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FAQs
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Did Greeks originate from north Africa?
No. I understand that this question is related to E-V13, found in the Balkan. E-V13 isn't a quantifier of Greek genetics, it is one of many Greek founding lineages.Haplogroup E1b1b may have arrived in Europe by two routes: through the Middle East/Levant and directly from North Africa.The oldest E-M78 in Africa has been found at Taforalt Morocco. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, have sequenced DNA from individuals from Morocco dating to approximately 15,000 years ago, as published in Science. This is the oldest nuclear DNA from Africa ever successfully analyzed.The Y-DNA of 4 males waa found in E1b1b1a1-M78. This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North East African populations The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleo- lithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines (“Levant_N”). Unsupervised genetic clustering also suggests a connection of Taforalt to the Near East.What we are learning now is that certainly NW Africa's was genetically/demographically connected to NE Africa and to West Asia even at the very beginning of the local Upper Paleolithic, demolishing quite apparently all the theories that linked it to European Upper Paleolithic (from which it got its "Ibero-Maurusian" name).Also this quote from the authors in the press release:“The Iberomaurusians lived before the Natufians, but they were not their direct ancestors: The Natufians lack DNA from Africa, Krause says. This suggests that both groups inherited their shared DNA from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East more than 15,000 years ago, the team reports today in Science”The population exhumed from the archaeological site of Taforalt in Morocco is a valuable source of information toward a better knowledge of the settlement of Northern Africa region and provides a revolutionary way to specify the origin of Ibero-Maurusian populations.I wouldnt consider these Taforalt samples as thé ancestors of modern E-M78 subclades carriers (V22, V12, V65) What we see by contrasting the map of inferred patterns or E1b1b-M81(the berber marker and dominant in north west Africa) expansion and this ancient Y-DNA data from Taforalt is that the main E-M78 expansion most likely was already done, considering its age( formed 19800 ybp, TMRCA 13400 ybp) that it could represent an expansion from older times, much as I2 seems to have expanded in Europe. This would allow for V65 ("from west Egypt to Morocco" per one decription of its geography) to have expanded from NW Africa, not necessarily from Taforalt though but somewhow related to it.According to the authors "Several lines of evidence suggest that E-M78 sub-haplogroups have been involved in trans-Mediterranean migrations (in)directly from Africa. E-M78 and E-V65 haplogroups are common in northern Africa, where they originated, while other clades(like E-V13) are observed almost exclusively in Mediterranean Europe, as opposed to central and eastern Europe and the Horn of Africa among somali males (E-V32)The oldest to date sample of E-V13 we have is from Later Neolithic Hungary (1 in Sopot culture and 1 in Lengyel, c. 4500 BC and the earliest known prehistoric sample, the couple from Epi-Cardial Spain (c. 5000 BC).E-V13 has also been found in a skeleton of Avelanner Cave in Catalonia dating from 5000BC (cardial culture)So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Nonetheless, the possibility of other migrations of E1b1b to southern Europe during the Mesolithic or Late Palaeolithic cannot be ruled out.Research shows that the ancestors of modern Greeks were( indeed )the Minoans and Mycenaeans, already inhabiting the Greek peninsula for the past 5000 years, since 3000bc.Minoan Boxing Boys, restored fresco from Thera (modern-day Santorini), c.1600 BC. Currently located at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece.The Fisherman fresco is from the 16th century BCE from the Akrotiri site in GreeceTheir ancestors moved into Greece during the neolithic and bronze age from Anatolia and before that from the Caucasus..Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of an elborately dressed women in a procession from the Tiryns, Greece 14th, 13th Century BC Cat No 5883 Athens Archaeological MuseumScientists have obtained and analyzed the genome of ancient Mycenaean people and found they are strongly related to modern Greeks. Around three-quarters of the Mycenaeans' and Minoans' ancestry originated in Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The remaining quarter can be traced back to the Caucasus, near modern-day Iran.The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe’s first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. However, the question of the origins of the Minoans and their relationship to the Mycenaeans has long puzzled researchers.The Mycenaeans, with their roots in mainland Greece, seem to have adopted much of the Minoan technology and culture, but it is not clear how they were related. “We wanted to determine if the people who made up the Minoan and Mycenaean populations were actually genetically distinct or not. How were they related to each other? Who were their ancestors? And how are modern Greeks related to them?” says Johannes Krause, director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and one of the corresponding authors of the study.A paper from 2017 in Nature suggests that, rather than being recently arrived, advanced outsiders, the Minoans had deep roots in the Aegean. The primary ancestors of both the Minoans and Mycenaeans were populations from Neolithic Western Anatolia and Greece and the two groups were very closely related to each other, and to modern Greeks.