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FAQs
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What are the best features of Microsoft Office 365?
Here’s a breakdown of some awesome Features Office 3651. Work Smarter, EverywhereAfter buying Office 365, you also gain access to its accompanying mobile apps and browser apps. This allows you to access their cloud service from any up to date web browser on your desktop or mobile device. Even better yet, you don’t have to install Office software on your computer to do this.The mobile app allows you to access all of your Office 365 subscriptions and Office products right from your smartphone or tablet; this includes Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Onenote, and more. Cut the cord and stop working on your PC only — download the Microsoft Office 365 mobile app to stay productive, even while on the go.2. Enjoy 50 GB of StorageEach Office 365 user receives a whopping 50 GB of storage with Exchange Online; this can be used to save emails, calendar events, task lists, meeting notes, contact information, and email attachments.You can save some more space in your mailbox by utilizing the OneDrive cloud storage feature to share attachments.Your OneDrive storage is also synced to your device, enabling you to work offline on files. As soon as you reconnect to the web, the newest versions of your documents will be automatically uploaded to your cloud storage. The new versions of your documents will also be sent to any other connected device, including your phone or tablet — nifty!3. Edit Documents with Real-Time Co-AuthoringCollaborate online and see changes your team makes to shared documents within your Office apps as they happen with the real-time co-authoring feature in Word. Save your file to OneDrive cloud storage or SharePoint so your team can access the document and make any necessary edits or updates. You can also share it directly from Word by utilizing a handily integrated sidebar. As the publisher and access-giver, you can edit accessibility settings at any time.With the improved version control that was rolled out with Office 2016 co-authoring, you can see which changes to the document were made by which contributor and when the update was made. You can also easily revert back to a previous version of the file whenever you need to.4. Connect with Co-WorkersYou may not have known this, but Office apps include a Skype in-app integration. You can use this feature to instant message your teammates, share your screen during meetings and have audio or visual conversations — without even exiting the Office apps you’re working in. You can continue Skype conversations even after you close your office apps via your desktop or mobile version of Skype. The best part? Your team will receive unlimited Skype minutes.Source: Microsoft5. Send Links, Not FilesIt’s time to move away from email attachments. It’s never been easier to share documents for co-authoring!Simply upload your file to Office 365’s cloud storage. Then, write your email via Outlook or the Outlook web app. Rather than attaching your document to the email, you can insert a link to the file on your cloud. Outlook will automatically allow email recipients to edit the document you wish to share. You can always change permissions on any document at your convenience.6. Convert OneNote Items into Outlook Calendar EventsEasily configure OneNote items to tasks within your Outlook calendar. You can also assign tasks to colleagues, complete with follow-up reminders and concise due dates. You can also transfer meeting notes taken in OneNote via email to your teammates, and add important details (date, location, and attendees) to their respective meeting.7. Use Your Mouse as a Laser Pointer during PowerPoint PresentationsWith only a simple keyboard shortcut (Ctrl + P), your mouse can be used as a laser pointer during your PowerPoint presentations. You can also use the “presenter mode” commands while using this feature.The laser pointer tool has been a nifty trick within older versions of the office apps for years; however, it was only recently integrated for touch-screen devices. All you have to do is hold down on your device’s screen, and the laser pointer will appear.8. Create a Power Map Using ExcelTurn data into a 3-D interactive map with Power Map, one of the many Power BI-enhanced data visualization features that Excel has to offer. It comes with three different filters: List, Range, or Advanced. The Power Map will help you not only convey your data more effectively, but also support your claims by creating a tangible story from the numbers.
