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Add eSignature Document Myself. Investigate by far the most consumer-pleasant experience with airSlate SignNow. Deal with your entire record processing and discussing process digitally. Change from hand-held, papers-centered and erroneous workflows to automatic, electronic and flawless. It is simple to produce, produce and sign any files on any gadget just about anywhere. Ensure your essential organization cases don't fall over the top.
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FAQs
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What is the best paperless office solution for the Mac?
Our team at Readdle develops a number of solutions to help people be more productive and go paperless.PDF Expert — a great tool to edit, annotate, sign PDFs, and fill formsScanner Pro — iOS app to turn your iPhone into portable scanner. You can scan any document and save it in PDF. The app supports OCRFluix — the solution for business to set up a paperless office
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What is the point of having an e-signature on documents when the (image) can easily be copied or misused in future documents?
So I'm the founder and CEO of ApproveMe and the WP E-Signature WordPress plugin which focuses 100% on legally binding documents and UETA & ESIGN compliance in the WordPress space.Being an eSignature geek myself, I have the same concerns you do about the vulnerability of storing images of a signature on a server... unlike many eSignature WordPress add-ons (Gravity Forms, Formidable Pro, etc) our WordPress eSignature plugin does not save images but rather tracks the unique mouse strokes of the signature, we assign a unique serial number to that sequence of mouse strokes and encrypt it in your database (so it's not easily accessible). If someone so much as alters one dot of a signers signature the Audit Trail serial number updates itself and will not match up with the serial number emailed to ALL signers at the time of signing their document. If this were to happen you could prove in court that the document was tampered with.
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As a startup founder of three years our legal housekeeping is a bit of mess, how can I best setup a system to organize and track
As a startup founder of three years myself, I can relate to how legal housekeeping can be messy. Once a year, I have our own lawyers go through and do an audit of all of our legal paperwork (which costs a couple thousand dollars to be extremely thorough, but it’s worth it). Luckily, there are now many ways to easily manage and track all of your legal, financial, and HR documents via third-party sites that specialize in these management proceedings. I wrote a blog post about this awhile back titled “5 Ways to Save Time Dealing With Documents” which highlights certain sites that can be very beneficial depending on what paperwork you’d like to track or manage. They are as follows:1. GroupDocsGroupDocs is a new, comprehensive online service for document creation and management. It has multiple features, including a viewer for reading documents in your browser, an electronic signature service, an online document converter, a document assembly service, a feature for comparing different versions of a document, and an annotation feature. An individual plan is $10 per month for limited storage and 500 documents, while a group plan for up to 9 people is $19 per user per month. Based on the number of features and pricing, GroupDoc is a good-value purchase for a small business. As you’ll see below, GroupDocs can be cheaper than a service that offers only one such feature.2. signNowWhen you’re closing a deal and need to get documents signed, the last thing you need is a slow turnaround due to fax machine problems or the postal service. The solution is to use an electronic signature service such as signNow, which is one of the most popular e-signature companies in the world. This service allows you to email your documents to the person whose signature you need. Next, the recipient undergoes a simply e-signing process, and then signNow alerts you when the process is completed. Finally, signNow electronically stores the documents, which are accessible at any time. As a result, you can easily track the progress of the signature process and create an audit trail of your documents. The “Professional” plan is recommended for sole proprietors and freelancers, and costs $180 per year ($15 per month) for up to 50 requested signatures per month. The “Workgroup” plan is geared towards teams and businesses, and it costs $240 per user per year ($20 per month per user), for unlimited requested signatures.3. signNowsignNow is another e-signature service. Similar to signNow, signNow allows you to upload a PDF file, MS Word file or web application document. Next, you can edit the document, such as by adding initials boxes or tabs, and then email them out for signatures. Once recipients e-sign the document, signNow notifies you and archives the document. signNow offers low rates for these services: a 1-person annual plan with unlimited document sending costs $11 per month. An annual plan for 10 senders with unlimited document sending costs only $39 per month.4. ExariExari is a document assembly and contract management service that assists in automating high-volume business