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Yes.Here’s the problem: most people who know a lot about Bitcoin can only speak “tech”.I was at a conference recently. I was the keynote speaker but had zero talk prepared (as usual). It was a crowdfunding conference so I “crowdsourced” my talk.I asked the audience: I can talk about entrepreneurship or I can take fifteen minutes to explain Bitcoin without using any technical jargon. Clap for which one you want.Almost 100% of the people wanted to learn about Bitcoin without the technical jargon.People are hungry for this. They don’t want to hear about “crypto” or “blockchain”. They just want to know what all this Bitcoin stuff is about.Back in 2013, I thought Bitcoin was a scam. I was wrong.First, some credentials.In early 2013 I had my doubts. I started reading everything I could. Then I got my hands dirty.I’ve been a coder / programmer since 1985. I decided to code up a Bitcoin only store (maybe the first ever) and sell my book, “Choose Yourself” on it before it was released on Amazon.It was very hard. I had to develop the store from scratch since there were no easy tools to help me. There still isn’t (hint: business opportunity).Once I launched it, quite a few people bought my book. I sold a PDF of my book for 0.1 Bitcoin. Bitcoin was then $60 so I sold it for about $6 per PDF. Right now, it’s as if I sold each PDF for $1600. I sold many copies.I went on CNBC when they heard I was doing this. The anchor asked me, “Did you just do this for publicity?”I said, “Well, I’m on national TV so I guess it worked.”Another thing worth noting: Most of my customers came from one domain name (they had to submit their email addresses for me to process the sale): Amazon.com. Make of that what you will.A few months ago I started writing about cryptocurrencies again. I saw so many people getting involved in scams, I wanted to help.The other day I had an Uber driver who thanked me during the car ride for helping him “get it”.And last night at a restaurant, the waiter at the end of the meal shook my hand and thanked me for helping him “finally” begin to understand what Bitcoin was about.In order for crypto currencies to succeed, people need to understand at a basic level what they are. Nobody needs to learn complicated cryptography or blockchain.Just understand why now. Why this is important for us a society.TWO CRITICAL REASONS BITCOIN IS HISTORICALLY IMPORTANT AND HERE TO STAYJust understand these two reasons. Then you will know the potential for Bitcoin. And you will be popular at cocktail parties.A) THE HISTORY OF MONEYEvery new style of money solves the major problems of the last style of money.BarterIf I have a bag of rice and I need shoes, what if you make shoes but you only need 1/2 bag of rice. Do I get 1/2 a pair of shoes?Barter has a lot of problems. In the above, coming up with the rice to shoes exchange rate is difficult.Then coming up with 1000s of exchange rates just to go out and buy groceries is almost impossible.PLUS, what if you have to move (your kingdom is attacked). How are you going to carry all that rice? All of those shoes?Money has two purposes:as a store of wealth / savingsto make transactionsThere’s a third, which Ray Dalio, the head of the largest hedge fund in the world, Brigewater, told me the other day. But we’ll get to that later.Barter is horrible as a store of wealth. And for transactions, best case it’s very difficult.But problems lead to opportunities. Which leads to…2. PRECIOUS METALS / COINSGold and silver are scarce. It’s hard to mine them.But it’s hard to forge them because you can measure by weight.So the scarcity combined with the lack of forgery makes them good choices for money. I can convert my rice into gold coins, you can convert your shoes into gold coins, and now we can trade and now we can buy whatever we want.(Marcus Aurelius on a gold coin)As a store of wealth, it’s not great but not horrible.If my kingdom is attacked and I have to move, gold and silver are easily stored and carried as designed jewelry.BUT, two problems.One: what if you live in a country that doesn’t have any gold mines. Now you either have to trade for gold or start attacking countries: (this did not work out so well for the Aztecs).Two: What if you wanted to buy a house right now: are you really going to bring a truck of gold bars to the closing? Or if you have to move to another country and you have a lifetime worth of savings: are you going to ship all of your gold bars to your new home?People say that gold is “real” as opposed to (later) paper money and cryptocurrencies.This is not really true. Gold is a rock. But it does have industrial uses (silver is better for this because of price but still…). Gold and silver are great electric conductors, can be used as SILVERware. Can be used as antibiotics (hence great for fillings on teeth).So we can say that gold money is “backed” by something that has real use with value associated with it.But we still have to solve the problems above.3) PAPER MONEY BACKED BY GOLD AND…PAPER MONEYCountries made paper money that was like a contract with the government that all of that money can be converted into gold.This was great for transactions (easy to carry paper money).This was great for store of wealth (put the money in a bank and you can go anywhere). The first banks for paper money backed by gold helped fund every war in Europe in the 1800s. Good job!When paper money is backed by gold it also puts a clamp on inflation. You only have as much paper money in a country as there is gold in that country.(yes, there is a 100,000 dollar bill in the US. Woodrow Wilson is on it).So you can trust the government to not go crazy printing money that is not backed by gold (like German in the 1920s when trillions of Marks were printed and Germany went into an inflationary death spiral that was at least one cause for World War II).BUT, why benefit the countries where gold is easy to mine and punish the countries where gold is hard to mine.Also, the world is expanding in every way: more people, more technology, more innovation, more THINGS.I’m not sure this is a good thing or a bad thing (see: Germany above) but sometimes countries need to balance debt with money printing to manage their fiscal policy.The US went off of gold in the early 70s in order to fund the financial needs of both the Vietnam War and the social improvement programs of Lyndon Johnson.This created inflation.Paper money will often lead to this situation. Someone will say: why do we need the gold part?Again, might be good or bad. There’s a lot of debate. Did money printing save the US in 2008 and 2009? Maybe. Or will their be future problems caused by this? Maybe.Nevertheless, there are other problems with paper money that need to be solved:a. No privacy.If I’m making a sizable (greater than $1000) transaction I’m usually not using cash but either a credit card or a money wire.So that means your bank knows. Other banks know (the bank you are sending money to, the Federal Reserve, the local Reserve bank, etc).Government agencies know (the IRS, the NSA, etc etc).Potentially sites like Google and Amazon know depending on what payment services you use and what you are buying.So you have no privacy