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What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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In venture capital arrangements for startups (especially during the seed stage), are memorandum of agreements, shareholder agree
All investments in a company are made according to detailed legal documents that specify everything about the relationships between the various parties, the terms of the value exchange, and the rights and responsibilities of everyone involved. The paperwork can range from three to five pages for a simple, nonconvertible note to 120 pages or more for a full convertible preferred stock round. Because these are legal documents, both you and the investor(s) have your own lawyers, who work together to develop the agreements signed by the principals.The collection of documents that constitute the investment agreement are summarized in a much shorter document known as the term sheet (anywhere from one to half a dozen pages, depending on the type of investment). Think of the term sheet as a shorthand way of documenting an agreement in principle that takes many pages of legalese to implement. It deals specifically with all of the major points of the relationships, and thus allows both sides to determine quickly whether they want to enter into a deal.A term sheet is usually (although not always) drafted by the investor and presented to you with a defined date by which it needs to be accepted. If you sign and return it within that period, the deal is in motion, and the lawyers for each side go back and forth on the documents that will be signed at the closing. Alternatively, you may respond by declining the terms as presented, but indicate that you would be receptive to a deal at a higher valuation, or with a larger investment, or something else. In that case, the ball is back in the court of the investor, who may simply walk away or come back with a revised term sheet.The period between when an investor presents a signed term sheet to you and the expiration date of the offer is critical for everyone. Since you are not bound by anything in the term sheet until you sign it, you are free to do whatever you want with it, including taking it to other potential investors and saying, in effect, “Look! Here is a signed term sheet that I've been given by Tom. Dick, would you be interested in matching or beating it? Just so you know, I'm also speaking with Harry, who has expressed interest as well.”While it would not happen in exactly that way, I guarantee you that the Holy Grail of fund-raising (from a founder's perspective) is having more than one term sheet from which to choose. And since market competition is a main driver in early stage finance, one term sheet often brings others from potential investors who were sitting on the fence.Because of the possibility (if not likelihood) of their term sheet being shopped around by you to other investors and used as a stalking horse, investors try to make the consideration time as short as possible. In most cases, an interested investor will have several conversations with you to figure out the range of terms you are likely to accept. They may also send over an unsigned draft of the sheet that is not binding on them, to get feedback. After the real term sheet is delivered with a signature, you usually have one to three days to accept or decline the offer.Once you have signed the term sheet, it is binding— not just legally (for at least some parts of it), but also ethically. If either party backs out of a signed term sheet without a good reason, word will get around, and the action will have long-term repercussions, including a stain on your— or the investor's— reputation.After both parties have signed, the lawyers work on the full documentation for the round. One lawyer (usually specified in the term sheet) will be responsible for the base drafting, with the other making comments, although in most cases the documents are based on standard industry models. The timing of the actual payment of moneys committed during the investment round depends upon the nature of the round. In friends and family rounds, you may be able to receive funds as they are committed. In a traditional angel round, there will be a targeted range that you try to signNow, as well as a minimum amount needed to close. Once that minimum is signNowed, a closing is held at which all the funds are released to the company.In the past, a closing involved sending paper back and forth for signatures and using overnight delivery services to send checks to the company's bank. Today, the trend is toward fully electronic/ digital closings, in which the requisite documents are electronically signed by all parties and funds are wired directly into the company's bank accounts.From Rose, David S. The Startup Checklist: 25 Steps to a Scalable, High-Growth Business (pp. 219-222). Wiley.
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What are some mind blowing facts about the Indian Air Force?
