compared to how long ISRO interviews usually last (10-20 minutes). I didn't see time before getting in but with my experience in previous interviews and taking a look at how much time they spent only on introduction and then the fact that they asked questions from SIX subjects that too lengthy ones, I think it was easily close to an hour. I was very confident I'm getting selected just like the day I was when BARC 2017 interview was over. One thing I'm sure of is that you cannot fool yourself, after the interview you either know you got selected or you know you didn't. There's nothing in between and that day I knew that I did it. Being in BARC for 1 year made me realise one thing... that I'm not a scientist.... I do not shine the brightest when it comes to Engineering. Where I excel is in making a full proof strategy for beating one of the most difficult competitions. That's how I cracked BARC and that's how I cracked ISRO and I want the world to know that anyone can do it if they have a proper strategy, dedication and a little bit of craziness. If you went through my full interview experience then obviously you are very serious about this job. Find more of my guidance videos on my Youtube channel : Torq4712 Feel free to approach me at : Instagram, twitter, unacademy at : ashish_torq Gmail: torque4712@gmail.com Whatsapp: 7042830765 (please don't call without messaging first) All I want to do is help my juniors. I want to bring the most authentic knowledge to all interested aspirants for free. This path is tough and I appreciate everyone who has the courage to travel it. All the best.
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Is it common for Indian startups to raise convertible debt? Are Indian investors open to this option for early stage startups?
Convertible debt is probably the ONLY way to raise money for start up's in India!!Now, the debt is not 'pure' debt - its masked as 'Convertible Preference Shares' that is the only 'other' class of shares that the Indian Companies Act allows (other than regular, equity shares).These shares are subscribed at a premium (being the valuation agreed to and the money coming into the Company).These 'Convertible Pref shares (CPP)' usually have a interest coupon (term sheets come with as high as 10%!!) - that I always suggest be beaten down to 1-2 % (because the investor is actually giving you equity!)Also, the CPP has a 'convertible' option which allows the investor to 'convert' the CPP shares into regular shares at any time they wish. This clause takes care of ratcheting and participation in the Company's cap table as and when the occasion arises (if this sounds like rocket science, I will be giving some more explanations later)The CPP protects the investor because Preference Shares in India are given priority in liquidation (winding up) events! Please read these two detailed blogs (like stories) I have written on the subject of raising capital WITH the right documentation in place:1. The 3 deadly weapons (in term sheets) that Kill Entrepreneurs..Once upon a time, in a land not so far away, two dynamic entrepreneurs - Bakra and Bakri got together and started up an amazing e-commerce business to sell sheep wool online! Within a few months their business was rocking; orders were pouring in from all over the world, page views & comScore numbers were soaring and the servers and the site were happily crashing. This was indeed a great start up. One day, on a midsummer night, they heard a knock on their cottage door, and when they opened it, a dark skinned man in a black suit, black shoes and black umbrella, with gelled black hair, holding a black satchel greeted them. ‘Hi’ he said, ‘My name is VC, and I am here to fund you’. Over the next few days, VC patiently explained how he would invest his humongous dollars into Bakra and Bakri’s start up, so as to scale it and make it profitable and ‘Nasdaq’able’. On the final day, VC didn’t meet them, but sent them a terse mail that read ‘Term Sheet attached. Sign and Return’. Bakra and Bakri were innocent entrepreneurs and decided to forward the same mail to Rodinhood – the Prince of Entrepreneurs who lived in the Forest of Enterprise. When Rodinhood read the term sheet, he found the same 3 deadly weapons he had suspected - well concealed and embedded inside the document. These, if not disengaged, could kill or at least severely damage Bakra and Bakri’s economic progress. This is what he identified: 1. The Shot Gun: The ESOP carve out Clause In the clause of ‘ESOP’ or employee stock option plan, the term sheet stated that the entrepreneurs (B&B) would carve out 10% of the share of the Company PRIOR to the funding. The weapon was the word PRIOR. It meant that B&B would have to further dilute 10% of their OWN stocks to make way for future employees, (who would work for the Company and actually benefit all the owners). In his explanation Rodinhood wrote to B&B that the carve out of ESOP's PRIOR to the funding was unfair on two counts: a) It should come from the share of every owner of the company’s share and hence POST not PRIOR to the funding since the benefit accrues to all owners as the company grows b) In case of non-allotment of the complete 10%, the Investors would share the residual shares as well! Hence this was an indirect ploy to get more shares of the promoters under the guise of an ESOP plan. Rodinhood’s final advise was – Try and negotiate esop dilution after funding and limit the commitment to 5% to begin with, since no one knows at the start of a business what really the esop pool requirement will be. 2. The Samurai Sword – The Liquidation Preference Multiple Clause The term sheet stated that on liquidation of the Company, the VC would receive 2x of the money invested. This meant that upon Liquidation (and this interpretation could include an exit), the VC would first take home not just the amount invested in the Business but DOUBLE of the same – so 2x of the investment!Hence, no matter what the outcome, the VC would enjoy a 100% return on his investment; Bakra and Bakri would be left with what remained if anything at all. Rodinhood’s comment was that if VC means Venture Capital, it should remain Venture Capital and not Vampire Capital. Hence, the fair multiple was 1x of the principal back and NOT 2x or 3x etc, etc, in favor of the VCs. 1x ensured return of Capital and nothing more if the Company was sold in extraneous circumstances. 