on your transactions with paper money.b. Fees.If I send a friend in Korea money, I go through my bank (fee), local reserve bank (fee), Federal Reserve (fee), International wiring system (fee), their central bank (fee), their local reserve bank (fee), their local bank (fee).That’s a lot of fees. Those fees help create inflation because every transaction needs to have a profit on top of those fees.c. Forgery. Something like $200 billion in forged money is circulating right now.d. Human error. This is a CRITICAL problem. There are so many opportunities for human error. When you transfer money, they can send to the wrong account. Or a bank’s software can be hacked and you lose all of your money.Or, most importantly, the Federal Reserve in the US can decide to print another trillion (Like 2009) and, without your permission, the value of your dollar has gone down.In the US we’ve been lucky. But all of South America hasn’t been so lucky (all of their currencies crashed in the 80s. Most of Asia wasn’t so lucky in the 90s (their currencies wiped them out). Russia in 1997 was wiped out.Many countries have relied on humans to print (or not print) money and the slightest human error can wipe out an entire country’s economy.The United States has been lucky. For now. But this is a HUGE error we risk every day.These are the basic problems. There are more (theft, for instance).e. What is backing paper money?Only our trust. I don’t want to be a conspiracy theorist. But the reality is: a dollar is a piece of paper. Just like gold is just a rock.How do they make us trust that the money has value?They put “In God We Trust” on it. They put George Washington. They put the signature of the Secretary of Treasury (pretending it’s a contract.).And, for the weirdos, they even put a pyramid with an eye on it.And that’s supposed to be why we trust it. I don’t trust it.4) BITCOIN (and, btw, Bitcoin is not the end. There will be a “5”).Bitcoin solves the problems above.a. Human error: there is no printing of money. There is a fixed supply of 21,000,000 coins.How do I know this? I’m a skeptic. So I read the software behind Bitcoin. I read it over and over until I could figure it out. In one part of the code they clearly define how many coins can be “mined” / printed (printed is the wrong word but I’m using it here to make the connection with paper money). And there’s another part of the code which “enforces” the first part.(part of the code that limits the total # of bitcoins to 21,000,000. I found this by reading ALL of the code for bitcoin).b. Theft. Like with every other form of currency, an exchange (like a bank) that stores your Bitcoin can be hacked and money stolen.BUT, I only keep a small amount of money in an exchange. You can get a storage drive, store your money, and put it in a safety deposit box. So even if the exchange is attacked, you still have your money.ALL theft can be prevented this way with Bitcoin. You can’t do this with paper dollars because if you have too many dollars, how will you store it? Ditto for gold.c. Forgery. The software guarantees that Bitcoins can’t be forged.d. Privacy. I can send you a Bitcoin and nobody knows who is sending it, who is receiving it, and no government institutions are aware of it.e. Fees.Some bitcoin transactions have small fees. But it’s nothing like the fees of going through six banks in the transaction described above.What’s backing it?There’s about 1000 man-years of science backing Bitcoin.The underlying technology of Bitcoin which involves heavy amounts of cryptography, financial know-how, and basics of contract law, plus the “blockchain” have 100s of use-cases that we have only just begun to play with.EVEN IF Bitcoin is never used as a coin (although note: it’s being used every day as money) there are 100s or 1000s of other uses for Bitcoin that have nothing to do with the basic money use.I won’t get into the weeds here: but suffice to say that ALL of contract law can be (and will be) eventually replaced by Bitcoin.And ALL of logistics will be replaced by Bitcoin (e.g. UPS is replacing all of their internal logistics (tracking millions of packages every day going from millions of locations to millions of other locations) by Bitcoin technology.There’s nothing behind paper money or gold like this.Now…Bitcoin has problems also.Hence the need for other cryptocurrencies. But that’s ok and not the topic for here. Suffice to say, Bitcoin solves all the basic problems of paper money, which solves the problems of gold, which solves the problems of barter.HOWEVER, there is another reason why Bitcoin is here to stay and it’s so compelling.——EVOLUTION OF EVERY INDUSTRYEverything in life evolves. Not only species but ideas.Let’s look at some industries.MEDICINETheism: 500 years ago if you got sick, you’d either pray to a god to get better, go to a shaman, make a sacrifice, or assume you committed a sin that made you sick and would try to undo the sin.Humanism: Post-rennaissance, we had human “experts” called doctors who would either leech us to death, perform horrible surgeries that would kill us, or would pat us on the back, hammer our knee and say, “take two aspirin”.Doctors aren't bad. They’ve saved many many lives. But Humanism has it’s limits. A known fact is that, on average, the moment when a doctor is most effective is his or her first year out of medical school. After that, statistically downhill.Data-ism:Now when if you go to a doctor, you get tests. You get blood work, you get an MRI, an EEG, an X-Ray, the X-Ray might go into a database and an AI algorithm matches it against other X-rays (does it match a tumor X-ray or a non-tumor X-ray?). We even get genetic testing to see if our illness is in our chromosomes.Then, armed with data, often a computer will tell us the correct solution (and even a computer can do the robotic surgery needed), or a human will help interpret the data (but there’s room for human error here).(source: National Genome Research Institute)So Medicine has evolved fromTheism → Humanism → DataismLet’s pick another industry:WARTheism: 3000 years ago if two countries went to war, the kings would perform massive sacrifices to their gods the day before.In the Bible, whosever God was stronger (Baal versus Yahweh being a notable Hebrew battle), that group would win the war.Fragments of this exist right now: May the Force Be With You, said to Luke before he flies out to fight the Death Star.Humanism: For the past 500 years, whoever had the most humans on the ground, the most bullets, then the most planes, then the most bombs. ,would win the war.Data-ism:War is being fought every day now. EVERY SINGLE DAY. Every day, some country tries to bring down the electric grid of Poland.Every day, every Fortune 500 company is attacked by “bot armies” coming from…nobody knows.I’ve been involved in the cyber security space for 25 years or more.I once was talking to a company who helps Fortune 500 companies fight “bot armies”. All of the employees were top Phds who were the experts in their fields.One guy told me, “No matter how smart we are, they are smarter.”Who are “they?” The people making the bot armies. Where do they come from? We don’t know. They come from everywhere. They are just smarter than us.Elections are rigged. Companies are attacked. Information is stolen.We have been in World War III for at least 20 years and it will never end. Dataism has taken over war.Ok…MONEYTheism: “In God We Trust”Humanism: “George Washington”. A picture of Independence Hall. Or the White House. Anything. Anything at all so that we trust humans with what we are given in exchange for the hard labor we do every single day.Do we trust humans? I tend to trust humans. But that is maybe not so smart all of the time. Humans make a lot of mistakes and that’s been the downfall of so many companies, so many families, and so many…everything.Data-ism. Bitcoin and now other cryptocurrencies.1000s of man-years of science. 