Indian Air Force is an interesting topic to read and know about with many jaw-dropping facts that are particularly unbeknownst to the general populace of one of the largest air forces in the world. Here I will discuss some 11 amazing facts about the Indian Air Force from past and the present which I hope , people would like to know about :A. When IAF inducted 140 Fighters in just 1.5 years !You read that right. After the 1965 Indo-Pak War , Indian Air Force was heavily modernizing its combat fleet and to stop the squadron numbers from diminishing. For this purpose , Sukhoi Su-7 was selected which was the first Sukhoi to serve in Indian Air Force. The procurement were done in a record time which were quite unprecedented as Indian Air Force went on to induct 140 Su-7 in just 1.5 Years which was almost 8 Fighters each month. No.26 Squadron first converted to Su-7 followed by No.101 Squadron and during the induction process , IAF raised some 6 Strike Squadrons which served with distinction during the 1971 Indo-Pak War.B. When an Indian Air Force Mig-25 shot the sun !A Lamborghini Huracan Avio posing in front of the MiG-25 Foxbat at Indian Air Force Museum at Palam AFSOn 24th October 1995 , an IAF Mig-25 ‘Garuda’ flown by Group Captain, Air Marshal Mukerji shot the sun during the total solar eclipse which might sound simple but was quite challenging as the pilots were required to be specialized in navigation and earth’s geometry. An upward looking camera was cued by the pilot towards the sun while another pilot flew the ‘Garuda’ in the exact direction as the earth rotated around the sun. They filmed the magnificent scene from the stratosphere for one and more minutes. Mig-25 was one of the legends of Indian Air Force which served as a Strategic Reconnaissance Aircraft and its presence was kept as a secret for many years as it flew many hostile High-Risk Sorties in enemy airspace clicking high defenition pictures of enemy installments on the ground.C. Indian Air Force ‘Mammoth Formation’ :The largest Indian Air Force Formation flew from Ambala Air Force Station on 1987–88 which was nicknamed the “Mammoth Formation”. These aircrafts consisted of Canberra Bomber Aircraft , Mig-25 “Garuda” , Mig-29 “Baaz” , Ajeet , Mirage 2000 , Mig-27 “Bahadur” , Hawker Hunter , Jaguar “Shamsher” , Mig-23MF and finally the good-old Mig-21.D. When an Indian Air Force Military Transport Aircraft flew without using propellers :Here is an Indian Air Force C-119G Flying Boxcar Military Transport Aircraft somewhere in 1960s. If you closely notice this particular photo , the propellers are idle and the engine has been put off. Now you must be wondering how is this particular aircraft flying.This has been made possible only by its Orpheus Jet pod which has been placed on top of its fuselage. The aircraft is flying solely due to the power supplied by the pod as it was utilized by IAF to shorten the takeoff distance thereby enabling the aircraft of Short Takeoff and Landing Capabilities. IAF also used the J34 turbojet engine for short take-off and IAF’s C-119 also holds the record for being the first aircraft to take-off from the Daulat Beg Oldi with an Orpheus Pod.E. How was Garud Commando Force established :In early stages , PARA SF and MARCOS Officers advised the top brass of Indian Air Force to establish a dedicated Commando Force modeled on the Commando Force of Royal Air Force Regiment. They also advised IAF Officers to procure few numbers of C-130J Strategic Airlifters which can be used to air drop the Commandos in Combat Search and Rescue Missions and also in high-threat missions. Garuds were established on same lines as RAF Regiments and were trained on similar lines as PARA SF and MARCOS though the top brass of Indian Air Force did not pay heed to the second recommendation and no additional C-130J were procured.F. Indian Air Force was the first Air Force to Operate Fighter Jets in Asia :Indian Air Force inducted de Havilland Vampires with the No.7 Squadron “Battle Axes” in 1949 making Indian Air Force the first Air Force in Asia to induct Fighter Jets in its inventory. Vampire served in almost all Fighter Squadrons of Indian Air Force for a span of over 3 decades as a Fighter-Bomber and Reconnaissance Aircraft.G. Indian Air Force was the first Air Force to induct an indigenous Fighter Jet in Asia (outside Soviet Union ) :HF-24 was the first indigenous Fighter Jet which was inducted by an Asian Air Force outside Soviet Union. Conceptualized for Air Staff Requirement (ASR) as a Multi-Role Fighter jet , HF-24 was never realized to its true potential as it was primarily used as a Fighter-Bomber for Ground Attacks. It was inducted by No.10 Daggers Squadron of Indian Air Force in April 1967 making Indian Air Force the first Asian Air Force outside Soviet Union to induct an indigenously made Fighter Jet.H. When an Indian Air Force Mig-21 almost shot down an Indian Helicopter in a Special Operation :During 1971 Indo-Pak War , an Indian Alouette 3 helicopter was flying for a Special Operation in a hostile zone where no supposed friendlies were to be spotted. The helicopter was spotted by an Indian Air Force Mig-21 who decided to engage the helicopter by firing its 57mm Rockets , considering it an enemy asset , which was quickly dodged off by the Alouette Pilot. Realizing his miscalculation , he decided to re-engage the helicopter but that attack was also dodged off by the helicopter pilot. This time the Mig-21 pilot did not wanted to take any risk and closely approached the Helicopter and finally noticed the Indian markings on it. He sighed in relief as he has almost shot down the friendlies.I. Ashok Chakra Roundel for Indian Air Force :After Independence in 1947 , Indian Air Force adopted new markings for its Fighter Aircrafts in June 1948 to distinguish itself from the Royal Indian Air Force Markings. The roundel adopted by Indian Air Force was a ‘Ashok Chakra’ on the Fuselage and the wings. Since these roundels were difficult to paint in correct dimensions , they were soon replaced by Saffron White Green Roundels . Nevertheless these Ashok Chakra Roundels saw service during the 1947–48 Kashmir War when IAF Aircrafts flew with these markings.J. Missiles on Overwing Pylons !Indian Air Force utilized the unusual provision on the SEPECAT Jaguar Aircrafts to mount Air-to-Air Missiles like Matra R.550 Magic on overwing pylons thus freeing the underwing pylons to carry other weapons like Bombs and