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FAQs
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During a court case, what was your most, "You just messed up." moment while someone in the opposition was talking?
It wasn’t really an “aha” moment as a real life tv moment. I think it still fits, let me explain: my boss represented a mother who was trying to modify custody/timesharing and send her former spouse to anger management because he had punched one of their daughters several times with a closed fist at a gas station. The other daughter told the mother what had happened. The father thought the only witnesses were the victim, the other daughter and the father.The father denied it happened, denied, denied, denied. He admitted to “wrestling” her into the car because she was throwing a tantrum. She...
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How are cracked versions of software created and why are developers not able to prevent it?
Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.
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How capable do you think is the Gripen E against latest models of Sukhois?
The main form of modern air combat has evolved from close-range combat to BVR combat nowadays. During the Gulf War, BVR air-to-air missile shot down more aircraft than close-range air-to-air missile, and air combat wins in several local warfare later were mostly attributed to BVR air-to-air missile.To excel in Beyond Visual Range air combat a fighter must be well-armed and equipped with capable avionics. It must be able to fly high and fast to impart the maximum range to its missiles, allowing them to hit the enemy before he is even aware of their presence. The aircraft must give its crews sufficient situational awareness not to shoot their friends down, and be easy to operate so it can deploy its weapons quickly and accurately.If specifications and Technical details are the mode of comparison , since there is no one - to - one combact conflict in which Sweeden SAAB JAS 39 SMART Fighter came across Russian Flankers, then Gripen NG (a smaller Agile Lethal csot effective bird Gripen E which is a scaled-up version of the C ) can Hold well against Su 27 & Su 30 Variants - Unit Costs reported at 70 - 90 M US$ and Flying Hourly cost 9,000 USD ; Gripen C or E costs less say 50 to 70 M US$ with operating costs around 5,000 USD per hour.Realising the fact that Sukhois are used for Long Range strikes and Air superiority Roles flying for over 35 years (Su 27 did Cobra moves in 1989) ;where as Gripen is a Single Engine Light, Multi Role even SWING ROLE , Smaller Range , can operate from Roads and small runways - A respectable but under rated jet in operation for 18 - 20 years. Export numbers will increase for an Under Dog Gripen , as it took many years for Rafale and F-16s to gain the market attraction.Its E - Variant is a plane built around ACTIVE STEALTH and Electronic Warfare - Arguably its most important attribute is the innovative concept applied in the design of its Systems Architecture, in which flight-critical components are segregated from mission systems. This partition permits the insertion of new mission capabilities without the need for expensive and time-consuming requalification of flight-critical aspects. As a direct result, technology and weapons updates can be inserted rapidly as they emerge, and on a rolling basis.A detailed read on Gripen SMART FIGHTER is belowZeeshan Syed's answer to Who would win in a battle between the JAS-39 Gripen and the F-16 Fighting Falcon?Has a new and more powerful engine, improved range performance and the ability to carry greater payloads. It also has a new AESA-radar, InfraRed Search and Track system, highly advanced Communication systems together with superior situational awareness. The Lightning II JSF F -35 & Gripen - E redefine Multi Role Air power for the 21st century by extending operational capabilities.Gripen ELength over all 15.2 meters ; Width over all 8.6 metersSingle Engine General Electric’s (GE) F414G turbofan engine rated at 22,000lb (98kN) with new six-stage, high-pressure compressorRCS 0.1 to 0.2 m2.Maximum take off weight 16500 kgMaximum speed Mach 2Hardpoints 1027mm all-purpose Mauser BK27 high velocity gunFitted with R-Darter and Derby ; Meteor & IRIS - TCombat turn around air-to-air 10 minutesMin. take-off distance 500 mLanding distance 600 mAir-to-air refuelling YesThe world war heroics of Dog fights , with 20 mm Guns, Canons and Rocket fires are gone . Now the Trench War requuirements demand a Multi Roke Fighter with Range , Depth , BVR capability and Early Detection of enemy through powerful AESA Radar - Early strike capability. Hence its not a typical David vs Golliath - But in Sword vs Shield scenarion , Sukhois are Swords and Gripen being Shields..Sukhoi 27 & 30 will be more prone to be easily detectable due to shear