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FAQs
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As a startup founder of three years our legal housekeeping is a bit of mess, how can I best setup a system to organize and track
As a startup founder of three years myself, I can relate to how legal housekeeping can be messy. Once a year, I have our own lawyers go through and do an audit of all of our legal paperwork (which costs a couple thousand dollars to be extremely thorough, but it’s worth it). Luckily, there are now many ways to easily manage and track all of your legal, financial, and HR documents via third-party sites that specialize in these management proceedings. I wrote a blog post about this awhile back titled “5 Ways to Save Time Dealing With Documents” which highlights certain sites that can be very beneficial depending on what paperwork you’d like to track or manage. They are as follows:1. GroupDocsGroupDocs is a new, comprehensive online service for document creation and management. It has multiple features, including a viewer for reading documents in your browser, an electronic signature service, an online document converter, a document assembly service, a feature for comparing different versions of a document, and an annotation feature. An individual plan is $10 per month for limited storage and 500 documents, while a group plan for up to 9 people is $19 per user per month. Based on the number of features and pricing, GroupDoc is a good-value purchase for a small business. As you’ll see below, GroupDocs can be cheaper than a service that offers only one such feature.2. signNowWhen you’re closing a deal and need to get documents signed, the last thing you need is a slow turnaround due to fax machine problems or the postal service. The solution is to use an electronic signature service such as signNow, which is one of the most popular e-signature companies in the world. This service allows you to email your documents to the person whose signature you need. Next, the recipient undergoes a simply e-signing process, and then signNow alerts you when the process is completed. Finally, signNow electronically stores the documents, which are accessible at any time. As a result, you can easily track the progress of the signature process and create an audit trail of your documents. The “Professional” plan is recommended for sole proprietors and freelancers, and costs $180 per year ($15 per month) for up to 50 requested signatures per month. The “Workgroup” plan is geared towards teams and businesses, and it costs $240 per user per year ($20 per month per user), for unlimited requested signatures.3. signNowsignNow is another e-signature service. Similar to signNow, signNow allows you to upload a PDF file, MS Word file or web application document. Next, you can edit the document, such as by adding initials boxes or tabs, and then email them out for signatures. Once recipients e-sign the document, signNow notifies you and archives the document. signNow offers low rates for these services: a 1-person annual plan with unlimited document sending costs $11 per month. An annual plan for 10 senders with unlimited document sending costs only $39 per month.4. ExariExari is a document assembly and contract management service that assists in automating high-volume business documents, such as sales agreements or NDAs. First, the document assembly service allows authors to create automated document templates. No technical knowledge is required; most authors are business analysts and lawyers. Authors have a variety of options for customizing documents, such as fill-in-the-blank fields, optional clauses, and dynamic updating of topic headings. They also can add questions that the end user must answer. Once you send out the document, the user answers the questionnaire, and Exari uses that data to customize the document. Next, the contract management feature allows you to store and track both the templates and the signed documents. Pricing is based on the size and scope of your planned implementation, so visit their website for more information.5. FillanyPDFIt’s a hassle having to print out PDF forms in order to complete them. Fortunately, FillanyPDF is a service that allows you to edit, fill out and send any PDFs, while entirely online. This “Fill & Sign” plan costs $5 per month, or $50 per year. If you subscribe to the “Professional” plan, you can also create fillable PDFs using your own documents. With this service, any PDF, JPG or GIF file becomes fillable when you upload it to the site. You can modify a form using white-out, redaction and drawing tools. Then, you can email a link to your users, who can fill out and e-sign your form on the website. FillanyPDF also allows you to track who filled out your forms, and no downloads are necessary to access these services. The “Professional” plan costs $49 per month, or $490 per year.Switching firms can be a hassle. As a former startup attorney, I have a bit of advice about finding the right attorney for your business: it’s best to focus on the specific attorney you’ll be working with. He or she should have a solid understanding of the ins and outs of your business industry, a deep knowledge of the legal issues your startup may face, and previous work experience with startups to ensure a quality and efficient work product. This is absolutely key when matching our startup clients at UpCounsel to attorneys on our platform who can perform their legal work and hash out their legal projects in a timely manner. We also allow clients to store any and all of their legal documents directly on UpCounsel so they don’t have to go searching in alternative places for the correct paperwork. It’s proven to be a free and lightweight way to store legal documents that our clients love. Here's what it looks like:As I’ve mentioned, it’s more important to find the right attorney as opposed to the right law firm. And seeing as you’re a startup, our own startup clients typically save an average of 50-60% on their legal work, since the attorneys don't include overhead fees (a.k.a. the fees included for doing business with the firm itself) in their invoices.Hope this gives you a deeper look into what other sites and services are out there. If you have any questions or would like more information on how best to handle your legal housekeeping/ attorney matters, feel free to signNow out to me directly. As a former startup attorney at Latham & Watkins, I’d be happy to give you some guidance.
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How are cracked versions of software created and why are developers not able to prevent it?
Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.
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Why are railguns often portrayed as a better way to intercept maneuvering hypersonic threats than interceptor missiles?