3. The Nuclear Bomb – the Preferred and Participating Clause In this Term Sheet, the clause ‘Preferred and Participating’ made Rodinhood's Marwari blood boil. This was the classic nuclear bomb aimed at the entrepreneurs.It meant that in case of a sale, FIRST the VC would take home 2x of his investment. Then, on the remainder, the VC would take his legitimate %.So, assume that Bakra and Bakri’s Company raised Rs 100 from VC at a 30% dilution. Also let's assume that after 4 years, the business would sell at Rs 800. Logically, VC would take home 30% of Rs 800 or Rs 240? Correct? Wrong!!Under the preferred and participating this is what would happen:As per the ‘Preferred’ clause, VC would first take home 2*100 (2x liquidation preference) = Rs 200. As per the ‘Participating’ clause, OF THE MONEY THAT REMAINED – Rs 600, VC would take home 30% or Rs 180. Hence the total money that the VC would take home would be 200+180 = 380 instead of 240! In other words, the Equity of VC just became 47.5% rather than the original 30% only because of this Draconian Clause. Rodinhood sent his comments back to Bakra and Bakri with the above explanations and the final advise – ‘no matter what anyone tells you, including myself – do what’s right for yourself and your business. Just try and remove or disengage these weapons as best as you can. Always remember –when you have a good thing going, capital chases entrepreneurs and you must negotiate justly and hard’.****Story 2. The 6 Dangerous Bombs in Share Holders Agreements & how entrepreneurs can diffuse them.Bakra &Bakri (B&B) – two successful entrepreneurs had just started an e-commerce business to sell their sheep wool online and were a happy lot. They had negotiated their term sheet with Mr. VC and were sitting back in their cottage backyard, nursing single malts. They always drank “Ballantine 17 years”. Bose’s garden speakers were playing ‘don’t stop thinking about tomorrow’ by Fleetwood Mac. Bakra’s iPhone beeped; a message from the VC read ‘Check mail. SHA attached’. Even while he was pulling away the wool from his eyes, Bakra forwarded the sms and the mail to Rodinhood – the Prince of Entrepreneurs who lived in the forest of Enterprise. Rodinhood was a friend of all the Bakras and Bakris who guided and consulted entrepreneurs in their start up life. Rodinhood read the message and immediately got down to work. As he opened the SHA (share holders agreement), he took a deep breath. This was the most important document for any entrepreneur and he was determined to be thorough and fair in his perusal and remarks. 1) Definitions. First Rodinhood carefully went through the ‘Definitions or ‘Recitals’ – the bullet like descriptions of key terms in the beginning of the agreement and made sure that they were in order. For instance, Rodinhood checked the definition of ‘FMV’ (Fair Market Value) and checked it read fairly. The recitals are important because there are acronyms used multiple times across the agreement and these acronyms are detailed in the recitals. Rodinhood considered the definition of ‘Control’ and checked if the explanation defined Control as 50% or 51% or was it a loose, under defined meaning. Each interpretation of the definition of control for instance had a different outcome in the long term. To keep himself relaxed, Rodinhood was sipping Perrier on the rocks, in his favorite rock glass, garnished with a twist of Lime. Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto was playing in the background. The atmosphere was ‘cordial’ enough to come to terms with an SHA. 2) Pre Emptive Rights. Swiftly, Rodinhood came across ‘Pre Emptive Rights’ (the terms that allowed existing shareholders to participate in a new issue first) – and they seemed fine. But he still went through the section once again. 3) Representations and Warranties. On Reps and Warranties – Rodinhood made a side note to ask Bakra and Bakri if they had ‘shared’ everything with Mr. VC? Rodinhood always believed that it was most prudent to reveal everything about the Company to an investor BEFORE taking in their money. If there were secret promoters or other shareholders, they ought to be made public and given shares before the Company was finally structured. Also, if the Company had received some vague legal threat or was under the cloud of potential litigation, it was most important to reveal it all to the VCs. Thinking ‘let me handle this after I get the money in the bank’ is suicidal for entrepreneurs. In Reps and Warranties, Rodinhood wondered how Bakra and Bakri had reflected their personal loans invested in the Company and what was their agreement with the VC. Rodinhood personally had a view that all ‘moneys’ of entrepreneurs into their own Company be treated as loans and returned gently over a period of time; post funding. Rodinhood felt that his concept was right because the entrepreneurs were putting in their sweat, blood and tears into this start up which was