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FAQs
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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How can I deactivate my Zerodha demat account?
Firstly, you need to make sure you do not have any debit (negative balance) in your trading account. You will have to clear your dues before you close your account.Also, you need to make sure there are no securities in your DEMAT account.Note: Closing your account is different from De-activation. Your Trading and DEMAT accounts will be closed permanently. You will have to re-do the account opening process if you want to resume trading with Zerodha.To close your account, download and print the account closure form, select 'Close' account, fill it out and send it to our head office.Alternatively, you can digitally sign (e-sign) the filled account closure form and submit it by raising a ticket below. The account closure form will be processed within 5-7 working days. The process of digitally e-signing is as below -Fill up the closure form - using MS Word or any other text editorSign up/ Log in to Digio - https://www.digio.inClick on Add document and upload the closure form.Click on sign icon.Enter your VID and once you do you will receive an OTP.Once you enter OTP digital signature will be affixed to account modification form, Once the signature is affixed you need download it and submit it by raising a ticket below.It is important to note that, In case of account 'closure cum transfer' you will have to send us a hard copy of the account closure form. Along with it, you'll have to send us the CMR (Client Master Report) of the target DEMAT account. The CMR has to be a hard copy with seal & stamp for NSDL account (or a digitally signed CMR for CDSL clients)Note: The Clients account shall be closed upon a specific request from the client. The closure shall be effective only after a period of one month has elapsed from the date of application/intimation or the date of settlement of account whichever is later.Settlement of account shall mean that there is no outstanding balance of shares or funds in the books of the client and Zerodha and the same is confirmed by the client. The date of confirmation shall be the effective date of settlement. As far as dormant accounts are concerned, we do not close such accounts but mark the same as “Inactive” till further action by the concerned client.Source: How do I close my Zerodha account?
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How close did the US come to losing the Battle of Midway during WW2?
Pretty close. It was a near run thing.The Americans entered the Battle with good advantages. They had the element of surprise. They had broken the enemy codes and knew their plans even their Aleutian adventure. (And obviously the Japanese were unaware of this fact.) There were prepared! The Americans brought more aircraft/pilots than the Japanese - the Americans brought along the survivors from the Lexington and patched up the Yorktown. They had radar and could detect enemy aircraft 100 miles away; the Japanese did not. And they had a simple and effective plan - strike the enemy carriers when they were distracted with Midway Island’s defences.Yao Zhan's answer to What should Nagumo have done at the Battle of Midway when he received his first sighting report of US carriers?But the Americans were still inexperienced compared to the Japanese. The Hornet strike team went the wrong way. The US Marine divebomber pilots from Midway Island had insufficient air training. The American strike force went in uncoordinated and often piecemeal, one at a time, allowing the Japanese to swat each threat away without getting any damage.And. The Dauntless divebombers from Enterprise that helped to deal the devastating blow to the Japanese carrier fleet were initially lost. They couldn’t find the enemy fleet. They were low on fuel.Fortunately, the Enterprise dive bomber commander, Wade McClusky, spotted the Arashi, a lone Japanese Destroyer, in the ocean (he misidentified it as a cruiser in his report). Nagumo had ordered it to attack an American submarine. Once its job was done, it headed back to the fleet.McClusky put two and two together and deduced that the single warship was heading back to the fleet. So he took its direction.The word “luck” is not one coined by me. You can read it in the American battle account. This is the report of Wade McClusky’s, Commander of the Enterprise divebomber group:Arriving at the estimated point of contact the sea was empty. Not a …vessel was in sight. A hurried review of my navigation convinced me that I had not erred. What was wrong?With the clear visibility it was certain that we hadn't passed them unsighted. Allowing for their maximum advance of 25 knots, I was positive they couldn't be in my left semi-circle, that is, between my position and the island of Midway. Then they must be in the right semi-circle, had changed course easterly or westerly, or, most likely reversed course. To allow for a possible westerly change of course, I decided to fly west for 35 miles, then to turn north-west in the precise reverse of the original Japanese course. After making this decision, my next concern was just how far could we go. We had climbed, heavily loaded, to a high altitude. I knew the planes following were probably using more gas than I was. So, with another quick calculation, I decided to stay on course 315 degrees until (1000), then turn north-eastwardly before making a final decision to terminate the hunt and return to the Enterprise.Call it fate, luck or what you may, because at (0955) I spied a lone … cruiser scurrying under full power to the north-east. Concluding that she possibly was a liaison ship between the occupation forces and the striking force, I altered my Group's course to that of the cruiser. At (1005) that decision paid dividends.(Painting by RG Smith)Jackpot. At 1002, he radioed Admiral Spruance on the Enterprise to say:This is McClusky. Have sighted the enemy.At this stage, the Dauntless bombers who had a max range of 175 miles with their 1000lb bomb were low on fuel. Some of them had already crashed into the sea after running out of fuel. To compound the problem, some of the Yorktown bombers, including the one being flown by Max Leslie commander of the Yorktown dive bomber group had accidentally dropped their bombs into the sea due to a technical glitch.By chance, the strike team from the Yorktown, comprising of Wildcat fighter escort, Devastator torpedo bombers and Dauntless dive bombers, arrived around the same time as the Enterprise group. The Yorktown team was more experienced and better coordinated. However, Leslie’s divebombers, were not the first to sight the enemy carrier fleet. It was the Torpedo group led by Lt. Commander Lance Massey that did. Massey’s torpedo bombers VT-3, together with the six Wildcat fighter VF-3 plane escort led by Lt. Cmdr. Thach, did the job of drawing the enemy CAP down to sea level, forty two A6M2 Zero fighters !!!!!! flown by elite enemy pilots.(“Zero” A6M2 fighter - a sight that brought terror to the enemy in 1942)Massey and Thach’s groups distracted the forty two Zero fighters and enemy AA from the divebombers who were commencing their high altitude attack. For the first time, Thach used his famous aviation tactic, the “Thach Weave - Wikipedia”, to confound the deadly Japanese Zero fighter. It worked! Despite the incredible odds, he managed to shoot three Zeros down. And, he survived too, much to his own pleasant surprise.Lt. Cmdr. John Thach. Veteran of the Battle of Coral Sea and Midway. He survived the sinking of the Lexington and was posted to the Yorktown. After the battle, he was assigned to training schools to teach the next batch of fighter pilots.Massey made a small change of course to the right. We took off on a heading of about southwest, and I wondered why he did that. Looking ahead, I could see ships through the breaks in the clouds, and I figured that was it. … The six Yorktown Wildcats were the only fighters that got any combat over the Japanese fleet—no other fighters. And VF-3 was the only fighter squadron in the Battle of Midway that had any signNow aerial combat later in defense of our carriers. Lt.Cmdr. John Thach account.Lt Cmdr. Lance E. Massey’s commander of Torpedo Bomber group VT-3.Massey’s Torpedo Bomber VT-3 group were not so lucky. Out of the 12 Devastator torpedo bombers, only 2 survived. Massey and his crew were killed in battle.The successful combined strike by the Yorktown and Enterprise bombers owed a great deal to luck. The torpedo bombers went in while the Dauntless divebombers were still lost in the clouds according to Leslie’s report.Their commanders had lost communication at this crucial moment. Leslie said he would not have found the enemy fleet if he didn’t see the Massey’s torpedo group turn to that direction. This is an excerpt of his battle report.Meanwhile, the Dauntless divebombers from the Hornet could not find the enemy carrier too. Their Wildcat escorts - eleven plus crashed into the sea after running out of fuel. The bombers managed to land on Midway Island before they ran out of fuel. They totally failed to find and bomb the Japanese aircraft carriers.If the McClusky and Leslie had been incompetent, over cautious, or plain unlucky, or made an error like the Hornet group - that deadly strike at 1015 would never have happened.Up to that point, the battle was not going well for the Americans. They had lost numerous aircraft and had not damaged a single enemy aircraft carrier despite their best efforts. One US Maruader bomber did come close to killing Nagumo and his entire staff with a “kamikaze style” attack; it crashed into the sea, all its crew perished.The American torpedo bombers including the new Avenger bombers were massacred by the Japanese CAP.Captain Mitscher the commander of CV-8 Hornet carrier had sent his forces the wrong way. None of Hornet’s divebombers attacked the enemy carriers that morning.Cmdr Waldron, the leader of the ill-fated Hornet Devastator torpedo group, disobeyed orders and found the enemy carriers. He bravely lead his bombers despite having no fighter escort. They were the first among the carrier bombers to attack the Japanese carriers. They were all shot down, without inflicting damage. Only one man survived from Waldron’s flight, miraculously surviving an ordeal in the ocean. Only one aircraft from Torpedo 8, flown from Midway Is., made it back, badly damaged.