There are several factors that go into this, there are pros and cons to both systems, to a military planner the pros of the rail gun out weigh it’s cons. Only time will prove if they are right or not but I will try to explain.Defensive Vs Offensive load, There is only limited launcher space on any ship regardless of how many missiles it has in storage. So lets say you have 20 launchers in your ship, vertical launchers are becoming the norm. Even though you have 100 more missiles of whatever mix you want in the hold, your 20 launchers have what they have in them and it will take time to swap them out. (Hopefully some USN personnel on here who have served on a DDG or similar can let us know how long) I’m guessing at least an hour. Some missiles can be dual use like an anti-missile-Missile can be used in the anti aircraft role, but a Tomahawk or any land attack missile simply cannot. Every tube you have filled with a missile to perform your mission is a missile you cannot use for defense, every missile you have loaded for defense, can’t be used for your mission.The rail gun uses a solid mass of metal, you can use it to devastating effect against air, sea, or land targets without worrying about carrying different loads. I imagine a flechette round would be used against missiles and aircraft, but it doesn’t matter, you can switch ammo types in seconds.With railguns as point defense, you are free to have the majority of your missile tubes loaded for the mission and only a minimum with defensive (AA or AM) missiles.Immunity to counter measures: The railgun is a line of sight weapon, if you can see it, you can hit it. Once radar contact is made and the gun aligned, powerful optics will be used to line up the final shot. at 2.4 kilometers+ a second- nothing can really affect or stop the projectile. If the shot is lined up properly, the target is dead, no amount of chaff flares or ecm can do anything once the projectile leaves the rail.Cost. The Major cost of the system is in the gun and the guidance and aiming systems require only maintenance when bought, The Projectile is just a hunk of machined metal, I imagine the ship’s machine shop will have the ability to fabricate more in an emergency. No propellant needed (more on that later) A missile has to have a warhead, a motor, navigation and avionics which is all one time use, the launching and guidance on the ship are not cheap either so while the up front cost of the railgun will be higher, that changes quickly after a few shots.Safety. That warhead and rocket/jet fuel in a missile infinitely more deadly to you before you launch as it is to the enemy. Anything that touches off that magazine (accidents, malfunctions, enemy fire) will likely be catastrophic. The inert projectiles of a railgun are immune to that. The rail-gun itself if charged might pose a small danger if damaged while charged, but that will be like a transformer box blowing up outside during a storm (happened to me when I was a kid during a hurricane) While it was loud and scary to 11 year old me 20 meters from my house, it did zero damage to the house and didn’t even knockdown the telephone pole it was on, Had that been a modern AA-or AM missile 20 meters away, I and my house would likely not be here today.Close in defense: You can use the rail gun up to the point an enemy missile hits your ship. A vertically launched missile needs to clear the ship arc towards its target and fly towards it. This all takes time meaning that depending on the speed of the incoming missile, you have a radius where if you haven’t launched yet, there is nothing you can do. So let’s say you have a ship with a rail gun and one with only missiles. Both are engaged by missiles with a 4 second flight time. It takes 2 seconds to identify and track the target and come up with a firing solution(I have no idea how long it really takes but I’m pretty sure the human reaction time to authorize the launch of a $500,000 missile is more than that). the 2 seconds remaining are not enough, the missile will just be clear of it’s tubes and arcing when your ship gets hit. The rail gun ship still has time to get one or two shots off, Even if it hits the Missile right outside the hull, that is preferable to having it go off INSIDE your hull.Like I said before, having the rail gun doesn’t stop you from carrying defensive missiles for BVR/Over the Horizon, engagements.
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What is your most bizarre airport experience?
I have worked for an airline at LAX for the last 6 years. Bizarre doesn’t even begin to describe some of the people and situations I’ve witnessed. I could list hundreds of examples but I don’t want to scare you away from flying altogether, so here are just a few.I was working the front desk at our airline lounge one afternoon when a guest walked in and asked to purchase a day pass. She was a thin, 40-something brunette, about average height, sporting thick-rimmed glasses and a pixie cut. At first glance, nothing seemed out of the ordinary.As I went through the process of selling her the pass, she started telling me about her day which turned into vague stories about her life. I kept having to pause and look up at her because I couldn’t follow what she was saying. She spoke rapidly and rambled about unrelated topics, jumping from one to the next. I attributed her behavior to airport stress and politely nodded and smiled (as one does when they work in customer service and are privy to many a life story). I handed her the receipt and welcomed her to the lounge, pointing in the direction of the main seating area.After she settled in, she approached the desk once more to ask about the amenities and we spoke again. I don’t remember what was said because my co-worker had distracted me during the conversation. He gave me an eyes wide open, brows raised look followed by a “why are you still talking to this woman” nudge because he noticed she was acting a bit erratically. I responded to him with an eyes wide open, brows raised look of my own followed by a “she’s nice and probably just anxious about traveling so don’t be mean” smile. “Whatever, I’m going on break.” He laughed. “Good luck.”She noticed none of this, as she was pacing from the desk to the door and back to the desk while looking at the ceiling and chattering about on the way back to her seat.Shortly after, a police officer entered. He showed me his badge and stated he was looking for a woman by my new friend’s first and last name. I informed him that she was there and led him to her seat in the center of the lounge where thirty or so other passengers started looking on curiously.The police officer spoke with her, asking basic questions such as her name and travel plans. He stepped outside the lounge for a moment and shortly returned with three more police officers. They advised me to cancel and refund her ticket, as she would “no longer be flying”. Minutes later, a handful of paramedics and firemen appeared with a stretcher.“What is going on?” I asked.