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Any industry involving a large amount of paperwork make use electronic signatures. In other words, all industries make use of electronic signatures because all of them have piles of paperwork to handle. Some examples of such industries include financial, life science, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.Industries such as the pharmaceutical industry, have a number of licenses and other paperwork that they have to handle and keep track of. It can be a tedious task to perform such cumbersome paper processes. Therefore, e-signatures can facilitate an organisation in keeping a track of all this paperwork, by signing electronically.Healthcare industries usually involve time-sensitive documents, which need to be urgently completed. But, it can take days in case of the traditional wet ink paper signatures for the documents to signNow the signer and back, if the parties are geographically scattered. But with electronic signatures, that is not the case. Geographical barriers do not play a role. Documents which earlier needed days to be completed, can now be signed and sent back within minutes, in the click of a button. Furthermore, it takes a long time to bring assets under management. The time taken by the signing process, if wet ink paper signatures are used, may even further delay the process. But by using electronic signatures, the whole process can speed up.Apart from these, there are many paper prone industries which require huge amount of paperwork and with the use of electronic signatures they can make their everyday processes smoother and more efficient.

Building trust with technology isn’t quite as easy as falling backward into someone’s arms. Unless you have a technical background, cybersecurity can be difficult to grasp.Most people are comfortable with ink signatures, but it’s a common misconception that just because a document has been signed with ink, it’s safe, secure and valid. In fact, without physically meeting and talking with the signer.For example, if you’ve never seen the signer’s signature before, how do you know it is actually their signature? If you know what the signature is supposed to look like, how do you know the one in front of you wasn't forged? And if the signature is on the last page of a multi-page document, how do you know that something in the preceding pages was not altered after the document was signed?The reality of e-signatures – especially independent e-signatures, in which the evidence of their validity is embedded in the signed document – is that they are more trustworthy than traditional ink signatures.Offer Transparency and ControlIn the same way, building trust means providing all the facts. If signers have access to the entire signing process from a comprehensive audit trail, they’re able to keep close watch over their transaction and its process from identity authentication to opening and reviewing documents to signing.Use Trusted TechnologyPeople trust those who are trustworthy. Companies that use e-signature technology that goes above and beyond security requirements will naturally win over the trust.Educate DownstreamNo matter how many thousands of dollars e-signatures will save your company, for an e-signature solution to be successful at every level, you must educate everyone involved in the importance your e-signature provider places on security and independence.

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A few years ago I made one, which is still the most comprehensive free one available: Ultimate startup cap table and return analysis templateI’ve just made a new pro version you can get here: Professional cap table template. Full blown tracking and analysis tool -This week, I just updated the free cap table. I mean total version upgrade.Here is the overviewHere is a walk through videoYou can get it for free here:Ultimate startup cap table and return analysis templateHow the model worksThere is so much under the hood, that I can’t reasonably cover it all.The format page sets out the assumptions for drop-down menus. It also is used to explain what the assumptions mean. You shouldn’t change anything on this sheet.There is a shareholder schedule to keep an overview of all shareholders. This acts as a dropdown menu for the other sheets so that the ‘shareholder name’ will appear in each and every other sheet..First, input all the shareholders on this sheet and add any key details. You can use this as an aide memoire to ensure that you add in shareholder details into each sheet properly. I make sure I do this when testing the sheet and ensuring I input everything properly.All the calculations for calculating deal pricing are kept on one sheet. You can see all the assumptions that are fed in explicitly stated.I originally had these on other sheets, but found it was easier to have a nice consistent overview of all your transactions. If anything doesn’t look right, it’s easy to see.We also have some checks on the page so you can see that things add up. If you look closely you will see a ‘-1’ in some of the checks- what the heck is that? Don’t worry, in transactions you don’t have perfect share counts since shares don’t round perfectly. You need to decide how to account for ‘fractionalised shares.’ This isn’t a problem, you just need to decide what you want to do, like give the extra share to a founder.You can also see how pro-rata calculations are done. A cool thing I built in the model is the ability to press a button and automatically pro-rata investors. This is really handy if you want to run some scenarios about what dilution might look like. Normally, that would involve a load of manual inputs, which would take time to do. I’ve tried to make this pretty simple.The calculations continue, giving you a round by round overview or who owns what by class of share on a fully-diluted basis. Everything will add up to 100%.Every sheet, from common to preference series and warrants and options have their own sheet. They are set out nice and clear as follows.All the ledgers present in the cap table sheet have a consistent format. You only need to pick their name from a drop-down list to add new staff/investors.There are cap tables for common (the starting sheet) up to series-I. I made sure that you will be able to cover as many rounds as possible!If you do a series-aa, no worries, it’s just another class of share. The model allows you to have 9 series of preference share, on top of common types. That’s a lot!Holy hell, Batman! 9 classes! That sounds complicated! Dude, you don’t need to touch anything in the future, you can only focus on a seed round if you want. The model allows you to do a whole lot of complicated stuff, but also to be as simple as possible.Just be logical, fill in the boxes (They are yellow!) and you are cool. You don’t need to deal with any crazy stuff like restricted shares if you don’t need to… but if you want to, you can! I did the thinking for you (and it was painful to make this simple!).Here is an example of the series-A cap table. You input the name from the drop down menu and the sheet populates.It’s the same format as the common example above, only you get two more shiny boxes!For the next round you can insert whether an investor has ‘majority investor rights‘ and if they ‘participate‘ for their pro-rata. This basically enables you to ‘auto-pro-rata’ investors, which is handy if you want to forecast scenarios.Here is the series-I sheet. You can see in the last three rows before the summary that the plugs have been used. If you want to run scenarios to see ownership across a range of values, the model lets you easily forecast this! Cool beansNow, you literally don’t have to touch the sheet for running scenarios. You do this from the assumption sheet, but to make it work, I added some dinky little formulas to help.The inputs for all your fundraises are on the assumption sheet. Each round is on one line. To make them graphical, I’ve separated them into two pictures.Don’t freak out. There’s a lot of boxes, I know! But they are there to cover all the assumptions you need.To add a series-a round, you input the pre and post money and the date of closing. If there were convertible notes, then pick the method from the drop-down menu and the model does all the calculations for you. If you don’t have CNs, then they don’t matter!To add an ESOP pool at a post-money level, you just type in the % you want. To add multiple liquidation preferences, you just pop them in the last column.Individual returnsYou can see the return profile of every investor by simply picking their name from a drop-down menu. Once you click the name, the chart and calculation fields all populate. This is a great means by which you can show staff what they own, or might own depending on assumptions.Waterfall returnsTo understand who will get what at an exit, for a range of values, you need to make a returns waterfall (which is no easy feat, trust me! I spent two weeks trying to find a friend in private equity who could do this and nada, till I figured it out… eventually).The model allows you to see what happens if you accelerate options, or even remove unissued options, from the diluted shares.It would take me a blog to explain some of the cool calcs here, but you can decide what happens to options is various scenarios, with the press of a drop down menu.You can see the effect of acceleration and the option you pick.Here you can see some of the calculations at the top of the waterfall. Yeah, this wasn’t fun to figure out!At the end of the model, you can see how much each class of investor owns. this is split out between preference, common and total returns. You can also see the per share ($) returns as well as the multiple of investment returned. This is mapped out by each class of share.Ownership sheetsIn the ESOP sheet, you record the options held by staff. Yes, restricted stock is issued from the ESOP… did I just scare you? A proper cap table is like a double entry ledger, only you probably haven’t seen that before. You can geek out like a lawyer would here. And by the way, it is easy to add in a thousand line items for all you care. I made it easy for you to do so. The simplest things are the hardest to do.Founders and staff, as well as any other common owners of common stock are recorded in the common ledger. Any options which exercised are moved from the ESOP to the common ledger. You deduct them from the ESOP so you know what is left outstanding. you will need to keep increasing the ESOP over time to meet staff demands (and those of investors)Whenever you issue convertible notes, you input the key details in the convertible ledger. All you need to do is input the principal, interest, cap and discount. All the complicated calculations such as the shares issued and the effective discount rate are calculated. You may have read my blog on how to calculate convertible notes under the three scenarios? Here you don’t need to do any math at all, you just pick the flavor you want. Easy.Warrants are not common, but you see them when warranted (I hate myself for making a pun there…). If you happen to have warrants, chuck