size and lack of semi stealth with higher heat signatures. The Gripen has a radar cross section RCS between 0.1 – 0.5 sqm, because Gripen is a small fighter. “Delta - Canard config” design of Gripen makes it more …Agile & Manoeuvreable..2. In Long range AIR DOMINANCE missions , Sukhoi 27 / 30 Will outrun and out perform Grippen and many others.3. In High Tech gadgets & Electronic Warfare , SAAB Gripen with Advanced AESA radar SELEX RAVEN ES-05, sensor fusion, EW-suite, very advanced link-system - beats Sukhoi 27 / 30 using A Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) N011M passive electronically scanned array radar . SAAB Grippen being a network Centric jet communicating with AWE&C , Freindly jets , Other Gripens and having 2 way link with METEOR presents a modern day fighter with 4.5 Gen capabilities. Its advanced Avionics and FBW systems may remain up to date for next 02 decades …!4. In BVR , Gripen holds its own not only agsinst Sukhoi 27 / 30 and evn Su 35 , but against many other fighters. It uses IRST & Meteor : Beyond Visual Range BVRAAM Air to Air with Active Radar Guidance, which are far superior to Sukhois using AA - 11 ARCHER , AA - 8 APHID , Kh-59M …5. Gripen is ‘Maintenance friendly’ especially from Engine point of view and requires 15 minutes of change over time to get going in the air again ;Compared to Sukhois 27 / 30 who had persistent engine bearing and lubrication problems in dusty subcontinental weather, and 50–55% operational readiness in numbers.MBDA Meteor of Gripen offers a multi-shot capability against long range manoeuvring targets, jets, UAVs and cruise missiles in a Loaded Electronic Counter Measure environment , called ECM. It has range well in excess of 100 kilometres . Meteor can be launched as a stealth missile. It is equipped with enhanced kinematics features. It is capable of striking different types of targets simultaneously in almost any weather.Meteor’s stunning performance is achieved through its unique ramjet propulsion system – solid fuel, variable flow, ducted rocket. This ‘ramjet’ motor provides the missile with thrust all the way to target intercept, providing the largest No-Escape Zone of any air-to-air missile. Many air forces have trained for years in tactics to counter AMRAAM, but few know much about how to respond to the vast No Escape Zone of Meteor. This combined with a two-way datalink (allowing assets other than the firer to communicate with the missile), the aircraft’s low radar signature, and the Gripen’s pilot’s superb situational awareness makes the small Swedish fighter a particularly nasty threat to potential enemies.____________________________________________________________________________________Sukhoi Su 57 & Su 35s E - Super Flankers - are upgraded Flankers and yes they can perform to the level of Gripen E or overpower it with skilled operator . (Su 57 PAKFA Stealth Jet still in Prototype stage with Funding and Engine issues holding it back).SUPER FLANKER Su - 35S is the most capable version built to date. In the right hands—with properly trained pilots and support from ground controllers or an AWACS—the Su-35 is an extremely formidable threat to every Western fighter save for the F-22 Raptor. The kanAPPO bearing No Canards (additional small wings on the forward fuselage) posses the unmatched Power of THRUST VECTORING ENGINES with 2.3 Mach speed, with 14 (Yes Fourteen) Hard points for Weapons…! Su 35 is a Long Range 3,600 kms - 18,000 meters Ceiling , 280 Mps Rate of Climb , TWR 1.13 - It can also be retro-fitted to carry long range anti ship BrahMos missile as well as the much longer range AA-10 (R-27) Alamo missiles. The Irbis E Radar can detect a target with RCS of 3 m^2 from 400 km maximum. It can track 30 targets & engage 8 at a time. Peak output: 20 kW. It has much improved Avionics, SAP-518 wing top Pods, SAP-14 center line pod , IRST OLS-35 electro optical system with a Laser range finder - effective upto 20 km for Air targets. and a combat radius of up to 4000 Km. AL-41 engines on the Su 35 have a life of close to 4000 Hours.One ace the Su-35 has in its sleeve is the inclusion of the R-27T medium range infra-red guided missile (seen on aircraft deployed to Syria) – which is potentially effective against low radar cross section aircraft and has no American equivalent.Detailed read on Super Flanker Su 35SZeeshan Syed's answer to Why does Russia's Air Force still produce Su-30, if they already have many Su-35? Isn't the Su-35 superior in all aspects?The only thing missing was perhaps the ability to Super cruise—perform sustained supersonic flight @. Mach 1.2 - 1.7 Range without using Rejeat After Burners—while loaded for combat.In modern day engagements in the visual arena with high off-bore sight weapons and helmet mounted sights - make it very difficult to accurately predict a clear cut winner — in fact any aircraft may lose in this environment! So Gripens may be dubbed as Flanker Killers , They may be well advised to stay away from Su - 35 S Super Flanker E …