“It is remarkable how persistent the ancestry of the first European farmers is in Greece and other parts of southern Europe, but this does not mean that the populations there were completely isolated. There were at least two additional migrations in the Aegean before the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans and some additional admixture later. The Greeks have always been a ‘work in progress’ in which layers of migration through the ages added to, but did not erase the genetic heritage of the Bronze Age populations,” stated Iosif Lazaridis of Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study.Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from the further east after the time of the earliest farmers," according to lead author Iosif LazaridisA European population in Minoan Bronze Age CreteMinoan were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.EV-13 marker is neolithic and came into Greece and the Balkans before the arrival of the Dorians and Myceneans. When the Greek speaking Dorian and Mycenean proto-Greeks arrived in Greece around 1500 BC they mixed with the indigenous E-V13 neolithic peoples and the percentage of neolithic E-V13 marker became reduced in the population. The Dorians and Myceneans who brought the Greek language into Greece were not E-V13 carriers.The proto-Greeks (Myceneans / Dorians) who brought the Greek language into Greece were R1a carriers. They mixed with the neolithic peoples / Pelasgians of Greece who were E-V13 carriers.Neolithic farmers spread all around Europe,they didn't just sit in one placePericic et al. (2005) give a 7.3 kya estimate for the expansion of E-M78α (almost perfectly equivalent to E-V13) for Southeastern European populations north of Greece. Due to their use of the 3.6x slower mutation rate, this figure needs to be converted to equivalent years. The Nea Nikomedeia time depth was estimated as 9.2kya by King et al. Therefore, the equivalent age for the Pericic et al. (2005) expansion is (7.3/9.2) * 149 generations or 118 generations (1,540-950BC). They note that STR variance is higher in Greece, Macedonia, and Apulia, all areas with well-known historical Greek connections.Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12Cruciani et al. (2007) propose that E-V13 arrived in Europe from West Asia and underwent an expansion in Europe at 4-4.7 kya. This age is calculated using effective mutation rates that are 2.4 or 2.8 slower than the germline rate, which seems to suggest a Late Bronze Age or even later expansion with a rate closer to the germline one.The signature North African marker E-M78, dominant in Egypt with its subclade E-V22 descends from Eurasian Adam CT-M168 E-M78 is a Non_African genetic marker. (Hodgson et al 2014)E-M78 has a near eastern neolithic origin"Both the King et al. E-V13 data, as well as the diverse, mostly European Haplozone E-V13 agree in placing the expansion of this haplogroup squarely in the Aegean Bronze Age.Haplogroup E1b1b has been associated with the earliest development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture, which is so far believed to have arisen in the Fertile Crescent, but could have developed earlier in parts of North/North East Africa. Agriculture spread from the Near East to Europe, at first mostly ovicaprid and cattle herders. E1b1b men (accompanied by G2a, J and T men) appear to have been associated at least with the diffusion of Neolithic painted pottery from the Levant to the Balkans (Thessalian Neolithic), and with the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the Western Mediterranean. The only concrete evidence for this at the moment is the presence of this E-V13 subclade, commonest in the southern Balkans today, at a 7000-year old Neolithic site in north-east Spain, which was tested by Lacan et al (2011).E-v13 marker is considered a Greek marker because it follows the foot-print of ancient Greek colonisation - wherever ancient Greeks colonised the ev-13 marker went with them. R1a is also proto Greek and was carried by the proto-Greeks (Dorians and Myceneans) into Greece when they migrated there. Modern Greek DNA is the most similar to Southern Italian DNA which makes sense since Southern Italy was heavily populated by “Greek” colonists from 900 BC.On genetic test Sicilians are very similar to Peloponnese Greeks, Greek islanders & South ItaliansDifferential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeCornelia Di Gaetano et al.AbstractThe presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be signNowly different by the chi2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to signNow about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeSouthern Italians/Sicilians are partially Greek (Magna Graecia).An additional piece of evidence is Y-chromosome distribution in Calabria, a Southern Italian region with well-known Greek connections. According to Semino et al. (2004) [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004], the Calabrian sample has an E-M78 frequency of 16.3%, whereas "Calabria 2" representing the "Albanian community of the Cosenza province" has only 5.9%. This is consistent with the idea that E-V13 in modern Albanians is to a great degree due to Greek founders (Epirotes or ancient colonists).Albanians also coalesce to Roman/Late Antique times, consistent with the idea that their high frequency of haplogroup E-V13 (which signNowes very high numbers in e.g. Kosovars) is not associated with high diversity. Founder effects in that time frame are the reason for the high frequency of E-V13 in them.Albanians are a mix of Bronze Age invaders of Yamnaya culture and Neolithic residents of Balkans.Cruciani 2007 also mentions some oddballs for the Greek maritime theory:- Slovaks: 8.33% E-V13- Hungarians: 9.43% E-V13No mention of Serbs but the Republic of Macedonia has as much E-V13 as mainland Greece (17%), while Albanians double that figure (32%).Slavomacedonians from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia coalesce well into AD times, at around the time of the first Slavic arrivals in the Balkans. This suggests that