100,000s of lines of code that has been checked by 10,000s of the best programmers.Data-ism prevents forgery, keeps privacy, re-creates all contract law, avoids fees, avoids theft. And this is just a small sample of what data does for money.“In Data We Trust” for better or worse. But it works.The natural evolution of money has arrived. And it’s not only Bitcoin but other cryptocurrencies.FAQ:Why do we need other Cryptocurrencies?Why do we need more than one currency at all? Why is there a US dollar and a Canadian dollar.FOR NO REASON. Just an artificial border created in 1770 and we have two different currencies.Cryptocurrencies have what I call are “problem borders”.One coin is better than Bitcoin for making contracts (Ethereum).Another coin is better for privacy ((Zcash. A problem with Bitcoin is that although there are no names on a transaction, I can see the size and the time. So privacy is still a slight problem).Another coin might be better for solving a problem of decentralized storage (as opposed to storing all of your photos on one centralizes spot that can be hacked like Google Drive). Bitcoin doesn’t address this problem.Problem Borders create new currencies.Is it too late to invest in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies?Right now, this reminds me of the Internet in 1995–6. There’s a bit of irrational exuberance in new coins. Prices are going crazy.There will be a massive pullback. BUT, the legitimate coins are here to stay and will keep going.Amazon, of course, pulled back, when the Internet pulled back. Now it will eventually be a trillion dollar company. Many companies that started in the 90s have survived and thrived and were great long-term investments that have paid off.Cryptocurrencies are the “internet of money”. The internet is here to stay and so is the internet of money.We are only in inning one of the cryptocurrency shift in our money.Will cryptocurrencies replace paper money?Yes. Eventually. It might not be Bitcoin although Bitcoin will always exist.But each country, to solve the problems of paper money, will eventually switch. Countries that are debating it include: Israel, Estonia, Venezuela, Argentina.Countries that will use some aspects of cryptocurrency technology in their central bank will soon include China, Korea, Russia, and yes, the United States.And many countries will reject cryptocurrencies but their population will shift en masse to cryptocurrencies in order to avoid corruption, human error, theft, etc. First on my list for this is Argentina.What will the value of cryptocurrencies be?When I first wrote about this, all cryptocurrencies added up was about $200 BILLION. Now it’s around $750 Billion. Although I do view many of the currencies as scams so the number is really less.That’s the “SUPPLY” of cryptocurrencies.The DEMAND is the amount of paper money + gold that exists.That number is $200 TRILLION.So in order to go from ONE TRILLION to 200 TRILLION that’s a 200x gain. In other words, $10,000 turns into $2,000,000.And if you focus on the legitimate currencies, the gains are much greater.So, again, we are very much in the beginning of this. There is no other investment opportunity in our lifetime greater than this. And we ARE at the beginning.What are the legitimate cryptocurrencies?There are many. I don’t want to get into the weeds here and discuss all the technology.And I also don’t like all the speculative trading that is going on in cryptocurrencies. Speculation leads to scams and bubbles.But just like there were Internet companies that survived the bust and became the companies we use every day, there are cryptocurrencies that exist now that we will use every day ten years from now.You said on CNBC that Bitcoin will go to a $1,000,000? Were you kidding?No.Bitcoin hit $20,000 recently. We just said it could go at least as much as 200x higher. That’s $4,000,000. So even at $1,000,000, Bitcoin will be a buy.How else can one make money in the Bitcoin sector?You don’t have to be a software developer.When the gold rush hit in the 1800s, Levis Jeans became the big winner. And the companies that sold “picks” and “shovels”.There will be many picks and shovels companies in the Bitcoin space.Sites that have the latest bitcoin news and analysis will do well. Exchanges will do well. Companies that help integrate traditional companies with the deeper parts of Bitcoin technology will do well (like whoever is helping UPS integrate blockchain tech into their logistics).Companies that help new cryptocurrencies launch will do well.And on and on.Someone said you called “Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme” in early 2013. Why should we trust you now?First, I’m always a believer that the best investment is in yourself. This will provide greater than 200x returns.That said, I was wrong in early 2013.I’ve been a software guy for 25+ years. I’m able to do my research. Which I did.By May 2013 I had already done enough research to build my own bitcoin store, go on CNBC and discuss Bitcoin, and be an advocate when it was just $60. This is all public info.But, for me, focusing on my physical health, emotional health, creative health, and spiritual health, will always be the most valuable “Currency” I can develop and trade in.Could Bitcoin be just a fad?No.Paper money DOES have the problems described above. Someone has to solve those problems. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies solve them.And every industry evolves. Cryptocurrencies are the “In Data We Trust” way in which money is evolving.And $750 BILLION believes in me on this.Who is Satoshi?Satoshi is the secretive founder of Bitcoin. He is worth many many billions in Bitcoin right now. He is anonymous and reporters, governments, etc have never figured out who he is.That said, a number of people know who he is. I read his blog every day, He is a secretive person and nobody wants to blow his cover.Well, what should I do now?Don’t listen to me.a. Get an account on Coinbase (or wherever). Buy $10 worth of Bitcoin just to taste and feel it.b. Then read. Read a lot.Here’s some books not about Bitcoin that are worth reading:Sapiens by Yuval HurariThe Evolution of Everything by Matt RidleyThe Ascent of Money by Niall Ferguson.Antifragile by Naseem TalebThere’s a lot of discussion of cryptocurrencies on Reddit and Twitter. DO NOT read those. Most of those discussions are filled with trolls although there are some decent sources there.Blogs / Sites: start with Coindesk and CoinTelegraph. You'll find the rest as you read more.

