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Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.

First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a  “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development;  a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous,  genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions.  Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as  towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity  be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life.  One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion.  I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it.  The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage.  This is graphic, but not gory,  it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb.  This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness.  I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester.  If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch.  I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on.  but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find.  I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion.   Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination.  It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance,  there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken.  But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.

Plain Arrays are just as dangerous in C++ as they are in C. you can overshoot them, or give a bad index parameter and the whole thing goes off the rails.Pointers in C++ are the same pointers as in C, with all the things you need to do to make them safer to use, plus they can point to classes.Type restrictions are stricter in C++ than in C, so porting a C code base to C++ is mostly trivial unless some loose typing is involved, then you will have to be more explicit with the types.Arrays declared in C++ have their declared size as part of their type (stricter typing).int a[10] ; // type int[10] , not int*Structs are first class objects in C++ just like classes but with all public members.Struct declarations automatically generate the Big 5 default functions:Constructor,Copy constructor,Assignment constructor,Move constructor,Destructor.Function overloading is based on parameters being unique. C++ ‘mangles’ the function names internally to be unique based on return type and parameter type.Declaring an object causes its allocation and then runs its constructor. The object is fully ready once its construction is complete. If the object has members, they are constructed as well with sane default values.An object’s default initialization values for members of classes and structs:integer types set to zero;floating point types set to 0e0pointer members are not set. They must be explicitly initialized. Ifthe member will not be assigned at construction, you can specify aninitial value of nullptr in the definition or a constructor initialization list.Arrays are allocated but the values are not set if the array contents are not initialized by default. An array of class objects will have its contents initialized, but an array of ints or floats or pointers will not.reference members must be bound to initialized objects in the definition or the constructor.C has malloc() and free() — C++ has those too, but generally uses new and delete.new creates and initializes objects, leaving then in a ready to use state. If the object has initialization beyond that it is performed, then a pointer is returned.If any members of the object need initialization they are performed as well.In other words the full constructor code is performed when invoked with new.The object is created on the heap memory, and persists until deleted or the program ends.delete does a complete destruction of an object, and all its members, calling any destructors its members may have.Copying an object instance allocates a new instance and makes a binary copy of its contents. This is a shallow copy, though. If the object contains pointers or references to other objects as members, the pointers and references are copied, not what they point to. You have to write code to do the copying in that case.STL containers such as std::array, std::vector, std::string, etc, have code to automatically copy their entire contents, but custom classes need it to be written out.An initializer list is efficient in C++. If the class or struct is “trivially constructed”, that is all members are ready after calling the class constructor, then an initializer list can be used to automatically construct an instance with the members of the list. No extra copying needs to be done; the compiler will optimize the instantiation most of the time.std:string s[4] = { "one", "two", "three", "four"}; /* four std::strings are created with the contents of each char array. s is created and the addresses of each std::string instance are placed in the array. When x goes out of scope, the destructors of each element are called. */ struct K { int x[4]; int total; }; K k = { {1,2,3,4}, 10 }; // const double pi(3.1415926); // optimized by compiler double twopi = 2.0 * pi; // not optimized const double tau = pi + pi; // optimized // compiler is smart with this new syntax int a[] = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1, -2, 0,-3 }; int x = 0; for(auto i : a) { std::cout << i << "\t" x = x + i; } std::cout << "\n" << x << "\n"; 4 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2 0 -3 34 for( long x : { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ) { std::cout << x << ",\t"; if (x%5 ==0) std::cout << "\n"; } 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A C++ reference (&) is not a pointer. You have to declare a reference type with an initialization to a valid object. Copying a reference does not copy the object, but adds another reference to the object. You do not need to use pointer syntax with references; it is more like an alias than a pointer. References cannot be reassigned to any other object. When a reference goes out of scope, it unbinds from the object, but the object will still be around, bound to its declared label, until that goes out of scope, then the object destructs.Object obj; // declaration Object& objref = obj; // or references o // a becomes a reference to the input reference. void print( Object& a) { a.print(); } // both calls work // print(obj); // a is ref to obj print(objref); // a is copy of objref Object b(obj); // copy constructor Object c = obj; // copy assignment Object& d = objref; // copy reference, // objref and d refer to same object Object e(objref) // copy constructor // objref dereferenced automatically auto f = obj; // copy obj auto & g = obj; // reference obj auto h = objref; // copy obj auto & j = objref; // copy reference This makes references safer than pointers, yet you still get the pass by ref advantage, without the pointer hassle and syntax. Also you are guaranteed thatyou will not get a NULL pointer by accident passed in.C++ prefers nullptr over NULL, because NULL is a constant integer (0) so can be misused or ambiguous if functions are overloaded to accept integer parameters.nullptr cannot be converted to an integer, so always will refer to a “pointer to nothing” as intended. Any type of pointer can be assigned nullptr.The C++ template system is amazing, but it has to be able to create an actual legal C++ function or class with actual types and variables to compile. A template is not generic, it synthesizes a specific function with all the template parameters filled-out and then compiles that, from the template recipe and the parameters passed in at compile-time. It cannot ‘figure out’ at run time if the parameters are correct; it will probably catch any ambiguities though. Templates are confusing for beginners because they can not see the actual code produced by them, but eventually they get the idea that the template code is not what is being run, the actual code created by the template is run.#include template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } generates:template int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // std::basic_string is what std::string really is template > std::basic_string add(std::basic_string a, std::basic_string b) { return a + b; } template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } ; void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); }

1.Teachers try to find out the key points in the essay and accordingly marks are allotted.2.Write the essay on the subject matter which the question is asking for instead of deviating from it.3. Do not repeat the same sentences again and again because it may create a wrong impression on the person who is checking your paper.4. Write quotation and highlight them.5. Provide examples if required.6. Teachers look for content and valid point suiting the essay so write the essay accordingly instead of writing 6-7 pages.7. Make less grammatical errors.8. First sketch the point of the essay and then prepare the essay.9. Do not try to copy essay from essay books.10. Write essay which is simple and understandable.11.Make your essay distinct from other candidates.12. Relate it with the current scenario, if required.13. Try to keep yourself aware of current affairs as it can majorly help you in english language exam.14. Practice essay from last ten years it will help you a lot and who knows you may get similar essay to write.15. Read good book of various genre this will help you in increasing your knowledge on various topics and in turn write a good essay for example: biography of some good personality.16. Give mock test which are conducted and get it checked through experts who have vast experience of teaching as they are well aware of marking scheme.17. Practice all type of essay covered in the syllabus so it will help you in the better selection of essay to be attempted.18. You can also prepare your own essay question seeing the current affairs and write on it and get it checked by teachers.19. Revise your essay once you complete your language paper.Suggestions are always welcomed so some more valuable points can be added.Study smart.Good luck.

I tell my clients who’d like to fix their credit themselves to do the following:pull your free credit reports from annual credit report. See what’s on each and look for discrepancies. You want to make sure you’re dealing with accurate information.Dispute the inaccuracies with the respective credit bureau and asked to have the information removed as it is not yours. This process can take some time as the bureaus legally have 30 days to respond. There can be some back and forth which is why I always say there’s no quick fixes.Once you’ve cleaned up inaccuracies time to pull together an action plan to pay off the debts on your report impacting your credit negatively.This process can be tedious which is why people have credit counselors assist. Beware of those scamming you or taking a lot of money from you and not showing you progress.