documents, such as sales agreements or NDAs. First, the document assembly service allows authors to create automated document templates. No technical knowledge is required; most authors are business analysts and lawyers. Authors have a variety of options for customizing documents, such as fill-in-the-blank fields, optional clauses, and dynamic updating of topic headings. They also can add questions that the end user must answer. Once you send out the document, the user answers the questionnaire, and Exari uses that data to customize the document. Next, the contract management feature allows you to store and track both the templates and the signed documents. Pricing is based on the size and scope of your planned implementation, so visit their website for more information.5. FillanyPDFIt’s a hassle having to print out PDF forms in order to complete them. Fortunately, FillanyPDF is a service that allows you to edit, fill out and send any PDFs, while entirely online. This “Fill & Sign” plan costs $5 per month, or $50 per year. If you subscribe to the “Professional” plan, you can also create fillable PDFs using your own documents. With this service, any PDF, JPG or GIF file becomes fillable when you upload it to the site. You can modify a form using white-out, redaction and drawing tools. Then, you can email a link to your users, who can fill out and e-sign your form on the website. FillanyPDF also allows you to track who filled out your forms, and no downloads are necessary to access these services. The “Professional” plan costs $49 per month, or $490 per year.Switching firms can be a hassle. As a former startup attorney, I have a bit of advice about finding the right attorney for your business: it’s best to focus on the specific attorney you’ll be working with. He or she should have a solid understanding of the ins and outs of your business industry, a deep knowledge of the legal issues your startup may face, and previous work experience with startups to ensure a quality and efficient work product. This is absolutely key when matching our startup clients at UpCounsel to attorneys on our platform who can perform their legal work and hash out their legal projects in a timely manner. We also allow clients to store any and all of their legal documents directly on UpCounsel so they don’t have to go searching in alternative places for the correct paperwork. It’s proven to be a free and lightweight way to store legal documents that our clients love. Here's what it looks like:As I’ve mentioned, it’s more important to find the right attorney as opposed to the right law firm. And seeing as you’re a startup, our own startup clients typically save an average of 50-60% on their legal work, since the attorneys don't include overhead fees (a.k.a. the fees included for doing business with the firm itself) in their invoices.Hope this gives you a deeper look into what other sites and services are out there. If you have any questions or would like more information on how best to handle your legal housekeeping/ attorney matters, feel free to signNow out to me directly. As a former startup attorney at Latham & Watkins, I’d be happy to give you some guidance.
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What are some lesser known Gmail tips?
Perhaps not "lesser known", but I've been using keyboard shortcuts for years under "Settings": This probably comes from my vim background, but inside gmail, I almost never use the mouse. Instead:While viewing a list of threads (i.e. Inbox, All Mail, Drafts, search results, etc.):c to compose a new mailj and k to move the cursor down and upx to select/deselect the current thread that's pointed to by the cursore to archive all threads that have been selected [Enter] to go into the thread pointed to by the cursor"g i" to go to my Inbox"g a" to go to All Mail"g d" to go to DraftsWhile inside a thread:n and p to browse down and up messages inside a thread (move the cursor up and down)a to reply all (or r to reply individually, but that's rare) to the message currently pointed to by the cursorf to forward the message that's pointed to by the cursoru to go back to the previous thread list view, which could be your Inbox, All Mail, Drafts, etc. This is the same as the back button: s to toggle through the stars on the message currently pointed to by the cursorIn case you're wondering, the "cursor" is the very thin vertical blue line visible to the left of the third thread in this picture:Other useful shortcuts:/ to make the search bar active"* u" to select all unread emails"* n" to deselect all emailsShift+i to mark all selected emails as readShift+u to mark all selected emails as unreadWhile inside a thread, Shift+u will bring you back to the previous thread list view and marking the current thread as unread. I do this a lot to keep important threads at the top of my inbox.And that's basically all I ever do in gmail. It can be painful to learn at first, but just start with the very basics: j, k, and [Enter] to browse through your inbox. Within a month or two, you'll be zipping through your inbox like Usain Bolt through the 200m.Full list: http://support.google.com/mail/b...Edit: David Craige mentioned a very useful Google Labs add-on under "Settings --> Labs": a [Send & Archive] buttonAnd another useful add-on:
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What is it like for a foreigner living in Tallinn?