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How can I contact a lawyer if I get pulled over in the wee hours or outside of my home state? It is widely recommended to exerci
Tl;dr: For 99.9% of us a lawyer on scene is unnecessary. Why?You call or text your lawyer by phone if you have not been arrested (yet) but having a lawyer present during the search, if that is even possible, is overkill for just about everyone. And you will just sound like a baby. If you are arrested because of what the police find (or for whatever reason), the police will take your phone but you can use the police phone to call your lawyer from the station. They would need a family contact so they can arrange bond. It may be a logistical impossibility, anyway, based on where and what time of day you are stopped.FYI: the police don’t have to wait for your lawyer. There is no constitutional right to the physical presence of a lawyer at the search. At late night hours or rush hour, police may be spread thin. They have other things to do, and can probably get their own warrant just as quick (judges are on call, FYI; police visit them at home for wet ink signatures at the last minute; sometimes they have e-signature procedures), while you wait handcuffed in the back of their squad car.Be open. Be you.I would advise 99.9% of us to consent to search to show the police you have nothing to hide and hopefully they will not be overly thorough, and return the favor by not tearing the inside of your car apart. If the result will be a misdemeanor pot bust or open container, just take it like a big boy/girl.Don't create negative attention.If you act like a tool, you will be treated like one, demanding a lawyer on the spot, or not. Unless you are smuggling a lot of contraband, the police officer randomly pulling you over is not overly anxious to make a big bust. He or she just wants to get home safe to family at the end of shift, preferably without being shot at. Police have to deal with crazy, out of control and evil people all the time. They, too, are shaped by their unpleasant experiences.Don't be anyone’s “war story.” Be as forgettable as possible. Don’t be a spaz. This will show up in your police report as “hostile” or “agitated” and if severe enough can become criminal obstruction. Don’t open your mouth and make things worse than they are. (If you act like a spaz, I will find you and slap you on the back, and say: “Way to go, Spaz!”)What about the remaining 0.01%? i.e., for professional criminals only (and those who love them):The law of search and seizure is dynamic and complex. Police need a warrant to open and search luggage or phone or trunk (mileage varies on the trunk). They don’t need a warrant for the rest of the car. If they stopped you and ask you to search the car, stick a fork in it; you’re done. (The judge will also take the K-9s word over yours.)The negative to consenting to search, which only affects the 0.01%, is if you move to suppress the search later, they can use your consent to justify the search as opposed to establishing probable cause before searching as they would otherwise need to do, i.e., write up a more detailed report showing their probable cause because they will have forgotten your stop by the time you discuss your stop with the judge. If you’re guilty of a serious crime, stand firm, don’t consent and hope for the best. Motions to suppress are usually a huge uphill battle, especially if what is seized is newsworthy.If I had a client who was into smuggling guns or drugs (I don’t), I would tell them to require the police to get a warrant and not consent to search. You know you did it; the police know you did it, let’s do everything we can to improve chances on a motion to suppress.Finally I would suggest using a lawyer other than the one you would have try or plead your case. Know also that the lawyer’s presence as a “witness,” may in some circumstances, prevent him or her from defending you in any ensuing criminal case.
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I have been rejected by 11 mechanical core companies and have 2 more interviews. How can I keep my confidence up for those inter
First of all, getting rejected does not mean the “End of the World”.Disclaimer:The answer is going to be very long and this is my personal experience. Please read it till the end, I am sure you will get benefitted. If you want any personal suggestion, please comment on the answer and I will try to answer your query.Although I don’t want to share my personal story, let me share with you so that you might feel that you are not alone. There are others who felt almost the same.Almost 10 years back, I completed my B-Tech from Icfai University, Dehradun in Computer Science.That time, it was a big...