*The Dauntless divebombers armed with their 1000lb bombs were also operating at their maximum range. Many of them including the one flown by Max Leslie - seen in the photo below - had to ditch in the sea due to lack of fuel. At the end of the day, this wasn’t a serious problem because the Americans had sunk all of the enemy carriers. But if their attack had failed, it would have meant the Americans carriers wouldn’t have enough aircraft to mount a strong counter attack.(Max Leslie’s Dauntless crashing into the sea after running out of fuel, after the successful strike in the morning.)If Nagumo had acted prudently and sailed away from the mysterious enemy fleet after he recovered his Midway Island strike force at 0917, it is also possible that the Enterprise and Yorktown divebombers, low on fuel, would not have found him. At the very least, it would have drawn them further away from their carriers, and placing greater chance of them running out of fuel and crashing into the sea.And of course Nagumo was now aware that there were American aircraft carriers in the vicinity. Previously, the Japanese were totally oblivious to the fact that the Americans had a fleet stationed off Midway Island. When they received news of this, they initially discounted it. They were also of course unaware that their codes had been broken and would remain oblivious to this serious problem until the post-war period.Yao Zhan's answer to How did the Americans win the Battle of Midway? Was it because of technological superiority or intelligence superiority?The dive bombers were the final throw of the dice for the US Navy. If the Enterprise and Yorktown dive bombers failed like their Hornet counterparts, the Americans would have faced a disaster. They had suffered serious aircraft losses. Their torpedo bombers were massacred. Hornet had lost most of its Wildcat fighter planes - leaving only six left. Many of the Enterprise and Yorktown divebombers would fail to return back to their carriers; Enterprise lost half of its dive bombers by midday.Meanwhile, the Japanese 2nd enemy invasion fleet was also approaching Midway Island. They would have been able to bombard its airstrip at night. And, if Nagumo kept his distance, he could have used the longer range of his aircraft to take out the enemy carriers with impunity.Once the element of surprise was lost, the Americans would have lost their most important asset. The Japanese now knew that there were enemy carriers in the area. What’s more, the Americans had suffered serious aircraft losses ; if this first strike failed, they were in dire danger.Chances are that the Japanese with their elite aircrew would have won the battle and sunk all the enemy carriers without serious losses themselves.Not belittling the efforts of the American cryptoanalysts, the Midway Island airforce, and the brave American Torpedo bomber crews and of course the skill of the Enterprise and Yorktown divebomber crews, but it was very lucky that the Enterprise and the Yorktown Dauntless divebombers showed up at the same time while the enemy Zero fighters had all come down to deal with the Devastator torpedo bombers and Thach’s six Wildcats.If you disagree, read the battle reports of McClusky and Leslie.The Dauntless divebomber attack run was conducted unopposed, ideal attack conditions. Had they arrived at the wrong time, the outcome could have been considerably different.Update: I don’t have my copy of Parshall and Tully’s Shattered Sword with me. So I haven’t checked the info on Yorktown.(There is some conflict in the reporting over the timing of the strike. I believe its because the Japanese were using Tokyo time zone, the Americans were using the local time zone.)Source and other reading material:Yao Zhan's answer to How could Japan win the Battle of Midway?Yao Zhan's answer to What should Nagumo have done at the Battle of Midway when he received his first sighting report of US carriers?*Mitscher and the Mystery of Midway“Jimmy” John S. Thach account: Flying into a Beehive: Fighting Three at MidwayMax Leslie’s Battle Report Battle of Midway. You can download it here: Battle of Midway Lt. Max Leslie Signature? - MILITARY AIRCRAFT & AVIATIONhttps://www.cafutahwing.org/batt...Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully, Shattered Sword. Shattered Sword is the latest in-depth examination of the actual battle. Shattered Sword is extremely well researched and worth reading many times over. (When I wrote my answer, I did not have my copy of the book with me and made a few errors which I have since corrected).Barrett Tillman, Osprey Series - SBD Dauntless Units of WW2 - if you want an easy to read book of the battle, Osprey has a series on the Battle. This is one of them. Has pictures too. :)Joseph Rochefort - WikipediaThe 'Codebreaker' Who Made Midway Victory PossibleThe First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway: John B. Lundstrom: 9781591144717: Amazon.com: Books John B. Lundstrom’s, The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (1984). Lundstrom analyses the aerial combat using Japanese and American sources to better understand and corroborate combat reports. His work is absolutely amazing and detailed. It is a must have for any person interested in the Pacific campaign and air combat.The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Strategies, February to June 1942: H. P. Willmott: 9781591149491: Amazon.com: BooksThe Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Strategies, Feb to June 1942 by H.P. Willmott. This is a very satisfying book to read as it explores the dilemmas and possibilities facing the Allied and Japanese leaders leading up to the Battle of Midway. Did you know that Admiral King, the Chief of the US Navy asked the British for the use of two of their aircraft carriers, HMS Indomitable and Formidable prior to Midway but he misled them about USN losses and damage at the Battle of Coral Sea? So the British refused King’s request.Yao Zhan's answer to Could the battleship Yamato have turned the tide in the Battle of Midway?Yao Zhan's answer to What were the biggest tactical and strategic mistakes that the Japanese made during WWII?Yao Zhan's answer to Assuming Japan Navy won at battle of Midway, what could happened during the course of war?Yao Zhan's answer to During the first stages of the Battle of Midway, why did the Japanese not choose to use B5Ns or D3As for reconnaissance?Yao Zhan's answer to What are the best books about the Battle of Midway?Joseph J. Rochefort was an American Naval officer and cryptanalyst. His contributions and those of his team were crucial to the American victory in the Battle of Midway. Despite his contribution, Admiral King, the head of the USN, demoted him to command a dry-dock for the duration of the war. King’s staff were embarrassed because they did not believe the intel which as we know turned out to be correct. So they sent the brilliant cryptanalyst to waste his time on a dry dock. He received his well deserved medal posthumously long after he had died.Battle of Midway: 3-6 June 1942 Combat Narrative
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What are some good guidelines to follow for e-mail etiquette?
Snovio team collected a great list of advice to follow for e-mail etiquette.With our service people send thousands of email sequences daily so we know what we talk about.These simple points will help you send the best campaign you can:Allow people to unsubscribe(unsubscribe button/link) from your list or give them an option to leave the sequence of emails for this particular campaign.You must react fast and respond to any message, complaint or inquiry received.Pre-test every email – check what yo send always! Make sure you’re using the right writing style, correct grammar and spelling. Check that the personalization works properly and the name, job position and any other personal data you’re using is displayed correctly.Make correct scheduling and consider the time zone your email recipient in.Timing follow-ups:Don’t send follow-ups every day and 2 a day -it’s a bad tone!Here’s a quick example of a good sequence timing:Use friendly communication style – it works better than a corporate one. Always imagine you are speaking to an ordinary person just like yourself. Keep the conversation genuine and simple. But don’t forget to stay polite – don’t use excessive slang or cuss words. Keep all emails nice and clean.Keep it short – go directly to the point! Keep the emails as short as possible, nobody likes reading long salesy emails. My advice is to keep it under 500 characters.Don’t sell, but offer a consultation, a business conversation, share valuable content, educate each other, but don’t sell! You will have a chance to sell later in the sequence.Don’t overload the email with attachments and distractions – multiple links, questions, CTAs, and attachments will only make the recipient lose their focus. The good practice is to have 1 question/link per email – this will keep the recipient focused on what you want from them and won’t get them overwhelmed by choices.Treat every recipient as an opportunity. It’s not a bulk campaign, keep that in mind!
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How did people feel after the fall of Rome?