way beyond a few lacs of money. Besides moneys taken from relatives, friends and even piggy bank savings were best returned to entrepreneurs so that they could focus solely on the business. The rock glass was sweating as the ice and Perrier got acquainted. The lime slice was quickly become the stranger in the mix. 4) Restrictions on Transfer of Shares. Was the next section that made Rodinhood sit up. This SHA locked 75% of the entrepreneurs’ shares in an escrow to be earned back by the entrepreneurs over a period of 3 years. While Rodinhood accepted that VCs needed to ‘lock-in’ entrepreneurs by locking in their entrepreneur shares over the next few years in the Company (post its funding so as to protect the VC’s from founders just walking away), Rodinhood always had the following tenets for entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurs could always try and negotiate the maximum number of shares % ‘outside’ the purview of the lock in. The standard was 25% (so 75% got locked in), but negotiating 33% was not difficult. The unlocked % depended on the life cycle of progress at which time the start up was getting funded (the later the time to funding, the higher the unlocked shares %)The ‘release’ of the locked in shares could be structured ‘monthly’ rather than ‘quarterly’ and at worst ‘yearly’.The maximum period of lock in could be a maximum of 36 months.The MOST important aspect was WHAT would happen to locked/escrowed shares in the event that the promoter LEFT the Company. The best outcome would be for the Company/VCs to buy the shares back from the entrepreneur at Fair Market Value and the worse would be that the entrepreneur shares flowed back to the ESOP pool or to the VCs at the price the promoter paid for them (par value).Rodinhood’s rational on fair pricing for the exit price of the promoter (in such extraneous events) was the logic that a lot could happen in 3 years. The industry could change tremendously – the VC’s and other founders may completely want to take the business in another direction. Hence it was important that the VALUE created at the time of departure of the promoter be captured and handed over to her. The agreement was now half way reviewed and Rodinhood took a break to stretch his legs. He changed the Emperor Concerto that had just finished playing the second time to Mahler’s Syphony No 1 ‘The Titan’. Rodinhood needed his favorite symphony to give him a natural high at this point. 5) TAG ALONG rights. In this SHA, the tag along rights read like they always did. Rodinhood had one very important point on this. In the part where it was clear that the investors could ‘tag along’ with the promoter in the event that the promoter was selling and the investors also wanted to exit, Rodinhood made sure that in the event of less than a 100% exit of all shares, everyone in the Company sold their shares pro-rata. To explain his point, Rodinhood added this side note to Bakra and Bakri (B&B): Imagine if after a few years, your business is doing well, and you meet a Company called Goat and Sheep (G&S) of Britain who have a similar business like yours; but their business is much larger and is publicly listed. G&S love what B&B do and the fact that B&B are in India – so offer to buy B&B out. However, they want only 51% of the Company. As per the existing ‘Tag Along’ rights, while you (B&B) make the effort of finding an acquirer and negotiating the best price, the B&B Company investors (who say would own 60% of the Company) will have the rights to TAG ALONG with B&B. In the present agreement, the investors in B&B had the Tag Along rights to offer their ENTIRE portion of shares first and then allow the rest to be sold by B&B. Given that 51% was being bought out, it would mean that none of Bakra and Bakri’s shares would be acquired by G&S! This will leave B&B stuck with the Goat and Sheep Company who would never offer to buy B&B’s remaining shares out! So, in the event of a partial sale, it was critical to negotiate ‘pro-rata’ tag along rights so that in case of, say 51% being acquired by Goat and Sheep, EVERYONE in the B&B Company has a right to tag along – thereby benefiting promoters, investors and of course ESOP share holders. This pro rata tag-along was very important when strategic companies acquired operating firms. Rodinhood took the last swig of what remained of the Perrier and chewed on the ice cubes that had come along. The twisted lime now looked like a complete stranger in the glass. 6) DRAG ALONG rights. Came next. Rodinhood thoroughly went through the clauses and they read exactly the way they were supposed to. He sighed. He had no comments to make on the same – despite having fought and won a bitter battle on these same rights. Just to make B&B understand the implications of DRAG ALONG - Rodinhood inserted a hyperlink of his classic blog post (the toughest decisio... relating to this subject for Bakra and Bakri’s reference reading and left it at that. The rest of the document read fine. Rodinhood made sure to point out that it was nice to keep the Board as small as possible (two from the promoters side and one from the investors), so as to be able to accommodate a larger board with subsequent investments. Finally, Rodinhood made a footnote for B&B to diligently make sure that the Conversion, Liquidation Preference and ESOP clauses were in accordance with what was negotiated in the term sheet. These 3 terms were as important as the 6 terms described above. The evening had burst into the night. Rodinhood smiled as he mailed the SHA with his remarks to Bakra and Bakri. He was happiest helping fellow entrepreneurs and this was truly one of those moments.***I hope this helps!!