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What is 'Digilocker'?
DigiLocker is an "advanced locker" benefit worked by the Government of India that empowers Indian natives to store certain official records on the cloud. The administration is pointed towards decreasing the need to convey physical reports, and is a piece of the Narendra Modi-drove government's Digital India activity.1 GB of storage room is offered to clients to store recognizable proof card issued by government organizations, training declarations, PAN cards, driving permit, vehicle proprietorship records and some different archives.Clients need to have an Aadhar card to utilize DigiLocker. For joining, the Aadhar card number and the one-time secret word sent to the Aadhar-related versatile number, should be entered. For later log-ins, the client can set their own particular secret key it connect the record to Facebook or Google logins.The beta rendition of the administration was taken off in February 2015, and launched by the Prime Minister on 1 July 2015. The storage space allowed was 10 MB at first, and was later expanded to 1 GB.In July 2016, DigiLocker recorded 20.13 lakh clients with a vault of 24.13 lakh documents. The quantity of clients saw an expansive hop of 7.53 lakh in April when the legislature had encouraged every single metropolitan body to utilize DigiLocker to make their organization paperless.From 2017, the office was signNowed out to permit understudies of ICSE board to store their class X and XII authentications in DigiLocker and offer them with organizations as required. In February 2017, Kotak Mahindra Bank began giving access to archives in DigiLocker from inside its net-managing an account application, enabling clients to e-sign them and forward as required. In May 2017, more than 108 healing centers, including the Tata Memorial Hospital were wanting to dispatch the utilization of DigiLocker for putting away disease patients' therapeutic records and test reports. As indicated by a UIDAI modeler, patients would be given a number key, which they can impart to another doctor's facility to enable them to get to their test reports.There is likewise a related office for e-marking archives. The administration is proposed to limit the utilization of physical reports, decrease regulatory costs, give validness of the e-records, give secure access to official archives and to make it simple for the inhabitants to get administrations.#Thank_wikipedia and Follow Manish Kumar …Cheers
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Why are railguns often portrayed as a better way to intercept maneuvering hypersonic threats than interceptor missiles?
There are several factors that go into this, there are pros and cons to both systems, to a military planner the pros of the rail gun out weigh it’s cons. Only time will prove if they are right or not but I will try to explain.Defensive Vs Offensive load, There is only limited launcher space on any ship regardless of how many missiles it has in storage. So lets say you have 20 launchers in your ship, vertical launchers are becoming the norm. Even though you have 100 more missiles of whatever mix you want in the hold, your 20 launchers have what they have in them and it will take time to swap them out. (Hopefully some USN personnel on here who have served on a DDG or similar can let us know how long) I’m guessing at least an hour. Some missiles can be dual use like an anti-missile-Missile can be used in the anti aircraft role, but a Tomahawk or any land attack missile simply cannot. Every tube you have filled with a missile to perform your mission is a missile you cannot use for defense, every missile you have loaded for defense, can’t be used for your mission.The rail gun uses a solid mass of metal, you can use it to devastating effect against air, sea, or land targets without worrying about carrying different loads. I imagine a flechette round would be used against missiles and aircraft, but it doesn’t matter, you can switch ammo types in seconds.With railguns as point defense, you are free to have the majority of your missile tubes loaded for the mission and only a minimum with defensive (AA or AM) missiles.Immunity to counter measures: The railgun is a line of sight weapon, if you can see it, you can hit it. Once radar contact is made and the gun aligned, powerful optics will be used to line up the final shot. at 2.4 kilometers+ a second- nothing can really affect or stop the projectile. If the shot is lined up properly, the target is dead, no amount of chaff flares or ecm can do anything once the projectile leaves the rail.Cost. The Major cost of the system is in the gun and the guidance and aiming systems require only maintenance when bought, The Projectile is just a hunk of machined metal, I imagine the ship’s machine shop will have the ability to fabricate more in an emergency. No propellant needed (more on that