“She escaped from a mental institution this morning.” The officer beside me said in a low voice. “Her husband reported her missing and we traced her here through his credit card charges.”My eyes widened.“Yeah.” He nodded in agreement.After consulting with my manager, I led them to a private room within the lounge so they could escort her without a peering audience. As they walked her there, she began knowingly screaming, “Please don’t take me back, please!” It took two men to cuff her to the stretcher while the others tried to calm her down but she resisted, sitting up and continuing to cry out, “Please it’s not true! My husband put me there, whatever he told you it’s not true! Don’t make me go back!” She began to swear in her proceeding cries for help. The medics injected her with a needle and her shouts diminished to whimpers. I stood frozen as she looked at me, eyes pleading, and begged “Don’t let them take me” before surrendering onto her back. My mind raced as rapidly as she had spoken when she first entered the lounge. What if she really didn’t belong there? What if it is a conspiracy? She didn’t seem like she needed to be in a mental institution, after all she’d made it this far on her own… But what if everything they are saying is true? Maybe her husband really is just trying to help her... Can I do anything either way? I knew that the answer was no and gazed down helplessly. They led her out through the room’s private exit as I proceeded to apologize to the other guests in the lounge, purposely avoiding direct eye contact and mumbling something about how I couldn’t give them any other information but that they had nothing to worry about. I went back to my desk. As I canceled her ticket, my co-worker returned. “Did I miss anything?”…I kid you not.Second story is short and “sharp”! I worked out of Logan Airport in Boston for a year before transferring to LAX. Our ticket counter there was directly adjacent to TSA, so we saw everything. One time an elderly passenger was going through with his cane when TSA discovered a sword inside of it. Yes, a sword. He claimed he had no prior knowledge…Last but definitely not least, we had a woman fly from Seattle to Los Angeles with her “emotional support” turkey. It is banned now but at the time there was no written policy that specifically forbade it. I will leave you with this photo, which speaks (or gobbles) for itself:EDIT: This was my first Quora post and I was not expecting many people to read it, but thank you for the views and upvotes!Here are two bonus stories that occurred when I was working recently for anyone who is interested in the bizarre and shocking goings-on of an Airport Baggage Claim.My friend was opening the baggage office at 5am when she heard a loud thud. Random noises are not uncommon at LAX, but the Arrivals area at 5am is generally quiet. She walked over to the baggage carousel to investigate the sound and saw a man lying on the floor covered in dust and pieces of plaster. She looked up and saw a giant hole in the ceiling. This man literally fell through the ceiling. Police officers were called and upon further investigation they found blankets, toothpaste, shaving cream, and other amenities up there. Some of you may remember this story from the news, but they found out he had been living in the ceiling above the baggage carousel for months, rent-free!A white-haired man with a salt and pepper beard and thick black trench-coat was pacing frantically and swearing to himself by our LAX baggage carousel one afternoon. I walked into the baggage office and asked my co-worker Lauren* (not her real name) what his deal was. She said he was angry that his bag did not arrive with his flight. She had been trying to get information from him for 20 minutes so she could locate it but he just kept walking into the office, cursing the airline for losing his bag, storming out and looping around the non-moving baggage carousel as if expecting his suitcase to magically appear with each completed lap.I spoke firmly to Roger* (also not his real name) saying we could not help him without any info as to who he was, where he flew from, or his bag tag number. He threw his boarding pass and baggage claim ticket in our faces and escalated his anti-airline rant “I will never fly ever again! Never! I’m taking the Greyhound next time!” to an anti-America rant “This [BLEEP] COUNTRY! I hate this country!” and then listing off the many ways in which he felt wronged by the government, no longer referencing air travel at all. I glanced at Lauren who mouthed, “this guy is loco” and we immediately began the search for his bag to rid ourselves of his presence.I pulled up the bag history and saw that his bag was scanned in LAX just 30 minutes prior. Temporary relief filled our lungs until we realized that it was mis-tagged as a transfer to Honolulu, Hawaii and loaded onto that connecting flight.“Great!” Lauren stated. “We can just have the ramp team pull the bag.”Not great. The flight had left just 5 minutes prior, so the bag was already en route to Honolulu. Had he cooperated from the beginning, we could have discovered this immediately and reunited him with his bag before the flight departed. Of course since the redirect wasn’t his fault (the agent in his origin city incorrectly tagged the bag to Hawaii under a similar passenger’s last name - always do a visual check of your luggage tags before they get sent away!) we advised him that he would be compensated, his bag would be sent back to LAX ASAP, and we would set up delivery to his address upon receipt. He would have it by the evening.He fumed.“DO YOU KNOW WHAT’S IN THAT BAG? DO YOU?” We stared at him blankly as he shook his index finger in our faces. “MY ROCKS!”Lauren and I looked at each other, both at a loss for words. He continued. “THEY ARE THE MOST VALUABLE ROCKS IN THE WORLD!”We repeated that we would call the supervisor in Hawaii directly to personally ensure that the bag was placed on the return flight.“AND WHAT IF THE PLANE CRASHES, HUH? WHAT THEN?” Our office was getting smaller by the second. “IF THAT [BLEEP] PLANE GOES DOWN AND EVERYONE ON IT DIES, THEIR [BLEEP] LIVES COMBINED ARE NOT AS VALUABLE AS MY ROCKS! HOW WILL YOU GET MY ROCKS TO ME THEN?”We readied ourselves to call airport police, worried he may become as violent as his speech, when his younger, long-haired colleague appeared by his side.“What’s going on Rog’?” He wore flip-flops in December and spoke as he chewed on gum.“These [bleep] lost my rocks! My bag went to [bleep] Hawaii!”His friend paused for a moment, a smile forming on his lips.“That’s excellent news.” He remarked to our surprise. Roger (can I call him Rog’ too?), stared at him dumbfounded. He continued slowly and in a soft voice, “The rocks were meant to go to Hawaii. They needed to touch down on Hawaiian soil.” His smile was fully formed by now. “Remember the curse? This is the chance we’ve been waiting for to finally lift it. After all these years! This is excellent, just excellent.” He sputtered gleefully.Lauren and I took turns hiding from these two in the back office.Roger had calmed down, but only in a calm-before-the-storm type way. He dug through his hand bag, pulling out a smooth and glossy brown stone, no larger than the size of the circle formed by touching your thumb to your forefinger.His voice rose again.