Modern warfare has become highly technological and strategic. Contemporary wars are won by Air forces - The modern fighter jets are complex fighting machines which form a ‘critical component’ of any world class airforce.Those Critical Assets are :LM JSF F - 35 Lightning IILM F - 22 RaptorEuro Fighter TyphoonSu - 35 Super Flanker ERafale Omni Role Super french FR3 / M variantsGripen SAAB Smart Figher JAS - 39 C / D / EChegdu Stealth J - 20 Mighty DragonStrike Eagle F - 15 EAdvanced Fulcrum MiG - 35sF / A - 18 Super HornetsF - 21 ViperFighting Falcon F - 16 Block - 52 & 60CAC J - 10s C Fire Bird Super Multi RoleSu - 30 Flanker variantsEagle F - 15 Variant CSu 27 s ‘Base Flanker’Fulcrum MiG - 29sare considered PRIME assets for thier air forces.They carry expensive tools of destruction with them such as :AIM 120 DMBDA MeteorRussian R - 77Storm ShadowVympel R - 73MICAR - 27Chinese Ultra long range PL - 15SD - 10JSMPavewayBrimstoneAIM 120 CAIM 132R - DarterDerbyPythonK - 100Astra &Cruise Missile & Stand Off A SMP VariantsHence one can safely say that No Manufacturer of Fighter jet will give away the Real / true Warfare or combat capability, let alone the full limits of it. Hence One has to wait for the real combat - the real showdown to see the real capability. Base Specifications & information related to Systems , Components , Weapons and Electronics are issued for marketing tactics or for disinformation purposes. So maybe all the information available is 100% accurate.__________________________________________________________________________________A generation of Airmen seems to have forgotten a simple lesson from history:‘It was leadership, not fancy equipment, that made the difference.’^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^THE EURO FIGHTER EF-2000 Tranche 4NICKNAMED “TYPHOON”Its a highly discussed Fighter jet , having mixed reviews by its supporters and by its opponents, has sparked a public argument. With predessors such as JAGUAR, PANAVIA & HARRIER, Its a European consorcium Fighter UK, Germany , Italy & Spain - first proto type released in Mid 1990s. Hence It was a European solution to a European scenario.DESIGN & AERODYNAMICSThe ability to patrol and intercept hostile aircraft is known as Quick Reaction Alert. Typhoon is a master in it.Designed for Single Seat - STOL Capable - Twin Engine - Initially developed as Supersonic BVR interception and close combat , Multi Role adaptations. Typhoon is designed to perform at least five air missions very efficiently :Air superiorityAir interdictionSuppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD)Close Air Support (CAS)Maritime Attack.Its in active operational service with 9 Operators.(Consorcium members plus Saudia Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Austria ). More than 550 Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft have been successfully delivered to seven countries: Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Austria, Oman and Saudi Arabia; and ordered by two more: Kuwait and Qatar. Participated in combats during operations in Libya, Iraq and Syria.Length 15.96 m x Wingspan 10.95 m.Length 15.67 mtrs x Wingspan 10.67 mtrs for F- 35AHence slightly Big in Size then lets say F-35 Lightning IIMax Altitude Above 59,000 ftEuro Fighter is based on a Typical European Design of Unstable airframe , a foreplane Delta - wing forward canard configuration, with dual intakes under the fuselage & a single vertical stabilizer .The ‘conventional statically stable’ aircraft has a ‘built-in’ inherent stability which requires a large wing area and causes a lot of drag that slows the aircraft under a turn.Fighter jets require Agility which is exact opposite of Stability. You want a fighter to be able to make turns & loops as quickly & easily as possible. Consequently, fighter aircraft rely on configurations that are unstable or neutrally stable. Canards help in this regard.CANARDS AND THIER IMPACTAn aeronautical device wherein a small fore-wing is placed forward of the main wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. A wide variety of canard designs have been proposed and flown over . Canards are used on aircraft whose main wings are well behind the center of gravity, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon..Carnards can be used as horizontal stabilizers as they being ahead of the C.G of the aircraft, acts directly to reduce longitudinal static stability.The aerodynamic advantages derived from