later) A missile has to have a warhead, a motor, navigation and avionics which is all one time use, the launching and guidance on the ship are not cheap either so while the up front cost of the railgun will be higher, that changes quickly after a few shots.Safety. That warhead and rocket/jet fuel in a missile infinitely more deadly to you before you launch as it is to the enemy. Anything that touches off that magazine (accidents, malfunctions, enemy fire) will likely be catastrophic. The inert projectiles of a railgun are immune to that. The rail-gun itself if charged might pose a small danger if damaged while charged, but that will be like a transformer box blowing up outside during a storm (happened to me when I was a kid during a hurricane) While it was loud and scary to 11 year old me 20 meters from my house, it did zero damage to the house and didn’t even knockdown the telephone pole it was on, Had that been a modern AA-or AM missile 20 meters away, I and my house would likely not be here today.Close in defense: You can use the rail gun up to the point an enemy missile hits your ship. A vertically launched missile needs to clear the ship arc towards its target and fly towards it. This all takes time meaning that depending on the speed of the incoming missile, you have a radius where if you haven’t launched yet, there is nothing you can do. So let’s say you have a ship with a rail gun and one with only missiles. Both are engaged by missiles with a 4 second flight time. It takes 2 seconds to identify and track the target and come up with a firing solution(I have no idea how long it really takes but I’m pretty sure the human reaction time to authorize the launch of a $500,000 missile is more than that). the 2 seconds remaining are not enough, the missile will just be clear of it’s tubes and arcing when your ship gets hit. The rail gun ship still has time to get one or two shots off, Even if it hits the Missile right outside the hull, that is preferable to having it go off INSIDE your hull.Like I said before, having the rail gun doesn’t stop you from carrying defensive missiles for BVR/Over the Horizon, engagements.
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What are the main reasons Sonic Heroes is generally disliked among Sonic fans?
What Is This Game?For those not in the know, Sonic Heroes was the first ever mainline Sonic the Hedgehog game ever to debut as a multiplatform title, IE not on one of Sega’s own consoles. Although technically a direct sequel to Sonic Adventure 2, in that it picks up a few things where that story left off, in a lot of ways it was a huge departure from its two slightly more story-driven predecessors.Instead of different characters with different gameplay modes, the player controlled an entire team of three characters at once in one mode that encompassed the entire stage progression. The player primarily controls the “leader” of the team at any given time, and can change leaders to use different formations with different movesets and alterations to basic movement.For instance, Team Sonic consists of Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles — all three of the mains together at last.If Sonic’s in the lead the player is using Speed formation, whereby all three characters move in a single-file line and gain access to Sonic’s homing attack. They can also do wall-jumps, following Sonic’s lead as he bounces from wall to wall and rapidly moves forward without losing altitude. As the name would suggest this formation has the fastest baseline movement.If Tails is in the lead then the team instead uses Flight formation, wherein Tails picks up Sonic by the hands while Knuckles holds onto Sonic’s legs, putting them in a sort of “totem pole” vertical formation; in this mode Tails can carry them with limited flight, enabling them to move to higher locations, and he can also kick Sonic and Knuckles at enemies with a dose of electricity in order to temporarily stun them.If Knuckles in the lead then the team uses Power formation, wherein Knuckles moves with Sonic and Tails out at either side and can smash them at opponents like volleyballs for super-powered attacks; the team can also join hands in a triangle formation in a variation of Knuckles’s signature gliding maneuver.Levels in the game are massive and present a wide array of alternate routes depending on which formation the player uses. Failure at more risky but faster routes often drops the player to a lower route with more obstacles, similar to how the layout worked in earlier 2D Sonic games but understandably more complex.Doesn’t sound bad, right? Even kind of innovative? At its most basic Sonic Heroes manages to come up with an all-encompassing mode of play that gives us a little bit of everything that makes each of Sonic’s main three appealing to play — and does better at it than Adventure 1 and 2, with more polished mechanics and better variety. It