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FAQs
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Who are the 2013 Top Writers on Quora?
I am, strangely enough. My output has waned over the last year as I've become busier. But I'm happy to take the fleece. In the meantime, enjoy some of my greatest hits of the past year, most of which are not that great: Biology * Shan Kothari's answer to Is it a good idea to interbreed the various endangered tiger subspecies like the Sumatran, Malayan, Indo-Chinese, South China, Bengal and Siberian tigers so that they have more genetic variation? [ https://www.quora.com/Is-it-a-good-idea-to-interbreed-the-various-endangered-tiger-subspecies-like-the-Sumatran-Malayan-Indo-Chinese-South-China-Bengal-and-Siberian-tigers-so-that-they-have-more-genetic-variation/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Can giraffes swim? [ https://www.quora.com/Can-giraffes-swim/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Ecology: What do ecologists think of Lotka-Volterra? [ https://www.quora.com/Ecology-What-do-ecologists-think-of-Lotka-Volterra/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is the future of big data in ecology? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-future-of-big-data-in-ecology/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is hermatypic coral? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-hermatypic-coral/answer/Shan-Kothari ] Philosophy * Shan Kothari's answer to Why did Blaise Pascal not immediately understand the "which god" problem with his wager? [ https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Blaise-Pascal-not-immediately-understand-the-which-god-problem-with-his-wager/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Philosophy of Mind: What is functionalism? [ https://www.quora.com/Philosophy-of-Mind-What-is-functionalism/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Do ethical philosophers tend to be more ethical? [ https://www.quora.com/Do-ethical-philosophers-tend-to-be-more-ethical/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Can you be a philosopher and still believe in god? [ https://www.quora.com/Can-you-be-a-philosopher-and-still-believe-in-god/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What are the main differences between epiphenomenalism and materialist reductionism? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-main-differences-between-epiphenomenalism-and-materialist-reductionism/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What has philosophy contributed to society in the past 50 years? [ https://www.quora.com/What-has-philosophy-contributed-to-society-in-the-past-50-years/answer/Shan-Kothari ] Other: * Shan Kothari's answer to What are some famous pictures that ruined people's lives? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-famous-pictures-that-ruined-peoples-lives/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Why is it common liberal policy to reject Social Darwinism despite wholeheartedly embracing evolution? Why this contradiction? [ https://www.quora.com/Why-is-it-common-liberal-policy-to-reject-Social-Darwinism-despite-wholeheartedly-embracing-evolution-Why-this-contradiction/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Who are the best or most famous Christian poets? [ https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-or-most-famous-Christian-poets/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What are the most impressive intellectual achievements completed by persons under 20 years old in terms of the influence, magnitude, depth, scope, creativity, or difficulty of the achievement? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-impressive-intellectual-achievements-completed-by-persons-under-20-years-old-in-terms-of-the-influence-magnitude-depth-scope-creativity-or-difficulty-of-the-achievement/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is it like to attend a REU? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-attend-a-REU/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What directors chose the same people to work with time and time again, in any roles, and who are these people? [ https://www.quora.com/What-directors-chose-the-same-people-to-work-with-time-and-time-again-in-any-roles-and-who-are-these-people/answer/Shan-Kothari ]
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Who are the Top Writers on Quora?
Balaji Viswanathan (பாலாஜி விஸ்வநாதன்)If ever you want to learn something new on daily basis.please switch on the notifications from Balaji Vishwanath sir.Awdhesh Singh (अवधेश सिंह)In case if you are wandering for the best views from an intellect,he is always on cards !Gopalkrishna VishwanathIf ever you wanted a simple answers with so much of life experience,don't forget to follow Gopalkrishna Vishwanath sir!Abhimanyu SoodIf you want to hear a story,please don't miss this guy.. he is my fav!User-9248814863030902883In case if you crave for travel experiences,this guy is fantastic ! Sinless bloke indeed.Sean KernanSarhad ChoudharyIn case if you are eager to know son and grandson of quora ..don't forget these wonderful guys !Vishak RamanIf you want to keep reading and getting lost.he is nice to read! Unique guy I must tell you !Dhawal BarotIf you seem very interested in shortest feel good stories,this guy tops the list!Loy MachedoWhenever you feel low,reading his answers can make you feel better!The list continues !And if ever you want to read some stupid answers follow this guy! Raghavendra MThanks for reading
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What industries must use electronic signature software?