Plain Arrays are just as dangerous in C++ as they are in C. you can overshoot them, or give a bad index parameter and the whole thing goes off the rails.Pointers in C++ are the same pointers as in C, with all the things you need to do to make them safer to use, plus they can point to classes.Type restrictions are stricter in C++ than in C, so porting a C code base to C++ is mostly trivial unless some loose typing is involved, then you will have to be more explicit with the types.Arrays declared in C++ have their declared size as part of their type (stricter typing).int a[10] ; // type int[10] , not int*Structs are first class objects in C++ just like classes but with all public members.Struct declarations automatically generate the Big 5 default functions:Constructor,Copy constructor,Assignment constructor,Move constructor,Destructor.Function overloading is based on parameters being unique. C++ ‘mangles’ the function names internally to be unique based on return type and parameter type.Declaring an object causes its allocation and then runs its constructor. The object is fully ready once its construction is complete. If the object has members, they are constructed as well with sane default values.An object’s default initialization values for members of classes and structs:integer types set to zero;floating point types set to 0e0pointer members are not set. They must be explicitly initialized. Ifthe member will not be assigned at construction, you can specify aninitial value of nullptr in the definition or a constructor initialization list.Arrays are allocated but the values are not set if the array contents are not initialized by default. An array of class objects will have its contents initialized, but an array of ints or floats or pointers will not.reference members must be bound to initialized objects in the definition or the constructor.C has malloc() and free() — C++ has those too, but generally uses new and delete.new creates and initializes objects, leaving then in a ready to use state. If the object has initialization beyond that it is performed, then a pointer is returned.If any members of the object need initialization they are performed as well.In other words the full constructor code is performed when invoked with new.The object is created on the heap memory, and persists until deleted or the program ends.delete does a complete destruction of an object, and all its members, calling any destructors its members may have.Copying an object instance allocates a new instance and makes a binary copy of its contents. This is a shallow copy, though. If the object contains pointers or references to other objects as members, the pointers and references are copied, not what they point to. You have to write code to do the copying in that case.STL containers such as std::array, std::vector, std::string, etc, have code to automatically copy their entire contents, but custom classes need it to be written out.An initializer list is efficient in C++. If the class or struct is “trivially constructed”, that is all members are ready after calling the class constructor, then an initializer list can be used to automatically construct an instance with the members of the list. No extra copying needs to be done; the compiler will optimize the instantiation most of the time.std:string s[4] = { "one", "two", "three", "four"}; /* four std::strings are created with the contents of each char array. s is created and the addresses of each std::string instance are placed in the array. When x goes out of scope, the destructors of each element are called. */ struct K { int x[4]; int total; }; K k = { {1,2,3,4}, 10 }; // const double pi(3.1415926); // optimized by compiler double twopi = 2.0 * pi; // not optimized const double tau = pi + pi; // optimized // compiler is smart with this new syntax int a[] = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1, -2, 0,-3 }; int x = 0; for(auto i : a) { std::cout << i << "\t" x = x + i; } std::cout << "\n" << x << "\n"; 4 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2 0 -3 34 for( long x : { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ) { std::cout << x << ",\t"; if (x%5 ==0) std::cout << "\n"; } 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A C++ reference (&) is not a pointer. You have to declare a reference type with an initialization to a valid object. Copying a reference does not copy the object, but adds another reference to the object. You do not need to use pointer syntax with references; it is more like an alias than a pointer. References cannot be reassigned to any other object. When a reference goes out of scope, it unbinds from the object, but the object will still be around, bound to its declared label, until that goes out of scope, then the object destructs.Object obj; // declaration Object& objref = obj; // or references o // a becomes a reference to the input reference. void print( Object& a) { a.print(); } // both calls work // print(obj); // a is ref to obj print(objref); // a is copy of objref Object b(obj); // copy constructor Object c = obj; // copy assignment Object& d = objref; // copy reference, // objref and d refer to same object Object e(objref) // copy constructor // objref dereferenced automatically auto f = obj; // copy obj auto & g = obj; // reference obj auto h = objref; // copy obj auto & j = objref; // copy reference This makes references safer than pointers, yet you still get the pass by ref advantage, without the pointer hassle and syntax. Also you are guaranteed thatyou will not get a NULL pointer by accident passed in.C++ prefers nullptr over NULL, because NULL is a constant integer (0) so can be misused or ambiguous if functions are overloaded to accept integer parameters.nullptr cannot be converted to an integer, so always will refer to a “pointer to nothing” as intended. Any type of pointer can be assigned nullptr.The C++ template system is amazing, but it has to be able to create an actual legal C++ function or class with actual types and variables to compile. A template is not generic, it synthesizes a specific function with all the template parameters filled-out and then compiles that, from the template recipe and the parameters passed in at compile-time. It cannot ‘figure out’ at run time if the parameters are correct; it will probably catch any ambiguities though. Templates are confusing for beginners because they can not see the actual code produced by them, but eventually they get the idea that the template code is not what is being run, the actual code created by the template is run.#include template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } generates:template int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // std::basic_string is what std::string really is template > std::basic_string add(std::basic_string a, std::basic_string b) { return a + b; } template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } ; void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); }

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A programmer can be signNowly more productive in Python than in Java.On the basis of my own personal experience with the two languages, I agree with this statement.Python is a dynamically-typed language, and this feature is an important reason why programmers can be more productive with Python; they don’t have to deal with the overhead of Java’s static typing. So the debates about Java/Python productivity inevitably turn into debates about the comparative advantages and drawbacks of static typing versus dynamic typing — or strong typing versus weak typing — in programming languages.Here is the one by one comparison:1.JAVAstatically typedIn Java, all variable names (along with their types) must be explicitly declared. Attempting to assign an object of the wrong type to a variable name triggers a type exception.That’s what it means to say that Java is a statically typed language.PYTHONdynamically typedIn Python, you never declare anything. An assignment statement binds a name to an object, and the object can be of any type. If a name is assigned to an object of one type, it may later be assigned to an object of a different type. That’s what it means to say that Python is a dynamically typed language.2.JAVAJava container objects (e.g. Vector and ArrayList) hold objects of the generic type Object, but cannot hold primitives such as int. To store an int in a Vector, you must first convert the int to an Integer. When you retrieve an object from a container, it doesn’t remember its type, and must be explicitly cast to the desired type.PYTHONPython container objects (e.g. lists and dictionaries) can hold objects of any type, including numbers and lists. When you retrieve an object from a container, it remembers its type, so no casting is required3.JAVAverbose“abounding in words; using or containing more words than are necessary”PYTHONconcise (aka terse)“expressing much in a few words. Implies clean-cut brevity, attained by excision of the superfluous”4.JAVAnot compactPYTHONCompact adj. Of a design, describes the valuable property that it can all be apprehended at once in one’s head. This generally means the thing created from the design can be used with greater facility and fewer errors than an equivalent tool that is not compact.Good Luck.