doesn’t seem like this should be an ill-regarded game.What Went Wrong?Well, Sonic Heroes, as with so many other 3D Sonic games, had a way of taking one step forward but two steps back. This one’s biggest problem is padding.While the large stages sound impressive on paper, the developers never seemed to develop a sense of proportion as to how big or more specifically how long a level should be. Later levels just drag on longer and longer, with whole setpieces often repeating themselves while the complexity and engagement of alternate routes gradually decreases. The first stage, Seaside Hill, is probably the best level in the game, while all the others are more linear, more padded, and rely on maybe the least well-tested obstacles.That’s another thing: while the three formations offer a diverse array of tools to take apart levels with, they also gave rise to a lot of unpolished concepts in level design, as the team behind the game was comparatively less experienced with gameplay outside Sonic’s default mode. The worst segments in standard gameplay are definitely the ones that gate off progression until the player kills a room full of enemies, as late-game levels often depend on huge HP sponge enemies in order to pad themselves out even further. This is only one example, but there’s a large number of elements in the game that halt the player’s momentum, sometimes for minutes at a time, making it feel frustrating rather than challenging. Similar criticisms apply to the game’s bosses, which are some of the most poorly designed in the entire franchise.To make matters worse there’s four teams to play as, including Team Sonic. The others are Team Dark (Shadow the Hedgehog, Rouge the Bat, E-101 Omega), Team Rose (Amy Rose, Cream the Rabbit, Big the Cat), and Team Chaotix (Espio the Chamelion, Charmy Bee, Vector the Crocodile). Each of them controls basically identically, with a Speed, Power, and Flight character and the same formations, and each of them goes through the same seven stages.The idea at the time was for Team Sonic to be the game’s “medium” difficulty while Team Dark was “hard,” Team Rose was “easy,” and Team Chaotix was … different. We’ll get to them in a minute. While offering different difficulty modes is in theory a good idea, the problem is that it’s mandatory to beat all four of them in order to unlock the game’s final level and true ending, forcing players to go through the same levels multiple times with characters they don’t care about. What’s more, differences in stage layouts are nearly imperceptible, making it seem less like a genuine effort and more like a cheap way to pad out the game on Sega’s part. This is one of the biggest strikes against the game as it feels unnecessary and makes the experience overly repetitive… much more so than the levels already were.Although many users bemoaned the idea of having to play as a team consisting of Amy, Big, and Cream, by far the worst addition to the game was Team Chaotix, whose members hail from the 32X game Knuckles Chaotix. Rather than signNowing the finish line at the end of the level like everybody else, Team Chaotix’s goals were to complete a set of arbitrary tasks in each level, like picking up a bunch of collectibles or destroying all of the flying enemies. Since the stage layouts never changed to accommodate this game mode, players could easily miss objectives and wind up in places where they couldn’t turn around. Thus, Team Chaotix would loop back to the start of the level if they missed their objectives, forcing the player to search the now-empty level for whatever needle in a haystack objective they missed. As tedious as the game’s levels could become in standard gameplay, it seems like Team Chaotix could always make the game less fun.Other issues have been cited for low review scores as well: the game’s story is terrible, the game’s voice acting is obnoxious, the characters’ call-out dialogue in the levels is irritating and childish, and Heroes inherits a lot of its predecessors’ frustrations with camera control. These are difficult issues for a lot of players to tolerate on their own, but compounded with its signature repetitive nature you get an experience that feels like death by a thousand cuts.While it seems polished compared to the likes of Shadow and 06, the fact is that there were far less annoying games available at the time this came out. While there’s definitely a promising concept behind the multi-modal gameplay, it wouldn’t be inaccurate to say that Heroes’s tendency to sabotage its own sense of momentum definitely gave rise to a lot of Sonic fans yearning for the earlier games’ comparatively simpler levels and overall design, which were less prone to wear out their welcome.Imagine everyone’s jubilation when the Werehog got introduced. But that’s a story for another time.
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Which option is better between I.E.S & I.A S?