In a way, it is correct to say that life went on as normal; which is not to say, of course, that there was anything normal about life at all, in those days and years and centuries.The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was a long agony, so we’d be best served by limiting our scope to the two most traumatic events: the sack of Rome by the Arian (non-Catholic Christian) Visigoths in 410 AD (800 exact years after Brennus’ Gauls) and the final collapse of Roman Italy in 476 AD (in Ravenna, capital of the Western Empire, Skirian (?) General Odoacer deposes his titular boss Romulus Augustus and crowns himself King of Italy and vassal of the Eastern Emperor); but first, a premise on the two very different sets of witnesses.The one cultural event monopolizing the debates of the era is the slow victory of Christianity over traditional Roman religion: the Romans of 410 had barely anything but blood in common with Scipio, Caesar or even Trajan. Not even the Latin language itself, as words irredeemably lost their old meaning: fides went from meaning “commitment”, “word of honor” (~besa) to “blind belief”; gratia went from “goodwill”, “friendliness” to “divine intervention”; persona went from “[theater] mask” to “human being” (replacing the usual homo with a very explicit metaphor on the emptiness of Man); damnatio went from “penal punitive measure” to “life failure”; a daemon went from being a “supernatural” force to a “supernaturally evil” one[1]; salus went from “deliverance” to “salvation” and then, in Medieval Romance, to “health”, through a process of normalization of Christian theological vocabulary; etc.[2] The “uneasy coexistence of Science and Faith” is a concept a Pagan Roman would have lacked the very words to formulate.One may of course dismiss this as an overly technical observation, but the fact is, upheavals this thorough are not normal in history: they are artificial, sustained interventions with a purpose, and as such are both cause and consequence of extremely unusual social circumstances — I’ve written about the Nazis’ kindred efforts, but the Soviets and other Communists acted in this direction too (eg. power — vlast’, pushtet, etc. — went on to mean “government”, and was normally used with that meaning by non-activists: putting yourself against “the System” meant putting yourself against Soviet Power, an almost metaphysical-sounding concept), and they were all following the logic expressed with dazzling clarity by George Orwell in a little gem, his scholarly appendix to 1948:“The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought — that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc — should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. To give a single example. The word free still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as ‘This dog is free from lice’ or ‘This field is free from weeds’. It could not be used in its old sense of ‘politically free’ or ‘intellectually free’ since political and intellectual freedom no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless.”— Appendix: The Principles of NewspeakThe Fall of the Western Empire intertwines with such and other (much larger, and longer) processes, of which it ends up constituting but a chapter.We think of the ruins, of course: those are what remains to speak on behalf of it all, the mere shell. But what about the men inhabiting those ruins — what was lost within men, before the walls even started giving in? Look at what is missing in the picture of a modern ruin.Not just language, lifestyle and hopes changed, but the very nature of thought down to what people consider obvious and what they don’t: matters of behavior, of ethics, of one’s knee-jerk ideas of “good” and “evil”; but also the deeper cosmological roots of people’s worldview: does time have a beginning? Is it a line going in one direction, or is it a disorderly succession of progress and regress, with no underlying “goal” or purpose, but with recurring patterns? Are our senses helping us or hindering us in making sense of the world? Do you get to the truth by adding or subtracting? Is knowledge a journey or is it the destination? Is what we live life, or is it a tricky, lying, dangerous prelude to life? The answers to these questions were so blatantly obvious to the man of the street before and after roughly the 3rd to 7th Centuries, but opposite answers to all the above questions would be given in those two eras. What happened during the centuries comprising the Fall of Rome was nothing short of the greatest Cultural Revolution in European history, and the contemporaries’ experience of the traumatizing, extremely unsettling and unpredictable geopolitical upheavals that riddled those years was obviously marked by the still-ongoing debate on the very foundations of life.It is indeed a conflict that has lost its dramatic poignancy to our eyes, and that we’ve grown used to see as a “frozen” horror at the root of the West, a mere footnote, perhaps: but the violence was no less than what tv newscasts from recent years might have shocked us with, and the stakes — much, much higher.One of the cardinal incidents from the time of these culture wars is the debate regarding the Altar to Victoria in the Roman Senate, in 384 AD — four years after the Edict of Thessalonica and twenty-six years before Alaric’s Sack of Rome — which started with Pagan praefectus urbis (“governor” of Rome) Symmachus’ plea with the Emperors Valentinian II (West) and Theodosius I (East) to restore the golden statue, which had presided over all Senate sessions since before the Punic Wars, until removed a few years earlier. In a mix of Roman Nationalism, allegiance to Imperial authority and earnest piety, Symmachus pleads:9. Romam nunc putemus assistere, atque his vobiscum agere sermonibus: “Optimi principes, patres patriae reveremini annos meos, in quos me pius ritus adduxit. Utar cerimoniis avitis; neque enim poenitet. Vivam meo more, quia libera sum. Hic cultus in leges meas orbem redegit: haec sacra Hannibalem a moenibus, a Capitolio Senonas repulerunt. Ad hoc ergo servata sum, ut longaeva reprehendar? Videro quod instituendum putatur; sera tamen et contumeliosa emendatio senectutis.”10. Ergo diis patriis, diis indigetibus pacem rogamus. Aequum est quidquid omnes colunt, unum putari. Eadem spectamus astra, commune coelum est, idem nos mundus involvit. Quid interest qua quisque prudentia verum requirat? Uno itinere non potest perveniri ad tam grande secretum. Sed haec otiosorum disputatio est: nunc preces, non certamina offerimus.——9. Let us now imagine that Rome herself were before you and addressed you in these words: “Excellent princes, fathers of the fatherland, respect my age, which my pious rites allowed me to signNow. Let me follow the ancestral ceremonies, for I do not repent of them. Let me live after my own fashion, for I am free. This worship subdued the world to my laws, these sacred rites kept Hannibal from the walls, and the Senones from the Capitol. Have I been saved to see this, to be reproached in my old age? I shall consider the nature of what is being proposed for adoption; but reproaching the elderly is untimely and arrogant.”10. Thus, we ask for the gods of our fathers and for the gods of the land to be afforded peace. It is fair to consider all that men worship as one same thing: we observe the same stars, one sky is above all of us, the same world involves us: what matters which wisdom we rely on, in our quest for truth? A single path cannot lead to solving such a grandiose mystery. But these are moot disquisitions: we are now offering prayers, not diatribes.[3]Far from being mere syncretism or relativism or oecumenic imperialism or missionaryism or the consequence of a Spermatikos Logos[4] (a concept best synthesized as “whatever they got right is ours, because they managed to catch a glimpse of our truth” — eg. check paragraph 12 here), the bolded sentence above is the expression of the Pagan trust in the evocative power of human research and memory, rather than revelation, which would in itself be shared by all men and thus common to all “natural” religions: I’ve touched upon this fundamental doctrine, known in its practical results as interpretatio, in an older answer of mine comparing the Greek god Ares with Roman Mars:We in the modern world are more used to the Abrahamic understanding of theological knowledge being revealed unto mankind by the deity through men temporarily inspired to repeat God’s very own words into a holy book: this is the principle that makes Abrahamic religions “exclusionary” (a much better label than “monotheistic”, as argued by prof. Jan Assmann [more on him below]); but ancient paganism saw the source of theological knowledge in men particularly sensitive to being possessed by Muses/Camenes/goddesses linked to a general, underlying Memory of the world, who dictated to their countrymen bits of deeper knowledge — and those could easily turn out to coincide with some parts of the neighboring culture’s imperfect knowledge of the foundations of the world (a common occurrence, since there usually were distant but shared Indo-European roots to European foreigners): since cosmology and theology were seen as ever-perfectable fields of inquiry, other cultures’ intuitions were welcome into your own knowledge, if the two were compatible — this is the principle underlying interpretatio.The newly-triumphant cult would have nothing of this, of course; more precisely, the new Abrahamic religion had a very hard time even conceiving of these premises — the gap between the two traditions’ outlook was simply too huge for bridges, and once you joined the new cult, you accepted an exclusive and jealous authority that made you grow very distant from the premise itself of Paganism.As soon as Symmachus’ plea was heard, Archbishop of Milan (and later Saint as well as modern Patron Saint of that city) Ambrose, who had great influence on the young Western Emperor, wrote him two letters as counterargument (epistulae 17, 18 — here in English), and his position eventually won.The first letter was written by an alarmed Ambrose before having a chance to read Symmachus’ plea:1. Cum omnes homines, qui sub dicione Romana sunt, vobis militent, imperatoribus terrarum atque principibus, tum ipsi vos omnipotenti deo et sacrae fidei militatis. Aliter enim salus tuta esse non poterit, nisi unusquisque deum verum, hoc est, deum Christianorum, a quo cuncta reguntur, veraciter colat; ipse enim solus verus est deus, qui intima mente veneretur: “Dii enim gentium daemonia”, sicut scriptura dicit.2. Huic igitur vero deo quisque militat et, qui intimo colendum recipit affectu, non dissimulationem, non conniventiam, sed fidei studium et devotionis inpendit. Postremo si non ista, consensum saltem aliquem non debet colendis idolis et profanis caerimoniarum cultibus exhibere. Nemo enim deum fallit, cui omnia etiam cordis occulta manifesta sunt.