E-V13 in them is the result of local founders at around that time who adopted the Slavic language. However, Pericic et al. (2005) report high (but unspecified) diversity of E-M78α in "Macedonia", so it is possible that a larger number of earlier inhabitants were absorbed.Finally the highest concentrations of E-V13 west of Sicily are among Atlantic Iberians (Portuguese, Asturians), where historical Greek colonization was zero. This confirms again some older flow of Neolithic or maybe Chalcolithic age. There are other significative ammounts of this clades in most unlikely places like Denmark (3%), Germany (4%). All that can only be explained with Neolithic founder effects or something of the like. Ukranians (strong in E-V13) may have affected Northern Europe genetically... but at a time when the Greek ethnicity did not yet exist as such.Conclusion. Based on these results Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically highly similar but not identical and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers,” said Lazaridis.While both Minoans and Mycenaeans had both “first farmer” and “eastern” genetic origins, Mycenaeans traced an additional minor component of their ancestry to ancient inhabitants of Eastern Europe and northern Eurasia. This type of so-called Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is one of the three ancestral populations of present-day Europeans, and is also found in modern Greeks. There was genetic continuity in the Aegean from the time of the first farmers to present-day Greece, but not in isolation. The peoples of the Greek mainland had some admixture with Ancient North Eurasians and peoples of the Eastern European steppe both before and after the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, which may provide the missing link between Greek speakers and their linguistic relatives elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
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What one incident that you would never forget in your life?
It was vacation time back in my college days. I was lazing around when my mother asked me to pour some water to a few plants in pots. I started watering the first plant when I felt something slithering around my legs. I looked down to find a long but not too large a snake that had somehow managed to get tangled around my ankles. I was so shocked that no voice came out. My brain seemed to have stopped working. All my survival instinct enabled me was to jump. The snake fell off me and I ran inside home.I dared steal a glance at my feet and I could see that blood was oozing out. I went to my mother and conveyed the same to her. She ran to me in a moment. I could see panic in her eyes. I was resigned to the worst. It was then that the expression on her face relaxed and she said to me, "this is no snake bite. You have got yourself a scratch". Though I didn't understand her at first, I slowly recalled what had happened. Yes, I had hurt my leg with the edge of the pot when I had jumped.We went out to look where the snake had gone. It couldn't be seen anywhere. Hearing our conversation, few of my neighbours gathered. Nobody seemed to believe me. One also went to the extent of saying that I had mistaken a frog or a chameleon for a snake. I was so annoyed at such responses that I wanted to see the snake just to prove that I was right.Finally, one person found the snake curled inside our footwear stand. I hadn't even noticed earlier that it was just a rat snake. We told everyone that it's better left alone as it wouldn't harm anyone. Nobody seemed to care and one of them just killed it before my eyes. I cried, I protested but nobody listened. We later found that one of my neighbours cooked it for a meal!I don't remember feeling ever so sorry for anything. It was as scared of me as I was of it when I first saw it. I will never forget the day that a snake died just because of me!
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How stealthy is a Arleigh Burke destroyer?
Thanks for the ATA! I served on 2 Burke Class DDGs.Burke Class DDGs employ several RCS or ‘Radar Cross Section’ reduction methods.First and foremost is that the hull and more especially the superstructure employ shaping techniques to present angles that will bounce or scatter radar return.Placement of equipment on deck is limited or able to be hidden/enclosed. The mast is angled, enclosed and made of aluminum. The 5 inch gun has been modified on later ships to include a reduced RCS turret.Equipment that cannot be placed elsewhere or hidden has special covers made of radar absorbent material. Similarly parts of the superstructure and any infrastructure that cannot be angled use RAM tile. Any of the RAM areas as well as identified hot spots are coated with special RAM paint. For instance the exhaust pipes are painted with a paint similar to what was used on the F117. Later ships removed the exhaust pipes altogether. Collectively these systems are called PCMS or Passive Counter Measures System.The result is a RCS that is about 70 percent smaller than the ships actual size depending up the platform trying to detect it.Aside from RCS reduction an area that is as important is ‘Emissions Control’. You can hide from radar completely and it will not help a bit if your electronic signature gives you away. The Burke Class excels at controlling emissions. Phased Array SPY-1 radars have a virtuous ability to control emissions by being able to digitally dial its echo, meaning the radar doesnt just use max energy all the time like an easily visible spotlight shooting up into a night sky. Burke can turn its radar off altogether and rely on its own electronic sniffing ECM sensors or through Cooperative Engagement and Tactical Databanks use other platforms sensors to get a picture. For example an E-2D Hawkeye is airborne, it can link with the Burke and now the Burke can see what it sees. Burke can even launch weapons using another platforms sensor picture.