(I started to answer a very short answer and ended up with a long entry. I hope you find it useful.)As Richard Tuisk said, it depends a lot on where you are from. However, let me tell you what my experience has been so far in Estonia, what I think it is good and what I would see as a downside of living here. Of course, I need to qualify my answer by saying that I am Latin American, but also have lived in four other countries (including the US where I went to college).A quick introduction: Estonia is a small country located in the Baltic Sea next to Russia and Latvia and very close to Finland. It is part of the European Union. The area of the country is roughly the same as Switzerland or as Maryland and Massachussets combined. There is about 1.3 million people living here which means it is not densely populated. The country is essentially flat, except in the south where you find the highest point at 318 meters (1043 ft). The main city and where I live in is Tallinn. The population is about 400,000 people. Tartu is the second city with about 100,000 people and all the rest of towns are smaller than that.Immigration systemIf you are European, moving here is no problem as you enjoy all the benefits of any country within the European Union. If you are not European, the main reasons people immigrate here is to work which would guarantee a working visa or if you are married to an Estonian citizen which allows you to apply for a visa as long as you have enough funds to live here.Overall, the process to get a short-term visa is straight forward. Obtaining a long-term visa is more complicated as you have to speak the language at a relatively high level. Obtaining a citizenship requires that you give up your own citizenship.JobsAlthough Estonia suffered also during the 2008 crisis, there is enough jobs in areas of business and technology for people to move here. One of the problems Estonia faces is that it does not have enough people to fill all jobs in IT areas as I hear.There is a few big companies who recruit people from abroad, but if you don't speak the local language, your opportunities are reduced to the IT area (I work for Skype which originated here in Estonia which was acquired by Microsoft in 2011). You can see a list of notable companies here: List of companies of EstoniaSocial interactionEstonians tend to be reserved in comparison to other Europeans. I suggest to foreigners who come here to be aware of differences so they are not taken by surprise. Some examples of faux pas I have encountered:Using smalltalk in a conversation.Saying good morning when coming to office or good bye when leaving.Smiling with no reason (I have to accept that this could be awkward in Northern Europe and some parts of the US, but it is totally normal in Mediterranean or Latin American environments).Being noisy. People love their quiet here.However, it is totally Ok to try to make a conversation in English especially with young people. I am learning Estonian and try to use the language when I can, but in some occasions (say, at the pharmacy), I need to switch to English and have never found anyone being annoyed by that.The exception to all of this is if you meet young people. They tend to be more open and curious (especially women). I am speaking about more casual environments such as a cafe or a restaurant, but a bit less at work. Another obvious exception is if you are in a touristy area (such as the Old Town in Tallinn), but this should go without saying.It is totally Ok to be in a group of people and be totally silent. For example, you can have lunch or share a cab with Estonians when no one is speaking, but there is no awkwardness on it. Another thing is that people do not demonstrate much through their expressions which is one of the difficult things to deal with for me. Remember, I come from a country where you smile or frown or show your teeth if you want someone to understand you clearly.When having a conversation with an Estonian, you should say what you mean and mean what you say (remember what I said about smalltalk?). For example, if you ask "how are you?" to an Estonian, do it only if (a) you really want to know how the other person is, and (b) don't ask it if you don't know the person well. I value that Estonians take your word at face value and you should do the same with them.One word of advice is that Estonians can be very critical of others, but they are mainly critical of themselves. Someone told me once that complaining is a national sport, and I have to agree with that. In other words, when they tell you that something is truly bad here in this country, you have to take it with a grain of salt.Because of this, you should also expect that people are straight forward with you. In some cases, this borders on rudeness if I measure by my home country's standards, but here is totally Ok. I have seen a few foreigners getting shocked by that, but you get used to it. In other words, they are not politically correct (this I like very much).Also, because people are economical with the language, you shouldn't expect what I would call, a "warm" communication most of the time. As a latin person, I need to say and hear things on a beautiful way, but this doesn't happen here much. It is different when you start to get to know locals.Which brings me to the last point. It takes a while before you break the ice with an Estonian, but it is worth waiting. I have had the chance to establish a closer link with some locals outside my wife's family and I find an honesty and