“SEE THIS ROCK? SEE? THIS IS ONE OF THEM.” He waved it in front of our faces. We weren’t trying to get fired, so we didn’t say anything back to him. Our lack of a reaction must have upset him because he proceeded to lunge his arm backwards and lurch it forwards, throwing the Most Valuable Rock In The World at the wall and missing my face by inches. His priceless stone became chipped upon impact and fell to the floor.We 100% should have called the police, but we stood there in stunned silence and let our supervisor with perfect timing handle him. She spoke to them coolly and finally got them to leave. He left his precious rock behind as Flip-Flops told us we could keep it before skipping out the door behind him.I plastered a smile on my face and waved to good ol’ Rog’ on their way out, calling after him deviously, “Aloha!”We breathed the Most Satisfying Sigh of Relief In The World and laughed as Lauren speculated that he must have grave-robbed ancient stones from King Tut. She joked that when the bag did arrive, we should grab an entire roll of fragile stickers and wrap up every last magical rock with them as well as the entire outside of the bag before sending it out for delivery.I discarded my present shortly after finding no evidence of the supernatural, thereby deeming it the Most Overrated Rock In The World while contemplating new career choices.
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What is the process to get a trademark certificate and a brand authorization letter for a brand in India? Also what are the char
Trying to make lawyers unemployed mate? Disclaimer - This will be a boring answer, read it at your own peril.Let me start with the substantive law so that those of you who have chosen to take the pains of reading this might as well gain something out of it. So even before you apply for registration make sure that your mark should not be Generic or Descriptive (devoid of any distinctive character) - Like you can't have a mark 'Mango' for selling mangoes because if you are provided with such a mark, no other seller will be able to sell mangoes without infringing upon your mark. You can, however, have Banana as a mark for furniture. Similarly, you can't have 'Wooden Furniture' or 'Good Wooden Furniture' or 'Best Wooden Furniture' etc as a mark for goods such as wooden chairs and tables. There should be something distinctive about your mark. One good way to go about it is to either create a new word such as 'GoWoFo' (made from taking the first two alphabets of 'Good Wooden Furniture'') or arbitrary affixation of an existing word irrelevant to your class. Or the way act puts it, It should not be "exclusively of marks or indications which may serve in trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, values, geographical origin or the time of production f the goods or rendering of the service or other characteristics of the goods or service"Similar to an existing mark - Your mark should not be similar to an existing mark. In order to do so head over here and search for your mark in all class in which you want to register your mark. Eg - You want to register Banana for furniture. Search for Banana and all its variant such as 'Banaaana', 'Bannana' , 'Banaaanaaa' and so on under class 20. Also, do a google search and look around in your locality or as many places as possible to make sure that no one is using the same or similar mark for the same class. It doesn't matter if the mark you have chosen is not registered but is being used by someone in the course of business it will create problems later on so be creative about it.Similar to a Well-Known Mark - Well-known mark in plain words are marks so famous that you ought to know them like Google, Samsung, Ford, Pepsi etc. Whether your mark falls in the same category or not it should not be similar to a well-known mark.Should not comprises or comprises of any matter likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities of any class of section of the citizens of India Should not contain scandalous or obscene matterThere is a lot more to it, but in your case, this should more or less keep you covered. I do not know much about the procedure myself but have some idea about it. Don't fret mate I will help you to the extent possible. First of all, you need to decide whether you want to go for E-registration or offline registration. E-registration will need Class III certificate which will set you back by Rs 3000-4000 so until and unless you have some sort of time constraint or intend to do multiple registrations, it doesn't make sense to buy one. Anyways, if you do buy one go here and start the registration process. If you go for offline registration you will need to apply to the Trademark registry directly, the address of which can be found here. (Call them for clarifications, hard as you may find it to believe, this always works. More often than not, you will find that government employees are nice people as long as you can be courteous and nice to them.) Since it is very much likely that a registry may not be in your state, the relevant registry for your state will be as below:-"MUMBAI : The State of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Goa AHMEDABAD : The State of Gujarat and Rajasthan and Union Territories of Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. KOLKATA: The State of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Jharkhand and Union Territories of Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. NEW DELHI: The state of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Union Territories of Chandigarh CHENNAI: The state of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Union Territories of Pondicherry and Lakshadweep Island"You will need to file a TM-1 form if you need to register goods and/or services falling in one class, TM-51 for goods and/or services falling in different classes. More details with regard to forms can be found here. The concept of class is interesting, you will need to register the trademark for each category you intend to use your product in. For example, if you intend to use your trademark for food products which consist of both processed foods and confectionery, you will need to make registration in class 29 and 30. You will face trouble in the future if you do not register in one of the classes in which your product falls. To determine under what category your product falls, head over here. Don't unnecessarily register your mark in every class possible, not only it's expensive but if you fail to use your mark in the course of trade for that category within the stipulated period (One year I think) you will lose protection in that category. This is to ensure that people don't hoard trademarks for no reason but to resell them to someone later at a profit.So there you go mate, that should you more or less be cover most of the process. Do tell here if you manage to get it successfully registered. Shoot here if you have any more queries. PS - I will be putting the standard legal disclaimer here but I feel obligated to remind you that you should not put too much faith on imbecile law students that you come across on the internet.Edit 1 - Brand Authorization Letter - From what I got from Google :-"If you're the brand owner/private lableler, you will need to provide a letter on your company letterhead granting yourself permission to use the brand. I know that sounds sort of counter-intuitive, but that's the way it works." (Source)2. Sample of Brand Authorization Letter (Publish it on your own letterhead) (Source)We, (manufacturer). grant “X distributor" Brand Authority for all “Brand X" products, for the purposes of listing our products on Amazon and contributing product data to the Amazon library.(name)Presidentcompany nameAddressXXXPhoneSignature _________________Date _________________