Any industry involving a large amount of paperwork make use electronic signatures. In other words, all industries make use of electronic signatures because all of them have piles of paperwork to handle. Some examples of such industries include financial, life science, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.Industries such as the pharmaceutical industry, have a number of licenses and other paperwork that they have to handle and keep track of. It can be a tedious task to perform such cumbersome paper processes. Therefore, e-signatures can facilitate an organisation in keeping a track of all this paperwork, by signing electronically.Healthcare industries usually involve time-sensitive documents, which need to be urgently completed. But, it can take days in case of the traditional wet ink paper signatures for the documents to signNow the signer and back, if the parties are geographically scattered. But with electronic signatures, that is not the case. Geographical barriers do not play a role. Documents which earlier needed days to be completed, can now be signed and sent back within minutes, in the click of a button. Furthermore, it takes a long time to bring assets under management. The time taken by the signing process, if wet ink paper signatures are used, may even further delay the process. But by using electronic signatures, the whole process can speed up.Apart from these, there are many paper prone industries which require huge amount of paperwork and with the use of electronic signatures they can make their everyday processes smoother and more efficient.
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Do digital signatures provide confidentiality?
only thing provides confidentiality is the other folks’ indifferent disinterest.Once you make yourself “differently” “of interest”, Confidentiality “poofs” into the Nothingness that it IS just like a shadow when the light goes out;You’re talking about a FIGMENT OF IMAGINATION, what “legal scholars” call a FICTION, it ain’t even real, never mind mechanically physical, it’s a postulate, CRAP so folks “who read the books sit around big polished tables and talk and talk and eat and eat”.The way you STAND betrays your confideceThe way you SMELL betrays your confidenceThe way joo jooz jor joos end jor arrsbetrays your confidenceBeen around for over 6000 years Eve, Adam, the RUINS of every flippin’ Eden made ATTEST to the result of EITHER Death, Exile or Destruction “when first we practice to deceive”.Stop already. Fantasy time is Over. Let’s FINALLY Grow Up.There’s NO SUCH THING as “privacy” or “confidentiality” or “secrets” of any kind, type or sort.And once YOU stop putting ARBITRARY Sacred Value to that kind o’ crap, it IMMEDIATELY becomes boring trash to folk’s looking for anything OF value TO take.
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How can I contact a lawyer if I get pulled over in the wee hours or outside of my home state? It is widely recommended to exerci
Tl;dr: For 99.9% of us a lawyer on scene is unnecessary. Why?You call or text your lawyer by phone if you have not been arrested (yet) but having a lawyer present during the search, if that is even possible, is overkill for just about everyone. And you will just sound like a baby. If you are arrested because of what the police find (or for whatever reason), the police will take your phone but you can use the police phone to call your lawyer from the station. They would need a family contact so they can arrange bond. It may be a logistical impossibility, anyway, based on where and what time of day you are stopped.FYI: the police don’t have to wait for your lawyer. There is no constitutional right to the physical presence of a lawyer at the search. At late night hours or rush hour, police may be spread thin. They have other things to do, and can probably get their own warrant just as quick (judges are on call, FYI; police visit them at home for wet ink signatures at the last minute; sometimes they have e-signature procedures), while you wait handcuffed in the back of their squad car.Be open. Be you.I would advise 99.9% of us to consent to search to show the police you have nothing to hide and hopefully they will not be overly thorough, and return the favor by not tearing the inside of your car apart. If the result will be a misdemeanor pot bust or open container, just take it like a big boy/girl.Don't create negative attention.If you act like a tool, you will be treated like one, demanding a lawyer on the spot, or not. Unless you are smuggling a lot of contraband, the police officer randomly pulling you over is not overly anxious to make a big bust. He or she just wants to get home safe to family at the end of shift, preferably without being shot at. Police have to deal with crazy, out of control and evil people all the time. They, too, are shaped by their unpleasant experiences.Don't be anyone’s “war story.” Be as forgettable as possible. Don’t be a spaz. This will show up in your police report as “hostile” or “agitated” and if severe enough can become criminal obstruction. Don’t open your mouth and make things worse than they are. (If you act like a spaz, I will find you and slap you on the back, and say: “Way to go, Spaz!”)What about the remaining 0.01%? i.e., for professional criminals only (and those who love them):The law of search and seizure is dynamic and complex. Police need a warrant to open and search luggage or phone or trunk (mileage varies on the trunk). They don’t need a warrant for the rest of the car. If they stopped you and ask you to search the car, stick a fork in it; you’re done. (The judge will also take the K-9s word over yours.)The negative to consenting to search, which only affects the 0.01%, is if you move to suppress the search later, they can use your consent to justify the search as opposed to establishing probable cause before searching as they would otherwise need to do, i.e., write up a more detailed report showing their probable cause because they will have forgotten your stop by the time you discuss your stop with the judge. If you’re guilty of a serious crime, stand firm, don’t consent and hope for the best. Motions to suppress are usually a huge uphill battle, especially if what is seized is newsworthy.If I had a client who was into smuggling guns or drugs (I don’t), I would tell them to require the police to get a warrant and not consent to search. You know you did it; the police know you did it, let’s do everything we can to improve chances on a motion to suppress.Finally I would suggest using a lawyer other than the one you would have try or plead your case. Know also that the lawyer’s presence as a “witness,” may in some circumstances, prevent him or her from defending you in any ensuing criminal case.