Historical Context of the SSL.A signNow amount of music that has enriched our lives has passed through an SSL console of one type or another. The seriously big boys of mixing, Bob Clearmountain, Chris Lord-Alge, Tom Lord-Alge, Andy Wallace, Mark "Spike" Stent, Will Schillinger and Alan Moulder, engineers who have shaped the way we hear and appreciate modern music, often use SSL technology, specifically the 4000 series.The discographies of each mixer read as a who’s who of modern music. Andy Wallace alone has mixed some of the most seminal rock and heavy metal music in history - ...

Here’s a breakdown of some awesome Features Office 3651. Work Smarter, EverywhereAfter buying Office 365, you also gain access to its accompanying mobile apps and browser apps. This allows you to access their cloud service from any up to date web browser on your desktop or mobile device. Even better yet, you don’t have to install Office software on your computer to do this.The mobile app allows you to access all of your Office 365 subscriptions and Office products right from your smartphone or tablet; this includes Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Onenote, and more. Cut the cord and stop working on your PC only — download the Microsoft Office 365 mobile app to stay productive, even while on the go.2. Enjoy 50 GB of StorageEach Office 365 user receives a whopping 50 GB of storage with Exchange Online; this can be used to save emails, calendar events, task lists, meeting notes, contact information, and email attachments.You can save some more space in your mailbox by utilizing the OneDrive cloud storage feature to share attachments.Your OneDrive storage is also synced to your device, enabling you to work offline on files. As soon as you reconnect to the web, the newest versions of your documents will be automatically uploaded to your cloud storage. The new versions of your documents will also be sent to any other connected device, including your phone or tablet — nifty!3. Edit Documents with Real-Time Co-AuthoringCollaborate online and see changes your team makes to shared documents within your Office apps as they happen with the real-time co-authoring feature in Word. Save your file to OneDrive cloud storage or SharePoint so your team can access the document and make any necessary edits or updates. You can also share it directly from Word by utilizing a handily integrated sidebar. As the publisher and access-giver, you can edit accessibility settings at any time.With the improved version control that was rolled out with Office 2016 co-authoring, you can see which changes to the document were made by which contributor and when the update was made. You can also easily revert back to a previous version of the file whenever you need to.4. Connect with Co-WorkersYou may not have known this, but Office apps include a Skype in-app integration. You can use this feature to instant message your teammates, share your screen during meetings and have audio or visual conversations — without even exiting the Office apps you’re working in. You can continue Skype conversations even after you close your office apps via your desktop or mobile version of Skype. The best part? Your team will receive unlimited Skype minutes.Source: Microsoft5. Send Links, Not FilesIt’s time to move away from email attachments. It’s never been easier to share documents for co-authoring!Simply upload your file to Office 365’s cloud storage. Then, write your email via Outlook or the Outlook web app. Rather than attaching your document to the email, you can insert a link to the file on your cloud. Outlook will automatically allow email recipients to edit the document you wish to share. You can always change permissions on any document at your convenience.6. Convert OneNote Items into Outlook Calendar EventsEasily configure OneNote items to tasks within your Outlook calendar. You can also assign tasks to colleagues, complete with follow-up reminders and concise due dates. You can also transfer meeting notes taken in OneNote via email to your teammates, and add important details (date, location, and attendees) to their respective meeting.7. Use Your Mouse as a Laser Pointer during PowerPoint PresentationsWith only a simple keyboard shortcut (Ctrl + P), your mouse can be used as a laser pointer during your PowerPoint presentations. You can also use the “presenter mode” commands while using this feature.The laser pointer tool has been a nifty trick within older versions of the office apps for years; however, it was only recently integrated for touch-screen devices. All you have to do is hold down on your device’s screen, and the laser pointer will appear.8. Create a Power Map Using ExcelTurn data into a 3-D interactive map with Power Map, one of the many Power BI-enhanced data visualization features that Excel has to offer. It comes with three different filters: List, Range, or Advanced. The Power Map will help you not only convey your data more effectively, but also support your claims by creating a tangible story from the numbers.