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Can the police read you your rights after they arrest you and take you into custody?
In the U.S. the only time it is important that they read you your rights is if they feel like using something you said against you in court, otherwise they don’t have to read you your rights at all. However, there is nothing to prevent them from claiming that they read you your rights when they really didn’t. It did not always used to be like that. I remember back in the early nineties they used to have you sign a form to confirm that they Mirandized you. I remember that quite clearly because I once had a judge drop nine counts of Breaking & Entering charges on me because they didn’t have my signature on that form and all of their evidence depended on me telling on myself.At the time I was just a nieve kid (still a juvenile in high school). I was taken up to the Juvenile court one night for being an outta control rebellious teenager that my parents couldn’t control. I was being possessed on a C.H.I.N.S. (Child in Need of Services) order, which is basically when a parent turns their child over to the State because they don’t know what to do with then, but the child wasn’t being charged with any criminal act. I was going to be sent to a group home until I learned how to act-right. Anyway, when the officer came to my house to take me in, they told me to pack a few clothes because you wear your street clothes in a group home and wanted to take me upstairs to supervise me as I was doing it. But I had a bunch of things in my room that I didn’t want the officer to see, so I asked my brother to go upstairs first and make sure nothing was out where it would be seen.The officer didn’t say anything at the time but after we left and were in the car he asked me why I wanted my brother to go upstairs first. At first, I was reluctant to answer that for obvious reasons but the officer was very persistent and I was still young and dumb at the time. He knew I was hiding something but he didn’t know what it was. So when we get to the juvenile courthouse he parks the car and tells me that the curiosity is killing him and that we weren’t going inside until I told him. He promised I wouldn’t get in any trouble, even took his gun and badge off and sold me on that line, “We’re just two normal people having a conversation. I’m not a cop now, I’m not even wearing my badge.” BS. Like an idiot, I feel for it and told him how I had some stuff I didn’t want him to see because it was stolen.Now I know that everybody is asking themselves ‘who could really be stupid enough to fall for that crap’ (me that who). So I started bragging about all kinds of stolen things I had and where I got them from, and how slick I was about getting it, blah, blah. He was laughing and playing along like he was really impressed to convince me to keep incriminating myself. I feel for the whole act like a complete moron. Anyway, after that, we go upstairs and do all the paperwork for the C.H.I.N.S. order and then he drops me off at the JDC pending a court hearing the next morning. It was late by the time I got to JDC and everyone was already locked down for the night. In JDC they process you directly into your housing unit as soon as you get there so I was put right in my own cell for the night, but I didn’t plan on being there long.The first thing I did once the staff left was start asking anyone if it was possible to escape. Another kid told me it wasn’t hard at all if that’s really what I wanted to do. He told me I just had to hit the buzzer in my cell to tell the staff that I needed an Asprine or something because I had a headache. He said that they would pop the lock on my cell so I could get out to get the medication. At night they only had a skeleton crew (maybe two or three employees on duty), so that meant one at the main door and one or two other guys to cycle through the cell blocks (one on the boy’s side and the other on the girl's side). So anyway, they were too lazy to push the med-cart to each pod and each cell, instead they would just pop the cell and let you out of the block to go to them, completely unattended. This guy told me that the staff would be in the next pod down the hall, but after I got the medication on my way back they told me that there was a fire exit right there in that hall. They said I could just hit that and run like hell. I was a bit skeptical that the door would really be unlocked but the other kid told me that it had to be because of fire-code.Sure enough, it was. I hit that door and ran and ran. I went all the way home (not exactly the brightest place to go but I wasn’t exactly the sharpest tool in the shed and didn’t really have anywhere else I could think of to run to. I didn’t live close either, so it took me all night. I got inside just as the sun was coming up and then snuck up to my brother’s room and crawled under his bed to hide before my dad woke up.But when my brother saw me, he asked what I said to that cop. I had no idea how he knew I said anything to the cop, but he told me that the cop came back with a search warrant and found everything. So now I was being charged with a slew of B&E charges and my lawyer from out of nowhere asks me if the officer ever read me my rights. I didn’t really see how that mattered if they already came back with a warrant and found everything. But it did matter because that search warrant was solely based on my voluntarily telling on myself. So we get to court and my lawyer asks the officer if he Mirandized me before I told him about all that stolen property, by asking him to produce the Miranda form with my signature on it. Which of course he couldn’t do because he never Mirandized me. So just like that, the Judge dismissed all charges, which was a little reassuring to know that even though what I did was completely moronic, the officer being just as stupid also saved my ass. Not exactly one of the best lessons to teach a delinquent teenager so it wasn’t really the wisest thing for the Judge to do also I guess. But those days are gone now, I feel sorry for the kids these days.