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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What are common programming errors or "gotchas" in C++?
Plain Arrays are just as dangerous in C++ as they are in C. you can overshoot them, or give a bad index parameter and the whole thing goes off the rails.Pointers in C++ are the same pointers as in C, with all the things you need to do to make them safer to use, plus they can point to classes.Type restrictions are stricter in C++ than in C, so porting a C code base to C++ is mostly trivial unless some loose typing is involved, then you will have to be more explicit with the types.Arrays declared in C++ have their declared size as part of their type (stricter typing).int a[10] ; // type int[10] , not int*Structs are first class objects in C++ just like classes but with all public members.Struct declarations automatically generate the Big 5 default functions:Constructor,Copy constructor,Assignment constructor,Move constructor,Destructor.Function overloading is based on parameters being unique. C++ ‘mangles’ the function names internally to be unique based on return type and parameter type.Declaring an object causes its allocation and then runs its constructor. The object is fully ready once its construction is complete. If the object has members, they are constructed as well with sane default values.An object’s default initialization values for members of classes and structs:integer types set to zero;floating point types set to 0e0pointer members are not set. They must be explicitly initialized. Ifthe member will not be assigned at construction, you can specify aninitial value of nullptr in the definition or a constructor initialization list.Arrays are allocated but the values are not set if the array contents are not initialized by default. An array of class objects will have its contents initialized, but an array of ints or floats or pointers will not.reference members must be bound to initialized objects in the definition or the constructor.C has malloc() and free() — C++ has those too, but generally uses new and delete.new creates and initializes objects, leaving then in a ready to use state. If the object has initialization beyond that it is performed, then a pointer is returned.If any members of the object need initialization they are performed as well.In other words the full constructor code is performed when invoked with new.The object is created on the heap memory, and persists until deleted or the program ends.delete does a complete destruction of an object, and all its members, calling any destructors its members may have.Copying an object instance allocates a new instance and makes a binary copy of its contents. This is a shallow copy, though. If the object contains pointers or references to other objects as members, the pointers and references are copied, not what they point to. You have to write code to do the copying in that case.STL containers such as std::array, std::vector, std::string, etc, have code to automatically copy their entire contents, but custom classes need it to be written out.An initializer list is efficient in C++. If the class or struct is “trivially constructed”, that is all members are ready after calling the class constructor, then an initializer list can be used to automatically construct an instance with the members of the list. No extra copying needs to be done; the compiler will optimize the instantiation most of the time.std:string s[4] = { "one", "two", "three", "four"}; /* four std::strings are created with the contents of each char array. s is created and the addresses of each std::string instance are placed in the array. When x goes out of scope, the destructors of each element are called. */ struct K { int x[4]; int total; }; K k = { {1,2,3,4}, 10 }; // const double pi(3.1415926); // optimized by compiler double twopi = 2.0 * pi; // not optimized const double tau = pi + pi; // optimized // compiler is smart with this new syntax int a[] = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1, -2, 0,-3 }; int x = 0; for(auto i : a) { std::cout << i << "\t" x = x + i; } std::cout << "\n" << x << "\n"; 4 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2 0 -3 34 for( long x : { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ) { std::cout << x << ",\t"; if (x%5 ==0) std::cout << "\n"; } 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A C++ reference (&) is not a pointer. You have to declare a reference type with an initialization to a valid object. Copying a reference does not copy the object, but adds another reference to the object. You do not need to use pointer syntax with references; it is more like an alias than a pointer. References cannot be reassigned to any other object. When a reference goes out of scope, it unbinds from the object, but the object will still be around, bound to its declared label, until that goes out of scope, then the object destructs.Object obj; // declaration Object& objref = obj; // or references o // a becomes a reference to the input reference. void print( Object& a) { a.print(); } // both calls work // print(obj); // a is ref to obj print(objref); // a is copy of objref Object b(obj); // copy constructor Object c = obj; // copy assignment Object& d = objref; // copy reference, // objref and d refer to same object Object e(objref) // copy constructor // objref dereferenced automatically auto f = obj; // copy obj auto & g = obj; // reference obj auto h = objref; // copy obj auto & j = objref; // copy reference