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FAQs
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Did Greeks originate from north Africa?
No. I understand that this question is related to E-V13, found in the Balkan. E-V13 isn't a quantifier of Greek genetics, it is one of many Greek founding lineages.Haplogroup E1b1b may have arrived in Europe by two routes: through the Middle East/Levant and directly from North Africa.The oldest E-M78 in Africa has been found at Taforalt Morocco. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, have sequenced DNA from individuals from Morocco dating to approximately 15,000 years ago, as published in Science. This is the oldest nuclear DNA from Africa ever successfully analyzed.The Y-DNA of 4 males waa found in E1b1b1a1-M78. This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North East African populations The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleo- lithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines (“Levant_N”). Unsupervised genetic clustering also suggests a connection of Taforalt to the Near East.What we are learning now is that certainly NW Africa's was genetically/demographically connected to NE Africa and to West Asia even at the very beginning of the local Upper Paleolithic, demolishing quite apparently all the theories that linked it to European Upper Paleolithic (from which it got its "Ibero-Maurusian" name).Also this quote from the authors in the press release:“The Iberomaurusians lived before the Natufians, but they were not their direct ancestors: The Natufians lack DNA from Africa, Krause says. This suggests that both groups inherited their shared DNA from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East more than 15,000 years ago, the team reports today in Science”The population exhumed from the archaeological site of Taforalt in Morocco is a valuable source of information toward a better knowledge of the settlement of Northern Africa region and provides a revolutionary way to specify the origin of Ibero-Maurusian populations.I wouldnt consider these Taforalt samples as thé ancestors of modern E-M78 subclades carriers (V22, V12, V65) What we see by contrasting the map of inferred patterns or E1b1b-M81(the berber marker and dominant in north west Africa) expansion and this ancient Y-DNA data from Taforalt is that the main E-M78 expansion most likely was already done, considering its age( formed 19800 ybp, TMRCA 13400 ybp) that it could represent an expansion from older times, much as I2 seems to have expanded in Europe. This would allow for V65 ("from west Egypt to Morocco" per one decription of its geography) to have expanded from NW Africa, not necessarily from Taforalt though but somewhow related to it.According to the authors "Several lines of evidence suggest that E-M78 sub-haplogroups have been involved in trans-Mediterranean migrations (in)directly from Africa. E-M78 and E-V65 haplogroups are common in northern Africa, where they originated, while other clades(like E-V13) are observed almost exclusively in Mediterranean Europe, as opposed to central and eastern Europe and the Horn of Africa among somali males (E-V32)The oldest to date sample of E-V13 we have is from Later Neolithic Hungary (1 in Sopot culture and 1 in Lengyel, c. 4500 BC and the earliest known prehistoric sample, the couple from Epi-Cardial Spain (c. 5000 BC).E-V13 has also been found in a skeleton of Avelanner Cave in Catalonia dating from 5000BC (cardial culture)So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Nonetheless, the possibility of other migrations of E1b1b to southern Europe during the Mesolithic or Late Palaeolithic cannot be ruled out.Research shows that the ancestors of modern Greeks were( indeed )the Minoans and Mycenaeans, already inhabiting the Greek peninsula for the past 5000 years, since 3000bc.Minoan Boxing Boys, restored fresco from Thera (modern-day Santorini), c.1600 BC. Currently located at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece.The Fisherman fresco is from the 16th century BCE from the Akrotiri site in GreeceTheir ancestors moved into Greece during the neolithic and bronze age from Anatolia and before that from the Caucasus..Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of an elborately dressed women in a procession from the Tiryns, Greece 14th, 13th Century BC Cat No 5883 Athens Archaeological MuseumScientists have obtained and analyzed the genome of ancient Mycenaean people and found they are strongly related to modern Greeks. Around three-quarters of the Mycenaeans' and Minoans' ancestry originated in Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The remaining quarter can be traced back to the Caucasus, near modern-day Iran.The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe’s first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. However, the question of the origins of the Minoans and their relationship to the Mycenaeans has long puzzled researchers.The Mycenaeans, with their roots in mainland Greece, seem to have adopted much of the Minoan technology and culture, but it is not clear how they were related. “We wanted to determine if the people who made up the Minoan and Mycenaean populations were actually genetically distinct or not. How were they related to each other? Who were their ancestors? And how are modern Greeks related to them?” says Johannes Krause, director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and one of the corresponding authors of the study.A paper from 2017 in Nature suggests that, rather than being recently arrived, advanced outsiders, the Minoans had deep roots in the Aegean. The primary ancestors of both the Minoans and Mycenaeans were populations from Neolithic Western Anatolia and Greece and the two groups were very closely related to each other, and to modern Greeks.“It is remarkable how persistent the ancestry of the first European farmers is in Greece and other parts of southern Europe, but this does not mean that the populations there were completely isolated. There were at least two additional migrations in the Aegean before the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans and some additional admixture later. The Greeks have always been a ‘work in progress’ in which layers of migration through the ages added to, but did not erase the genetic heritage of the Bronze Age populations,” stated Iosif Lazaridis of Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study.Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from the further east after the time of the earliest farmers," according to lead author Iosif LazaridisA European population in Minoan Bronze Age CreteMinoan were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.EV-13 marker is neolithic and came into Greece and the Balkans before the arrival of the Dorians and Myceneans. When the Greek speaking Dorian and Mycenean proto-Greeks arrived in Greece around 1500 BC they mixed with the indigenous E-V13 neolithic peoples and the percentage of neolithic E-V13 marker became reduced in the population. The Dorians and Myceneans who brought the Greek language into Greece were not E-V13 carriers.The proto-Greeks (Myceneans / Dorians) who brought the Greek language into Greece were R1a carriers. They mixed with the neolithic peoples / Pelasgians of Greece who were E-V13 carriers.Neolithic farmers spread all around Europe,they didn't just sit in one placePericic et al. (2005) give a 7.3 kya estimate for the expansion of E-M78α (almost perfectly equivalent to E-V13) for Southeastern European populations north of Greece. Due to their use of the 3.6x slower mutation rate, this figure needs to be converted to equivalent years. The Nea Nikomedeia time depth was estimated as 9.2kya by King et al. Therefore, the equivalent age for the Pericic et al. (2005) expansion is (7.3/9.2) * 149 generations or 118 generations (1,540-950BC). They note that STR variance is higher in Greece, Macedonia, and Apulia, all areas with well-known historical Greek connections.Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12Cruciani et al. (2007) propose that E-V13 arrived in Europe from West Asia and underwent an expansion in Europe at 4-4.7 kya. This age is calculated using effective mutation rates that are 2.4 or 2.8 slower than the germline rate, which seems to suggest a Late Bronze Age or even later expansion with a rate closer to the germline one.The signature North African marker E-M78, dominant in Egypt with its subclade E-V22 descends from Eurasian Adam CT-M168 E-M78 is a Non_African genetic marker. (Hodgson et al 2014)E-M78 has a near eastern neolithic origin"Both the King et al. E-V13 data, as well as the diverse, mostly European Haplozone E-V13 agree in placing the expansion of this haplogroup squarely in the Aegean Bronze Age.Haplogroup E1b1b has been associated with the earliest development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture, which is so far believed to have arisen in the Fertile Crescent, but could have developed earlier in parts of North/North East Africa. Agriculture spread from the Near East to Europe, at first mostly ovicaprid and cattle herders. E1b1b men (accompanied by G2a, J and T men) appear to have been associated at least with the diffusion of Neolithic painted pottery from the Levant to the Balkans (Thessalian Neolithic), and with the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the Western Mediterranean. The only concrete evidence for this at the moment is the presence of this E-V13 subclade, commonest in the southern Balkans today, at a 7000-year old Neolithic site in north-east Spain, which was tested by Lacan et al (2011).E-v13 marker is considered a Greek marker because it follows the foot-print of ancient Greek colonisation - wherever ancient Greeks colonised the ev-13 marker went with them. R1a is also proto Greek and was carried by the proto-Greeks (Dorians and Myceneans) into Greece when they migrated there. Modern Greek DNA is the most similar to Southern Italian DNA which makes sense since Southern Italy was heavily populated by “Greek” colonists from 900 BC.On genetic test Sicilians are very similar to Peloponnese Greeks, Greek islanders & South ItaliansDifferential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeCornelia Di Gaetano et al.AbstractThe presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be signNowly different by the chi2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to signNow about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeSouthern Italians/Sicilians are partially Greek (Magna Graecia).An additional piece of evidence is Y-chromosome distribution in Calabria, a Southern Italian region with well-known Greek connections. According to Semino et al. (2004) [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004], the Calabrian sample has an E-M78 frequency of 16.3%, whereas "Calabria 2" representing the "Albanian community of the Cosenza province" has only 5.9%. This is consistent with the idea that E-V13 in modern Albanians is to a great degree due to Greek founders (Epirotes or ancient colonists).Albanians also coalesce to Roman/Late Antique times, consistent with the idea that their high frequency of haplogroup E-V13 (which signNowes very high numbers in e.g. Kosovars) is not associated with high diversity. Founder effects in that time frame are the reason for the high frequency of E-V13 in them.Albanians are a mix of Bronze Age invaders of Yamnaya culture and Neolithic residents of Balkans.Cruciani 2007 also mentions some oddballs for the Greek maritime theory:- Slovaks: 8.33% E-V13- Hungarians: 9.43% E-V13No mention of Serbs but the Republic of Macedonia has as much E-V13 as mainland Greece (17%), while Albanians double that figure (32%).Slavomacedonians from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia coalesce well into AD times, at around the time of the first Slavic arrivals in the Balkans. This suggests that E-V13 in them is the result of local founders at around that time who adopted the Slavic language. However, Pericic et al. (2005) report high (but unspecified) diversity of E-M78α in "Macedonia", so it is possible that a larger number of earlier inhabitants were absorbed.Finally the highest concentrations of E-V13 west of Sicily are among Atlantic Iberians (Portuguese, Asturians), where historical Greek colonization was zero. This confirms again some older flow of Neolithic or maybe Chalcolithic age. There are other significative ammounts of this clades in most unlikely places like Denmark (3%), Germany (4%). All that can only be explained with Neolithic founder effects or something of the like. Ukranians (strong in E-V13) may have affected Northern Europe genetically... but at a time when the Greek ethnicity did not yet exist as such.Conclusion. Based on these results Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically highly similar but not identical and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers,” said Lazaridis.While both Minoans and Mycenaeans had both “first farmer” and “eastern” genetic origins, Mycenaeans traced an additional minor component of their ancestry to ancient inhabitants of Eastern Europe and northern Eurasia. This type of so-called Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is one of the three ancestral populations of present-day Europeans, and is also found in modern Greeks. There was genetic continuity in the Aegean from the time of the first farmers to present-day Greece, but not in isolation. The peoples of the Greek mainland had some admixture with Ancient North Eurasians and peoples of the Eastern European steppe both before and after the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, which may provide the missing link between Greek speakers and their linguistic relatives elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
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How would you introduce the mutants and the X-Men into the MCU?