Does Real Estate Business need a proper CRM System? Real Estate CRM software is required because of the complexity of Sales Cycle, leads flowing in from many sources and involvement of more than one person in sales, mainly because of the high cost of Lost Opportunity. The cost of losing a Potential Customer, because of improper follow-up or incomplete sales process.In Real Estate business, especially in India, cost of lost of opportunity is very high, plus the sales process is complicated and involves more than few people.Does Real Estate need CRM in Market Boom or when it in recession mode? In fact both. In a boom market, there is an abundant flow of leads which need to be managed correctly and converted to sales, which is not possible without proper CRM system.What about “Recession”, When the market is flat, each and every customer is important because buyers are less and every seller is scouting for buyers. The Seller with best approach and sales process will win the client. Hence CRM is required to manage whatever enquiries are flowing in and generating more enquiries.Real Estate CRM companies should also have telephony integration (Call Center functionality) and mobile App, because most of their team members are going to be on the go.What is CRM? BTW. Well for the uninitiated, CRM is a software solution, which helps you manage your Customers and all your interactions with your clients in one place. It will also assist in managing Sales process lifecycle. CRM helps you make sure that you don’t lose any enquiry, due to lack of (or improper) follow up. Real Estate CRM can also contribute to managing the documentation for Sales and payment collection follow-up (after sales)CRM is beneficial for Real Estate Industry in Boom as well as recession.How to Choose Real Estate CRM Software?Lots of Real Estate CRM solutions are available in Indian Market, even there are plenty of CRM software for Real Estate Agents. How do you choose the rightreal estate CRM for your business?Lead Generation & Consolidation:A Good CRM will be integrated with Telephony, SMS, Website, Email so that you can generate leads for your company. Also, lead generated from all the sources including Real Estate Portals should be integrated right into CRM.Log Followup and Sales Steps:Real Estate CRM, should have the option to record all the follow-ups done from all the channels like calls, SMS, meetings, emails, website interactions, etc. CRM can also help to implement the Sales Process. In the case of lapse, it should generate escalations and alerts.Property Listing & Customer Mapping:Nowadays Real Estate Companies have multiple projects running simultaneously at various stages of completion. Classification of different types of properties according to different criteria should be possible.Customisable Customer ProfilingIn no other business, the customer profiling is as important as in Real Estate Business. Real Estate CRM should be able to capture various customer profile parameters for the enquiries like area required, Budget, Location required, type of property required, whether for own use of investment, etc.Proper Customer Profiling and Property mapping provided by CRM helps Real Estate Companies.Sales Documentation and processing.Real Estate CRM should take care of legal documentation and other processes required in Real Estate Business. Real Estate CRM should also provide means of Document Management so that documents can be saved and retrieved whenever needed. It should also have a checklist kind of functionality to ascertain whether processes are being followed correctly or not.Payment Collection and http://reminders.In Real Estate Businesses, payments come in more than few instalments that too from various sources – like direct payment from Finance Companies. Also, most of the time Instalment Payment is linked to the progress of construction project, which the CRM system should map accordingly. Finally, the payment collection reminders and listing, so that Finance team can do the collection in time.Integrated Tele Caller Support.Nowadays even small real estate companies rely on Tele-Calling for generating leads and then managing them. Real Estate CRM should have integrated Tele Calling functionality, with integrated Call, SMS and Email support which includes automatic dialling, Incoming Call Popup, Call logging with recording, etc.Real Estate Company cannot function without a Contact Center. CRM + Telephony is must.Here are some more Points to consider before buying Real Estate CRM SoftwareShould support Sales as well as Leasing Business:Many Real Estate companies now create properties and sell them partially and balance property is leased out for generating a continuous flow of income. A good Real Estate CRM software should support both these Business Models.SMS/Email/Call/Website/Portal integration.Real Estate CRM cannot be complete in itself. It has to be connected to lots of other systems so that it can give optimum results. Social Media interaction is also desirable.Mobile http://App.In today’s world nothing is complete without Mobile App, how can a CRM system be left behind. Since in Real Estate Business signNow section of the team is on the field, without Mobile App, CRM for Real Estate cannot exist. It should allow the creation of leads and logging sales follow-up. With support for call, SMS and email logging.In India, Real Estate is considered most unorganised Industry. Mobile CRM is must.Secure and reliable:One cannot use CRM in a closed room. It has to be available anywhere, everywhere and anytime. A good Real Estate CRM software system cannot be unsecured or unreliable. CRM admin should be able to design the security of the system, by being able to define who will be able to access what. Two level Authentication is most desirable. (e.g., when anybody logs in CRM server, he is authenticated by OTP)Deployment options:According to Corporate IT Policy, the Real Estate Company may or may not want to go for SAAS or cloud model. So the CRM system should have both the options of deploying it on the cloud as well as the On-Premise solution.Dynamic Reporting:Any CRM is as powerful as the reports it can produce. A good CRM solution will support Dashboard reporting, User definable reports, reports scheduling & of course graphical reports.Flexibility in Design:You don’t do business for the sake of CRM; you buy CRM in the interests of business. So it’s the CRM which should be adaptable. It should be possible to create/modify fields/ screens/modules by Admin without the help of developers. No company will want to be dependent on developers even for updating few options in drop down.Workflows and Automation:There is no point in having a software which does not support automated processes, workflows and alerts. These workflows and processes help in implementing the quality process (control) and generating an alert in case anything goes wrong. Eg: If there is no response to lead in 2 hours, send an Email or SMS to Team leader.Integrate with ERP & other SystemsA CRM is not an ERP, So it has to be able to connect to ERP to avoid duplication of work and necessity for frequent data reconciliation. Most of Real Estate Companies use one or other ERP. CRM should integrate with that, Seamlessly.For more detailed information kindly contact us on sales@enjayworld.com or visit us on CRM software India | CRM Solutions | CRM software in Mumbai | CRM India or call us on +91 9898 0076 50