sincerity that I haven't seen in other places. If you get to that point, congratulations, as you have made it through this journey. By this time, you should also be an expert on sharing saunas with people you don't know (and yes, naked) and have had your share of vodka.Quality of life, services, infrastructureWhen compared to other places where I have lived, I have to say that Estonia still doesn't signNow the level of living in Germany or the US, but it is getting closer by the day. However, I would say that Estonia is already at the level that I would call it first-world country in most aspects.Infrastructure and services need some improvement, but they provide the minimum level of service. For example, if you don't have a car, you can use public transportation everywhere even if buses, trains or trams are sometimes old. Roads in Tallinn are Ok, even if you find potholes in some places. Services such as schools and hospitals are public which means that there is always a waiting list. If you need to visit a specialist doctor, you have to wait. On the other hand, the wait is not as bad as in third-world countries (like where I come from). Also, those services are basically free. The downside is that there is almost no private service, and even the ones there are rely partially on the public health system for some aspects.I have had two children born here and had no complaints about the process. In fact, I felt that everything was very professional and that they always try to do their best. However, when I spoke with Estonians, some of them were very surprised that I spoke highly of the hospital system. I guess it's up to my personal point of view in this case.Taxes are low. Personal income tax is 21% flat for everyone. If you live here and your visa allows it, you can create your own start-up in no time which is prevalent among young people in IT.By the way, unemployment was at 8% at the end of Q3 in 2013. I am no economist, but I understand that this is still considered high. However, it came down from 10.2% at the end of 2012.Food, shoppingEstonia has the typical supermarkets like any other European country. There is also local markets, but you probably need to speak Estonian or Russian. Typical food you find are potatoes, wheat-like grains, oats and so on. Pork meat and fish are eaten often here, but beef is not yet too common. Vegetables and fruits tend to be expensive. I miss having international food though. There is one supermarket in town (Stockmann) that carries some international products, but it is very expensive. I was used to visiting Oriental-type shops in Ireland and Germany, but there is none here that I know of.There is a few shopping centres, but the variety is not wide. I am in favor of buying local to support businesses here, but in many cases, we end up buying from abroad because of the lack of options or because we would have to wait for too long. For example, my wife and I love movies (yeah, still buying old-fashioned DVDs), but there is no shop that fills our expectations. Because of that, we buy everything from Amazon.ActivitiesIf you love nature, you are in luck. There is a lot of natural areas in the country and they are a short drive away. There is plenty of sea shores, forests, rivers and lakes. In the Summer you can do hiking, camping, canoeing and you can add cross country skiing in the Winter. Estonians love nature in general.If you are a city person (like myself), then that's another story. There is a few theatres, cinemas, galleries and so on, but everything is limited. Tallinn itself has the most interesting activities in the center. There is plenty of good restaurants though.Cinemas show the popular movies like everywhere else and you can find some artsy type of cinemas for alternative movies. No movie is dubbed here, but they usually carry subtitles in both Estonian and Russian.What is impressive about this countryThere is a few good things that I haven't seen outside Estonia. The first one is the electronic system prevalent in this country. When you are a foreigner and get your Estonian ID, you are also getting your electronic identity. With that, you can file taxes online, access information about property, bank accounts, mobiles, whatever services you need. When you get your local ID number, you automatically get a local e-mail address at the eesti.ee domain that you can redirect to your personal account. With that, you never miss an official communication (such as whenever is time to file your taxes).That ID has also legal validity and you can sign documents electronically anywhere in the world. For example, if you apply to get a car leasing, you don't have to show up at the bank necessarily. They send you some forms, you put your ID card in your computer reader, sign the document electronically, and send it back and that's it. It is the equivalent of putting your signature on paper in front of the bank official or lawyer. Estonian citizens and permanent residents are even allowed to vote online with their ID.A second impressive area is bureaucracy: it is a well-oiled machine. One recurrent example is taxes. You get the notification that your taxes are ready to file, you login to the tax office site, sign in, check that they have the correct information that they have collected from your company, employer and so on, sign with your ID card, and that's it. It might take as little as five minutes. My wife and I file jointly, so it takes us much longer: twenty minutes (and that's because we always forget to do