the delta wing canard configuration :AERODYNAMIC FLOW RESULTING IN HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK :Angle of attack is the angle at which the oncoming air meets the wing. At low angle of attack, the vertical tail provides directional stability. However, as the angle of attack increases, its effectiveness decreases.High angles of attack (AOA) can be translated into a very high instantaneous turn rate and gives maneuverability advantages. Modren fighter jets can exceed 90 degrees AOA - Yet the software limit’s them from 30 - 60 Degrees to prevent Air frame damage owing to Stresses and fatigue factors.Layman terms - Higher the angle of attack, the more lift is generated by the wing… ONLY UPTO A POINT.Thereafter the wing signNow its ‘Critical Angle of Attack’ , and at higher angles of attack the amount of lift generated drops dramatically.Beyond the critical angle of attack , the wing no longer effectively generates lift and jet is stalled. Canards stall before the wings. Canards smoothen the turbulence and create Laminar (non-turbulent) flow. Good vortex flow is obtained and a High Angle of Attack may be obtained.UNSTABILITY :Create Unstability which is preferred. Results in Agility. The result is balanced by applying Controlled by FBW Computer Systems. A statically unstable basic aircraft needs continuous stabilisation with the help of an active flight control system with full authority.The high angle of attack recovery (HAoA) function is an extension of the flight control system’s angle of attack limitation. If the aircraft has a low speed and high nose angle, the angle of attack will be low at first but will increase and exceed the angle of attack limit as the speed drops further. The HAoA function and command will return the aircraft to the normal flight envelope in a controlled manner.CREATES LIFT :The canard essentially moves horizontal tail up to the nose and places the wing's center of lift behind the center of gravity. To balance the natural nose down tendency, Canard generates an upward lifting force - which helps oppose weight.Note that Canards results to produce ‘induced drag’ , it is usually countered by high aspect ratio canards i.e long and narrow.Combined delta canard configuration and 538 ft2 wing size confer very low wing loading on 50% internal fuel, and are optimised for transonic manoeuvre and supersonic dash performance. The loosely coupled canard is intended to provide high control authority at high angles of attack, by placing the surfaces ahead of the main vortices, but also to provide lower trim drag in supersonic flight.A Modern Composite Airframe with constituents :Carbon Fibre Composites 70%Metals 15%Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP) 12%Only 15% of the aircraft’s surface is metal. This gives a small Radar Cross section of RCS < 0.5 m2. Hence Typhoon makes slightly greater use of RAM and active canard signature management for frontal RCS reduction (As a comparison this is probably offset in the high-end survivability department by Active Syealth of Gripen E or Rafale’s superior SPECTRA electronic warfare system).POWER PLANT & PROPULSION EXCELLENCEThe Euro Jet EJ - 200’s components were developed by Rolls-Royce plc, MTU, Avio Group SpA, and Industria Turbo Propulsores SA – all well-respected names. And, like the Eurofighter, The Euro-jet consortium hails from the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Spain.The EJ-200 is the most modern combat engine in its class – with the best thrust-to-weight ratio, thrust retention and smallest fan diameter – the EJ200 sets new standards for reliability and adaptability. Typhoon is powered by 2 x Eurojet EJ-200 afterburning turbofans , each develops a DRY THRUST of 65 KN / 14,000 LBS & 90 KN / 20, 500 LBS Thrust with REHEAT.It takes about 1 minute 30 seconds after take-off to signNow more than 30,000 feet, all the while maintaining intercept airspeed.The engine is compact, approximately 4 metres in length, 800mm (30 inches) in diameter and weighs around 1,000 kg. The two-spool design with single-stage turbines drives the three-stage fan and five-stage HP compressor with annular combustion with vaporising burners.Engines powering the Typhoons of UK Royal Air Force (RAF) routinely achieve a mean time between repairs of over 1,000 flying hours, while the fleet leader in RAF has achieved over 1,700 flying hours on-wing without need for repair. This is unprecedented in combat engines where on-wing