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What do pro-choicers think of third-trimester abortions?
First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development; a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous, genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions. Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life. One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion. I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it. The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage. This is graphic, but not gory, it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb. This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness. I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester. If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch. I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on. but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find. I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion. Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination. It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance, there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken. But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.
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What are the career options after graduating with a Bachelor's in physics?
There are actually Three things you can do after you ‘earn’ your Bachelor degree in Physics :Continue your studiesGet a Job , orGive a JobAllow me to explain each in detail -Continue your studies :-> Here you have several Options:a) Pursue Masters from IIT by cracking IITJAM or from any other university on Physics and earn a PHd later on. You can also do Integrated PHd by applying and getting a good rank in JEST , TIFR , IISER etc.b) Pursue your Masters from any IIT (or from any other University) and then pursue MTech by cracking GATE. After MTech you can get placed in some PSUs or some reputed MNCs. Many prefer higher studies though (like PHd after Mtech). (P.S - IIT Kharagpur provides Integrated Mtech-PHd for Computer Science and Data Analytics after qualifying in GATE)c) Give an entrance test conducted by few universities for Btech and get into some good Engineering Colleges. (Ex : Jadavpur University in Kolkata conducts an entrance test for students of BSc(Hons) Physics. Qualified Candidates enter into 2nd year of BTech. Likewise Calcutta University provides Btech in Radiophysics.)d) Do Bachelors in Education(BEd) for a Teaching Job.e) MSc on other subjects like Biophysics, RadioPhysics, Geophysics, Instrumentation etc. Ex - MScTech in Geophysics from ISM Dhanbad (Note : the degree mention MScTech not MTech; Both are different).f) Other Masters programme in other disciplines if you want to do it like MCA, MBA, MA, LLB etc. (Being interested in Defence Services, personally I would have preferred Masters from Institute of Defence Studies in Pune and PHd later on— a path very few know or like to tread .)g) If you have a Gap in years after your BSc Physics and possess the thought that you will be unable to share the class with the younger generation, feel free to pursue distance learning through IGNOU. You can pursue your masters on other subjects via IGNOU or sit for an entrance examination for MSc. Physics (distance learning) which by the way IGNOU conducts in collaboration with Indian Institute of Astrophysics (forms available in the month of september).h) You can also pursue higher studies from Foreign universities. Of course you have to crack the competitive exams related for that purpose.2. Get a Job :→ You can Apply for Various entrance examinations for Banks(RBI Grade B, SBI PO, IBPS etc), Railways( ASM, Goods Guard, JE, RPF SI etc) , PSUs or State Units(AAI ATC, Electricity Executives, Forest Guard etc), Armed Forces(AFCAT, CDSE, Coast Guard(only interview) ), Civil Services(UPSC CSE, State CSE, IFoS) and Central/State Police Services( SSC CAPF, UPSC CAPF, SSC CGL etc). Crack these Examinations and earn a respectable service with the Central or State Governments or Banking Sector or PSUs.(PS : If you have completed MSc Physics then you can apply in Indian Navy as an Officer or else not. Indian Navy does not recruit candidates having just BSc in Physics. You either should have BTech or do MSc Physics- the condition valid even in UPSC CDSE recruitment)→ If you want a job in your core field(subject), there are exams like ISRO Scientific Assistant, SSC IMD Scientific Assistant, BHAVINI Scientific Assistant, NCPOR Scientific Assistant(which do not conduct any exam but only Personal Interview), NPCIL Scientific Assistant etc. which too are Govt Organisations that requires Bachelor’s in Physics as a qualification.(PS- If you complete MSc in Physics however you can apply for a relatively higher position in similar organisations for the post of Scientific Officer - Some institutes like BARC donot recruit candidates having a degree less than that of MSc.)You know the craze for Government Jobs, Don’t you? Some Jobs are indeed Earned. :)→ However You can always find a Job in the Corporate Sector. Ex: TCS, WIPRO etc.So, All the very Best if getting a Job is your sole Aim.P.S - Build and Develop Skills via sites(also Android App) like Udemy, Coursera, edX, Skillshare, Codecademy etc. Trust me sometimes recruiters will be much interested if they learn that you have invested some quality time in having knowledge which can give you an edge over other candidates. Also makes your Resume look quite attractive. Moreover guess what, most courses are totally free of Cost. After Completing the Course if you wish to have the valid Certificate with a signature and stamp from reputed universities, you can pay them a certain fee. Totally ok if you dont pay as those digital certificates will not hold much value over regular courses;but do keep in mind the skill you learn can make you top notch over others.Personally I prefer to pay as a token of appreciation. Doesn’t seem much(approx 3k INR & sometimes even only 600 INR) if you consider the fact that the knowledge you receive is immense and magnificent.3. Give a Job :→ Well you know what I am going to say. The Word that became the centre of attention lately in India- ‘Entrepreneurship’.Take risks, try out new ways, give people a source of Income, earn Fortunes and build your own Empire. And the thing is you don’t even need a Bsc or Physics to be a great entrepreneur. You don’t need to work for anyone, You can always work for yourself.But yes to be brutally honest- as lovely as the situation might seem- you will most likely Fail in this venture. Dont get me wrong but what I am saying here is the ‘Reality’. However I haven’t seen or met Entrepreneurs who didnot fail and yet achieved big.Who knows You might become the next Zuckerburg or the next Elon Musk - which by the way if you dont know, Mr. Musk has done his Bachelors in Physics. ;)These are the three things which I feel you can do. The Interest and the Will rests on you and you alone. I hope I was able to remove all your doubts. Still if you have one, feel free to comment.By the way, Upvotes are Welcome. Thank you for the 177 upvotes. Means a lot.All the Best for your future.(>_<) ♡Edit- Thank you Quorans for my first 500 upvotes.
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Are Berbers pre-Roman peoples, or did they migrate to North Africa after the Romans?
No. The Amazigh, the descendants of the Iberomaurusians are the indigenous people of North Africa who carry indigenous markers belonging to North Africa like E—M81 and mtdna u6 yet near eastern in origin and did not migrate after the Romans into Africa.Iberomaurusian culture have appeared since the Last Glacial Maximum c. 25,000 years BP until the early Holocene c. 11,000 years cal BP.See for more detailsRita Maria Bargash's answer to Why do North Africans look brown?North Africans are the result of several back migrations between 35.000 and 12.000 years ago from the near east and therefor Eurasian in origin.North Africans, the Amazigh and Egyptians carry the same amount of neanderthal admixture as non Africans more specific West Asians and Europeans and its not due to recent near eastern nor european migrations.E1b1b M81 is a berber marker. It matters not who has it today It originated among the Berber people in North Africa."North African-specific lineage E-M81 is frequent in Berber-speaking groups(Herrera et al,; Dec 2014)"The distribution of E-M81 haplogroup, a Berber marker " (2010 Ambrosio et al)"E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa during the Neolithic period about 14200 years ago (www.yfull.com/tree/E-M81). This haplogroup, referred to as a genetic Berber marker, signNowes a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, with a decreasing gradient ranging from 98.1% in the southern and Berber regions of Morocco to 11.7% in the north of Egypt. In the Middle East, this Berber marker was reported in 1.3% of Lebanese, 5% among Sephardic Jews, and 3.7% of Turkish, but it was absent in Arab countries. In Europe, E-M81 haplogroup, widespread but rare, was found relatively higher in southern countries particularly in Spain and Portugal with the highest frequency found in Cantabria at 18.6%. This haplogroup signNowes a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from approximately 80% or more in some Moroccan Berber populations, including Saharawis, to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt. it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker*"Both E-M81 &E-M78 originated in North Africa”E-M81(The berber marker) and E-M78(Egyptian marker)descend from the same genetic twig (E-M35) they are indeed genetically the closest to each other. Plus E-m78 is hardly found in north west Africa and vice versa.East Africa has downstream mutations of E-M78. HENCE: "Y chromosome data are also suggestive of at least two episodes of non-African migration into the HOA prior to 3 ka. First, HOA populations carry E-M78 Y chromosomes at high frequencies. E-M78 dominant in northeastern Africa(The Nile basin) has a descendant lineage (E-V32) unique to the HOA that arrived by at least 6 ka”“The most probable origin of the proto-U6 lineage was the Near East. Around 30,000 years ago it spread to North Africa where it represents a signature of regional continuity… Attested presence of Caucasian people in northern Africa goes up to Paleolithic times… Linguistic research suggests that the Afroasiatic phylum of languages could have originated and extended with these Caucasians... " (“Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography” Nicole Maca-Meyer, Ana M González, José Pestano, Carlos Flores, José M Larruga, Vicente M Cabrera; 2003)North Africans were among the first to colonize the Canary Islands: Study of ancient DNA shows the complexity of human migrations in North African prehistoryGenetic tests on the Canary Islanders show that their native ancestors were pure North African Berbers. They were almost completely isolated, were pagan and never conquered or converted by muslims or christians until the 15th centuryNatives surrendering after a battle with the Spaniards.Natives taken to the court of king Ferdinand and queen Isabella of Spain.On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populationsOn the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations.Mechta-Afalou hunter model - Stock Image - C014/6147“The body shape of the terminal Pleistocene Jebel Sahaba population is tropical‐adapted, with elongated limbs, especially in the distal segments, and is most similar to living sub‐Saharan Africans and less similar to late Pleistocene and Holocene North Africans (including Egyptians and Nubians). The sample's body shape likely reflects elevated gene flow up the Nile Valley from areas further south, but may also be due in part to the tropical hot conditions present at the site, even during glacial periods. The Jebel Sahaba sample are distinct in body shape from penecontemporary