one crucial step so we are delayed).The government doesn't even use paper for their minister meetings. They file everything electronically which is made available so you can follow up agendas, minutes and whatever happens there.You want to open your own company? It might take literally twenty minutes to do that too. All of this thanks to the frictionless bureaucratic system they have here. You want to park? Send a text to the number 1902 with your plate number and where you are parking and it will be charged to your mobile.One more impressive part: internet. Besides having decent speeds, there is practically free access points everywhere through the country. I personally have witnessed free available working access points in national parks and public beaches. You can read this article that talks about this (read the date: 2005!): Estonia sets shining Wi-Fi exampleIn my case, I don't use access points much because I have a decent LTE connection with my mobile. Mobile companies have good coverage and relatively good service. I remember that when we got our internet when we moved here, it took only one day to install it. When I measured the effective speed a few months later out of curiosity, it was 50 Mbps. Not bad.The downsidesAs anywhere else, there is a few things that you need to be aware of that could be difficult to adapt to.The first part for me is the social interaction which tends to be dry and quiet. I mentioned that above, so not much more to say here.Another one is the weather. In Winter, the sun might rise at 9:30 in the morning and set at 3 in the afternoon. That's just about six hours of sunlight. If you add that it is cloudy most of the time during the Winter, then you realise how dark it might be. As counterposition, Summers are amazing (up to 20 hours of sunlight and clear skies easily).Winters are relatively long. It gets cold around the end of October and stays that way until around April. It varies from year to year, but sometimes the temperature drops to -30 degrees Celsius (-22 F). Life rarely stops here because of the cold or snow though. I have taken the bus at -30 degrees Celsius. It makes for an interesting ride.One more problem for a foreigner to live here is that you feel a bit isolated from the world. Flights are available mainly to neighbouring countries plus Germany, UK and the Netherlands. If you are from another country, you always need to make connections which makes it longer and more expensive to go back home.Last, if you are from a big city, you might find even Tallinn a bit provincial. It is changing as of late though. On the other hand, there is some positive things out of this too: less crime and virtually no traffic jam as I know it (I live 20 km. from work and make it in 30 minutes on a good day and 45 on a bad one).If you are thinking to move here, I definitely recommend this place.
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Can blockchain technology be used in securing digital voting?
Interesting question.I would be cautiously optimistic about doing it for a public voting system, and cautiously pessimistic for a secret voting system.(By “public voting system”, I mean an election where everyone know who voted what, while by “secret voting system” I mean an election like a government election where you know who voted and who did not, but not who voted for what).One thing cryptocurrencies and blockchain allow is called proof of publication. That means that you can create a proof that a certain information existed at a certain point in time. In Bitcoin, this is done using the OP_RETURN instruction of the transaction protocol, which allows you to add up to 80 bytes of information next to a financial transaction of your doing. Once the transaction is confirmed on the Bitcoin blockchain, anybody in the world can view these 80 bytes and confirm they have been published.You don’t necessarily have to disclose a full document to the whole world to do a proof of publication. You can (and should) publish a hash of the document on the blockchain. That is, a cryptographical footprint of the document, a lot shorter that the full document, that can only be created from the document. Then anybody who has the document can locate the hash on the blockchain and confirm the document existed at the time of the publication on the blockchain.With these basics out of the way, let’s get it on with a voting system !Public voting system : this is just a matter for a voter to create a “document” (his vote) and publishing it (or its hash) on the blockchain. Anybody who want to count the result of the election can scan the blockchain to read all the votes. Anybody who wants to know the vote of a particular voter first have to know the cryptographic address of this voter, then scan the blockchain and read his specific vote.The only problem we have left is that we now have to formally associate a specific voter with a specific cryptographic address, the one he used to create his proof of publication.This is not necessarily an easy problem, but it has been done, in centralized and decentralized architecture.In a centralized architecture this is just a directory : you go to the centralized center of voting registration, you say “My name is Clément Elbaz, here is my ID, and I prove in front of you that I control the cryptographic address XXXXXX”. The centralized center acknowledges that this address belongs to you.In a decentralized architecture, something similar has already been done : the PGP web of trust. Any member of the PGP