[…]6. Nullus obrepat iuniori aetati tuae! Sive ille gentilis est, qui ista deposcit, non debet mentem tuam vinculis suae superstitionis innectere, sed proprio studio docere et admonere te debet, quemadmodum verae fidei studere debeas, quando ille tanto motu veri vana defendit. Deferendum meritis clarorum virorum et ego suadeo, sed deum certum est omnibus praeferendum.7. Si de re militari est consulendum, debet exercitati in proeliis viri exspectari sententia, consilium conprobari, quando de religione tractatus est, deum cogita! Nullius iniuria est, cui deus omnipotens antefertur. Habet ille sententiam suam.[…]14. Quid respondebis sacerdoti dicenti tibi: Munera tua non quaerit ecclesia, quia templa gentilium muneribus adornasti? Ara Christi dona tua respuit, quoniam aram simulacris fecisti; vox enim tua, manus tua et subscriptio tua, opus est tuum. Obsequium tuum dominus Iesus recusat et respuit, quoniam idolis obsecutus es; dixit enim tibi: «Non potestis duobus dominis servire» (Matth. 6,24). Privilegia tua sacratae deo virgines non habent et vindicant virgines Vestae? Cur sacerdotes dei requiris, quibus petitiones profanas gentilium praetulisti? Alieni erroris societatem suscipere non possumus.——1. Even as all men that live under Roman domination fight for you, Emperors of the Earth and sovereigns, you in turn fight for almighty God and for the Holy Faith. Salvation could otherwise not be assured, if everyone did not earnestly worship the true God, that is, the God of the Christians, by Whom all things are ruled; He is indeed the one true God, who is worshipped within the deepest of one’s soul: “For the gods of the Gentiles are daemonic things [“daemonia” in the Latin]”, as the Scripture says [Ps. xcv. 5].2. It is for this reason that whoever fights for this true God and accepts the principle that He is to be worshipped with intimate participation, devotes himself not to dissimulation, not to connivance, but to the practice of faith and adoration. At the very least, if he doesn’t engage in this, he shall not give his consent to the worship of idols nor to the celebration of profane cults. For nobody escapes God, to Whom even the deepest of all hearts appears clearly.[…]6. Let nobody take advantage of your young age! If he is a Gentile who asks such things of you, he must not clutch your mind with the fetters of his own superstition, but he must rather teach you and exhort you by [the example of] his own dedication how strongly you should dedicate yourself to the practice of the True Faith, whenever he puts so much true effort into defending empty things. I too suggest you respect the achievements of great men, but God obviously must come before everyone else.7. If a matter of warfare were at hand, you would seek the advice of a man who has become expert by going through many battles, and then follow his suggestions; when it is a matter of religion, think of God! Nobody shall be offended if almighty God is put before him. Let the other man have his own mind on this.[…]14. What will you answer to the priest who tells you: “The Church doesn’t want your gifts, for you have adorned the Gentiles’ temples with your gifts. The Altar of Christ spits away your endowment, for you have built an altar to an image; for yours is the voice, yours is the hand and yours is the signature — yours is then the work. Lord Jesus rejects your respects and spits them back to you, for you have respected the idols; he did tell you: «You cannot serve two masters» [Matth. vi, 24]. The virgins consecrated to God won’t accept your sponsorship, while the virgins of Vesta expect it? Why do you seek the ministers of God for those requests you preferred to first hear from the profane Nations? We cannot burden ourselves with another’s errors.”Letter 18, on the other hand, is a more technical counterargument to Symmachus’ many specific points. Here are some ideological highlights:1. Cum vir clarissimus praefectus urbis Symmachus ad clementiam tuam retulisset, ut ara, quae de urbis Romae curia sublata fuerat, redderetur loco et tu, imperator, licet adhuc in minoris aevi tirocinio florentibus novus annis, fidei tamen virtute veteranus obsecrata gentilium non probares, eodem quo conperi puncto libellum obtuli. Quo licet conprehenderim, quae suggestioni necessaria viderentur, poposci tamen exemplum mihi relationis dari.2. Itaque non fidei tuae ambiguus, sed providus cautionis, et pii certus examinis, hoc sermone relationis adsertioni respondeo hoc unum petens, ut non verborum elegantiam, sed vim rerum exspectandam putes. […] Volve, quaeso, atque excute sectam gentilium! Pretiosa et grandia sonant, veri effeta defendunt. Deum loquuntur, simulacrum adorant.[…]4. In prima propositione, flebili Roma questu sermonis inlacrimat veteres, ut ait, cultus caerimoniarum requirens. Haec sacra, inquit, Hannibalem a moenibus, a Capitolio Senonas repulerunt. Itaque dum sacrorum potentia praedicatur, infirmitas proditur. Ergo Hannibal diu sacris insultavit Romanis et diis contra se dimicantibus usque ad muros urbis vincendo pervenit. Cur se obsideri passi sunt, pro quibus deorum suorum arma pugnabant?5. Nam de Senonibus quid loquar, quos Capitolii secreta penetrantes Romanae reliquiae non tulissent, nisi eos pavido anser strepitu prodidisset? En quales templa Romana praesules habent! Ubi tunc erat Iuppiter? An in ansere loquebatur?6. Verum quid negem sacrorum ritus militasse Romanis? Sed etiam Hannibal eosdem deos colebat. Utrum volunt igitur? Eligant. Si in Romanis vicerunt sacra, in Carthaginiensibus ergo superata sunt; si in Carthaginiensibus triumphata, nec Romanis utique profuerunt.7. […] Venite et discite in terris caelestem militiam. Hic vivimus et illic militamus. Caeli mysterium doceat me deus ipse, qui condidit, non homo, qui se ipsum ignoravit. Cui magis de deo quam deo credam? Quomodo possum vobis credere, qui fatemini vos ignorare quod colitis?8. Uno, inquit, itinere non potest perveniri ad tam grande secretum. Quod vos ignoratis, id nos dei voce cognovimus. Et quod vos suspicionibus quaeritis, nos ex ipsa sapientia dei et veritate conpertum habemus. Non congruunt igitur vestra nobiscum. Vos pacem diis vestris ab imperatoribus obsecratis, nos ipsis imperatoribus a Christo pacem rogamus. Vos manuum vestrarum adoratis opera, nos iniuriam ducimus omne, quod fieri potest, deum putari. Non vult se deus in lapidibus coli. Denique etiam ipsi philosophi vestri ista riserunt.9. Quodsi vos ideo Christum deum negatis, quia illum mortuum esse non creditis - nescitis enim, quod mors illa carnis fuerit, non divinitatis, quae fecit, ut credentium iam nemo moriatur - quid vobis inprudentius, qui contumeliose colitis et honorifice derogatis; vestrum enim deum lignum putatis. O contumeliosa reverentia! Christum mori potuisse non creditis. O honorifica pervicacia!—1. Since the esteemed Praefect of the City Symmachus has entrusted your clemency with a plea to restore the altar, which had once been removed from the roman Curia; and since you, Emperor, despite being in your young age and thus like a fresh soldier, are in fact like a veteran in your faith, you haven’t granted the Gentiles’ pleas. When I came to know of this, I sent you a document through which, in order to understand what suggestion you may need, I asked for a copy of the original request.2. Thus, not out of doubt in your faith, but with an eye to caution, and secure in your pious wisdom, I answer with these words what was asserted in the original request, with but one demand — that you look not at the elegance of my words, but rather at the strenght of my arguments. Look, I beg you, and observe with great care the Gentiles’ sect! They speak of precious and lofty things, but they defend nothingness. They speak of God, but they worship objects.[…]4. In the first argument, Rome makes a tearful speech, lamenting and requesting, as she says, the old cults’ ceremonies back. These rites, she says, have once warded off Hannibal from the walls, and the Senones from the Capitol. Yet, even as the might of these rites is extolled, their weakness appears. Because Hannibal long insulted the Roman rites and gods that were fighting against him, so long as he signNowed the walls, one victory after the other. Why did they suffer being besieged, if their gods were fighting for their side?5. Or should I speak of the Senones, who, having penetrated the holy Capitol, wouldn’t have been repulsed, hadn’t a fearful goose betrayed them with its cackling? Here, what guardians do Roman temples have! And where was Jupiter then? Or was he speaking through that goose?6. Indeed, why should I deny that those holy rites were aiding the Romans? But Hannibal too was worshipping the same gods! Which is it, then? Let them pick one. If those rites won the day for the Romans, then the Carthaginian ones have been useless; if they led to the Carthaginians’ triumphs, then they hadn’t been of much use to the Romans.7. […] Come and discover that, here on Earth, there is a divine army. Here we live and here we fight. Let the Heavens’ secrets be taught to me by God Himslef, who created them, not by man, who doesn’t even know himself. Who is more authoritative about God that God? How can I believe you, who admit to ignoring what you worship?8. “One path alone”, he says, “cannot lead to the bottom of such a great mystery.” What you ignore, we have learnt from God’s own voice. And what you seek through hypotheses, we know that in detail through God’s own wisdom and through Truth. Your views, then, do not align with ours. You beg from the Emperor peace for your gods, ourselves we beg from Christ peace for our Emperors. You worship the fruit of your hands, we consider it offensive to deem a god whatever can be made into one. God doesn’t want to be worshipped in stones. After all, your own philosophers have laughed at such things.9. If you can similarly bring yourselves to deny that Christ is God, since you cannot believe that he may have died — for you ignore that that was the death of the flesh, not the Godliness’, undergone so that no believer may ever die again — what is less wise than yourselves, who worship him offensively, and insult Him by your adoration? You believe your god to be a piece of wood! What offensive worship! You cannot believe that Christ may have died. What an elegant wickedness!I’m keeping from quoting more for the sake of readability, but the three documents and the two sides’ arguments are fascinating to say the least. As a last curiosity, elsewhere (ep. 18:10) Ambrose asks polemically: “But, he says, the old altars must be given back to the idols, and the ornaments