them in the warrants sheet. Simples.From Series-A to I you have one schedule to input your classes of shares. This is not only powerful but extensible and clean. Cap tables can get really messy, so splitting things up makes things better. I did the thinking for you.If you have convertible holders which convert into S-A, this is the sheet where they would convert. Of course, convertibles are way more complicated that one might think. Actually, most people don’t know that… I’ve made it simple for you for all your principal requirements.At your Series-E you raise $20m from two investors. You add them on two lines with only a few inputs.You want to see what happens if you did a series-H, but manually having to change every sheet is a pain! So each page has a plug linked to the assumption sheet. Easy. You didn’t even need to touch this sheet if you wanted to forecast the dilution effect… of a $160m raise! I wish the best for youSome detailsUnbeknownst to many, there are three manners through which convertible notes convert. In this model, accounting for all this complexity is as easy as clicking in a drop down.If you want investors to take their pro-rata in a deal, that can be a little hard to calculate. In this model it’s again as easy as clicking yes or no. Let’s be honest, you need to do a few calcs, but I made them for you.The model has built-in three vesting schedules to pick from (you can build your own if you do something weird). I’ve built the three most common options (though only two are at all common).Acceleration of options can be an important consideration to your staff. The model allows you to control what happens in a change of control. The returns waterfall lets you override the model assumptions with full and no acceleration… just in case an acquiror wants to screw your terms (which happens).Giving investors pro-rata rights is incredibly simple.To set your ESOP target per round is as easy as adding a percentage. All the calcs are done for you.Yes, you HAVE to have iterative calculations turned on in tools/calculations. I hate putting this in models as it makes it unstable, but given how complicated some calculations are, and to do the heavy lifting for you, there is no way around it. I apologise for trying to make things easy for you! The devil always needs to be paidIt’s easy to change who’s returns you want to see, as it’s all in a drop-down menu. Simply change the name, and the whole sheet will too. Literally, one change of a name and everything will change. Don’t burn me as a witch for the magic

Many outsourcing companies get their talents from the top outsourcing destinations, mostly from Asia. One of which is the Philippines, a consistent lead outsourcing destination for years. Once dubbed as the “BPO Capital of the World”, the Philippines is home to a large pool of IT professionals.This is the reason why I set up my software development company. I believe the availability of highly skilled tech talents in the Philippines is a solution to the IT shortage in the UK and the US. I have met wonderful and simply talented people at my company Cloud Employee.Cloud Employee offers developers adept in several technologies. Check our services for a full list. The cheap labor the country offers equates to a more cost-efficient service price. Cloud Employee makes it possible to save up to 65%. Don’t believe me? Check our pricing.Aside from the available talent, what makes Cloud Employee stand out from the rest is the flexible hiring process and free trial. We let our clients be in full control of selecting which developer passes their standards. Of course, we make sure that the selection is in line with or exceeding their requirements. Clients also get a free trial to test the developers and to also have a glimpse of how we work at Cloud Employee. Know more about how we work.I’m proud to share that Cloud Employee has served several tech startups, SMEs, and even large IT firms in the UK, the US, and Australia. See what our past and current clients say about Cloud Employee.While you’re getting to know us, here are some helpful reads from our blog:7 Reasons Why You Should Bootstrap Your BusinessPH Remains Top Outsourcing Provider Despite Rising CompetitionTrump’s H-1B Reforms and What They Mean for Tech CompaniesCloud Employee Offers Alternative in the Midst of UK Hiring CrisisWhat To Expect From Big Tech Brands This 2018

First things first, from all the tools I use, I’m listing a few that save me an immense amount of time. Thus helping me focus on things that matter. Here goes my list:Pocket - A handy tool to save useful links. After a while, my bookmarks are just unorganised and Pocket made it simple to save links. I could save everything in one place and hence retrieval is easy. Also, If I ever come across something during work that might be a distraction, I Pocket it and read it later.Buffer - Primarily I use this to manage posts and content from our SM handles. I schedule posts at one time and never have to look at it again. This saves a lot of time as I can dedicatedly work on the content and push them to the pipeline.LearnBee - (Disclaimer: my team built it and I use it every day). I use it to find a specific work file quickly or to attach multiple work files in an email or to search for a file to show to the team during a meeting. The Chrome extension just saves me an immense amount of time, which I otherwise waste searching for a file.Jira and Trello - Both of these tools help me individually as well as my team to prioritize, organise and complete tasks in a better and efficient way.