hours can often be measured in the low hundreds for previous generation engines. Relaibility centric Predictive Maintenance is achieved through use of advanced integrated Health Monitoring for class-leading reliability, maintainability and through Life Cost.Capability to cruise at supersonic speeds without the use of reheat (After Burners) for extended periods. it can fly at sustained speeds of MACH 1.5 AT FULL COMBAT EXTERNAL LOAD without the use of afterburner.CRITICAL SUB SYSTEMS OF PROPULSION SYSTEMLP CompressorHP CompressorA.C.CTurbine StageRe Heat or After burner SystemsDECMU1- LP - LOW PRESSURE COMPRESSOREJ-200 consists of a 3-stage Low-pressure compressor (LPC) module & 5-stage High-pressure compressor. This provides a ‘High Surge margin’ (Typhoon pilots feedback often states it is virtually impossible to surge the engine), needs no heating devices to combat ice and has a high bird strike resistance. Each stage of the LPC is equipped with wide-chord integrated blade/disk (blisk) assemblies that are low in weight (each stage in the LPC consists of a single blisk with no removable parts) and are a major factor in the reduction of complexity easing the burden on maintenance cost and personnel. At the end of the Low Pressure Compression module, core air is compressed by a factor of 4.2.2 -HP - HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORAir is then directed to the High Pressure Compressor (HPC), which is again designed achieve high reliability and minimum maintenance effort.Like the LPC, HPC is also equipped with single blisks in the first three stages. HPC further compresses core air by a factor of 6.2, leading to air that has been compressed by a factor of 26. The fact that EJ200 achieves this in eight stages, far lesser than the nine or ten stages employed by engines of comparable performance, is testament to the efficient aerodynamic design of the blades.3 - ACC - ANNULAR COMBUSTION CHAMBEREJ-200s annular combustor receives the highly compressed air. Microspraying fuel increases combustion-efficiency and also reduces the visible emissions of oxides of nitrogen. The key factors in determining jet engine efficiency and achievable work are the temperature and pressure differences attained between the engine inlet and combustor outlet. Although the maximum temperature of air leaving the combustion chamber is classified, the outlet stator temperature is generally reported to be 200ºC higher than previous generation engines.4 - TURBINE STAGEDownstream of the annular combustion chamber is the High Pressure Turbine (HPT). In order to handle the large temperatures generated in the combustion chamber, the HPT uses air-cooled single-crystal blades. The HPT guide vanes utilise a special Thermal Barrier Coating which increases the life of the blade and increases the achievable operating temperature .Following the HPT is a single Low Pressure Turbine stage, again employing single crystal blades.5- AFTER BURNING SYSTEMSEUROJET has installed an innovative three-stage thrust augmentation system to supply reheat as and when required by the pilot. Downstream from the low-pressure turbine, in the exhaust duct, are the first two stages of the thrust augmenter. The first stage consists of a radial series of burners and their associated flame cups. Subsequent to this is a stage of ‘primary vaporisers’ that spray fine mists of fuel that combust on contact with the hot exhaust air. Finally, the third stage comprises of fuel injectors located at the back of the bypass duct. These spray fuel into the cold, oxygen rich air that has passed through the duct unburned. It should be noted the dry performance of the engine is so good, pilots do not use reheat as much as other engines in this class. Operationally, this means more performance for less fuel.6 - DECMU (Digital Engine Control and Monitoring Unit)EJ-200’s Digital Engine Control and Monitoring Unit (DECMU) provides carefree handling for the whole turbo-machinery, automatically activates and controls the various stages of reheat, reduces pilot workload and provides engine monitoring and executive lifing functionalities. Executive Lifing measures actual usage rather than planned mission profiles which can achieve up to 50% Life Cycle Cost savings compared to other engines without this advantage. This is key not only to achieving the unparalleled standards of reliability but also in making the engine cost effective over its performance life. Executive Lifing