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How can I transform a pdf catalog in an interactive online/offline shopping cart?
Compared with the PDF document catalogs, e-catalog is more handy and effective, and more prevalent on the market. However, how to create a high-quality and efficient e-catalog to make you keep the pace with the time and stand out from your rivals? Therefore, a professional catalog creator is very signNow in your design. Meanwhile, with the popularity of Mac device, you should need to think about whether the catalog creator you choose can be available for the Mac. And, Here we provide for you business. You can use freely to improve your catalog into a higher level.prodalist is a professional PDF to flipbook creator that allows you to create different captivating interactive eBook with animated page-flipping effect including brochures, magazines, catalogs and so on. You just need to import your static PDF document in this amazing program, and a successful flipping catalog would be presented at you in minutes. Besides, with tons of features, prodalist enables you to add YouTube video, local video, audio, images links, text, and flash animation to enrich your flipbook, so that your work can be more vivid and lively.
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How do the police build a criminal case against you?
Since I was a2a, how a case is built is dependent upon the type of crime (fraud, drug trafficking, money laundering, violence, etc.). Discovery of fraud generally involves a report of suspicious activity, a victim’s report, or review of records. Fraud investigations are primarily conducted through collection of pertinent financial records, identifying those involved and their documented activities. Fraud commonly involves a convoluted manipulation of circumstances that requires extensive knowledge of law and applicable regulations.Drug trafficking and associated money laundering generally involve informant information, with the informant commonly being someone arrested for an observed drug violation who turns on their confederates in order to limit their own punishment. That process could lead to an undercover operation and/or involve extensive surveillance of suspects, identification of drug and money stash locations, trash collection at identified locations, and collection of sufficient information to establish probable cause for a search warrant (http://www.quora.com/What-constitutes-probable-cause-for-a-police-officer-to-be-able-to-search-a-car-without-a-warrant/answer/Dan-Robb-2). The search warrant could lead to recovery of evidence, identification of suspects, and seizure of illegal substances or large quantities of currency for which there is no viable explanation.Investigations of crimes against persons are commonly initiated based on a report of what is claimed to be criminal behavior by a witness. The next common step involves interviews indicating where evidence may reside or where other witnesses may be located. Such information is evaluated and corroborated if possible; in that not even all eyewitness testimony is reliable (Robb, 2011). Crime scenes are identified and search is initiated, based either on immediate probable cause or through search warrants. Evidence is collected if possible, then processed for possible identification of suspects (e.g., DNA and/or fingerprints identifiable from data bases of prior offenders, or for comparison with future suspects), and indicators of events are theorized (e.g., accidental versus criminal actions).If no suspects are identifiable, or even if there are possible suspects, how the crime was committed may provide clues linking that crime to a past suspect or past crimes, even without physical evidence with regard to a suspect; or, if a serious crime, investigation may involve more extensive evaluation in a criminal profiling process:Modus Operandi and SignatureD. RobbCMRJ531In 1838, Sir Frederick Roe, a magistrate in London, argued for the employment of specialized police officers to detect crimes (as cited in Dilnot, 1927). The successes of the privately employed Bow Street Runners were cited as an example of the historical presence of recognizing modus operandi, and what could be interpreted as recognition of the value of criminal profiling.Sir Peter Laurie, a City magnate, was positive that the Metropolitan Police could not supersede the runners. ... "These men have been thief catchers all their lives, and know almost every thief in London, and of what he is capable. ... If you take them to a house, and show them that a robbery has been committed, they will tell you directly, by inspection, whether it has been done by an old or by an inexperienced thief." (as cited in Dilnot, 1927, p. 53)Holmes and Holmes (2002), in my opinion, do not adequately address the concepts of Modus Operandi (MO) and Signature. Therefore, further information is provided here. MO is not a new concept. Dilnot stated that "'Modus operandi' is obviously as old as detective work itself" (1927, p. 212). Dilnot did not comment of the exact origins of the position of detective, but he did say that detectives were employed by the Metropolitan Police, under the British Home Secretary, prior to 1845. The daguerreotype photographic process was patented in Europe in 1840, and,had come to America soon afterwards. ... None was more enthusiastic for this medium than Alan Pinkerton. Within a few years he had built up an impressive Rogues Gallery of mugshots and circulated copies of photographs to lawmen all over the country, together with detailed descriptions of physical features, dress, habits, mental characteristics, criminal specialties and mode of operation. (Mackay, 2007, p. 93)Pinkerton (1819-1884), a Scotch immigrant barrel maker and former Deputy Sheriff, headed the de facto national investigative agency (albeit private) in the U.S. during the pre- and post-Civil War era. The emergence of this private agency was apparently due the emergence of interstate commerce (i.e., railroads); the lack legal jurisdiction outside of the city, count, or state; an aversion to central governmental control; parochial thinking; and governmental financial considerations. In 1861, Pinkerton sent a letter to President Lincoln:I have in my Force from Sixteen to Eighteen persons on whose Courage, Skill and Devotion to their country I can rely. If they with myself at the head can be of service in the way of obtaining information of the movements of Traitors, or