I think Phase 4, being reportedly cosmic in nature, would be very wise to bring Fantastic Four and Doctor Doom as soon as the Fox merger is approved.It’s unlikely a stable groundwork for mutant plots can be laid before Phase 5, so don’t expect to see X-Men before 2023. However, I do think the method of mutant creation could have its beginnings in Phase 4, the immediate future.Before I explain my preference for mutant introduction, I’ll analyze every major type of theory I’ve heard, including theories here and elsewhere.A. Alternate DimensionsA common suggestion involves bridging alternate dimensions. I think fans have the existing Fox universe in mind most of the time when imagining this. Doctor Strange opens a portal to an alternate reality and ta da! It is the simplest and most straightforward mash-up, but it is just that, a forced crossover or mash-up.The problems with this are that it is boring, with no new storytelling to be found. Any prior stories told could tarnish the brand integrity of the MCU, reducing the overall narrative quality. Creatively, it is the equivalent of a toddler smashing two different toys together and making explosion noises.This idea is my least favorite.B. Supreme BeingsAnother go-to solution from comic book fans is introducing the Living Tribunal, One Above All, or another powerful super-entity to simply “make it happen”. In these scenarios, the veil is lifted, the nature of all existence is revealed, timelines are altered, other dimensions… It basically spins into another version of the previous solution.This is literally a “hand of God” solution, which in storytelling is known as “deus ex machina”. The writer finds themselves in a corner, and to get to their plot destination, they boil down their narrative to “it just happens”, without any logic-driven cause and effect. It’s a non-sequitur.Supreme beings are pretty cool, but they also spoil the mystery.C. Mutants Already ExistAnother common thought is that they’re already there, just unseen on screen. This solution most often aims to keep time period-based origin stories such as Magneto, Wolverine, or Apocalypse intact.The main flaw here is that mutant powers are often far beyond the average Avenger, often on par with Scarlet Witch more than Captain America. These powerful mutations throughout history would not go unnoticed, and would also dilute the significance of super soldiers to the average MCU resident. They’re simply too powerful and fascinating to have escaped notice thus far.D. Professor X MindwipeThis was the first idea that caught my attention creatively. Mutants have been here, almost as we’ve seen them from Fox, but due to some cataclysmic showdown or extinction threat, Professor X, using Cerebro, erases all knowledge and memory of mutants from existence and hides those remaining in Genosha or some remote island. We meet them by their re-emergence.While this does preserve origins and solve the issue of mutants standing out and causing trouble (or helping), it also falls apart for a couple of reasons.Erasing memory of mutants is an incredibly temporary solution, given the existence of the trouble-starters. Many mutants are not good-natured, and would resurface. Powerful mutants also would not stand idle in the wake of the Chitauri, Ultron, or Thanos.Lastly, storytelling becomes limited to what has been done in the comics, some of which has also been done successfully on screen. The solution, while technically workable, is very contrived and still feels like smashing an unknown dimension into the equation.E. Scarlet Witch/House of MThis solution gets a lot of circulation. The idea is that Scarlet Witch’s power is fully realized and she uses chaotic reality-warping magic to create mutants, in an inverted “House of M” storyline.I love the Scarlet Witch character and Elizabeth Olsen’s portrayal, and would love to see her powers advance. Her mutation was unlocked by the cosmic energy of an Infinity Stone. The fact that her mutation was unlocked this way means having her warp reality is not necessary. She is, ironically, the best argument against this method.Infinity War established that Wanda’s magic is the same “frequency” as the stones. I would not be opposed to her overloading and blasting the earth with her magic to trigger widespread mutation and having a legacy as the Mother of all Mutant-kind. For that reason, this concept has my lukewarm approval.But there are better in-universe ties to mutants.F. Infinity Stone FalloutThis was my go-to answer for a while. It’s clear that Infinity Stone experimentation on humans (Wanda/Pietro) can trigger mutation.After Avengers 4, it is almost guaranteed that the Infinity Stones will be permanently destroyed. Their further use would be extremely redundant and uninteresting. Since we know mutants can be effectively created by this mutation, it is not a stretch to suggest the resulting energies dispersed by these cosmic singularities could cause widespread mutations across the planet on which they were destroyed.Bruce Banner would exclaim that affected mutants give off the same gamma signatures as the stones or some other technobabble, the same as was used with Loki’s scepter.G. Inhumans/TerrigenesisThe one major drawback of introducing mutants by Infinity Stone radiation is that it ignores the fact that inhumans already exist in the MCU and are almost identical to mutants.