Missiles. The advantage of this was a quick height gain for Air-to-Air Missiles when they are launched at enemy interceptors at higher altitude who might arrive in the scene to intercept the low flying Jaguar Strike Aircraft. It also helped in additional payload carrying capacity for the Jaguars and is truly an amazing capability with an IAF Fighter still in service after 3 decades.K. First Indian Air Force Fighter with an InfraRed Search and Track System :IRST is a system deployed on Aircrafts to detect and track potential hostiles by scanning their Infrared Signatures. Indian Air Force was one of the first Air Force to deploy an IRST System on it's frontline Fighter Aircraft. IAF's Mig-23MF was fitted with TP-23 IRST at its undernose with the legacy continued by Su-30MKIs and Mig-29UPG at present and by Rafales in future.L. ‘Eye in the Sky' for Indian Air Force :India has acquired 3 EL/W-2090 Airborne Early Warning and Control Radar System from Israel to serve as the ‘Eye in the Sky' for Indian Air Force mounted on A-50EI Platform . This Radar System was adjudged as the most advanced AEW&C by Federation of American Scientists in 1999 and 2008 Articles. It can detect a fighter sized target at a distance of 500 kilometres relying on its L-Band AESA radar. It can also carry out L-band radar, then adds electronic and communications intelligence gathering (ELINT and COMINT ).Hope my answer serves the purpose =)References :Sukhoi-7 BMK - A whale of a fighterhttps://www.livefistdefence.com/...This Stunning Old Photo Of An IAF ‘Mammoth Formation’ Just Showed UpEL/W-2090 - WikipediaStory behind missiles over the wings (25 Photos)https://www.secretprojects.co.uk...Indian Air Force Gallery :: De Havilland Vampire F3 and FB52 (Single Seaters) - Bharat RakshakRoundels (Independence and Chakra)HAL HF-24 Marut - Wikipedia
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What's an explanation of dark matter in details, with very high accuracy?
To fulfill your stated requirements would require (1) a post the length of a book, and (2) a deeper understanding than I personally have. However, given that Quora is not the right place to write a book anyway, I may know enough to take a reasonable crack at this. With that said, though, if you're an actual expert on one of these areas and catch something I've explained incorrectly, please let me know in the comments so that I can fix it!Yes, it's still quite long, but keep in mind that this is the short version.What is Dark Matter (DM)?Dark Matter is just matter that doesn't interact via the Electromagnetic (EM) or Strong Nuclear forces. No EM interactions means that it can't give off light, or absorb light, or reflect, refract, or scatter light in any way. This, naturally, makes it rather difficult to see (thus "dark" matter, although I suppose it's more "transparent" than "dark"). Our current best measurements indicate that something like 85% of the matter in our observable Universe (about a quarter of the total mass-energy content) is Dark Matter.Isn't Dark Matter weird/spooky?Not at all. Neutrinos, for example, satisfy the definition of Dark Matter, they just represent such a tiny fraction of the total DM in the Universe that people tend to neglect them when they ask, "what is Dark Matter made of?"There is nothing at all strange or unusual about certain particles not interacting in certain ways. Neutrons have no electric charge (although they do have EM properties, but that's neither here nor there), and electrons don't interact via the Strong Force, so why shouldn't there be particles that interact with neither, like the neutrinos? Saying that interacting with light is "normal" is purely human bias, because we rely so much on sight. Having lots of DM in the Universe is in no way "weird"; it just means that the Universe doesn't revolve around what humanity finds convenient!Why are we confident that DM exists?This is by no means a complete list, but it should give a sense of the kinds of evidence we have. Each of these would take at least a chapter of a book to explain properly, but hopefully this will give the general idea.Galactic rotation curves.When one object orbits another, the orbiting object has to be constantly accelerating towards the central object (or, more precisely, they both accelerate towards their combined center of mass). Without that acceleration, the orbiting body would just fly off. The faster the orbiting body is moving, the more acceleration is needed to keep it in its orbit. Since in this case the acceleration is due to gravity, this means that the central mass has to be bigger. For a circular orbit of a small object [math]m[/math] at distance [math]r[/math] and velocity [math]v[/math] around a large (and assumed stationary) object [math]M[/math], the acceleration requirement gives[math]\frac{v^2}{r} = \frac{GM}{r^2}[/math]which in turn gives us the relation[math]v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}[/math].