community can be verified by any other member, by meeting face to face, showing an ID and proving the control of the cryptographic address to be verified. Then the verifier “endorses” the verified member by signing the PGP key of the verified member using his own PGP key. Then you can do things like “I never verified the identity of John Smith by myself, but dozens of people I trust verified his identity, or the identities of person who verified his identity”. You have a web of trust.With all these components, our a public voting system is theoretically sound, the only problems left are engineering problems.Secret voting system : the twist of a secret voting system is that you have two radically opposite objectives that must be met simultaneously :You want to be sure that any vote casted was casted by an entitled voter.You want to be sure that nobody can associate you voting with what you voted for.When you vote, you do two things :You secretly cast your vote, as in “what you vote for”.You announce publicly to the world (or less than that) that you voted, but without telling them for what.Someone or something has to vauch for you and guarantee the world that all this pile of secretly casted votes and this pile of public vote announcements are matched.To the best of my knowledge, cryptography (in its current state at the beginning of the XXIst century) won’t be of any help here.You would need a cryptographic primitive where a key A belongs to group of keys B, and A sign a document C, then anybody could check that the document C was signed using one of the keys in B but not ne able to tell that A was the specific signer. To the best of my knowledge, this cryptographic primitive simply does not exist. We’ll see in 50 years.Edit : thanks to Clément Lesaege in the comments for pointing out that the concept of ring signatures may be used to achieve this. However it should be noted that a canonical implementation would be impractical for a big (country-wide) e-voting system, and I am currently out of my depth with the most cutting edge research papers from the last few years. See comments for discussion.When cryptography doesn’t work, you get all the usual centralized or semi-centralized solutions, with all their usual flaws : for instance you could hire a bunch of election officers that would electronically sign every vote, guaranteeing that every vote casted was casted in proper conditions, but simultaneously not recording exactly who voted what.Of course, if a full election bureau is conspiring, they can manipulate their results. This is no more secure (or less) than a regular paper-based election.So this is not a very inspiring solution and the blockchain would basically have no value here.—————I’d like to conclude with some personal thoughts, as a citizen this time. While I am a software engineer and generally enthusiastic about automation and about the software eating the world in general, I strongly feel that government elections should still be done using paper, for two reasons :Creating secure voting technology is awfully hard. Every time a new digital voting system is used in a country, there are stories in the newspapers about security bsignNowes in these systems.With paper-based election, anybody can check by themselves that the election process is done properly. If I stay in the voting office for opening to counting, I can assess without a doubt that things went as planned. And I don’t need to be an engineer for this, I can be a regular citizen without any need for a particular skill. This is key to democracy for me. Voting systems should not be opaque. Digital voting systems, secure or not, are opaque by definition and therefore are an obstacle to democracy.
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India: What are the steps to fill an income tax return by myself in India?
what are the steps to fill tax return by myself in INDIA? Steps to be followed:-1. Check your tax credit online -The form 26AS has details of tax deposited with the income tax department on your behalf. This includes the TDS on bank deposits, salary, consultancy charges, or even sales of property. You can access it on line through your net banking account if it is linked to your PAN. Check whether the tax paid by you is reflecting in the form 26AS.2. Rectify mismatch, if any 1. in case oif mis match get the deductor to rectify and file a revised TDS return. this is important because tax department goes by what is stated in your form 26AS...
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How or why did the Portuguese language diverge so much phonetically from Galician and Spanish?
Portuguese, Galician and Castilian sound different, but that doesn’t mean that the only one diverging was Portuguese. In fact, all three diverged from the earlier Iberian dialect continuum that was their ancestor.Portuguese has nasal vowels that came about when nasal consonants between or after vowels weakened (and nasalised the preceding vowel in most cases) and then disappeared over time; in the same way, the ‘l’ sound between vowels dropped out, and became “darker” (pronounced with greater activity in the back of the mouth) at the ends of syllables, eventually changing into a ‘w’ sound in many dialects, especially in Brazil.But Portuguese has kept certain kinds of consonants that were present in the language in the Middle Ages but were lost in other Ibero-Romance dialects. These include the ‘z’ sound written with the letter ‘z’ and ‘s’ between vowels, what was originally a ‘ts’ sound