reduces maintenance costs, especially given that the EJ-200 maintenance philosophy is a modular concept.Rate of Climb 317 Mtrs / SecWith 90KN ThrustSpeed 2.1 - 2.2 Mach & 2,900 kms RangeCombat RadiusGround attack, lo-lo-lo : 601 kmGround attack, hi-lo-hi : 1389 kmAir defence with 3hr CAP : 185 kmAir defence with 10-min loiter : 1389 kmG Limits : +9/-3 w/ int fuel and two AIM-120Impressive Thrust to Weight Ration of 1.15Empty Weight 22,000 lb / 9,999 kgMax Take-Off Weight 46,305 lb / 21,000 kgFerry Range 5,382 km / 3,310 miles — with 4 x drop tanksTyphoon is the faster aircraft and has a signNowly superior thrust-to-weight ratio which gives it better acceleration at all altitudes. This also allows Typhoon to retain and regain energy faster (than say Rafale) in a horizontal dogfight situation. Another key factor in maneuverability is Wing Loading ratio ; In aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing. It is expressed as kilograms per square meter, or pounds per square foot of wing area.Smaller the wing loading ratio , the better the turn performance.[math]Euro Fighter - 310 ; [/math][math]Rafale - 327 ; [/math][math]F15C - 358 ; [/math][math]F-18 - 460 Kg / m2. [/math]It also has a signNowly higher service ceiling of over 60,000 ft which allows it to operate uniquely well alongside the US F-22 Raptors ‘high and fast’ in the air superiority role which is exactly where it was designed to excel.RADAR , AVIONICS & COMMMUNICATIONSFull Authority FCS & Quadruplex digital system. Modern and comprehensive Avionic package. The pilot’s control system is a voice throttle and stick system (VTAS). Heads Up and Heads Down Display systems M.H.D.D installed.Detection technology used in latest tranch is :X-band CAPTOR (I/J-band) ECR-90 pulse-Doppler multimode radar.An AESA radar provides an aircraft with a more efficient, more robust, longer-ranged and finer-detailed radar than older, mechanically scanned or passive systems. It has improved Jamming Resistance and acts immensely to increase the situational awareness and effectiveness of a modren fighter jet. The addition of an AESA radar has become necessary because almost all modern fighter aircraft have already transitioned to this architecture.The CAPTOR-E radar , being developed by the Euro RADAR Consortium led by Selex ES, is based on the existing ‘back end’ of the mechanically-scanned (M-scan) CAPTOR radar. All Weather Radar Features Synthetic Aperture, Multimode A/A and A/G Fire Control Radar and Weapon System Support, with over 1,000 modules and a new AESA antenna mounted on an innovative repositioner. It can also cover low band Frequencies VHF/UHF. This gives the radar an unmatched field of regard without compromising performance and reliability.P.I.R.A.T.E SYSTEMA Passive Infra-Red Airborne Track Equipment (PIRATE) system for infrared search and tracking or a Supplementary Radar.The Typhoon’s PIRATE IRST is far and away the most capable fighter-mounted system in operation anywhere in the world. Its phenomenal sensitivity caused problems during the first decade of service due to the sheer number of false positive returns but now that processing power has caught up enough to allow the sensitivity to be properly exploited for extremely long range detection of fighter sized targets, including stealth targets, it is becoming one of Typhoon’s strongest advantages in the air superiority arena.However, at present, the systems integration allowing the radar and IRST to be tasked together in an optimal fashion is still superior on Rafale. This is a core focus of capability upgrades in the P3E software package for Typhoon.The system picks up heat changes around it & by this spot subsonic aircraft as far away as up to 100km+. This means that the Typhoon can still shoot its advanced IR-tracking missiles at a target, even though its enemy has stealth features.PIRATE detects and tracks the Infra-Red signatures of multiple aircraft at long range, over a wide field of view, day & night and adverse weather conditions. Being a passive sensor, it enables the aircraft to gather early intelligence of threats and to manoeuvre stealthily into an advantageous tactical position without being detected by hostile electronic warfare systems.PIRATE is integrated with other on-board sensor systems for maximum sensor fusion effectiveness. PIRATE locates & provides ‘cueing information’ on ground targets. It provides data and imagery to Head’s-up & Multi-function Head’s -down displays, facilitating