humans from Afalou‐Bou‐Rhummel (Algeria) and El Wad Natufians from the southern Levant—a result consistent with the results of both Irish (2000, 2005) using dental data and Franciscus (1995, 2003) using nasal data."The ancestors of the Amazigh were known as the libyans, after the Goddess Libya by the ancient GreekThese results clearly indicate the genetic continuity from later stone age (Taforalt 15000 years old) until at least Early Neolithic (IAM 7000 years old)Quote from the study“Interestingly, both haplogroups U6 and M1 have been observed in Taforalt. The presence in IAM of two prominent North African autochthonous lineages such as U6 and M1 supports maternal continuity in the area since Later Stone Age times and implies a Eurasian origin for Taforalt and IAM people.”https://www.pnas.org/content/pna...So to answer this question, the Amazigh are much much older than the “Romans” and still in place.
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If the losing side in a civil suit generally pays the attorney's fees, why doesn't everyone hire the most expensive attorneys?
First, the premise of your question is wrong. The losing side does not “generally” pay attorney’s fees. The situation varies dramatically from state to state and depending on the reason you file suit.For instance, in Texas, on a bsignNow of contract case, you should get an award of attorney’s fees and expenses. But if you sue someone for negligence? Not so much. The law actually says you don’t get your fees.Second, even if you are entitled to attorney’s fees and expenses, the law says you are entitled to your “reasonable and necessary” attorney’s fees and expenses. This ends up frequently being just as big of an issue as the damages in the case. In one of my trials in the not to recent past, my billings were about $60,000 and the other firm’s billings were north of $1,000,000. The reason the case (fighting over $100,000) never settled is that they demanded all of their attorney’s fees as part of any settlement.The most contentious part of the trial was the argument that their fees were neither reasonable nor necessary. The Court agreed and ultimately awarded them $25,000 in fees (less than had been offered at settlement). So congratulations, you won $100,000 (that the other side admitted was owed and tried to pay you), $25,000 in attorney’s fees, and it cost you $1,100,000 to get it. You’re out over $900,000 by using that real big expensive firm that does not CARE about what the total bills are — in fact, most of the rules with their associates are around minimum billable hours. (Hint, any firm that has “minimum billable hour” requirements for cases, you should never hire).Third, those issues aside, is still the issue of paying as you go (as another poster noted). Unless you have a contingency firm (which is unusual in contract and most business disputes), you get lawyer bills every month. Lawsuits can easily take 1.5 or more YEARS to resolve. Even if you have a lawyer that only bills you $2,000/month, that’s over $30,000 out of your pocket before trial or the case getting settled. If you use a firm that bills 10x that, well you’ll be paying 10x every month.Which comes to the fourth point, RARELY is the most expensive lawyer the best. The most expensive lawyer probably just works for the biggest named firm. If I’m listing the best litigators I know, not one of them bills at the top rates in Dallas. (I’ve kicked plenty of “big firm” lawyers around the courtroom). Those bills are big because their overhead is big — 10 floors downtown and high six figure salaries aren’t cheap.(NOTE: There is an exception in very specialized areas of the law. Typically those lawyers are at big firms and you have to pay out the nose for it — just like specialty surgeons, but for general business litigation, you’re probably wasting your money — and good mid-tier or small firms are NOT intimidated by big lawyers. In fact, their bills are a common source of joking).And the last point — and the one that lawyers too often fail to discuss with their clients — collection of judgments. Let’s say you sell lawn furniture, and a drunk driver loses control of his vehicle and runs over a bunch of your inventory (that you did not have insured), causing $1m of damages. You hire a good lawyer, fight the lawsuit, and win a $1m judgment and $250,000 of attorneys fees that you paid over the last two years fighting it. Then the driver declares bankruptcy because his net worth was $1,000. Congratulations, you won your lawsuit, you STILL don’t get your $1m in inventory back AND you’re out an additional $250,000 you paid your lawyers.ALL lawsuits, prior to being filed, need to have a cost/benefit analysis. Yes, sometimes principal comes in (particularly with people who have never been in a lawsuit), but everyone needs to be aware of (a) the cost, (b) the time involved, (c) how being in a lawsuit for 2 years affects your life, and (d) what are the odds that, if you win, you’ll be able to get anything. It is VERY rare for someone to be “happy” that they have a piece of paper, signed by a Court, that they are owed $1m, and they never get a penny — yet it happens all of the time. I can’t count the number of people who demand to file a lawsuit on principle that feel very different six months later and $30,000 more out of their pocket.Always ask your attorney (a) risks of losing the case, (b) consequences of losing, (c) cost of winning, and (d) about collecting if/when you did win. Be sure to discuss how settlement works, what the likelihood of that is, and what would be a reasonable settlement. Be aware of the drain on your personal life if you become personally involved in a lawsuit. It’s a pain.I’m not saying don’t ever file one or proceed with one — sometimes that’s the only remedy available — but just go in with your eyes open and reasonable expectations. If your attorney won’t discuss those with your or is too vague, go find another one (there’s way to many of us anyway).