to the temples. Let them ask this of someone their fellow in superstition: the Christian Emperor has learnt to honor the Christ’s altar only. Why do they try to have pious hands and faithful eyes lend themselves to their sacrilege? Let our Emperor’s voice sing the praises of the Christ and speak of Him only, for he feels His truth, «as the heart of the King is held in God’s hand» [Prov. xxi, 1]. What Gentile Emperor ever raised an Altar to the Christ anyway?”Severus Alexander (r. 222–235), cousin and successor of the infamous Elagabalus, seems to have counted, among his guardian Lares, not just his imperial predecessors and his ancestors, but also “enlightened souls” such as Apollonius of Tyana, Orpheus, Abraham and Jesus Christ.But that had been the case in times long gone and never to return.Statues were at the center of many acts of violence throughout the Empire, as were in Germanic lands the irminsûl (pillars), sacred trees and groves (true to Exodus 34:13: “But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves”) and their Pagan worshippers were taunted as if they believed the object itself to house the deity — which thus became worth deriding as mere, dumb “pieces of wood” (you can see one such scene from the film Agora (2009), among other artistic depictions) — whereas they were in fact seen as tangible aid to memory, which was the one and only source of “religious authority” throughout all Indo-European Paganism: whether in the shape of the oldest Pagan cults — the ancestors’ tracks, faces, gestures and belongings — or in the shape of Muses (Mousa < *montja: “she who remembers [smth. to s.o.]” < PIE *men: “thought”; they were also known to be the daughters of Mnemosyne, “memory”) inspiring the Poets who would then teach religion to other men, poets such as Hesiod, Orpheus and many others. At one point, when the poets’ task was taken up by philosophy — as Nietzsche cannily noticed — the latter weakened this worldview by abstracting and rationalizing it beyond the interpretive means and knowledge of the day.“Even outside of the parameters of our current sensitivities, it is indisputable that triumphant Christianity displayed an extreme intolerance towards traditional cults […]. Faced with a doctrine manifesting itself under a totalitarian shape, then, the Pagans had no easy task on their hands, but we must on the other hand acknowledge that they resorted to arguments that, to a Christian audience, would have sounded highly unconvincing. […] They were themselves as rigid in their positions as their adversaries were. The debate between Christians and Pagans witnessed the confrontation between two statements that were by their own nature absolute.”— F. Paschoud, Christian intolerance as seen and judged by Pagans[5]I would counter the bolded part of this excerpt by a scholar our contemporary by reminding the patient reader of the Appendix on Newspeak I quoted above: rather than being rigid or even outspoken (as only a handful of authors seem to have been — Celsus, Julian, Zosimus — and certainly nowhere near the intensity normal among their Abrahamic opponents), the Pagans lacked the very ideological infrastructure to even conceive the mental framework their opponents wandered through with “exact and often very subtle” scrupulousness, and if they may seem insightful to us, modern readers, it is only insofar they supply ideas very difficult for ourselves to produce: in this case, the Christian “Newspeak” limited the outsiders’ capacity to understand orthodoxy even more than it did the insiders’ ability to speak heresy, and the historical impact Abrahamism would have on culture was too huge to be foreseeable to either side — we too have slowly started picturing it around the Enlightenment, after all. Moreover, Paganism certainly was “absolute” — a religion that isn’t would be a strange sight — but not at all militantly absolute, nor in any way an oecumenical (“for the whole inhabited world”), catholic (“towards the whole [world]”), orthodox (“right opinion”) tradition: traditional Paganism left alone those who wanted no part of it, and I agree with Jan Assman’s relabeling the old terms “Monotheistic” and “Polytheistic” as “Exclusionary” and “Inclusionary” forms of religiosity.Saint George topples the Pagan idols; Dečani, 14th Century. Images of these frescoes come from here: a (by no means complete) list of Christian Saints who destroyed religious imagesLeft, a Christian Saint destroying a Pagan statue; Right, in an ironic turn of events that came about half a millennium after the scope of this answer, the Christian Iconoclasts took to destroying Christian religious images: depicted in the (possibly clandestine, at the time it was produced) Chludov Psalter, chief Iconoclast John the Grammarian’s face happens to have rubbed out. This is how the Iconoclasts’ churches ended up looking, in 9th Century Costantinople.[6] By then, Charlemagne had also sanguinarily managed to evangelize modern Germany, mostly through mass decapitations.[7][8]The political attempt at defending traditional religion in the Empire ended with the sudden death of traditionalistic Emperor Julian (the so-called “Apostate”, r. 361–363 AD) and the highly emblematic Battle of the Frigidus in 394 AD, which got the aptly-named Pagan usurper Eugenius off the scene; but the Lupercalia were celebrated in Central Italy until as late as the 5th Century, when Pope Gelasius I finally abolished them and possibly had them replaced with the celebration of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; and it is well known that the very slow penetration of Christianity into the countryside (“pagan”, after all, means “village-dweller”, as the Germanic “heathen” means “heath-dweller”) was had at the cost of a thorough syncretism with some elements of the local traditional cults.Meanwhile, on the military/administrative side, the Aurelian Walls were built in 271–275 AD, as Rome had vastly outgrown the existing Servian Walls (built six centuries before) many centuries before anybody even thought of building the newer ones — that Aurelian did so upon putting an end to half a century of anarchy hints to just how precarious the very heart of Empire had come to be perceived as. Rome ceased to be the Capital ten years later, Christianity would be depenalized another thirty years later, and finally made the sole religion another half century later, in 380 AD.Around the time these new walls were built, Rome was already down to 350 000 inhabitants from the estimated 1 or 2 mln (top estimate 3.5 mln)[9]that used to call her home; Alexandria had 216 000; six coastal cities were between 90 and 50 thousand inhabitants, the rest were all below 40 000. Rome herself would end up with a few thousand inhabitants by the end of the 5th Century.The Visigothic Sack of Rome — 410 AD: Christian reactions.Having laid the backdrop clear in its complexity, let’s get down to military/political upheavals and their written record, and let’s start with those contemporary writers that were, to all intents and purposes, the Culture of the day: the Christians.Jerome (347-420), a devout Christian, Father of the Church, quite open to dialogue but struggling with his identity (he famously dreamt of a voice accusing him: “You’re no Christian, you are a Ciceronean!”[10]) as well as a patron of sorts to translators, given his extensive, high-quality theorical and practical work on the only translation of the Bible the Latin West would use for a full millennium, was following a trend quite popular in his day and living as a hermit in Palestine when news of the 410 AD sack of Rome — no longer the capital since 286 — signNowed him. Alaric’s siege had started already in 408 AD, and in 409 Jerome had written to a widow by the name of Ageruchia:123.16–17 [16.] Verum quid ago? Fracta navi de mercibus disputo. Qui tenebat, de medio fit, et non intelligimus Antichristum appropinquare, quem Dominus Jesus Christus interficiet spiritu oris sui. “Vae praegnantibus, et nutrientibus in illa die”; quorum utrumque de fructibus nuptiarum est. Praesentium miseriarum pauca percurram. Quod rari hucusque residemus, non nostri meriti, sed Domini misericordiae est. Innumerabiles et ferocissimae nationes universas Gallias occuparunt. Quidquid inter Alpes et Pyrenaeum est, quod Oceano et Rheno includitur, Quadus, Wandalus, Sarmata, Halani, Gipedes, Heruli, Saxones, Burgundiones, Alemani, et, o lugenda respublica! hostes Pannonii vastarunt. “Etenim Assur venit cum illis”. Moguntiacum, nobilis quondam civitas, capta atque subversa est, et in Ecclesia multa hominum millia trucidata. Vangiones longa obsidione deleti. Remorum urbs praepotens, Ambiani, Attrebatae, extremique hominum Morini, Tornacus, Nemetae, Argentoratus, translatae in Germaniam. Aquitaniae, Novemque populorum, Lugdunensis, et Narbonensis provinciae, praeter paucas urbes populata sunt cuncta. Quas et ipsas foris gladius, intus vastat fames. Non possum absque lacrymis Tolosae facere mentionem, quae ut hucusque non rueret, sancti Episcopi Exuperii merita praestiterunt. Ipsae Hispaniae jam jamque periturae, quotidie contremiscunt, recordantes irruptionis Cimbricae, et quidquid alii semel passi sunt, illae semper timore patiuntur.17. Caetera taceo, ne videar de Dei desperare clementia. Olim a mari Pontico usque ad Alpes Julias, non erant nostra, quae nostra sunt. Et per annos triginta fracto Danubii limite, in mediis Romani imperii regionibus pugnabatur. Aruerunt vetustate lacrymae. Praeter paucos senes, omnes in captivitate et obsidione generati, non desiderabant, quam non noverant libertatem. Quis hoc credet? quae digno sermone historiae comprehendent? Romam in gremio suo, non pro gloria, sed pro salute pugnare? imo ne pugnare quidem, sed auro et cuncta supellectile vitam redimere? Quod non vitio Principum, qui vel religiosissimi sunt, sed scelere semibarbari accidit proditoris, qui nostris contra nos opibus armavit inimicos.[…]Hannibal, de Hispaniae finibus orta tempestas, cum vastasset Italiam, vidit urbem, nec ausus est obsidere. Pyrrhum tanta tenuit Romani nominis reverentia, ut deletis omnibus, e propinquo recederet loco: nec audebat victor aspicere, quam regum didicerat civitatem. […] et utriusque provinciae populi Romani vectigales sunt. Nunc ut omnia prospero fine eveniant, praeter nostra quae amisimus, non habemus quod victis hostibus auferamus. Potentiam Romanae urbis, ardens Poeta describens, ait: “Quid satis est, si Roma parum est?”Quod nos alio mutemus elogio: “Quid salvum est, si Roma perit?”“Non mihi si linguae centum sint, oraque centum,Ferrea vox, omnes captorum dicere poenas,Omnia caesorum percurrere nomina possim.”—*—
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Is the Donald Trump campaign sending unsolicited e-mail (SPAM)?