Note- Now, IES means Indian Economic Service, hitherto "IES" has got a new name-Engineering Service Exam(ESE).How ESE and IAS officers are on similar footing?1.Both are gazetted Class A officers selected through an UPSC exam having similar pay scales.2.Both are eligible for a Govt House & a Sarkari Car for official purposes.3.Both hold prestige in the society and carry huge responsibility on their shoulders.As far as your obsession with Body-guards is concerned, you shall be disappointed that Engineering Services qualified officers don't have this "perk".To make it clear, Having Body guards is not a Service dependent perk but a postdependent one. Even IAS officers are eligible for bodyguards only when they are posted as SDM( in sensitive areas), District Collector, Divisional Commissioner or Secretary/Cabinet Secretary and some other posts which involves higher "risk"-which means they also may be without body-guards in half the period of their entire service of 30-36 years.It's provided on basis of threat perception and certainly not as a kind of "perk" which you envision. Get over it!What makes IAS stand apart from Engineering Service Officers?1.Technically an IAS officer (Cabinet Secretary-He is a constitutional authority and generally the senior-most IAS officer in the country) is the head of all civil services in the country.He is responsible for the administration of the Government of India as per (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 .And, Engineering Services is just one of the services(though technical).2. An IAS officer wields much more power, responsibilities, prestige in day to day life than any other service or job (albeit IPS rivals it sometimes in terms of glamour quotient & perceptible authority) in India, more so in Mofussil Towns and Non-Metro Cities.Need proof? Flip through a week's newspapers, watch TV, search internet, ask your elders, Watch Indian movies- you will get enough of them.3.IAS exam is tougher to crack than ESE.180 IAS seats , 5 lac candidates(Success rate -3 out of 10000) 450 ESE seats, 80000 candidates(Success rate-1 out of 200)Number of Candidates in UPSC ESE (Engineering Services Exam)4.More important than these numbers is the fact that in Civil services exam you compete not only against the engineers (yes, many ESE toppers appear at civil services exam every year) but the best doctors, best lawyers, MBA holders,PhDs...best from every field of study-a lot coming from the so called elite institutions of the country like IITs/NITs/AIIMS/IIMs/St Stephens... etc and many of them being Gold medalists and achievers in their fields and what not.5. An IAS officer works in different fields and in different capacities throughout his career.A very typical Example- He can be District collector handling Law and order in a district , overlook collection of revenue(Our Govt works through the revenues and taxes only), supervise daily administration of the district(being head of all departments in a district ranging from health, police, traffic,education, public works, poverty alleviation to jails & disaster management. I quoted only few-there are 3-4 dozen departments which makes our districts liveable and prevents from falling into anarchy and abyss. And, to give you an idea: ₹200-400 crore of policy implementation works/projects are cleared annually in a district by the signature of the Collector there) Very next time he can be posted as Director of Education/any other department. Next he can be Commissioner of a division in his state. Later he might be a secretary in say, Law ministry of state. May be later posted as Government personal secretary of CM of his state.Generally each Posting is for a period of 2-3 years(but can vary a lot depending upon many factors). Next he can be appointed to United Nations on few years mission as a representative of India. Upon coming back, he might get central deputation and appointed as Secretary in say, Home Ministry at New Delhi!It was a very random example. But you can get a feeling of the diversity of portfolios he gets to handle and responsibility he shoulders.This is not possible in ESE.But underlying truth remains that a Service/job only provides one the opportunity to serve your nation. Getting into the service is only a means not the end. Perks or no/lesser perks is a trivial question in front of the huge task of nation-building to which one is responsible for.Take the example of "Metro Man" E Sreedharan who is a living embodiment of Engineering Excellence, dedication and utter honesty ;truly deserving of Bharat Ratna.You would love reading this-7 Facts About Metro Man E SreedharanAnd, yes he passed Engineering Services exam way back in 1950s.6.Still Specifically talking about perks, An IAS officer is generally entitled to-a.Govt provided Rent free(or highly subsidized) 24*7 fortified house which may look like-2.Red beacon Car-Or3.Security Cover (subject to threat perception)The "Lal batti" Car along with Troupe of guards.4.Rent free electricity, phone bills, petrol, etc5.Study leave, pensions,etcRemember- It's not about power, perks and prestige. It's about the positive impact you can make in the society, touch a million lives in your district with your decisions,social contributions you can make (because you have the power, platform and huge scopes for it) and immense satisfaction you derive from your job.And, in these aspects IAS/IPS is way way ahead of any other service.Parting Shots-The aura of IAS officer in the Indian psyche. The picture says it all.Below are snaps of Shivdeep Lande,IPS in Bihar cadre. He has a mass fan following there akin to a bollywood hero.....#Another famous IPS officer in Maharashtra cadre- Vishwas Nangare Patil. He was one among many present in Hotel Taj during 26/11 attacks coordinating counter operations.and..For more you may visit this too-Confused between IES and IAS
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