Download Electronic signature Word Mac

* A) use a tablet with a pen (Wacom or similar) and write your signature into a graphics program (Photoshop or similar) … if you have neither, look for a friend working in creative agency or * B) write your signature on a sheet of paper and scan it or * C) write your signature on a sheet of paper, take a photograph and import it into iPhoto. * Save the graphic to a TIFF, lossless JPEG or any file format you want. * Drag and drop the TIFF into Pages or whatever text editor you use. * Resize it until it fits. * Choose "Print" and then in the upcoming dialogue "Save to pdf". That's it. --- Edit: With Mac OS X Lion, all it is going to take is a Mac with an iSight! From Gizmodo after WWDC 2011: %3E Digital Document Signing: Now this is super cool. Need to sign a digital document? That's tough, because you don't want to write on your screen, and printing anything sucks. So instead, hold up a paper copy of your signature, and your iSight will auto-scan it and let you stick it on the doc. http://gizmodo.com/5809100/the-best-of-the-240-unsung-features-in-os-x-lion

1. The Desktop Computer or LaptopNecessity: EssentialThe computer is the brains and heart of your electronic music production setup. It’ll run your DAW software (don’t worry, we’ll get to what exactly that is shortly), and it’s basically where you’ll create and store all the sounds and music you create. Chances are you’re reading this guide on your desktop or laptop computer, so that’s great news, you already have one! However, there’s a small chance the computer you have might not have sufficient power to handle music production software, which can put a bit of a strain on a system with o...