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons 2 and 3 revealed the fact that ancient Kree geneticists had experimented on primitive humans to breed a stock of superpowered killers. The dormant genes are activated through exposure to crystals called terrigen. The target is encased in a stone cocoon briefly and emerge with powers, a process known as terrigenesis.In the comics, the only difference between the inhumans and the mutants is that inhumans were a genetic experiment by the Kree, and the mutants were a genetic experiment by Celestials. Mutant powers present naturally at puberty.The first Inhuman was known as Hive, and the worship of his tentacled visage was the basis for the original supernatural cult that would later become HYDRA. Hive is ancient and powerful, so he is sort of an inhuman parallel to En Sabah Nur/Apocalypse.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has told this story, and an inhuman epidemic became an entire political stage, with registration under the Sokovia Accords being a signNow issue for them. The inhabitants of the current MCU are aware that inhumans exist.Inhumans shown on screen have exhibited duplication (like Multiple Man), electricity manipulation (like Storm), telepathy (like Charles Xavier), and manipulation of minerals (like Magneto). Familiar mutants could just be introduced as inhumans.The biggest issues are that film audiences need to learn about inhumans, and terrigenesis is not as simple as mutation, or as powerful symbolically, as it appears to be done to the subject rather than just being part of who they are.However, the fact that audiences will soon be reminded of Phil Coulson’s existence in Captain Marvel suggests he may come back, allowing for easier explanation of the existing SHIELD/inhumans subplot. And since the Eternals are on the horizon, we’re likely to see more historical interference of alien pseudo-deities as plot points, as seen with Asgardians.H. Quantum MutantsI’m writing this after Ant-Man and the Wasp but before Avengers 4.Janet Van Dyne was rescued from the Quantum Realm after decades, and she displayed extra-ordinary powers upon re-emerging. She was mutated/evolved by her time in the Quantum Realm.Avengers 4 will very likely involve some Quantum Realm tinkering, and many speculate that the “souls” of those who were snapped by Thanos are trapped in either ‘Soul World’ or the Quantum Realm. It may be that the Quantum Realm can facilitate the resurrection and return of T’Challa, Peter Parker, and Stephen Strange to carry on their franchises.If half of the planet suddenly returns to existence from the Quantum Realm, it’s possible they could gradually present mutations over time, like those of Janet Van Dyne. Mutants could be born overnight, and in sufficient enough numbers to be impactful to the storyline.The changes may not be immediate and may take a few years to manifest. Depending on time travel shenanigans in Avengers 4, that could give the MCU enough time to prepare for the entry of notable mutants in Phase 5 (2023).We don’t know which direction the MCU is taking Janet Van Dyne, but she could become a lot more important this way.The character of Erik Lehnsherr may have simply experienced concentration camps without any powers and receives powers at an old age before seeking his revenge, so it may even be possible to preserve certain origin elements.It’s a stretch and doesn’t really service inhumans, but it would be brand new creative territory, which is something I think Marvel Studios prefers over copying the comics.ConclusionThe most likely methods of introduction will involve unlocking the dormant genes with some form of powerful widespread radiation or other substance such as terrigen. It could also happen due to planetary exposure to the same cosmic radiation cloud that gives the Fantastic Four their abilities.Most elegant: The Infinity Stone explosion, as it transitions straight from one storyline into the next. Most efficient: The Inhumans storyline. They already exist and there’s plenty to work with, including Quake.Most creative: Janet Van Dyne and the quantum mutants, using the unknown to achieve seemingly “impossible” powers.Any of those three would work for me.BONUS: I originally created this graphic to matchup how each stone’s energy could correlate with certain mutations. I don’t think the general audience will care about these details, so feel free to ignore this.
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Why did Native Americans lose the country? They had the numbers, knew the terrain, and as far as I know, managed to catch up in
Pardon my bluntness, but if you ask the question, you should be ready for an answer.The native peoples were very numerous but stone age groups of very tiny societies with no political unity, very limited verbal inter communication, almost no political or military coordination, zero industry other than their own needs and no real transportation potential of any size. The had very limited economies, little to no ability to accumulate wealth, food storage or recording capability for their thoughts.They could not coordinate their forces for extended campaigns, had very few foreign patrons - lim...