Safely conveying your letters or dispatches, on that class of Secret Service which is the most dangerous, I am at your command. (as cited in Mackay, 2007, p. 107)Fosdick (1915/1969), a former New York City Commissioner of Accounts, conducted one of the first cross-cultural studies of policing during 1913 and 1914. He was complimentary of the German system of criminal investigation, particularly with regard to the scholarly efforts of Dr. Hans Gross, an academic and criminal justice practitioner. Many European police agencies employed relatively sophisticated criminal classification and referencing systems, to the extent that in some countries, all foreigners were required to record their travels with the local police or face legal sanction. The use of dactyloscopy (fingerprinting) began for Scotland Yard in 1901, after use by English officials in India. And, classification of offenders according to method of operation (MO) by Scotland Yard was begun officially in 1896. However, at the request of London authorities in 1888, Dr. Thomas Bond was apparently cognizant of the concept based on his assessment of the crimes attributed to Jack the Ripper, based on his statement thatall five murders were no doubt committed by the same hand. … All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered. …In each case the mutilation was implicated by a person who had no scientific nor anatomical knowledge. …A man subject to periodical attacks of Homicidal and Erotic mania. The murderer in external appearance is quite likely to be a quiet inoffensive looking man, probably middle-aged and neatly and respectfully dressed. He would be solitary and eccentric in his habits, also he is most likely to be a man without regular occupation, but with a small income or pension. (as cited in Kocsis, 2006, p. 4)MO was at that time primarily used for burglary and theft crimes. Fosdick related:What is probably the most ambitious plan of crime classification by methods has been initiated in ... England. ... The so-called "M.O." or Modus Operandi system devised by Major L. W. Atcherley, Chief Constable of the West Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.His system is more than an index for a single department. It is a cooperative arrangement by which habitual or traveling criminals can be traced from community to community by a comparison of their methods of work. (1915/1969, p. 344)Atcherley's system included 10 categories, and the tenth is somewhat consistent with the concept of signature:1—Classword; kind of property attacked, whether dwelling house, lodging house, hotel, etc.2—Entry; the actual point of entry, front window, back window, etc.3—Means; whether with implements or tools, such as a ladder, jimmy, etc.4—Object; kind of property taken.5—Time; not only time of day or night, but whether church time, market day, during meal hours, etc.6—Style; whether criminal to obtain entrance describes himself as mechanic, canvasser, agent, etc.7—Tale; any disclosure as to his alleged business or errand which the criminal may make.8—Pals; whether crime was committed with confederates, etc.9—Transport; whether bicycle or other vehicle was used in connection with crime.10—Trademark; whether criminal committed any unusual act in connection with crime, such as poisoning a dog, changing his clothes, leaving a note for the owner, etc. (Fosdick, 1915/1969, p. 346)MO and Signature are similar and may be easily confused, one for the other. MO involves those behaviors necessary for the successful commission of a crime; incorporating three elements: 1) success of the crime; 2) protection of identity; and, 3) successful escape (Gee & Belofastov, 2007).Signature is an aspect of a crime that fulfills an emotional need, which is not necessarily conscious. Signature could involve intentional crime scene configuration or taking of souvenirs, and generally remains consistent, due to the emotional element; or, may be as elemental as words used or the order in which acts are committed (Holmes & Holmes, 2002). Although, some variations of Signature can be expected, based on the recognition that each independent crime is subject to numerous influences (e.g., unexpected interruption, time constraints, physical limitations) (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1992; Douglas & Olshaker, 1995; Turvey, 2001).Douglas et al. indicated that “signature does not always show up in every crime because of contingencies that might arise, such as interruptions or an unexpected victim response” (1992, p. 261). Turvey (2001) referred to this concept as the “X-factor,” unexpected events at the crime scene that may eliminate MO and Signature.MO is more affected by evolution and refinement, in response to environmental stimuli. For example, if one gets too close to being caught, one will probably improve their methods in the future. Or, as in the “DC Sniper” case, the press commented upon the fact that the shooter had targeted only adults, which was of course followed by the shooting of a young boy. And then, press statements highlighted the lack of demands by the DC Sniper, followed by demands from these spree killers for a large sum of money.Douglas and Olshaker (Douglas being a retired Federal Bureau of Investigation profiler) provided the following discussion of MO vs. Signature, and staging versus posing:The differences between MO and signature can be subtle. … (A) robber … made …captives undress, posed them in sexual positions, and took photographs…. That’s his signature. It was not necessary or helpful to the commission of a bank robbery.” Another robber forced disrobing “so the witnesses would be so preoccupied … that they … couldn’t make a positive ID. … This was MO. (1995, pp. 253-255)In a serial murder case, the defendant’s lawyer “was trying to show that it was unlikely these crimes were all committed by the same individual because so many details of the modus operandi varied. I made it clear that regardless of the MO, the common denominator in each of the murders was physical, sexual, and emotional torture. … So, though the methods of torture varied—the MO, if you will—the signature was the pleasure he received out of inflicting the pain” (Douglas & Olshaker, 1995, p. 255).Staging is an element of MO and involves placement or manipulation of a crime scene to mislead investigators, “such as when a rapist tries to make his intrusion look like a routine burglary” (Douglas & Olshaker, p. 256). Posing, (also) an element of signature, is infrequent