navigation and terrain avoidance in adverse weather conditions.D.A.S.S SYSTEMDefensive Aid Sub System with Electronic Counter measures against incoming Missiles.Offering a comprehensive suite of electronic support measures and counter-measures, the Praetorian Defensive Aids Sub System developed by the Leonardo-led EuroDASS consortium, is carried in 2 x wing pods that are an integral part of the wing. DASS greatly enhances Eurofighter Typhoon’s ability to avoid, evade, counter and survive evolving threats.It consists of :Electronic Support Measures (ESM)A laser threat and missile approach warning systemAn Electronic Countermeasures System (ECM), decoys, towed decoysJammers and other sensorsAvionics.Eurofighter Typhoon D.A.S.S is also equipped with a ‘Towed Radar Decoy’ . carried in the starboad side as ‘built in’ to the wing tip. Towed decoy systems are for defensive purposes & used to protect fighter jets from radar-guided missiles. These countermeasures are towed behind the host aircraft protecting it against both surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles. They provide a radio-wave reflecting baid that attracts the RF-guided missiles away from the intended target.Miniature Air Launched Decoy MALDENHANCED SITUATIONAL AWARENESSEven while still on the ground, the pilot can keep a check on the position of the aircraft to be intercepted via its Data-Link (a two-way radio-controlled data exchange).The Miniature Air Launched Decoy (MALD) is used to lure enemy air defence systems into revealing themselves or attacking aircraft or ISTAR systems that can provide targeting information for stand off weapons. With a range of 500nm, endurance of 45 minutes, operating altitude of 40,000 feet plus, speed of Mach 0.91, modular electronics fit and emissions signature that is designed to mimic allied aircraft it can also be used to simply overwhelm air defences with targets, if they attack MALD they are depleting their finite missile stocks.The data-link is provided by the Multiple Image Data System (MIDS). It aids situational awareness information to the pilot. As a case in point - The french Super Omni Jet Rafale utilises ‘a one-way datalink’ with the missile when it has been fired, not the 2 - way ‘Datalink’. which Typhoon and Gripen E are equipped with – which allows for much more accurate and reliable guidance during very long range engagements whilst the missile is in semi-active mode.Kuwait’s Typhoons will be the first to use the Lockheed Martin Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod (ATP), which has recently been upgraded to include two-color laser spot tracking, short-wave infrared, and advanced non-traditional intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (NTISR) modes.New-customer Typhoons Will Be the Most Advanced Yet***********************************************************************************In 2011, the RAF deployed 10 x Typhoon aircraft to its base in Italy for operations in Libya, and achieved 4,500 flying hours without an engine change. The aircraft operated in its air-to-air role and for the first time attacked ground targets using laser-guided Paveway bombs. “The sensors on the aircraft are so good it’s a question of how we use that information and how we get it to other fast jets and ground allies. It is about ensuring the right information is in the right place at the right time.” — Air Cdre Linc Taylor, Royal Air Force.A U.K. Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon used a brimstone missile to destroy a boat used by Islamic State in Syria, the RAF said Friday, 2019 February 22 release, marking the first time the aircraft has deployed the weapon system. Brimstone is an air-launched ground-attack missile developed by MBDA for the RAF, specifically to target enemy armor. The Brimstone launcher carries three missiles in a single weapon station. Its equipped with enhanced autopilot, the Dual Mode SAL / millimetric wave (mmW) seeker, and the insensitive munition-compliant rocket motor and warhead.For Air to Ground missions you have the ability to simply look outside at where a target is then cue the weapon system to look there with the Litening Designator Pod. Due to this capability it means that after identifying a target, you can drop a Paveway IV, 500-lb precision weapon on it in seconds.