Digital signatures offer security, speed, convenience and accountability - all of it digitally and quickly. With the e-signature software constantly updated and improved, there are really no drawbacks to using digital signatures. In a lot of cases, it saves the business money, time, while improving the overall efficiency and workflow of the company or the individual.E-signature software I recommend checking out is signNow - it’s a great tool to add to your arsenal no matter what line of work you’re in - signNow is a good choice for a variety of businesses, company sizes and individual use. This application comes with a high degree of security, plenty of advanced tools and features as well as being multi-platform. signNow provides you, your coworkers and customers with a secure and legally binding way to both sign, request and assign signatures, track and monitor the entire process while knowing that all the files are not just secure, but also come with audit trails that note and save all the changes made to the documents. With signNow, you can import documents from the web, email or a variety of cloud services, personalize your signature and work from any mobile device - thereby staying flexible while on the go.signNow is intuitive, user-friendly and a great way to improve how your company manages the signing duties.Disclaimer: I am part of Kdan’s team, and my answers might be a bit biased.

Great question!There are several ways that you can promote your website. Here are a few of my favorites:Schedule social media posts (blog articles, quotes, bit size content from your website) via Hootsuite to post on multiple channels such to get maximum signNow.Channels such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TwitterLook up hashtags specific to your business on Twitter and engage with others or even better yet provide them a free resource that you’re giving away (preferably one that leads back to your site).Engage with people on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram by asking questions, answering questions, and starting new conversations.Pin new content on Pinterest a couple of times a week.There are many ways you can promote your website and it’s hard to not to get overwhelmed–so pick a few and give them a try. Once you’re ready you can always do more to promote.

Radio emission from the Sun originates at the Solar Corona, which is akin to the “atmosphere” of the Sun.Sun is a huge ball made of an ion-electron soup called plasma. In a plasma, electrons being the lighter materials, start moving to and fro with respect to the protons/ions in the plasma at a specific natural frequency, called the plasma frequency [Plasma oscillation - Wikipedia], which depends on the amount of electrons present there. These oscillations of the plasma are called Langmuir waves. The number of electrons per cm^3 decreases as we move farther and farther from the sun, which results in the plasma frequency decreasing with increasing distance from the solar center.The Sun, when quiet also emits radio emission. The quiet sun radio emission is thermal in nature, which arises due to the Million Degree Corona. The quiet Sun in radio wavelengths typically looks like this:Contrary to the thermal emission from the quiet sun, the bursts are caused because of non-thermal emission.Now, assume that there is some flare/activity on the solar surface. This will excite electrons from the lower regions to the upper regions of the corona, which will result in a change in the electron density. Thus, Langmuir waves are created and they combine (there are distinct mechanisms for this combination, but we do not know which is the actual way) to form transverse electromagnetic radiation. If the frequency of the emitted EM radiation is greater than the local plasma frequency, then they escape the corona and can be received as various kinds of solar radio bursts. Solar bursts can be broadly classified into five types viz. Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV and Type V. (see figure below) The bursts were first classified by an australian radio physics group at CSIRO, who named these bursts based on their life times. Type I has the longest life time, type III has the smallest life time. Type IV and V were discovered much later, but were named so, just to keep in with tradition. But radio bursts are not just limited to these five bursts alone.The electron population distribution in the corona is broadly considered to follow some kind of statistical distributions like Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Those electrons which have a velocity greater than the mean velocity are called