Yes the Khazars did convert to Judaism, and most evidence shows that they converted to Rabbinic Judaism- but there are more facts that need to by known.First we must know; who were the Khazars?The Khazars were a Turkic people who originated in Central Asia. The early Turkic tribes were quite diverse, Made up of various types of Turkic groups. Here is a photo of the Turkic home land;Here are some Turkic peoples;The earliest history of the Khazars in southern Russia, prior to the middle of the 6th century, is hidden in obscurity. From about 550 to 630, the Khazars were part of the Western Turkic Empire, ruled by the Celestial Blue Turks (Kök Turks).When the Western Turkic Empire was broken up as a result of civil wars in the middle of the 7th century, the Khazars successfully asserted their independence. Yet, the Kök kaganate under which they had lived provided the Khazars with their system of government. For example, the Khazars followed the same guidelines as the Kök Turks regarding the succession of kings.The Khazar’s new territory;This is the start of the story. The Khazars had taken control of the Caucuses, and some land of the Iranian peoples. These areas already had tens of thousands of Jews, mainly Jews who come from the Iranian Lands. Many parts of Eastern Europe also had Jewish populations going back to the Roman period. These Jews had control of Trades routes from China to Germany.Also many Jews from 640CE+ fled as refugees to Khazaria. The anti-Jewish policies of the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic expansions in the Persia and Iraq saw many Jews immigrate as a result.Ancient communities of Jews existed in the Crimean Peninsula, a fact proven by much archaeological evidence. It is signNow that the Crimea came under the control of the Khazars. The Crimean Jewish communities were later supplemented by refugee Jews fleeing the Mazdaq rebellion in Persia, the persecutions of Byzantine emperors Leo III and Romanus I Lecapenus, and for a variety of other reasons. Jews came to Khazaria from modern-day Uzbekistan, Armenia, Hungary, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and many other places, as documented by al-Masudi, the Schechter Letter, Saadiah Gaon, and other accounts. The Arabic writer Dimashqi wrote that these refugee Jews offered their religion to the Khazar Turks and that the Khazars "found it better than their own and accepted it". The Jewish Radhanite traders may have also influenced the conversion. Adopting Judaism was perhaps also a symbol of political independence for Khazaria, holding the balance of power between Muslim Caliphate and the Christian Byzantine Empire. Evidence shows that the Jews converted the Khazars to Judaism, as historian Dimashqi (1327CE) stated;"Ibn-al-Athir tells how in the days of Harun, the emperor of Byzantium forced the Jews to emigrate. They came to the Khazar country, where they found an intelligent but untutored race and offered them their religion. The inhabitants found it better than their own and accepted it."The Khazar king Bulan and the Khazar tribes slowly from 800CE+ converted to Judaism with some others to Islam.We know that most Jews in Khazaria were not Turks but Persian Jews, the mountain Jews (Mountain Jews - Wikipedia) have a tradition that they converted the Khazar elite to Judaism, and the Khazars copied the style of name taking like the Persian Mountain Jews, unusual names for Jews like Hanukkah and Pesakh (names of Jewish holidays), Sinai, and also the educated names Sabriel and Nissi which were derived (artificial names) [following Hebrew naming conventions]... An anthropological feature of Mountain Jews is the prevalence among them of names from the Pentateuch, from the books of Prophets and Empires. Another interesting fact is that Mountain Jews rather frequently use names of Jewish holidays as names: Xanuko (Hanukkah), Pisax (Pesakh) - man's, Purim - female... and other unusual names... Additionally, among Mountain Jews to this day is used, frequently, the name Nissi - in the forms Nisu, Nusu.Talmudic names were widely popular among medieval Jews of the Near East and Europe... As already shown, there are reasons to believe that East-Caucasian Jews signNowly influenced the character of Khazar Judaism... [The Khazar name Hanukkah] is met twice in the Kievan Letter, once on a medieval gravestone in the Crimea, and once in the list of Khazarian kings. Outside of the territory of the Khazarian kaganate and outside of the historical zone of the migration of Mountain Jews, this name practically is nonexistent; two exceptions during the Middle Ages were in Jerusalem in the 10th century and in Byzantium in the 12th century. Also it is possible to recollect that according to a legend stated in the 'Anonymous Cambridge' letter, the first Khazar king who accepted Judaism had a Jewish wife named Serax. This name, extremely rare for medieval Jews, is found frequently among Mountain Jews. This circumstance specifies that [she]... most likely came from East-Caucasus, and also that cases of mixed marriages between East-Caucasian Jews and noble Khazars took place even before the Khazar kings accepted Judaism... The Khazarian king Joseph specified that his ancestors accepted Judaism "340 years ago", that is about the year 620, and in that there is nothing improbable because by that time the ancestors of Mountain Jews had already lived almost a hundred years in the East Caucasus." - Igor Semyonov, "About Early Contacts Between East-Caucasian Jews and Khazars”The Khazar so-called "Moses coin" found in the Spillings Hoard and dated c. 800. It is inscribed with "Moses is the messenger of God" instead of the usual Muslim text "Muhammad is the messenger of God".The Ukrainian professor Omeljan Pritsak estimated that there were as many as 30,000 Jews in Khazaria by the 10th century. When the Khazar state was destroyed, the Jews migrated to Belarus, Poland, Hungary and Lithuania- but their is reason to believe many more stayed in the Caucuses.We know that Khazarian Jews settled Kiev and many scholars think that Kiev was founded by Khazarian Jews and here were two Jewish suburbs of Kiev, Kozary and Zhidove. A "Gate of the Jews" is mentioned at the time of the riots which broke out on the death of Prince Svyatopolk (1113).Here is the Kiev Letter written by Khazarian Jews living in Kiev:Turkic Signature at the bottom left.In the letter the names of the community members are of Turkic or Slavic, and Hebrew origins (for example, names such as: "hanukkah," "Yehudah," "Gostata," and "Kiabar").. According to Omeljan Pritsak, this name indicates that non-Israelite Khazars adopted the status of Kohen, possibly because they had formed a pre-conversion priestly caste. An alternative scenario is that Israelite Jews in Khazaria adopted Khazar Turkic names- but these could be Khazarian-Persian Jews.Are there Turkic words in Yiddish? YesFew Yiddish words of Turkic origin, though it is not certain that they came from the Khazars. One is yarmulka, meaning "skullcap". Another is the important word davenen, meaning "to pray". The root daven is very similar in meaning and form to the Turkic root tabun, meaning "to pray", in Kipchak Turkic. Attempts by other linguists to find davenen's root in French, Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, or another language have not been convincing so far. Zeiden's article on "Davenen: A Turkic Etymology" appeared in the Queens College journal Yiddish 10:2-3 (1996) on pages 96-99. His follow-up article "Khazar/Kipchak Turkisms in Yiddish: Words and Surnames" appeared in Yiddish 11:1-2 (1998) on pages 81-92.Other words;“Kaftan”, derving from Turkic for “Long male overgarment”.