This story is developing quickly, and it looks like my 6/23 story on Daily Kos may have been the first to raise the allegation and evidence that Trump was sending SPAM (unsolicited e-mail, including to UK MPs).What is now known:1) Reports suggest that every MP in Iceland, as well as MPs in the UK, Denmark, Canada, and Australia received unsolicited e-mails from the Trump campaign. An unconfirmed report from an Australian MP on Twitter stated that ALL Australian MPs got the SPAM.2) UK MPs discussed the “intemperate SPAM” on the floor of the House of Commons, demanding that the unstoppable e-mails be blocked.3) Tons of people have complained about the Trump SPAM on Twitter (both receiving e-mails that they never signed up for and reports that unsubscribe requests have not been honored).4) Alexa stats from after the “first fundraising e-mail” and Return Path stats are consistent with an unsolicited e-mail campaign (high unsubscribe rate and lots of SPAM reports).5) Yahoo reported on campaign finance disclosures that suggest the Trump campaign is buying/renting e-mail lists of people that did not explicitly opt-in to Trump e-mails.6) Politico’s Ken Vogel confirmed via Twitter that “Trump campaign renting some scammy lists for fundraising emails: National Tea Party Alert, Liberty News Network, Endeavor Media Group, etc.”7) The Trump campaign was sued by two people, back in April, for sending unsolicited text message (SMS) SPAM.8) Some reports have questioned the authenticity of the foreign solicitation e-mails. Spoofing, etc. is a possibility; I certainly cannot speak for the foreign messages without seeing the headers. However, I, personally, received an unsolicited message from “Team Trump” that appears, superficially, to be linked to the RNC and an e-mail service provider. Other tweets link the mailings (not all unsolicited) to three additional e-mail service providers. The ESPs that appear to be involved are: Adestra-com, Geniusmailer-com, BlueHornet-com, and PsycloneContacts-net.9) The Associated Press is reporting that two “watchdog” groups have filed FEC complaints against the Trump campaign for soliciting foreign funds.10) Tweets have been posted linking some of the e-mail addresses sent to (one-time e-mails) or sender information to lists maintained by other GOP politicians, including: Rand Paul, Chris Christie, Ben Carson, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum. Their involvement has not been independently confirmed nor have the tweets been verified.11) Donald Trump’s former campaign manager (and paid CNN pundit) Corey Lewandowski appears to have lied on air on CNN when asked about the e-mails to foreign MPs. He implied the e-mails were only sent to people who opted in to mailings and that people could opt-out. Both claims appear to be false.12) Josh Marshall at Talking Point Memo is reporting that some of the foreign e-mails seem to be coming from the Trump campaign while others seem to be coming from a pro-Trump Super PAC. He suggests it might be evidence of illegal coordination.13) Reports of Trump SPAM were still being posted to Twitter as of 7/3/2016.Experts Weigh InKen Magill of The Magill Report and Laura Atkins from e-mail delivery consultancy “Word to the Wise” have weighed in via blogs. Magill wrote that the simplest explanation is that Trump's list is not permission based while Atkins says "it certainly doesn't seem like it was even political style opt-in."Speculation1) From the number of users who claim to have been unable to unsubscribe, I believe that the campaign is not maintaining a global e-mail suppression list. As a result, unsubscribing from one send may not unsubscribe the user from other sends. It is also likely that sends are happening through multiple e-mail service providers or third-party senders and that suppression lists are not being shared between them.2) From the number of users complaining about receiving an excessive number of e-mails, it does not appear that the campaign was/is globally frequency capping the messages that are sent across the multiple lists and e-mail services providers.Full list of evidence and sources, with greater detail, in chronological order:I recently wrote a two-part article on Trump SPAM (the first article pre-dates the conservative reports), and posted them to the Daily Kos ( Did Donald Trump Raise $2 million from SPAM? , Trump Campaign SPAM Complaints Continue to Proliferate on Twitter ). Here are the facts:There are a lot of users taking to Twitter to complain about receiving Trump campaign e-mails without ever having signed up for his list.Shortly after his “first fundraising e-mail”, Alexa reported that ~20% of visits to the Trump2016 fundraising website were to the “unsubscribe” subdomain.Even with recent publicity, including allegations of a “tremendously high” SPAM complaint rate ( Trump Camp Still Not Asking for Donations in Emails ), there continue to be new reports of Trump campaign SPAM on Twitter.I signNowed out to e-mail delivery specialists Return Path on Twitter for a comment. Their reply (https://twitter.com/returnpath/s... ): “Based on the data, we surmise that Trump is likely buying lists, and he has a high spam complaint rate”.I think a fair question to ask would be whether the Trump campaign is knowingly sending SPAM. However, the data supports the SPAM allegations being leveled at the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign.UPDATE 6/26/2016 5:52PM ET: The Donald Trump campaign appears to have just sent another fundraising e-mail and prompted still more SPAM complaints on Twitter ( Another Fundraising E-mail and More Donald Trump Campaign SPAM Complaints on Twitter ). The number of complaints associated with this blast appear to be less than the campaign previously experienced. Maybe the campaign is trying to clean up its list (or maybe more of its messages are getting automatically filtered).UPDATE 6/26/2016 10:13PM ET: A lot more complaints have come in about the latest e-mail since my last update, so it looks like there are still a large volume of complaints for each message.UPDATE 6/27/2016: Finally, some media coverage reflecting what I have been saying for DAYS:Why Is Team Trump Asking Liberal Scottish Politicians for Donations?AP: "Trump may be buying email lists of people who don't want to hear from him” ( Trump emails: Can you spare $10 to help elect a billionaire? )UPDATE 6/27/2016: Yahoo just ran a detailed article on Donald Trump’s SPAM problem ( Donald Trump has a spam email problem ). Among the stats:Trump recipients marked 3.1% of those emails as spam; only .41% of Sanders messages and .02% of Clinton’s met the same fate. Three weeks earlier, Trump’s would-be readers were even less forgiving, marking 9.34% of his messages as spam.It also credits Trump with having a higher open rate than Clinton or Sanders, but I suspect some of those incremental “Opens” actually are from a larger number of people trying to unsubscribe.As I previously reported, the Alexa stats from shortly after the “first fundraising e-mail” showed ~20% of visits to an “unsubscribe” subdomain. If people open the message looking for an unsubscribe link, that could result in higher engagement/open rates.9.34% of messages marked as SPAM was INSANE! Even later, it was 3.1% for Trump as SPAM vs. 0.02% for Clinton while Clinton has a larger list.UPDATE 6/28/2016 8:22AM ET: According to the BBC (Brexit fallout, Labour turmoil and Cameron in Brussels - BBC News):Conservative MP Sir Roger Gale calls for Donald Trump campaign emails to be blocked on the House of Commons email system.Sir Roger raises a point of order to complain that many MPs have been "bombarded with emails from Team Trump on the behalf of someone called Donald Trump".While he is in "all in favour of free speech" he does not wish to be "subject to intemperate spam", adding that "efforts to have these deleted have failed".Speaker John Bercow replies that while "this is not a matter for the chair" he agrees it is "not acceptable to be bombarded with emails of which the content is offensive".Mr Bercow says he will contact the Parliamentary digital services to see if the messages can be blocked.UPDATE 6/28/2016 2:14PM ET: The news finally seems to be getting out:MPs 'bombarded' by spam emails from Donald TrumpUK Pols To Trump: Stop Wasting Our Time With Your Crappy Fundraising Emails!The last article states that a complaint has been filed with the FEC. None of the articles have mentioned that the SPAM has traveled beyond the UK to Australia. Two of the tweets I cited in one of my earlier articles were from Australian MPs who complained about receiving the solicitations.None of the articles have cited the Twitter reaction or suspicious Alexa stats cited in my earlier reports. Also, none have credited my earlier reports (including my article from 6/23 reflecting that “two British MPs” complained on Twitter about the SPAM).UPDATE 6/28/2016 7:34PM ET: Evidently Donald Trump sent SPAM to ALL Icelandic MPs as well ( Donald Trump Asking Icelandic MPs For Donations - The Reykjavik Grapevine ):Numerous members of the Icelandic parliament are both bemused and confused by an email, apparently received by all of then, asking for donations to the presidential campaign of Donald Trump.UPDATE 6/28/2016 9:16PM ET: Based on the campaign finance disclosures cited in the Yahoo report, Tweets from users who claim that one-time e-mails had fallen prey to the Trump SPAM campaign, and a conversation that I had with somebody who might be in a position