**************************************************************************************WEAPONSMauser Cannon 27 mmIt has 13 hardpoints which allows for up to 3 fuel drop tanks and 10 missiles/laser guided bombs or 13 missiles/laser guided bombsLong Range 6 x BVR Matra- Meteor AMRAAMClose range SRAAM is 2 x AIM-132 ASRAAM.A range of air-to-ground weapons can be carried, including the new Storm Shadow CASOM, Brimstone anti-armour weapon, and the future Precision Guided Bomb (PGB).Manufacturers ban Euro Fighhter in exports for carrying nuclear weapons. RAF standoff weapon is the Matra-BAe Storm Shadow cruise missile.SCALP - STORM SHADOW Air-Launched, Long RANGE , Stand-Off Deep Attack MissileThe Storm Shadow missile is designed to penetrate deep into hard rock targets. It is equipped with fire-and-forget technology and fully autonomous guidance.The missile has a length of 5.1m, wingspan of 3m, and a body diameter of 0.48m. It weighs 1,300kg and has a range of more than 250km. The Storm Shadow missile is equipped with a Turbomeca Microturbo TRI 60-30 turbojet propulsion system, which can produce a 5.4kN of thrust.The missile is fitted with a two-stage bomb royal ordnance augmented charge (BROACH) blast/ penetrator warhead.The first stage of the warhead makes the way for the second stage by cutting the surface of the target. The larger second stage (main) of the warhead then penetrates into the target and detonates.The navigation system of the missile includes inertial navigation (INS), global positioning system (GPS) and terrain reference navigation for better control over the path and accurate target strike. The missile is fitted with a passive imaging infrared seeker. Once released from the aircraft, the missile follows a pre-programmed path at low level with the help of continuous updates from the onboard navigation system. It employs imaging infrared seeker to compare the actual target area with stored imagery repeatedly until signNowing the target.The Storm Shadow is also in service with the air forces of Italy, Greece, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is referred to as Black Shaheen in the UAE Air Force service.The Storm Shadow can be integrated into Tornado GR4, Tornado IDS, Saab Gripen, Mirage 2000, Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon and JSF F - 35 aircraft.CROWN JEWEL BVR - M E T E O R MBDA** Meteor : Beyond Visual Range BVRAAM Air to Air with Active Radar Guidance.Meteor offers a multi-shot capability against long range manoeuvring targets, jets, UAVs and cruise missiles in a Loaded Electronic Counter Measure environment , called ECM. It has range well in excess of 100 kilometres . Meteor can be launched as a stealth missile. It is equipped with enhanced kinematics features. It is capable of striking different types of targets simultaneously in almost any weather.Meteor’s stunning performance is achieved through its unique ramjet propulsion system – solid fuel, variable flow, ducted rocket. This ‘ramjet’ motor provides the missile with thrust all the way to target intercept, providing the largest No-Escape Zone of any air-to-air missile.No -escape zone of over 60 km is largest among air-to-air missiles according to manufacturer. Solid-fueled ramjet motor allows missile to cruise at a speed of over mach 4 and provides the missile with thrust and mid-way acceleration to target interception.The Typhoon is a super fighter within visual range , though we must always remember that at WVR , Its not fighting the aircraft but the pilot.*******************************************************************************COSTS AND REVIEW SUMMARYMaintenance cost of Typhoon is on higher side than that of Rafale.Unit Cost in excess of 125 MUS$ per aircraft.Euro Fighter Edges out all competitors such as Rafale in its Maneuverability, Higher THRUST Power , Increased Combat Radius, Excellent IRST , Advanced CM / Decoy system & higher Service Cieling . Yes Quality is Expensive. Its a potent partner for Euroean nations with JSF Lightning II F - 35.Where Typhoon acting as Air Superiority Leader and clearing Air enemy jets ; F - 35 Stealth acting as Battle manager - A Command & Control capable - Data fusion Electronic based - Striker bomber role for taking out SAM , S - 400s , AWACS etc and other remaining flying assets which may have avoided Euro Fighter Jet by flying away…!https://www.eurofighter.com/the-...***********************************************************************************Knowledge is a process of piling up facts; wisdom lies in their simplification.Thanks for reading..

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