(I'm doing this with Newtonian gravity for simplicity; to do it with full rigor would require General Relativity. In this situation, the Newtonian approximation is actually generally pretty good.)For a more complicated object than just two point particles, as long as there's enough symmetry, the gravitational version of Gauss's law says that the relevant [math]M[/math] is the total mass of everything in the galaxy that's at a distance less than [math]r[/math] from the center. [Edited to note: For this to be exactly right, the matter distribution would have to be spherically symmetric, which galaxies aren't. As a result, actual calculations are a bit more complicated than shown here.]This allows us to "weigh" different parts of the galaxy, by measuring the relationship between [math]r[/math] and [math]v[/math]. (We can measure the rotational velocities by comparing redshifts on the approaching and receding sides of the galaxy.) This image from Wiki shows the result of this measurement:The "expected from visible disk" line is determined by adding up the masses of all the parts of the galaxy that we can see. (How we measure that mass is a whole different discussion.)Gravitational Lensing.In General Relativity, whenever light passes through a gravitational field, that field bends its path slightly. This acts like a Gravitational lens, and can produce, for example, "Einstein Rings", like this image from Wiki:The "ring" is a distorted image of a single blue galaxy located behind the red galaxy at the center. Light from the blue galaxy goes out in all directions, but is bent by the red galaxy's gravity. This means that the light that starting out on a "direct path" to us never signNowes us, but light that was originally missing us by a specific amount (in any direction) gets bent back towards us, which makes it look like it's coming from a bunch of different directions, resulting in the ring image seen here.This is a highly dramatic example of gravitational lensing, but there are much more subtle effects that can still be useful. In Weak gravitational lensing, statistical analysis of distortions in the light we receive allows us to "map out" the gravitational field between us and distant galaxies. Often, this just shows more mass than we know how to account for, but that could be explained away by just assuming that our understanding of gravity is off. There's something else, however, that's a lot harder to explain away in that manner: the Bullet Cluster.(Image from A Matter of Fact on nasa.gov)What's going on here? Well, two galaxy clusters collided with each other, and this is the aftermath. The red coloring represents where the visible matter is, while the blue coloring represents where the dark matter is, as inferred by gravitational lensing. Why are they separated so much? Well, most of the luminous matter in a galaxy cluster is in the Intracluster medium, a hot, dense, plasma. When these plasmas collide with each other, a signNow amount of the matter slows down. However, since Dark Matter interacts only very weakly, the DM components of the two clusters were free to pass through each other unimpeded, resulting in a separation (as seen here). Not only is there "not enough" luminous matter... it's in the wrong place! A small number of scientists remain committed to finding ways to explain this without DM, and they have had partial success, but only by including as-of-yet-unmeasured things that are far stranger than DM (for example, a rank-3 tensor field, which, while possible, would be the first tensor field of such a high rank ever found).Effect on the Cosmic Microwave Background.For the first few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, The Universe was hot enough that it was highly ionized, which made it more or less opaque to light; photons were pinballing around just like any other particle. However, once things cooled down enough, signNow amounts of the protons and electrons combined into neutral Hydrogen, which is (more or less) transparent to most of the light that was around at the time. This happened fairly quickly (in terms of cosmological time), and so it was as if all of the light pinballing around all over the Universe were suddenly released all at once, effectively capturing a snapshot of the Universe at that moment in its evolution. Since this light was released everywhere in the Universe, we can point our radio telescopes in any direction we like, and there it is: the Cosmic microwave background (CMB). It's almost the same temperature in every direction, but there are small differences (generally around one part in [math]10^5[/math]), and we have measured these tiny variations with extraordinary accuracy: first via the COBE satellite, which was then replaced by the more advanced WMAP, which was then replaced by the more advanced Planck (spacecraft), which is currently in operation.These tiny variations can tell us a lot about the early universe. For example, statistical analyses of these variations show the distinct signature of pressure waves propagating through that early plasma, and the nature of these Baryon acoustic oscillations can tell us a lot about what kinds of things were around. Specifically, the protons and electrons would be dragged along by the (dominant) photons, becoming part of the wave, but Dark Matter wouldn't, and would only be indirectly affected by the resulting small changes in gravity. The presence and abundance of Dark Matter therefore affects how these waves impact the temperature variations in the CMB.The formation of large-scale structure.The standard story given in popular science explanations goes like this: the Universe started out hot and dense and more or less uniform, then it expanded and cooled and clumped into stars and galaxies. However, this story is incomplete, in a way that means that galaxies wouldn't exist without dark matter.At a surface level, the story makes sense; heck, I got almost half-way through a Ph.D. in Physics without noticing any problem with it! It sounds so plausible because of how gravity works: if matter is distributed more or less evenly, but some places are a tiny bit more dense than others, gravity will tend to make those overdensities bigger and bigger. Why? Well, even if a region is just a little denser than its neighbors, it's still going to win the gravitational tug-of-war and gradually accumulate more and more mass. Of course, once it has more mass, it wins the tug-of-war by even more, and so it's a run-away process that ends in big gravitationally-bound