written in Portuguese and older Spanish spelling as ‘ç’ or as ‘c’ before ‘e and ‘o’, and the ‘zh’ sound written with the letter ‘j’ and ‘g’ before ‘e’ or ‘i’.In Portuguese and southern Castilian Spanish dialects (Andalusian ones in particular), the ‘ts’ changed to a ‘s’ sound at the end of the Middle Ages. In Castilian, the ‘ç’ spelling disappeared around the 17th century and was replaced by ‘z’, but unlike in Portugal and the south, the ‘ts’ sound developed (probably via a ‘t-th’ sound) into the ‘th’ sound typical of northern Spain. Again around the end of the Middle Ages, in the non-Portuguese dialects, the ‘z’ and ‘zh’ sounds lost their voicing (the accompanying hum that you can feel if you touch your voice box when you say those sounds) and turned into ‘s’ and ‘sh’ sounds. Just like the already existing ‘sh’ sound that was spelled with ‘x’, this came to be spelled with ‘x’ in Galician, but Castilian eventually decided instead to use ‘j’ and ‘g’ before ‘e’ and ‘i’ (from the spellings for the original ‘j’ sound). When the Spanish encountered the inland Meshika people at the western end of the Caribbean in the 1500s, they spelled their name ‘Mexica’ (before the eventual spelling reform); a famous Spanish fictional character found his name adapted into French spelling as “Don Quichotte” in order to keep the ‘sh’ sound (spelled ‘ch’ in French) as it was pronounced at the time, and the southwestern town now called Jérez de la Frontera produced and still produces a fortified wine known in French as Xérès (from the earlier Spanish spelling ‘Xerez’) and in English Sherry, based on the pronunciation of that first consonant five centuries ago.Galician, as well as Asturo-Leonese to its east, kept that ‘sh’ sound along with the ‘x’ spelling, but over a period that ended not long after 1600, the ‘sh’ sound came to be pronounced as ‘kh’ or ‘h’ (depending on the Castilian dialect), giving the typical “jota” sound we know in Spanish today. I myself have seen written traces of this happening in archival documents from the Philippines, where names like Jesús, Juan and José were spelled in signatures from the early years of the 1600s with the equivalent in the indigenous script of ‘si su’, ‘su wa’ and ‘su si’ and later on in the 1600s with the equivalents of ‘hi su’, ‘hu wa’ and ‘hu si’. There was at least one person (these were signatures on land deeds) whose name was spelled both ways at different periods!Almost as an afterthought, I should add that syllable-final ‘s’ came to be pronounced as ‘sh’ in some Portuguese dialects, while in southern Spanish dialects it came to be pronounced as ‘h’ or even dropped (something typical in the Americas of “lowland” dialects). It’s an interesting further footnote to these consonant changes that ‘y’ came to be pronounced as ‘dzh’ or ‘zh’ in Andalusian and “lowland” dialects, and in Rioplateño dialect of Argentina, this ‘zh’ from earlier ‘y’ has repeated the journey of the earlier ‘zh’ sound and is now widely pronounced as ‘sh’ in the area around Buenos Aires (if not even further).I won’t have as much to say about the vowels as I’m not personally familiar with why Castilian has a simpler five vowel ‘a e i o u’ vowel system where Portuguese (like the Gallo-Romance language Catalan on the other side of the Peninsula) has an (underlyingly) seven vowel ‘a ê é i ô ó u’ system (where the vowels spelled ‘ê’ and ‘ô’ are more “closed” mid-vowels with the tongue slightly higher in the mouth as in Spanish ‘e’ and ‘o’, contrasting with the more “open” ones spelled ‘é’ and ‘ó’ that sound like the English vowels in ‘fell’ and ‘coffee’. What I can say is that at some point before Portuguese spread beyond its Atlantic coast, vowels in unaccented syllables “weakened”, i.e. relaxed their tongue position so that it raised somewhat in the mouth, so that the low, open ‘a’ vowel became a neutral “schwa” vowel much like the first vowel in English ‘about’, while the two ‘e’ vowels became either that schwa or an ‘i’ (often between ‘i’ and schwa in Portugal) and the ‘o’ vowels became ‘u’. However, in accented syllables, they all kept their original values.So overall, while Portuguese diverged from the more central and northerly Ibero-Romance varieties in some ways, in other ways, it was those other varieties that diverged from Portuguese, especially when it comes to consonants.
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What are the best Gmail tips to save time?
Gmail offers many tools for us organize our inbox, such as folders, labels, and even tabs, which in turn saves time when we want to look for some particular mails.Labels are a simple way to categorize our messages. For eg : When a mail comes from friends we can label them as friends and if a mail comes from work, we can label them as work. So next time if we want to check those mails, we dont have to look through our entire inbox. We can just click on the respective labels they belong to. And from there the mail we want to look into.Steps to create and tag mails with LabelsGo to Create new label option on your left menu bar. (You may have to click on More to show this button)Then enter the name of the label you want to create.Then click on create.Then go to the mail you want to add the label toClick on the label button and choose the label you want to applyOn your left menu bar you will see a new category has come up having the label name you just created.When you click on it, it will show the mails to which the label is added to
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