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What is something you will never understand?
One time, Boyfriend and I (had pre-booked a window and a middle seat) were travelling to Kerala.Five minutes inside the plane, the aisle next to me yet to be filled, a charming young lady approached me in perfect but accented English (we both spoke our mother tongue)Miss Charming: I have this aisle seat and would like to give you a window seat for your middle, since I am travelling with my husband.Me (thinking she might have thought I am travelling alone, I point out to boyfriend) Umm… Actually we are togetherMiss Charming: I see. I am travelling with my husbandMe (confused, not sure if we are understanding each other) Yeah but we are together as well. I can’t swap seat with your husband. I am sorry.Miss Charming: What do you mean you are together.I am with my husband Is he your what? boyfriend?Me (now I know she is ridiculous, going by her voice but still can’t avoid answering): Yes.Miss Charming: So, you won’t allow me to sit with my husband because you have ‘a’ boyfriend with you?pauseAlso, I am giving you a window seat for a middle. I am being fair. You are being stubborn and that too for a ‘boyfriend’ (almost shaming me for having a boyfriend in the first place)Me: I don’t believe this is happening. (I call the flight attendant)Flight attendant comes and she starts ranting. I wait for her to finish so that I can tell my preference to keep my seat. The attendant does not bother to hear my part of the story but asks me with a smile ‘Ma’am, is there a problem if you swap your seat with her husband?’‘Yes. Actually. I am travelling here with him, my boyfriend and we want to sit together.’‘But Ma’am, she is on her honeymoon.’‘It would still be a No’The air hostess left because the flight was full and she could not move both of them next to each other anyway. She called up her husband to take the aisle next to me because she didn’t want to sit next to ‘such a disturbance’.I bet the husband was sorry for her actions. The journey was less stressful because she exchanged the seat with her husband. Boyfriend and I watched a movie together, during the journey and also a stand-up comedy. It was a great journey otherwise.When the flight landed, she unnecessarily pushed everyone out (difficult since everybody stands up in India as soon as the flight lands, clogging the entire passage), signNowed our seat and gave me a look full of hatred. Then she called somebody over the phone and narrated the entire incident, with special mention that mine was ‘just a boyfriend’. I was fuming in rage. Boyfriend forced me to listen to music so that I don’t get to hear what she was saying further.Just because you decided to involve court in your relationship, our relationship does not become any less valuable. I was not invited in your marriage and thus, have no moral obligation to give you special social status for the same.Even if I was travelling with my friend (not even boyfriend), I still have the right to retain our seats next to each other.I fail to understand how can people be intentionally rude and expect to almost dictate their co-passengers, shame them for nothing and expect people to follow their instructions, as if we all are students in a class and she is the principal of the school. It is the cruel outside world, not your home where you can probably rule everybody. The outside world is no way compelled to favour you every time you travel. I remember a worse incident from a train journey where I was travelling alone. I would keep that for another time.EDIT: This paragraph is dedicated to rude people who choose to leave hurtful comment under mine or anybody’s answer who shares their personal life stories. I do share my personal life experiences. If you are in Quora for Wikipedia-like experience with information based knowledge, go ahead and block me right away before ranting under my answer on how I don’t write about aerospace, oceanography and mathematics. I choose to write on light-hearted topics. Many Indians do so, and so do many famous writers from USA and UK. Stop cursing Indians. Cheers.Edit 2: People who are sad because she was on her honeymoon, think about a situation where a conversation would be“Hi, Would you please like to exchange your seat with my husband since we are on our honeymoon and wish to sit next to each other”“Umm..wait. I would love to help. Since I am also travelling with my boyfriend and will be bored the entire flight, how about you try if the person beside your husband is willing to exchange. In case he doesn’t want to, we can ask the air hostess for some arrangement with any other seat. Even if that does not work, I will exchange the seat with your husband”.That would have been a happy situation for all of us and a much desired civic and socially acceptable one. We are all grown up and should learn how to behave in public. I have given up the seat in my last flight to a 8-year-old girl because she wanted to sit by the window. The entire journey she kept on comparing the shape of the cloud with different animals, alphabets and what not. Such a good company. Her mother told me “My child wants to sit by the window. If you don’t mind, can you let her use the window for some part of the journey?”She had the seat all to herself because her mother did not think she is entitled to window seat just because her daughter wants it.
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