clumps.So, what's the problem? Well, consider the air in the room with you right now. Are there tiny density variations? Of course, since perfect uniformity is impossible. But, is it forming into exponentially denser clumps? Certainly not! The reason for this is that, under these kinds of conditions, when the density of a gas goes up, so does its pressure. That pressure makes the over-dense region expand outwards again, returning the density back to average!Now, of course, the scales and temperatures involved are totally different. A huge region of gas will have more gravitational attraction than a tiny pocket of denser air in your room, and gas in space has no need to be at room temperature, either. So, if the gas can cool down enough, that can reduce the pressure enough for gravity to win. But, the more it compresses, the more it heats up, because it's converting gravitational energy into thermal energy, and so the pressure goes up again. This means that forming a galaxy is a very gradual process, during which it has to constantly be getting rid of tremendous amounts of energy. If it were just a cloud of gas, without any outside interference, this process wouldn't be nearly fast enough, and we wouldn't have galaxies today.But, as you know, hot things give off heat much faster than cold things. So, if we want galaxies to form by the present day (or, indeed, before the expansion of space makes matter too dilute to form galaxies at all), something has to be forcing the gas to compress and become denser and hotter than it would be able to under its own gravity. Enter: Dark Matter. Because it interacts only weakly, Dark Matter doesn't have pressure like gas does. So, the argument about the run-away gravitational process actually works for Dark Matter. DM can't get rid of energy very easily, and so conservation of energy and angular momentum mean that it can only collapse to about 200 times the background density, but the resulting Dark matter halo provides enough of a gravity well to "seed" the formation of visible galaxies. So, it's not a coincidence that the galactic rotational curves showed large amounts of dark matter... the galaxies wouldn't have formed there without it!As a result of this DM "seeding" process, theoretical models and computer simulations of the formation of DM structures have been fairly successful in describing the statistical properties of how galaxies are distributed now, as well as how they were distributed earlier in the history of the Universe (which we can measure by looking at very distant galaxies).Okay, so that's why we think Dark Matter exists. But, the next obvious question is... well... what is it? What's it actually made of? What are its properties? Here, we have only very partial knowledge, and multiple different theories, any combination of which could be correct (or, perhaps, none of them). This leads us to:What do we know about the properties of Dark Matter?Again, this is in no way exhaustive, but it should give you a decent idea.It's "cold".This is why the current dominant model of cosmology is called the Lambda-CDM model: "Lambda" ([math]\Lambda[/math]) stands for the Cosmological constant, and "CDM" stands for "Cold Dark Matter".When an astrophysicist describes something as "cold", they generally mean that the associated thermal velocity is much less than the speed of light. By this standard, the air in Death Valley is "cold". But, then again, to cosmologists, galaxies are basically point-particles, so everything's a matter of scale and perspective!So, why does DM need to be "cold"? Well, remember that DM clumping together was integral to the formation of structures like galaxies. However, if DM were very hot (and therefore the particles were moving very fast), this would prevent it from clumping properly. I have explained it in very vague terms, but the effects are actually well-understood mathematically. In fact, it's similar to something that does happen, with photons: Diffusion damping (or "Silk damping"). However, in the case of Dark Matter, the result would be a signNow delay (or even outright prevention) of the formation of galaxies, to the extent that "warm" Dark Matter can be observationally ruled out.Incidentally, this is how we know that it's not all just neutrinos: given what we know about the early Universe, they would be far too hot!It interacts only very weakly.This is somewhat part of the definition of Dark Matter, but it's good to see observational confirmation. I know fewer of the details on this, but I do know that there are observational bounds in the "interaction cross-section" of Dark Matter, both in terms of its interactions with luminous matter and for its theorized self-annihilation processes (in which two DM particles could interact and annihilate each other). Also, as discussed before, the Bullet Cluster shows giant dark matter halos more or less just passing through each other, which suggests very weak interactions.So... given those properties,What might Dark Matter be made of?There are two leading theories (as far as I'm aware) that suggest the existence of specific types of new particles. Both are well-motivated theoretically (as in, we have good reasons for suspecting that particles with those particular properties might exist), but neither has been experimentally confirmed yet. Interestingly, the two predicted particles are totally different from one another, not slight variations on the same theme.At the end of the day, either of these theories could be right, or both (given the existence of neutrinos, there's no need for all the rest of the DM to be a single type of particle), or, of course, neither.So, what are the theories?Axions.I feel morally obliged to put this one first, even