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As a defense attorney, how would you handle having to “break” someone on the witness stand that you may believe is a victim of y
Shades of Nero Wolfe! I am not and never have been a criminal defense attorney, but in my articles I have occasionally been assigned issues of criminal law or procedure, so have isolated bits of knowledge. I do believe, however, that criminal defense lawyers are in the front lines of those who defend democracy since their constant job is to see that every defendant receives a fair trial before an impartial adjudicator and that the result is supported by the trial evidence properly admitted. Plus they seem to always have the best stories.I once did have a witness, not mine, who more or less “broke” during a trial. This was a state court matter. My client owned a business selling cell phones and leasing service for them. The future defendant came in and purchased a cell phone and service, and for some reason signed the related documents over the course of two days instead of all at once. I don’t remember why and it didn’t matter to the trial. He paid the phone fee on the second day, but refused to pay for service over the course of nearly three months. His reason for not paying, he said, was that he was “testing” the service. My client had records of the numbers he called and the length of time for each call. I had taken his deposition, and he had admitted he signed each document I showed him concerning the purchase. The only real issue was whether his claim of testing the phone service was going to stand up.For our trial judge, we drew an older man who probably presided at God’s case against Cain, but was one of my favorites because he was experienced, didn’t like having his time wasted but would listen politely, and knew contract law. It was an excellent draw for us since I wouldn’t have to spend time explaining how contracts worked.The defendant showed up for trial with another fellow he introduced as his cousin and said he had been with him on the second day when he signed the rest of the documents and picked up his phone. I assumed the cousin was there to try to bolster the defendant’s claim of testing. But if they hadn’t already discussed the case, I was going to deny them the opportunity to coordinate further, so I invoked the “Rule” at the start, meaning the exclusionary rule that said anyone not a party had to wait outside in the hall until called.I started with the defendant. I put him on the stand and we began the basic stuff - the contract and its terms. I asked him the same stuff I had in the defendant’s deposition - “do you recognize this exhibit? what is it? is that your signature on page #?” Usually these are pretty routine, but the defense hadn’t wanted to stipulate admissibility, so I was just laying the groundwork. Needless to say, there was nothing in the documents about a period for testing, but there were warranties. So I am just loping along doing something I had done lots of times before and then …For some reason never made clear, the defendant decided to deny he had signed the second day’s paperwork. This really was the less important stuff, but it had warranty language in it, so one would think he would want it in. I suspect he just lost track or panicked. I am standing there with the transcript of his deposition in plain sight in front of me. It even had little paper tabs in it. I was careful not to react in any way to his denials - just a bit about being sure he looked in the right place and knew he’d seen them before. I took him through the rest of the paperwork and he insisted he hadn’t signed anything on day 2. No one seemed to catch it except my client. But what I did next got the judge’s attention because it was unusual.I asked the judge if I could suspend the defendant’s testimony for a bit, subject to recalling him later, while I called another witness out of order to “clarify” a point. Still no penny dropped with the defendant or, as far as I could tell, with his attorney, although I noticed the trial judge changed his posture so I figured he knew something was up and it had to do with the signatures. The judge let me call the cousin in from the hall, and now looked alert, waiting to see what was going on.The defendant went back to his seat beside his attorney and there was a lot of whispering until the judge shushed them. I called the cousin in from the hall, telling him only that we were going to be there for a while yet, and were taking him early so he wouldn’t have to stand around in the hall any longer than necessary. Now he is not my witness, so I designated him as hostile before I called him in so I could lead him some, but there really wasn’t much need.He obligingly recognized his cousin’s signatures on all of the documents, even correcting me when he thought I missed one, and explaining that he was present when the paperwork was all signed. He was pleasant, cheerful, and completely oblivious to the implications, so I knew they hadn’t discussed denying the signature beforehand - plus I still had the deposition statements to whack the defendant with if necessary. But it wasn’t.After the cousin finished and was excused, subject to later recall by the other side, the judge invited counsel up to the bench. And here is where experience mattered. The judge caught on that I wouldn’t have done what I did if the defendant hadn’t lied about signing some of the documents.I don’t use profanity, so I will use *** instead. The judge was annoyed by the defendant’s obvious lies. In whispers, the judge asked me if I had any further evidence regarding the question of the defendant’s signatures on the documents we’d been discussing and this was when the defendant’s lawyer woke up. He tried to object to the question, but the judge burnt him with a look that was better than a ruling. I just said I had a transcript of his deposition during which his memory was different, and that was all I said. The judge gestured to the defendant’s lawyer to come a bit closer (he’d backed up some during the burning) to the bench and the judge said words to the effect that his “G**D*** client had better settle with me before he was judicially determined to be a ***** perjurer and maybe recommended for prosecution for wasting the court’s time on a ****show like this case, and he was giving us a recess to resolve it without his [the judge] having to listen to any more **** from the *********** defendant.So we went outside, the defendant’s attorney “conferred” with his client, and we did just what the judge ordered. I never did find out why the defendant thought three months of free testing was appropriate.