to know, I strongly believe that Trump and/or the RNC is buying/renting lists and sending messages from the RNC/Trump without disclosing the source of the e-mail (the original list that the user signed up for) in the message itself. That may not be the only tactic being used, but I am convinced it is at least one of the tactics.From the number of users who claim to have been unable to unsubscribe, I also believe that the campaign is not maintaining a global e-mail suppression list. As a result, unsubscribing from one send may not unsubscribe the user from other sends. It is also possible/likely that sends are happening through multiple e-mail service providers or third-party senders and that suppression lists are not being shared between them.UPDATE 6/29/2016 8:18AM ET: Multiple reports have questioned the authenticity of the foreign messages ( Donald Trump is spamming foreign politicians asking for money , Britain: MPs object to ‘begging’ Trump emails ). I received an unsolicited fundraising message from “Team Trump” on June 21 tied to the domain GOPVictory365 | Landing Pages. It appears to be owned by the RNC. The message headers suggest the e-mail was sent from an Amazon IP and the domain’s nameservers were linked to an e-mail service provider that, from its website, appears to have deep GOP ties.UPDATE 6/29/2016 11:23AM ET: Multiple media outlets are now reporting on the foreign solicitation aspect of this story, but, still, no reports have thoroughly covered the SPAM aspect. Below are some more examples:Electoral fraud: Trump sends fundraiser emails to foreign politiciansUK Parliament members move forward to block Trump campaign emails due to 'offensive' contentDonald Trump Might Be Spamming Foreign Politicians For CashDenmark too: Trump Foreign Contributor/Derp UpdateUPDATE 6/29/2016 2:14PM ET: I have “liked” SCORES of Trump SPAM complaints on Twitter going back to the time of my first article. The problem of Trump SPAM appears to be widespread. If you browse my “likes” on Twitter ( Lenny Grover (@lennygrover) | Twitter ), you can view the tweets.UPDATE 6/29/2016 3:53PM ET: According to a new Associated Press report ( The Latest: Foreign officials say Trump appealing for funds ):Foreign officials are complaining that they're being "bombarded" by fundraising appeals from U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump. And now, two watchdog groups are filing complaints against the Republican's campaign saying the practice breaks the law.[break]The complaint by watchdog groups Campaign Legal Center and Democracy 21 say the emails violated a federal law designed to prohibit foreign money in U.S. campaigns.UPDATE 6/29/2016 3:57PM ET: Tweets have been posted linking some of the e-mail addresses sent to (one-time e-mails) or sender information to lists maintained by other GOP politicians, including: Rand Paul, Chris Christie, Ben Carson, and Newt Gingrich. Their involvement has not been independently confirmed nor have the tweets been verified.Purely speculation on my part: I speculate that some GOP politicians, or conservative media outlets, who are not overtly supporting Trump may be covertly supporting the RNC/Trump e-mail campaign (and not want their information to be disclosed in the message that is sent to the list that they maintain).UPDATE 6/29/2016 8:04PM ET: Finally, the mainstream media is reporting on the FEC complaints:Trump fundraising emails overseas prompt complaints here and abroadComplaint filed about Donald Trump fundraising emailsBoth reports do not reflect the latest information in this post. Media outlets may be trying to confirm some of the information from Twitter that is still unverified. Also, there has been almost no reporting on deluge of domestic unsolicited e-mails and the difficulty people have had unsubscribing from Trump’s list.UPDATE 6/29/2016 9:17PM ET: Bloomberg joins the party:Trump Campaign Broke Law by Soliciting Foreign Donations, Groups AllegeUPDATE 6/29/2016 9:22PM ET: Now The Gaurdian:Trump campaign may have broken law by seeking foreign political donationsUPDATE 6/30/2016 10:54AM ET: A conversation I had on Twitter ( Lenny Grover on Twitter ), and the SPAM I personally received, links the mailing to at least three separate e-mail service providers: Adestra-com, Geniusmailer-com, and PsycloneContacts-net. Unconfirmed is that the campaign had been using NationBuilder and switched prior to the bulk e-mails being sent.UPDATE 6/30/2016 1:37PM ET: Evidently, Colbert mentioned Trump’s SPAM in his monologue ( The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Video - Trump Spams The United Kingdom - CBS.com ).UPDATE 6/30/2016 1:45PM ET: Another Tweet showing the sender signature suggests a fourth e-mail service provider is sending Trump SPAM (BlueHornet-com).UPDATE 6/30/2016 3:13PM ET: Josh Marshall at Talking Points Memo posted a very interesting article on the e-mail “blitz”:The Desperate and the Fail: Inside Trump's June Fundraising BlitzHe speculates that:At first, we thought he'd gotten the foreign politician emails from a crooked or stupid list broker. Having researched it a bit more, that seems less and less likely. It seems more like these were lists simply floating around the Trump Organization, tied to some earlier business venture, and someone in the campaign just decided to toss them in the hopper too. Admittedly, this seems like a preposterous theory. But all the conceivable explanations are equally preposterous. And yet one of them must be true since it definitely did happen.I published a long expose on Trump University on June 25th:Trump University Allegedly Pivoted from One Scheme to the NextSome facts from the article:In 2005, the most common SPAM title of the entire year, according to AOL, was about “Donald Trump”I found two e-mail messages from 2005 that were posted to online forums (and therefore preserved). An analysis of the content of the messages suggests one was likely sent by a notorious sender of SPAM, and both may have been sent by “affiliates” or “sub-affiliates” of Prosper Inc. (or related entities) to promote Trump University.I assumed, and Trump University president Michael Sexton’s deposition testimony suggests, that it was not directly involved with unauthorized promotion of Trump University by “affiliates” or “sub-affiliates” of Prosper sending copy that may differ from what it had approved via SPAM or other means.But, nevertheless, Josh Marshall’s present speculation is very interesting to me in that context…UPDATE 6/30/2016 4:19PM: The experts begin to weigh in:Laura Atkins from e-mail delivery consultancy “Word to the Wise” ( Trump's Fundraising Email - Bad Data Drives Delivery Problems ):it certainly doesn't seem like it was even political style opt-in.Ken Magill of The Magill Report ( The Magill Report ):A loose translation of the Occam’s-razor principle says the simplest answer is usually the right one. In this case, the simplest answer to the disparity in delivery rates between Trump and Clinton is Clinton is sending email to a permission-based list and Trump is not.UPDATE 6/30/2016 9:44PM: The Young Turks weigh in:Trump Illegally Fundraising From Foreign GovernmentsUPDATE 7/1/2016 2:52 AM: Thanks to great follow-up by Ken Vogel of Politico ( Kenneth P. Vogel on Twitter ), it is now even more likely that the Trump campaign sent unsolicited e-mail (SPAM). According to Vogel:Trump campaign renting some scammy lists for fundraising emails: National Tea Party Alert, Liberty News Network, Endeavor Media Group, etc.Endeavor Media Group owns Talon News and GOPUSA according to SourceWatch ( Endeavor Media Group, LLC ). GOPUSA currently has its e-mail list for rent through NextMark ( http://lists.nextmark.com/market... ). According to their data card, sending exclusive ads to the list costs only $8CPM and the list is clearly identified as “COMPILED LISTS”. The combination of the very low price and the compiled list designation makes it likely to not be a 100% opt-in list. If that is, in fact, the list that the Trump campaign rented from Endeavor Media Group, then they rented a list that was likely to contain at least some addresses that were not explicit opt-ins.UPDATE 7/1/2016 3:16PM: MPs in Canada have been getting the solicitations too:Canadian MPs ignore fundraising emails from Donald Trump | Toronto StarUPDATE 7/1/2016 10:29AM: I just posted another article on DailyKos (with evidence that people have been unable to unsubscribe from the mailings and that Corey Lewandowski lied on CNN about the list being opt-in/opt-out):Corey Lewandowski May Have LIED ON CNN About Trump Email SPAM (Not Opt-In, Some Claim Can't Opt Out)UPDATE 7/1/2016 12:32 PM: Josh Marshall at Talking Points Memo seems to be the journalist in hottest pursuit of the story. His latest article ( Welp, That's Weird. But of Course It Is ) suggests the foreign e-mails are coming from both the Trump campaign and a pro-Trump Super PAC. He suggests it might be evidence of illegal coordination (that both organizations are seeming sending to the same dirty list containing foreign politicians).UPDATE 7/3/2016 3:04AM: Cher’s verified Twitter account just posted Trump SPAM addressed to “Cherilyn” ( https://twitter.com/cher/status/... ). It has 196 retweets and 813 likes at this moment.UPDATE 7/3/2016 4:02AM: I just posted about Cher’s tweet:Cher Just Tweeted the SPAM She Received from Donald Trump to Her 3+ Million Followers
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Why have Ramsay brothers stopped making Hindi horror movies?