This makes references safer than pointers, yet you still get the pass by ref advantage, without the pointer hassle and syntax. Also you are guaranteed thatyou will not get a NULL pointer by accident passed in.C++ prefers nullptr over NULL, because NULL is a constant integer (0) so can be misused or ambiguous if functions are overloaded to accept integer parameters.nullptr cannot be converted to an integer, so always will refer to a “pointer to nothing” as intended. Any type of pointer can be assigned nullptr.The C++ template system is amazing, but it has to be able to create an actual legal C++ function or class with actual types and variables to compile. A template is not generic, it synthesizes a specific function with all the template parameters filled-out and then compiles that, from the template recipe and the parameters passed in at compile-time. It cannot ‘figure out’ at run time if the parameters are correct; it will probably catch any ambiguities though. Templates are confusing for beginners because they can not see the actual code produced by them, but eventually they get the idea that the template code is not what is being run, the actual code created by the template is run.#include
template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } generates:template int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // std::basic_string is what std::string really is template > std::basic_string add(std::basic_string a, std::basic_string b) { return a + b; } template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } ; void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } -
What are some cool projects you can build with Java?
What are some online resources from where I can get cool and progressive Java projects/applications to build? Here are some good ideas for Java projects.TextReverse a String – Enter a string and the program will reverse it and print it out.Pig Latin – Pig Latin is a game of alterations played on the English language game. To create the Pig Latin form of an English word the initial consonant sound is transposed to the end of the word and an ay is affixed (Ex.: "banana" would yield anana-bay). Read Wikipedia for more information on rules.Count Vowels – Enter a string and the program counts the number of vowels in the text. For added complexity have it report a sum of each vowel found.Check ...
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Why are Chinese products cheaper?
In the words of Tim Cook: "The popular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor costs. I'm not sure what part of China they go to, but the truth is China stopped being the low labor cost country years ago. That is not the reason to come to China from a supply point of view, the reason is because of the skill."Let us look at the concept of labor or the involvement of labor in an every-day product. Let us compare 2 products: a plastic fork vs a plush toy. Although both products fall on opposite spectrums of the consumer life cycle (one disposable whilst the other one is reusable), both are sure to be made in China.A plastic fork is made from food-grade Polystyrene (PS) plastic pellets or beads through a process known as plastic inject molding. In here the pellets are heated in a molding machine to a viscous state and are injected into a mold. The mold produces multiple sets of forks within a matter of seconds and from there on it’s as simple as detaching the forks from a sacrificial (?) holder or tool (this is also made of PS and in most cases is recycled). From here the product is moved into packaging and then sent out of the factory for export. A fully automated machine can be set to run continuously 24 hours a day with very little monitoring by a worker, thus being a low labor product.Now, let us look at that plush toy. The stuffed animal is comprised of textile material for the cover, stuffing, two eyes and a nose. The material must be cut into pieces, sewn together and stuffed. The nose, eyes and mouth are sewn onto the material together and stuffed, requiring skilled labor(-). The cutting of the pieces may be done by hand or by machine, but the pieces are sewn together by a worker using a high-speed sewing machine. Next comes the insertion of stuffing – this is rather complex for a machine to do, as such the insertion is done by hand and the insertion point is also manually closed. It is evident that this requires much labor, therefore, this type of a product is considered a high labor product with labor contributing 70% of the total cost [1]. In the end, much like a fork, the product is moved and packaged for export.Because labor is only one part of the total cost of a product, and in many cases it's as low as 20% of the total cost, – this must indicate that there may be other factors at play in making Chinese products, such as the fork. If labor were the only factor, then most of the “plush toy/labor intensive” industries would have shifted to other countries – but only some industries already have e.g. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Mongolia to name just a few. To that extent, manufacturing of plastic forks could possibly return to the USA; but that’s not happening.Industrial production does not take place in isolation, but rather relies on networks of suppliers, component manufacturers, distributors, government agencies and customers who are all involved in the process of production through competition and cooperation. The ecosystem of doing business in China has evolved quite a lot in the last thirty years. Here are the additional factors, including labor, that affect the overall cost of manufacturing and thus make Chinese exports cheaper:A. Commendable supply chain: Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. No country, at present, has a supply chain more sophisticated yet flexible than China. China’s biggest advantage is their domestic availability of most of the raw materials required to manufacture a given product [2]. Not only are private entities involved in the process of outputting raw material for manufacturing. Rather, many Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SoEs) actively control and output raw materials for small factories to transform into ready-made goods. If the government is involved in such activities, it is safe to assume that this is an active industry that requires not only oversight and monitoring, but active involvement. Access to affordable raw materials helps bring down manufacturing costs to a considerable extent. As a result, having suppliers who are local to the manufacturer has gained importance as a way to cut costs[6].B. Rebate upon Export: The export tax rebate policy was initiated in 1985 by China as a way to boost the competitiveness of its exports by abolishing double taxation on exported goods[7]. China is one of over 150 countries that utilize a Value Added Tax (VAT) system. It is a tax only on the "value added" to a product, material, or service at every state of its manufacture or distribution. The VAT rate is generally 17%, or 13% for some goods. Chinese companies receive a VAT refund from the government for materials of products produced for export. Basically, factories that export do not pay any VAT on goods or raw materials used made for export – further subsidizing raw material costs. American imports to China are charged a VAT, but the U. S. doesn't have a VAT to charge Chinese imports. Moreover, Chinese manufacturers work with far lower profit margins than those in the U.S.C. Efficient Infrastructure and Logistical Access: In its fast-paced effort towards industrialization, China has built many ports (big and small), roads and railroad access. Such a system is not secluded to the big cities (Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities), it connects all of them, including Tier 4 cities or small towns used as industrial manufacturing zones. Having an efficient logistical system allows for cheaper travel costs –the cost of units (kilometers or miles) per currency (dollar or RMB) decreases. Also, an efficient infrastructure reduces overall downtime. Such is the case of India, as pointed out by Vaibhav Mandhana [3]: “Given the poor roads, a shipment from India's north can take a week or more to signNow India's south. Sometimes it is quicker and cheaper to actually get a shipment from Shenzhen than Kolkata. Time is money and all those delays add to your cost. If I could get something in two days, I could sell it immediately rather than wait two months to sell it [add up the interest costs]”"The road freight from LA to Nevada will cost you a lot more than the sea freight from China to LA."[5]D. Subsidized Utilities and Availability: Within China’s industrial areas many fixed and variable production costs are heavily subsidized. For example: electricity and water are subsidized up to 30% compared to normal household or commercial zones. Moreover, the local government gives support with land access at competitive rates, creating jobs in the area. This further helps to diminish the cost of the end product – after all you have access to cheaper land, water and light (What manufacturing does not require these? - Hell, even mining bitcoin does!). In non-industrialized or not fully industrialized countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, India), access to water and electricity remains a critical issue, until today. “In Coimbatore and other industrial places, you get power for like eight hours a day. That means the machinery lies idle for sixteen hours and that wasted capacity adds to the cost.”Do we see a trend of several factors, other than labor, which affect the overall cost of the product? Hold on, there are more!E. Bureaucracy: Barriers for entry in China, in this context, are extremely low. Although you need to fill out a huge number of papers (Customs Declaration Form, Land Annexation, Tax Filing, Compliance Related Documentation, Drawback/Rebate Forms, Annual Returns and etc.), the process is not complex. Relevant departments and accountability are there; you do not need to grease palms to get what you need; streamlined government policies are in place. Again, non-industrialized countries do not have many of these processes in place – they are in the early stages, whereas China has been through all this. I am not saying China is pure and not corrupt, there might be corruption in some cases, but the overall industrial process is so deeply rooted, that people just follow established guidelines. Greasing palms and running around places to get a stamp or a signature causes further delays (time is money) and increases overall costs. This is considered more as “Political Will” than bureaucracy; meaning the government’s will to allow you to do business is prominent thus reducing barriers for you to do business or manufacture or engage in services.F. Technology and Automation/ Skilled Labor: It would be unreasonable to discard China’s interconnectivity between technological advancement and manufacturing capacity. They work hand-in-hand. Availability of the