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What are the required documents for passport now?
PASSPORTS(1) While applying for a fresh passport attach two copies of the following documents:(a) Proof of address (attach one of the following):Applicant’s ration card, certificate from Employer of reputed companies on letter head, water /telephone /electricity bill/statement of running bank account/Income Tax Assessment Order /Election Commission ID card, Gas connection Bill, Spouse’s passport copy, parent’s passport copy in case of minors. (NOTE: If any applicant submits only ration card as proof of address, it should be accompanied by one more proof of address out of the above categories).(b) Proof of Date of Birth (attach one of the following):Birth certificate issued by a Municipal Authority or district office of the Registrar of Births & Deaths;Date of birth certificate from the school last attended by the applicant or any other recognized educational institution; or an Affidavit sworn before a Magistrate/Notary stating date/place of birth as per the specimen in ANNEXURE ‘A’ by illiterate or semi-illiterate applicants.N.B.: In the case of applicants born on or after 26.01.89, only Birth Certificate issued by the Municipal Authority or the Office of the Registrar of Births & Deaths is acceptable.(c) Citizenship Document if applicant is a citizen ofIndia by Registration or Naturalization.(d) Government/Public Sector/Statutory body employees should submit “Identity Certificate” in original (ANNEXURE B) along with Standard Affidavit Annexure I.(e) If the applicant is eligible for “ECNR” attach attested copy of supporting document (see COLUMN 15 of the INSTRUCTIONS AND GUIDELINES FOR FILLING UP THE APPLICATION FORM).(f) If the applicant was repatriated at Government cost, enclose documents to show that the expenditure, if any, incurred by the Government of India on his/her repatriation has been fully refunded to the Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs.(g) If the applicant was ever deported toIndia, give details of Emergency Certificate/Passport.(2) When applying for reissue of a passport after 10 years, attach:(a) Old passport in original with self-attested photocopy of its first four and last four pages, including ECR/ECNR page.(b) Document mentioned at (1) (d), if applicable.(c) Document mentioned at (1) (e), if the old passport did not have ECNR stamp or it was issued when the applicant was a minor.(d) If there is any change in address, document mentioned at 1 (a).(e) If the old passport does not contain spouse name, copy of marriage certificate issued by the Registrar of Marriage or affidavitas per specimen in Annexure `D’.(3) When applying for a minor’s passport attach:(a) A Declaration affirming the particulars furnished in the application about the minor child as per ‘Annexure-H (signed by both parents), Annexure “C” (Single parents who are separated but not formally divorced/Single parent of the child born out of wedlock), Annexure “G” (when passport is being applied for by single parent or legal guardian) . Annexure “I” (when a minor between 15-18 years of age applies for a full validity 10 year passport OR in case either parents who do not hold valid Indian passport while applying passport for their minor child), as the case may be.(b) Attested photocopy of passport, if any, of both parents, applicable.(c) Original passports of parents should be presented for verification of particulars.(d) If one parent is resident abroad, a Sworn affidavit by the parent resident abroad attested by the Indian Mission along with affidavit from parent residing inIndiaas well be submitted.N.B.: Ordinarily the consent of both parents is required for issue of a passport to a minor (below 18 years of age). However if it is absolutely not possible due to any reason, the parent applying for a passport for his/her minor child may submit an affidavit (Annexure G) and based on the same passport application will be processed. In case where
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