and involves “treating the victim like a prop to leave a specific message. … These are crimes of anger, crimes of power(,) … it is the thrill of … beating the system” (p. 256).The Signature is sometimes referred to as a “calling card” or trademark of the offender, such as by Douglas et al. (1992). However, stating that the Signature is a calling card is inappropriate in my opinion. Such a label leads to the inference that it is an intentional act on the part of the perpetrator to mark the crime as his own; this may not be the case, since the perpetrator may not be conscious of the significance of the act and oblivious to how the evidence of his behavior will appear. Turvey (2001) also disagreed with such a label because crimes and the resulting crime scenes are inherently chaotic with numerous variables; therefore, a precise match of Signature and MO is unlikely. In addition, Turvey noted that interpretation of evidence may be faulty due to misinterpretation or destruction of evidence (intentional or accidental), leading to faulty conclusions.Signature and MO may be difficult to differentiate, and may even be indistinguishable in a crime scene. However, the concepts must be separated and the characteristics of each must be articulated.CR531 Criminal ProfilingD. L. RobbProfessor Comments Week 1Very few people would argue against the idea that the ways in which we present and maintain ourselves, our homes, and our workspaces reflect some very important aspects of our personalities. Certainly, from our studies in the humanities, archeology and anthropology, we know that even in the absence of a written history, the depictions of art, music, clothing, household artifacts, and architecture developed and left behind by a long-dead society can still clearly tell us a great deal about the beliefs, attitudes and lifestyles of its inhabitants. Similarly, it is the contention of practitioners of Criminal Profiling, that the actual commission of crimes may also reflect key personality and lifestyle characteristics of those who committed the crimes.The commission of a crime requires that the offender make a series of choices, decisions, responses, and reactions. The resulting dynamics of the crime, as revealed through crime scene investigation, will then necessarily reflect the intelligence, competence, composure, experience, needs, wants, fantasies, motivation, and many other key characteristics of the offender’s personality. This has probably been obvious to those charged with finding and apprehending offenders from the outset of such positions. …Profiling is rooted in the belief that an offender’s thinking directs the offender’s behavior. If the crime scene reveals to us the offender’s behavior, we should be able to examine the scene to make some assumptions about the offender’s thinking. “Elementary,” as Sherlock might say, probably not. Profiling is a complex function that requires investigative experience and insights gained from years of exposure to various crimes, individuals, and personality types.Criminal profiling is a criminological/sociological, psychological, biosociological, and forensic analysis process that attempts to make investigative sense of apparent crime scene dynamics, in order to gain an understanding of behavior, motivation characteristics of offenders, and personality. Profilers analyze the totality of the known crime circumstances, make inferences of offender behavior from that analysis, and create a profile of the offender based on inferences of the offender's behavior (what would appear to be inferences based on inferences).Profiling is, in fact, a form of retroclassification, or classification that works backward. Profilers recognize crime scene dynamics that are associated to criminal personality types who commit similar offences. Typically we classify a known entity into a discrete category, based on presenting characteristics that translate into criteria for assignment to that category. (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 2006, p. 97)In this course, you will be prompted to examine the research on criminal profiling. We will try to make sense of these acts of violence, which so often confront us in our contemporary life, and cull out of the acts, some comprehensible threads that will permit us to find similarities amongst offenders’ personalities and to formulate a rationale for the differences between them, as well. However, as we continue our inquiries into the field, we will discover that, as in almost all studies of human behavior, the discipline is filled with contradictory theories, opposing beliefs about the best way to study and construct criminal profiles, and many social, legal, and ethical issues that must be considered.References:Dilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (Eds.). (2006). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Josey-Bass.ReferencesDilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (1992). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). Mind hunter: Inside the FBI’s elite crime unit. New York: Pocket Books.Fosdick, R. B. (1969). European police systems. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith. (Original work published 1915)Gee, D., & Belofastov, A. (2007). Profiling sexual fantasy: Fantasy in sexual offending and the implications for criminal profiling. In R. N. Kocsis (ed.). Criminal profiling: International theory, research, and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2002). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Kocsis, R. N. (2006). Criminal profiling: Principles and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Mackay, J. (2007). Allan Pinkerton: The first private eye. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.Turvey, B. E. (2001). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.Once sufficient evidence is collected and corroborated to the extent thought necessary by investigators, the case is presented to prosecutors who assess the evidence with regard to the necessity for proving the allegation beyond a reasonable doubt in court. Additional investigation may be requested, prosecution may be declined, or accepted for prosecution.Reference:Robb, D. L. (2011, November). Eyewitness identification in photographic lineups: A case study. Presented at the Texas Association for Investigative Hypnosis Training Conference, November 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/2662993...
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