suprathermal electrons. These suprathermal electrons which are trapped in magnetic arcades (see figure below), accelerate, exciting plasma layers, giving rise to type I radio emission (see figure). Type I radio emission is composed of a long-lived background radio emission (few days, depending on intensity of activity), which is very wide band and this background is superposed with short-lived, narrow band bursts called type I bursts. The background continuum is thought to be powered by repeated, rapid small scale reconnection events, but this still remains an open question. Stationary Type IV is due to gyrosynchrotron radiation over loop top. This burst is seen in the dynamic spectrum as a wideband, long lived emission, but over a period of at most 2–3 hours (not as long as type I bursts), which may show a very slow drift from the higher to lower frequencies in a dynamic spectrum.Type II bursts are comparatively short lived (~few minutes). They are signatures of a propagating shock wave in the solar corona. Shock waves are triggered due to some strong flare or Coronal mass ejection. When the ejected plasma moves, the leading edge of it gives rise to a shock wave similar to a boat moving in sea. The resultant shock waves accelerate the electrons in the local plasma, giving rise to radio emission. The radio emission will be seen in a time frequency water fall plot as a drifting lane at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies (ie, if there is a signature of this burst at an instant at 40 MHz, there will be one at 80 MHz), in fact, this was the argument which clinched the argument in favour of plasma emission. There are many types of type II radio emission itself: Split Band, Doublet, Fragmented, Inter-planetary etc. (see images)Coronal Mass EjectionFundamental and harmonic pair.Split band - doublet (Fu is the upper band of fundamental, Fl is the lower band of fundamental emission, Hl is the lower band of the harmonic.A split band (where the two lanes are not exactly Fundamental and harmonics, but some non integral multiple, which occur due to electron acceleration by the leading and trailing edge of the outward travelling shock front), The Stripes seen in the burst foreground are called herring-bones, which appear due to electron acceleration across the shock front.Fragmented type II (follow the white arrows)Interplanetary Type II (see image below) are created by CMEs which travel far into the interplanetary space. These are the ones that we actually have to worry about as they have significance from the Space weather Point of view.Similar to type IIs are Moving type IV radio emissions, which are created similar to type II (a moving shock like disturbance, but its more wideband and long lived compared to a type II (see image below).Moving type IV:Type III bursts are the final major classification of solar radio bursts, which are created due to plasma excitation by accelerated electrons travelling close to the speed of light. These electrons are accelerated at the sites of a flare. The following image shows the time-frequency waterfall of a type III burst.These are the most widely occuring form of bursts. The occur isolated or sometimes in group, indicating a burst of electron beams accelerated from a flare site. They originate sometimes in the GHz range (close to chromosphere) and may extend all the way to a few Khz (interplanetary medium), indicating the kinetic energy of electrons. Groups of type III also show some periodicity, indicating that they may be due to oscillations of plasma due to largescale Magneto hydro dynamic waves (for some other time, may be ;) ). Type V bursts are similar to type III bursts, but rather appear like a fast drifting continuum (see figure below).These bursts usually follow type III bursts, and the duration at a single frequency is always higher than that of a type III.Other than these there are other bursts (see images below):The one relation between all these bursts are that they are caused due to acceleration of electrons in the local plasma.P.S. All images are lifted from google images ;)For good references on the subject,Introduction to Solar Radio Astronomy and Radio Physics by Krüger, A. (has introduction from the science point of view)Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission from the Sun at Metre Wavelengths, edited by McLean and Labraum (for people interested in building instruments for solar radiophysics)Solar and Space Weather Radiophysics: Current Status and Future Developments, edited by D.E. Gary, C.U. Keller (A more recent update of events in the field of Solar Radio physics and the requirements for future arrays)