though the other one is more popular at the moment, because my university is heavily involved in the Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX), and so of course I'm rooting for my colleagues!The existence of Axions has been theorized since the 1970s, but we only recently have the technology to even properly start to try to measure them in the lab. Axions are extremely tiny particles (unlike WIMPs, the other leading option), and so they would have to exist in truly huge quantities. Still, because they interact so weakly, it's hard to detect them, even with billions of them passing through your detector in a tiny fraction of a second. The linked wiki articles do a better job of explaining the theoretical motivation and experimental search than I could. It's really quite elegant, and would solve a lot of outstanding mysteries in particle physics (like the Strong CP Problem), but I can't do it justice.Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)(Wiki reference: Weakly interacting massive particles)To explain why WIMPs are theoretically attractive, I have to take a little detour into "relic abundance", i.e., how many particles of a given type were left over after the Universe cooled down and generally became a more stable place.In the early universe, everything was very dense, and many different kinds of particles were "tightly coupled" (i.e., they interacted with each other frequently). However, as the universe got larger and cooler, these interaction rates slowed down, more or less to a stop, a phenomenon known as "freezing out". The time at which something "freezes out" depends on a number of things, including its mass and how strongly it interacts with other things. This "freezing out" has a huge effect on the abundances of various particles in the Universe. For example, consider the process[math]n \Leftrightarrow p + e^- + \overline{\nu_e}[/math],in which a neutron can turn into a proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino (or vice versa). If you go back far enough, this reaction will be in thermodynamic equilibrium, just like with any chemical reaction that can go either direction. However, once the neutrinos "freeze out", equilibrium can't be maintained anymore (although other processes, like beta decay, can still happen). The relative abundance of protons and neutrons at the moment of freeze-out is determined by two factors: the mass difference [math]\Delta m[/math] between the two particles, and the temperature of the Universe when freeze-out occurred. These factors combine to determine by how much the lighter particle is thermodynamically favored, with an exponential dependence:[math] \frac{N_n}{N_p} \propto e^{-\Delta m c^2 / k T}[/math]where [math]k[/math] is Boltzmann's constant.This clearly impacts the "relic abundance" of the particles involved (here, protons and neutrons). So, in general, the abundance of a given particle in the Universe today is signNowly influenced by the mass of that particle and how strongly it interacts (since that affects freeze-out time and thus freeze-out temperature). This brings us to the so-called "WIMP miracle": a particle that interacts predominantly via the Weak Nuclear Force, and that has a mass near the mass scale associated with Weak interactions ([math]\sim 100 \text{ GeV}/c^2[/math]), would have a relic abundance that would match the measured abundance of Dark Matter in the Universe. Given that such a particle was already speculated to exist (in the context of Supersymmetry), this was very theoretically attractive to a lot of people, although our inability to find it so far has damped some of their spirits.So, there you have it: my summary of Dark Matter. Hope it was worth the time it took to read! (Let alone write...)
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What is signature edition in laptop?
Where can you buy a PC without the bloatware, shovelware, or adware ? Microsoft has an answer for you: its little-known Signature Edition laptops.For only a few dollars more than what you’d pay for a laptop from Asus, Dell, Lenovo, or other manufacturers, Microsoft offers a stripped-down notebook with just the latest version of Windows on board, which it claims is “tuned for performance.”“When you buy a new PC at Microsoft Store, we ensure there’s no third-party junkware or trialware installed,” Microsoft’s Signature Edition Web site says.Toolbars, spyware, utilities and other unwanted apps reside on your hard drive in typical boxed computers, periodically popping up ads and/or enticements for you to subscribe to their services. They also can slow down your PC with hidden processes that run in the background.Microsoft’s Signature Editions fill an odd niche in the computing universe, offering a product that the computer manufacturers themselves don’t deliver: a “clean,” optimized PC. In effect, the Signature Edition is the Google Nexus brand of the PC world, presenting Microsoft’s operating system in the best possible light. But instead of one or two Nexus phones or tablets, Microsoft handpicks some of the best PCs: We counted sixteen mainstream laptops and eight additional gaming PCs on the site. Microsoft’s Surface PCs also ship without bloatware installed.A clean PC, a competitive priceEven better, Microsoft offers a competitive price for its services. For example, Dell charges $799 for a Inspiron 13 7000 Series 2-in-1 PC, while Microsoft charges $829 for the same laptop with identical specs. Microsoft support staff say that PCs they sell come with a one-year manufacturer warranty, and a Microsoft Complete service package extends that for an additional two years, complete with Answer Desk support and protection from accidental damage.Rather than bundling in time-limited