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Why did Dr. Michael Mann give up his chance to pursue his libel suit against Dr. Ball rather than turn over his underlying clima
This question contains two inaccuracies.The suit concerned lies people started telling in an attempt to discredit Michael Mann’s climate research that resulted in the famous hockey stick graph. Ball was one of the people telling the lies, so Mann sued him. Mann had already won a suit against the Frontier Foundation for publishing Ball’s false accusation. As a result, the Frontier Foundation apologized for publishing Ball’s “untrue and disparaging” comments.Mann proceeded to sue Ball himself in Canada. The suit was dismissed because Ball’s attorneys said that Ball was old and ill, plus no one actually believed what Ball said anyway.Mann did not “turn over his underlying climate research data” because the suit did not go forward. His data is readily available to anyone who wants to duplicate his research.EDIT:At least two commenters have posted links in their comments, for which I thank them. One is a link to the court’s ruling to dismiss Mann’s libel suit. The other is a link to the initial lawsuit brought by Mann. There are a couple of things to note from this.First, the judge dismissed the suit because Mann and his attorneys simply failed to pursue it. As a result of dismissing the suit because of the failure to pursue it, the judge awarded costs to Ball, the defendant.Some in the anti-science community have started crowing about the dismissal, claiming that it proves that global warming and climate change are a fraud. On the scale of right-to-wrong, that is so wrong that it is actually off the scale. The judgement absolutely did not find that to be the case. In fact, the judge specifically said, “I do not intend to address those differences (the dispute between Ball’s denialism and Mann’s science)”.Another thing to note is that Mann’s initial hockey-stick publication appeared more than 20 years ago. Many scientists (actual scientists, that is) have looked at Mann’s data and methods and many have done their own research, and all have found that Mann’s work is essentially correct. The hockey stick game is over. The winners have retired from the field, packed their bags and returned home. They have done many other things in the meantime. The losers are still on the field, whining and crying that the game is not over. But it is.Will Mann appeal? I doubt it. Part of the suit has already been resolved. The suit involved an interview with Ball that appeared on the website of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy. The FCPP was a party to the suit. They have already apologized for publishing Ball’s personal and clearly libelous attack on Mann. By the way, there is no doubt that Ball’s statements were libel. Ball said that Mann had committed acts that warranted imprisonment, which is libel. Truth is a defense in such a case, but I have no doubt that Mann would have prevailed.Some are speculating on whether and why Mann might not appeal. I do not know the answer to either of those questions, and I suspect no one here on Quora does. So there is really no point in speculating. But in any event, this case proves absolutely nothing about the fact of global warming and climate change.Global warming/climate change denialists ought to start asking themselves why they are denialists. I suspect that at least 95 percent of the people who post or comment with denialism on Quora really don’t know why they deny the science. I have addressed this in other posts and I don’t feel like going into it again. Suffice it to say, the science is clear.
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What are the basics or learning to play piano that I can get better at to be a good piano player?
The most important basic is that piano lessons don’t work and piano teachers have the absolute worst track record when it comes to teaching people piano. It is a mathematical fact that golf lessons produce more skilled piano players than the Music Score-bores do with their time wasters of teaching student to deal with music scores aka sheet music combined with their music theory silliness.Golf lessons produce more piano players because the success rate of the Score-bore with their Score-chores is actually lower than the placebo effect of a sugar-pill. So by taking golf lessons and a daily cocoa puff your odds of success at the piano are higher. Combine the right piano lessons from a golf pro and a pet cat and your odds of success skyrocket.Meanwhile as for other keyboard tasks… odds are your chord playing skills could easily be improved. As well as your playing by ear skills… your jotting down your keyboard moves as you noodle things out… your improvising and composing skills.It would take you less than an hour to learn how to improve on all those keyboard basics and thus become a good overall player. However the more time you’ve spent as a student/victim of the Score-bore the longer it will take for you to recover from the abuse.
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