“Loksh”, meaning “noodle” from the Turkic word “Laqsha” and this made its way into Ukrainian.“Baraban”, meaning drum.“Kamish”, meaning “Rush plant”.“Tashme”, meaning “Ribbon”.“Torbe” ,meaning “sack”“Davenen”, meaning “”to prayer”.“Yarmulka”, meaning “Skull cape”———————————————————————————————————The picture above shows blue boxes where i think the ancestors of the Ashkenazim lived.But does this mean that Ashkenazi Jews are Khazars? I would answer- NO. Khazaria did play a huge role in Ashkenazi history- but Ashkenazi Jews are not Turkic, and most Jews in Khazaria came from the Middle East. The Khazar’s married Jews of non Turkic origin and by the end of the Khazarian kingdom, they had lost their pre-Judaic Turkic identity. There is not enough Turkic customs ext, in Ashkenazic culture to raise a eye brow. I do think that many Ashkenazi Jew descend from Iraqi-Iranian Jews who lived and traded in Khazaria, Italian Jews and German Jews.You can see that this shows Middle Eastern ancestry and Ashkenazic Y DNA is nothing like Turkic peoples.Ashkenazim are 30–60% European with most European DNA being of Greek or other southern European origin, 16–35% Levantine (Palestinian), with Arabia, Turkey, Iran, Eastern and western Europe making up about (25–30%).“The inferred ancestry profile for AJ was 5% Western EU, 10% Eastern EU, 30% Levant, and 55% Southern EU. The combined Western and Eastern EU component is in line with our other estimates, as well as the dominance of the Southern EU component. However, the overall European ancestry, ≈70% (or ≈67% after calibration by simulations; S1 Text section 5), is about 15% higher than the LAI-based estimate, as well as our previous results based on whole-genome sequencing [9]. Our detailed simulations (S1 Text section 5) demonstrate that evidence exists to support either estimate. Possibly, the true fraction of EU ancestry is midway around ≈60%.”The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history-DNA STUDYIs there any Turkic DNA in Ashkenazim? Yes - Haplogroup Q, R1A, R2 make up 25–20% of Ashkenazi Y DNA, with Haplogroup Q being the most Turkic.Haplgroup Q (5% of Ashkenazim)- With the discovery of haplogroup Q among Ashkenazi Jews, DNA researchers may have found the “smoking gun” of Khazarian ancestry.Assuming the Ashkenazi population consisted of approximately 25,000 individuals around 1200-1300 CE, then approximately 1000-1500 Q individuals became part of the Ashkenazi population at that time, meaning Khazars made up less than 5.2% of the Ashkenazi population.R1A (8–11% of Ashkenazim)Lets compare Turkic peoples Y DNA with Ashkenazi Jews.Kazakh YDNAKyrgyz's Y-DNA haplogrous(HE GENETICS OF THE PEOPLES OF KHAZARIAGennady E. Afanasiev and his co-authors published the Russian article "Khazarskie konfederaty v Basseyne Dona" in Yestestvennonauchnie metodi issledovaniya i paradigma sovremennoy arkheologii: Materiali Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy koferentsii, Moskva, Institut arkheologii Rossiyskoy akademii nauk, 8-11 dekabrya 2015 in 2015 on pages 146-153. They examined the uniparental markers of 4 individuals in the Saltovo-Mayaki culture of Khazaria who lived circa the 800s: •Sample A80301 belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1a1b2a (R-Z94) which is of Persian/West Asian origin and found today among Turkic-speaking Karachay people. A80301's mtDNA haplogroup was I4a which is found today in northwestern and central Europe such as in Sweden, and also found around the Black Sea, in the North Caucasus, and in Armenia, Iran, and Siberia. •Sample A80302's mtDNA haplogroup was D4m2, which is found today in Siberia among the Dolgan, Yakut, and Even peoples, but is never found among Ashkenazim. •Sample A80410 belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup G, commonly found among peoples in West Asia and the Caucasus today. •Sample A80411 belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup J2a, which is also commonly found in West Asia and the Caucasus today, and also in Central Asia and in parts of Europe like the Balkans.)NOWAshkenazi Jewsvs Palestinian Arab (Christian)You can see that Ashkenazi YDNA frequencies are closer to Arabs then to Turkic peoples.CONCLUSION -No Ashkenazi Jews are a mix of Southern European and Middle Eastern peoples- but Khazaria did play a part in Ashkenazi migration, with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors most likely living in Khazaria after migrating there from the Middle East, then from Khazaria to Europe. Turkic Khazars live in the DNA of Ashkenazi Jews but this contribution is little.SOURCES OF CONTRIBUTION - https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org...History of Jewish Khazars, Khazar Turk, Khazarian Jews

Restaurants and Food chains run some of the tough-to-manage businesses. The nature of the trade involves real-time performance and delivery of the product to the customers without a flaw in quality. Online food delivery business is the newest trend of the lot, where businesses take the food order, and agents do the delivery in a short time. The management of the same involves extreme precision and requires complex Time Scheduling CRM Software[1] to cater to the issue.So, how does CRM help in Online Food Delivery Systems? Here are some explanations.CRM Systems Helps in Maintaining Customer DatabaseWhile dealing in online food delivery business, time is one of the critical aspects that dictate how fast will be the overall delivery. For instance, having a customer database containing extensive information about the customers, their past orders, history, location, and mode of transaction, helps the delivery system serve better. In this case, To Do List CRM Software helps to address the issueGive the Best Solutions and Offers to the CustomersOne of the critical points in customer retention is to serve them with options and coupons, which are hard to turn down. Everybody loves offers and coupons. There is no reason why it should be turned down. However, not all of these offers are suited for everyone. To understand the best offers and maintain a cordial client relationship, database analytics from CRM helps brilliantly.Integrated Customer CareIt is possible in online food delivery systems that a customer is having issues with something associated with the business. In this juncture, having a responsive customer care system helps them gain trust over the site. CRM Software in this juncture will save the complaints into a secure database, which can be accessed at any point in time. With this objective, the business can take a leaf out of them and improve for good based on the analytics.Tracking Delivery AgentsOnline Food Delivery Business experiences surge of delivery requests during holidays and weekends. As for the business, it is essential for the right delivery person to serve the product at any given time. CRM database will integrate the managers with the service agents and serve quickly.Online Food Delivery System looks exciting from outside but has a lot to deal for the owners of the same. In a phase, where time and quality is the top priority, sticking up to the same requires fast trade and proper CRM software implementation can help a lot.Footnotes[1] Time Schedule helps the efficiency metrics of the organization