free trial for third-party antivirus solution, Signature Edition PCs ship with Windows Defender, Microsoft's own antivirus/antispyware software—which admittedly falls woefully behind other free antivirus offerings. Windows Defender is enabled by default in Windows 8, but hardware vendors have the option to disable it to include AV trialware. (And if you’re concerned that a Lenovo PC purchased through Microsoft might have Superfish installed—which it doesn’t—Windows Defender now removes it, anyway.)Microsoft’s Signature Edition laptops have actually been sold since May of 2012—almost three years. You can buy them online or in physical Microsoft Stores, meaning that you can test-drive that new PC yourself, just like at a Best Buy or other computer store. Microsoft used to offer a service where you could bring in a Windows 7 PC and have them essentially convert it to a “Signature Edition” PC for $99; a Microsoft Store representative said that policy is not formally in place, but that in-store techs will also assist with removing bloatware as well as viruses.Why this matters: Let’s face it: Buying a computer in an electronics store stinks. Not only will you be pressured into buying a service contract, but you’ll need to weed out all the unwanted programs that your new PC ships with. Microsoft doesn’t offer very many budget PCs, and its physical stores aren’t that easily found. Still, the Signature Edition laptops offer a shopping experience that’s pretty darn appealing.
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What are some great tools to use for sales prospecting?
I think that we all agree that the days of manual prospecting are long gone. If you automate your prospecting efforts you can save a lot of time and money, and streamline your whole sales process. But, since there are lots of prospecting tools in the market, it can be hard to figure out which ones are good and which ones you should avoid.I’ll give you a couple of suggestions based on the tools I used.Email Hunter is a decent little program that can extract a list of every single one company email. All you need to enter is a company domain, and you will soon be able to email any person from a company. You can use either its dedicated Chrome plugin, or you can do your search by means of their browser version. This program can come in really handy if you want to find the email of a particular decision maker and get in touch with them directly.HeadsignNow is another interesting tool that offers more options than Email Hunter as it has some advanced search features. This means that you can search prospects based on various criteria such as name, company, title, or website. You can also expect to find your prospects’ social media handles and memorize your search logs.Autoklose isn’t your average prospecting tool, mainly because it offers much more. It’s actually a sales automation platform that can dramatically speed up your sales cycle, and prospecting is just one of the weapons in its arsenal. Apart from automating your prospecting efforts and saving you a tremendous amount of time, Autoklose will make your job and life easier by automating your email marketing efforts, amplifying your follow-ups, providing you with detailed campaign stats and metrics, and streamlining numerous dull, repetitive tasks that have to be done during the sales process.When it comes to prospecting, Autoklose allows you several powerful methods of filling your funnel with quality leads.Upload your own reliable contacts from .CSV files and Autoklose will import the information in the database so that you can make lists according to various parameters, and additionally segment them in order to create customized outsignNow campaigns and improve your open and click-through rates;Connect your Salesforce account and sync the data with Autoklose thus growing your internal database. What’s great about this platform is that it prevents you from sending the same email to the same person twice;Gain access to a huge B2B leads database and find prospects from virtually any industry. I was impressed with the abundance of prospects that I could actually contact. This database is managed by Autoklose’s reliable third-party providers, and it’s absolutely clean and packed with verified, complete, and updated contact information.It’s clear that Autoklose gives you a plenty of prospecting options, and the fact that you can search for your potential customers by using different parameters makes it in a way similar to HeadsignNow, but one of the main and most important differences is that Autoklose provides you with validated data which undergoes a meticulous 50-point data-scrub, meaning that every missing field is filled in, and every email, phone number, address, and job title is checked both manually and through the proprietary technology. To cut the long story short, Autoklose keeps you covered and gives your prospecting a big boost.
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How do I open an Indian Post Payment Bank account? And what are the things to keep in mind before opening?
You can open your IPPB bank account by visiting your nearest Post Office with only AADHAR Card (or just aadhar number is sufficient) and a mobile phone . If you visit a village Post Office, you will be greeted by GDS i.e, Gramin Dak Sevak, who is equipped with latest mobile phones with 4G internet connection and Bio-metric devices. In case you visit Post Office in towns or cities, you will find a counter staff who will open your account. If you already have Post Office account, you can get both these accounts linked to avail more benefits. After opening your account, you can download IPPB M...
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