latest technology to manufacture products of a high quality on a large scale. And let's be honest, scalability can be a very important factor in deciding price of a product. Apart from technology, China has a large population, thus having a bigger access to a wide talent pool. Availability to a greater talent pool decreases the overall demand as there is an oversupply – again, denting the costs of the product. If you recall, Tim Cook's main reason for manufacturing in China is: the depth of highly skilled labor in the manufacturing space. To rephrase what Cook said: "No other country in the world besides China has the combination of an electronic component supply chain and large pools of skilled labor needed to make iPhones on the scale which Apple needs."G. Labor: It is comparatively cheaper to many so-called “developed countries”. You can have someone do the same labor task for a comparatively lower price than say Europe or the USA for that matter. This further brings down costs. As noted before, it is not the cheapest – but it is not the most expensive either. What is important to remember here is that labor in China, is skilled – although most laborers are not trained, but have learned by doing. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply.Where a labor task might cost you $8-9 USD/hour in developed countries, it will cost you $450-500 USD for an entire month in China (8 hours a day, 28 days a month). If you do the math, that’s about $2.19 USD/hour. Countries like Indonesia a semi-skilled laborer will do it for half, $1.05 USD/hour – but the manufacturing process will be influenced by factors all the factors mentioned.H. Local Government: Local government officials are appointed, not elected. Part of their job is to help the industries and they are measured by results. Furthermore, locals compete with each other. That means Suzhou is competing with Chengdu to attract industries, and so on. Hence officials are always using their local advantages to help, attract, and grow industries, such as providing low cast land, building industrial parks, and making sure that the support infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, etc.) even local housing and schools are there. Since these officials are not elected locally, their actions are much more efficient rather than dealing a motion to go through town hall meetings or waiting for a ballot to pass for months. The downside of such efficiency could be that some environmental studies were not complete or many local concerns are not addressed fully (All credit for how to local governments operate within China go to Mr. James Yeh ).Here are few controversial factors, claimed by several sources:I. Currency: There is the ever-present theory of currency manipulation among economists, where China undervalues their currency by an estimated 30%-40%, which simply makes every product that China ships out 30-40% cheaper than those of a potential American competitor. The Yuan is manipulated and pegged undervalued to the US dollar [2]. So the price quoted in US dollars( more exports are quoted in dollars), will be cheaper than normal; (This manipulation has affected the domestic price of the product and labor wages as it has been kept much lower than it should have been. The Chinese yuan has, however, been steadily increasing in value against the dollar over the past few years.J. Compliance: The Chinese government does not bind itself with Intellectual Property issues. They allow the industry to investigate the products developed successfully elsewhere in the world. They then produce them in large quantities. Personally, there is nothing wrong in this benchmarking. Most industries do benchmark; especially in the automotive world. This saved the industry from expensive investments in R&D [4]. Although China has its own environmental protection agency, the environmental protection laws are generally lax and not enforced fully, especially at the local level. In previous years, Chinese factories cut down on waste management costs -further bringing down overall product costs. Things have been different lately, thanks to the strong efforts from the national government. Laws on IP and environmental protection are being enforced, especially after the Hangzhou G20 summit. There is still some belief that more needs to be done.If cheap labor was in itself the key driving factor, a large percentage of the labor-intensive factories would have already shifted to cheaper labor countries and lower labor-intensive jobs would have returned to the countries such as the USA - because China is not the synonym for cheap labor anymore. But that's not what we are experiencing; only certain jobs within the manufacturing field are moving to South East Asia. A huge chunk is there and is still able to reap the benefits of various factors. It will take more than a cutthroat desire for emerging economies to set up a business ecosystem that can compete with China's.Wow now over 1,000 Thanks for your upvotes! If you would be kind enough to give a like for this same article on my LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/w...Footnotes:1. https://www.industryweek.com/env...2. https://qr.ae/TUtz1K3. https://qr.ae/TUtzTO4. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/market...5. Walter Hay's answer to How expensive is it to import to Nevada from China?6. 5 Reasons Why You Should Manufacture In China With ITI[7] China Will Continue To Dominate World Production
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