Hello, I've find an excellent article which will solve your query. I am copy pasting it here or if you want you can go with link. The requiem for Ramsay's horror | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis The disembodied zombies of the season’s word-of-mouth-hit, Go Goa Gone, can’t but remind us of the lords of horror in India — the Ramsay brothers, who entertained and horrified millions much before special effects and lifelike props made their once-scary monsters look like something the cat dragged in. Google the name ‘Ramsay brothers’ and a listing with all possible contact numbers and email addresses of Tulsi Ramsay, one of seven siblings that made up the Ramsay Brothers, pops up everywhere.It’s clear he wants to be found. A phone call to request an interview, and there is excitement in Tulsi Ramsay’s voice. “Yes! Of course. Do you know where I live?” He calls on the day of the meeting, to confirm if the interview is still on. “Sometimes, people forget,” he says, by way of explanation. At the lobby of the high-rise Ramsay lives in (where Hema Malini, Sunny Deol, Akshay Kumar’s mother and sister also have flats, he says), teenagers fan themselves while waiting for drivers to bring cars; a struggling actor, script in his hand, talks animatedly on the phone; a bunch of nannies take kids to the pool, and a production crew steps out discussing edits. Inside his 15th floor apartment, the almost 69-year-old Tulsi Ramsay sits in a corner of his cream, brown and gold couch, nervous. Very odd for someone who’s made it his business to scare others.Introduction to cinema“Are you speaking only to me?” he asks with hesitation. “Yes.” “Oh, there was a journalist who interviewed me and then went and spoke to others,” he says. He has next to him, an old, grey plastic briefcase from which he removes a document and hands it over. It’s an introduction to his production house, and his resume. Tulsi is clearly nostalgic about the good old days, with good reason perhaps. His father Fatehchand U Ramsinghani moved to Mumbai from Karachi after Partition and started an electronics business on Lamington Road. When the industry wasn’t doing too well, he started looking at the movie business. When his second film Rustom Sohrab (1963), a historical epic, did well, Ramsay Sr decided to stay in the business.But the Ramsays really took off in the ’70s and ’80s when they churned out their signature, low-budget horror films, most of which were panned by anyone with any sense of aesthetics. But that hardly mattered — the audience the films were intended for loved it. Discovering horror Throughout the three-hour interview, one gets the sense that Tulsi knows what journalists are looking for. He almost anticipates the questions and eagerly delivers one anecdote after another.He narrates one on how he and his brothers convinced their father to produce horror films.When FU Ramsay’s third film Ek Nanhi Munni Ladki Thi (1970), starring Prithviraj Kapoor, didn’t do very well, brothers Tulsi and Shyam visited a theatre to gauge the audience’s reaction. That’s when they realised a 10 minute sequence in which Prithviraj Kapoor went to a museum to steal a dagger that belonged to his ancestors got the loudest cheers. In the scene, the actor wore an elaborate costume comprising eight inch boots, a scary mask, a cape and a furry costume inside which he was wearing an armour. “He looked just like a monster. When the police shoot at him, the bullets bounce off and people around look shocked and scared. The audience loved it,” says Tulsi. The brothers then convinced their father to focus on horror.Tulsi drops names of the famous stars who he worked with. “Shatrughan Sinha started out with us in Ek Nanni Munhi Ladki Thi. Kishore Kumar loved our films. He would have a lot of fun in recordings. Once, he came to the studio with fake vampire teeth and refused to take them off till the end of the recording. Another time, we went to his house and he refused to come out and was making scary sounds instead.” Those were the times when Rekha would visit the sets in Mahabaleshwar, where most of the films were shot. “Rekha would come just watch Kiran Kumar.They had a romance going, he was so handsome, so attractive. Now, she is still so glamorous and he is an old man,” laughs Tulsi.After the high of the ‘70s and ‘80s, Ramsay produced five shows for Zee TV. The insanely popular Zee Horror Show ran for seven years with record TRPs. But now Tulsi’s clearly hungry for another break. When he realises dna is part of the Essel Group that also owns Zee, he insists we write about his association with Zee and Subhash Chandra, chairman, Essel Group and Zee. “You must write about Subhashji and my association. He was a mastermind, I tell you. If you do, the story will go big,” he says, helpfully.At their peak Talking about the Ramsay focus on horror, Tulsi states the obvious: “It (horror) was our USP. We started it. People lapped it up. It’s what made us. There was sex, drama, songs in between the horror.” He narrates an incident in which one of their most popular films gave a big-budget Bachchan film a run for its money in the early ’80s. “Our cult film Purana Mandir released on the same day as the big budget Bachchan (Amitabh) starrer Laawaris. We were in Delhi then and we saw people lining up for our film. No one wanted to watch Laawaris. We couldn’t enter the theatre to watch our own film. Indira Gandhi was killed few days later and there was a bandh. Two days later, theatres were packed again. It was the second biggest hit of 1984,” he says. The success of their films at the time is still paying off. “It still runs our kitchens,” says Tulsi.The fall and the hunger to rise The lull came because of an overkill of Ramsay-style horror. “People overdid it. After us, several people started to make bad horror films and every channel picked up the horror show idea. The audiences got sick of it.” But has he retired yet? No, he quickly responds. “I am going to start a project in a month or so. But I won’t tell you details. People nowadays copy your ideas If I tell you now, tomorrow someone will shoot it in two days and it will be showing in a four-part series on some channel,” he says. His phone rings in between, he answers and says, “I can’t talk right now.I am in a very, very important meeting… No, no, you don’t get it. Yeh bahut zaroori hai mere liye, aap kal phone karna.” He hangs up and says: “I want to go out with a bang. I want to be remembered.” “Will you let me know when this will be out? This Sunday? I’ll buy some extra copies. Thank you for your time,” he concludes, looking relaxed for the first time in three hours.What’s in a name?Fatehchand U Ramsinghani ran an electronics store in Karachi before Independence. He was a radio engineer and foreigners who visited the store mangled his surname. “My father then realised that foreigners had a problem pronouncing Ramsinghani and changed his surname and the name of the shop to Ramsay,” says Tulsi Ramsay.Radio dealers to movie makersFU Ramsay moved to Bombay after Partition with his wife and four sons and two daughters. Three more sons were born in India. Ramsay Sr re-established his shop on Mumbai’s Lamington Road and became a dealer of the famous Murphy Radio. When the electronics business was doing badly, he decided to give the movie business a shot. He co-produced Shaheed-E-Azam Bhagat Singhin 1954. It was India’s first film on the martyr but it didn’t do too well. “India had just gained Independence and people didn’t care much about Bhagat Singh,” says Tulsi. His second film, Rustom Sohrab (1963), was a historical epic. It did well and Ramsay Sr decided to stay in the business.All in the familyIn the 1950s, to be part of a film crew, one had to be a member of the film workers’ union. “So my father decided to enroll us into the union keeping in mind our interests and talents,” says Tulsi Ramsay. Gangu was a good photographer so he was enrolled as an assistant to a cinematographer, Keshu assisted Gangu. Kiran liked music, so he got to be the sound assistant, and Kumar, “a double graduate,” was the screenwriter Shyam and Tulsi were directors and Arjun worked on edits. The crew of seven brothers were then recognised as the Ramsay Brothers.Tiffin box productions FU Ramsay wanted to train his sons in all aspects of filmmaking. So he took them to Kashmir for a workshop. “We hired a houseboat on the Jhelum and held a four-month long workshop where our father trained us in various aspects of filmmaking. We read books, discussed plots and practiced cinematography,” says Tulsi. Post the workshop, the brothers set out to do what was then unheard of in Indian Cinema. They boarded a bus with unknown actors and family members who doubled up as crew and went to Mahabaleshwar to shoot Do Gaz Zameen Ke Neeche. They lived in a government guesthouse and shot on location so they saved on the cost to put up a set.The ladies in the family cooked for the crew and helped with make-up and the costumes came from their own or the actors’ wardrobes. The film was shot in a 40-day schedule. “My father called it Tiffin Box Productions. He said jab ghar mein khana bana sakte hain, toh hotel se kyun mangayein,” says Tulsi. The film was a rage at the box office and the brothers repeated this model to make over 30 superhit films.Regards,
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What caused the 1500 degree fires under the WTC rubble that burned for months after their collapses?
Edit. By the way, I just watched the “Impossible Builds” episode on the Scorpion Tower. It has an external array of support columns without internal ones. That’s the same general plan as the WTC. This means it should be subject to the same failure mode if a plane filled with fuel crashes into it. End of edit.The towers fell because the fires from paper and jet fuel were enough to make the cross braces slump not melt. I’ve seen that in neighborhood fires much less intense. So if this is about needed to melt steel for the towers to fall it’s a troll question.Scan your local news source for large local fires. This might be large apartment buildings totally destroyed by fire, medium sized stores or warehouses, even churches. Look where the sky is visible through the roof. What you’ll see is slumped steel beams. In a tower designed like the WTC that’s how the failure happened. Floor joint beams slumped to the point they separated from the exterior support columns. Once a fall started the momentum was enough to cause floors not yet burning to fail and fall.Once down there were vast amounts of combustibles plus lots of insulating material plus vast amounts of heat of kinetic energy from the fall plus the fact that it was well compressed enough to keep the air flow limited. That’s a perfect scenario for a fire that burns for a very long time and that stays at a temperature that low.Hotter and the heat melts more material, plugging the outgoing air flow. Cooler and the lack of heat opens cracks, increasing the outgoing airflow. Thus the underground fire was constantly limited by the outgoing airflow not by the incoming airflow. That’s why the fire was so cold.Being cold compared to a fire with a plentiful outgoing air flow, there was plenty of fuel to last for months. The duration of the fire was from the huge amount of combustibles combined with the limited outgoing airflow.
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