You have plenty of choices for IDE(Integrated Development Environment) when it comes to Web Development. To edit any HTML, CSS and JavaScript file, any simple plain text editor will work. However using a better IDE allows you to enhance your work flows and reduce the efforts of writing every single line of codes.There are many paid IDEs for web developers which have lots of features that can ease the efforts of writing and debugging codes for developers. Some popular paid IDEs are signNow Dreamweaver, UltraEdit, CoffeeCup, and many more. However, not everyone can afford to pay for such IDEs. Thanks to Open Source that are many free IDEs and code editors available that you can use to develop a website or web apps.Since there are lots of free IDE’s available, you might be confused to choose one. In this article, I will discuss 10 best and free IDE for web development in my opinion. These IDE’s will allow you to write code more efficiently with less time, easily debug your codes, preview and test your website and website.Below is the list of 10 best IDE for Web Development:1. Notepad++Flatform: WindowsNotepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GPL License.Based on the powerful editing component Scintilla, Notepad++ is written in C++ and uses pure Win32 API and STL which ensures a higher execution speed and smaller program size. By optimizing as many routines as possible without losing user friendliness, Notepad++ is trying to reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions. When using less CPU power, the PC can throttle down and reduce power consumption, resulting in a greener environment.Some Features of Notepad++ are:Syntax Highlighting and Syntax FoldingUser Defined Syntax Highlighting and FoldingPCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expression) Search/ReplaceGUI entirely customizable: minimalist, tab with close button, multi-line tab, vertical tab and vertical document listDocument MapAuto-completion: Word completion, Function completion and Function parameters hintMulti-Document (Tab interface)Multi-ViewWYSIWYG (Printing)Zoom in and zoom outMulti-Language environment supportedBookmarkMacro recording and playbackLaunch with different argumentsVisit Official Site | Download Notepad++2. BracketsFlatform: Windows/ OS X/ LinuxBrackets is another free and open source editor from signNow. Brackets is a modern open-source code editor for HTML, CSS and JavaScript that’s built in HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It also includes Live Preview features and Preprocessor supports due to which it’s more popular nowadays.You get a real-time connection to your browser. When you make changes to CSS and HTML and you’ll instantly see those changes on screen. Also see where your CSS selector is being applied in the browser by simply putting your cursor on it. It’s the power of a code editor with the convenience of in-browser dev tools.Visit Official Site | Download Brackets3. Sublime TextFlatform: Windows/ Linux / OS XSublime Text is a proprietary cross-platform source code editor with a Python application programming interface (API). It natively supports many programming languages and markup languages, and its functionality can be extended by users with plugins, typically community-built and maintained under free-software licenses.Some of the features of Sublime Text are:Column selection and multi-select editingAuto completionSyntax highlight and high contrast displayIn-editor code buildingSnippetsAuto-save, which attempts to prevents users from losing their workCustomizable key bindings, a navigational tool which allows users to assign hotkeys to their choice of options in both the menus and the toolbar.Spell check function corrects as you type.A wide selection of editing commands, including indenting and unindenting, paragraph reformatting and line joining.Visit Official Site | Download Sublime Text4. RJ TextEdFlatform: WindowsRJ TextEd is a full featured text and source editor with Unicode support. It is also a very powerful web (PHP, ASP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS) development editor. The functionality extends beyond text files and includes support for CSS/HTML editing with integrated CSS/HTML preview, spell checking, auto completion, HTML validation, templates and more. The program also has a dual pane file commander, as well as a (S)FTP client to upload your files.Some of the features of this IDE are:Auto-completionCode folding.Column modeMulti edit and multi selectDocument mapAnnotation barAdvanced sortingHandles both ASCII and binary filesCSS and HTML wizardsHighlighting of colors in CSS/SASS/LESSAdvanced color hints that can convert between color formatsDockable panelsFTP and SFTP client with synchronizationFile explorer, text clips, code explorer, project manager…Convert between code pages, Unicode formats and text formatsUnicode and ANSI code page detectionOpen/Save UTF-8 encoded files without a signature (BOM)Unicode file paths and file namesHTML validation, format, and repairTools available like syntax editor, color picker, char mapVisit Official Site | Download RJ TextEd5. AtomFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxAtom is a text editor that’s modern, approachable, yet hackable to the core, that means that you can customize to do anything but also use productively without ever touching a config file. Download, install and start using it !Atom has a built-in package manager, search for and install new packages or start creating your own all from within Atom. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. If you can’t find what you’re looking for, you can also install themes created by the Atom community or create your own.Atom is a desktop application built with HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js integration. It runs on Electron, a framework for building cross platform apps using web technologies.Some of the features of Atom are:Cross-platform editingBuilt-in package managerSmart autocompletionFile system browserMultiple panesEasy to find and replaceVisit Official Website | Download Atom6. Light TableFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxLight Table claims it to be the next generation code editor. It is an integrated development environment for software engineering developed by Chris Granger and Robert Attorri. It features real-time feedback allowing instant execution, debugging and access to documentation.The instant feedback provides an unusual execution environment intended to help developing abstractions.The development team attempted to create a program which shows the programmer what the effects of their additions are in real-time, rather than requiring them to work out the effects as they write the code. Though the program began by only supporting Clojure, it has since aimed to support Python and JavaScript due to their popularity.The developers claim that the software can reduce programming time by up to 20%.It was financed by a Kickstarter fundraising campaign and subsequently backed by Y Combinator.The Kickstarter campaign aimed to raise $200,000 USD and finished with $316,720 USD.Some of the features of Light Table are:Connects you to your creation with instant feedback and showing data values flow through your codeEasily customizable from keybinds to extensions to be completely tailored to your specific projectEmbed anything you want, from graphs to games to running visualizationsAn elegant, lightweight, beautifully designed layout so your IDE is no longer clutteredEverything from eval and debugging to a fuzzy finder for files and commands to fit seamlessly into your workflowVisit Official Website | Download Light Table7. Visual Studio CodeFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxVisual Studio Code is a lightweight but powerful source code editor which runs on your desktop and is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. It comes with built-in support for JavaScript, TypeScript and Node.js and has a rich ecosystem of extensions for other languages (such as C++, C#, Python, PHP) and runtimes. Visual Studio includes support for debugging, embedded Git control, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, and code refactoring. It is also customizable, so users can change the editor’s theme, keyboard shortcuts, and preferences. It is free and open-source, although the official download is under a proprietary license.Visual Studio Beyond goes beyond syntax highlighting and autocomplete with IntelliSense, which provides smart completions based on variable types, function definitions, and imported modules. You can even debug code right from the editor. Launch or attach to your running apps and debug with break points, call stacks, and an interactive console.Visual Studio Code is based on Electron, a framework which is used to deploy Node.js applications for the desktop running on the Blink layout engine. Although it uses the Electron framework, the software is not a fork of Atom, it is actually based on Visual Studio Online’s editor (codename “Monaco”).Some of the features of Visual Studio Code are:Intellisense, an auto complete featureBuilt-in GitBuilt in Task-RunnerEquipped with CLI named codeVisit Official Website | Download Visual Studio Code8. BluefishFlatform: Windows /OS X / LinuxBluefish is a powerful editor targeted towards programmers and webdevelopers, with many options to write websites, scripts and programming code. Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages. See features for an extensive overview, take a look at the screenshots, or download it right away. Bluefish is an open source development project, released under the GNU GPL licence.Lightweight – Bluefish tries to be lean and clean, as far as possible given it is a GUI editor.Fast – Bluefish starts really quick (even on a netbook) and loads hundreds of files within seconds.Multiple document interface, easily opens 500+ documents (tested >10000 documents simultaneously)Project support, enables you to work efficiently on multiple projects, and automatically restores settings for each project.Multi-threaded support for remote files using gvfs, supporting FTP, SFTP, HTTP, HTTPS, WebDAV, CIFS and more1Very powerful search and replace, with support for Perl Compatible regular expressions, sub-pattern replacing, and search and replace in files on disk.Open files recursively based on filename patterns and/or content patternsSnippets sidebar – specify custom dialogs, search and replace patterns or insert patterns and bind them to a shortkut key combination of your liking to speed up your development processIntegrate external programs such as make, lint, weblint, xmllint, tidy, javac, or your own program or script to handle advanced text processing or error detectionIntegrate external filters of your liking, pipe your document (or just the current selected text) through sort, sed, awk or any custom scriptUnlimited undo/redo functionalityIn-line spell checker which is programing language aware (spell check comments and strings, but not code), requires libenchant during compilation2Auto-recovery of changes in modified documents after a crash, kill or shutdownCharacter map of all unicode characters (requires libgucharmap during compilation)3Site upload / download1Full screen editingMany tools such as tabs to spaces, join lines, lines to columns, strip whitespace, etc. etc.Visit Official Website | Download Bluefish9. Aptana StudioFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxAptana Studio is an open source integrated development environment (IDE) for building web applications. Based on Eclipse, it supports JavaScript, HTML, DOM and CSS with code-completion, outlining, JavaScript debugging, error and warning notifications and integrated documentation. Additional plugins allow Aptana Studio to support Ruby on Rails, PHP, Python, Perl, signNow AIR, Apple iPhone and Nokia WRT (Web Runtime). Aptana Studio is available as a standalone on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, or as a plugin for Eclipse.Aptana, Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for Web 2.0 and Ajax for use with a variety of programming languages (such as JavaScript, Ruby, PHP and Python). Aptana’s main products include Aptana Studio, Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer.Some of the features of Apatana Studio are:Deployment WizardIntegrated DebuggerGit IntegrationBuilt-in TerminalIDE CustomizationVisit Official Website | Download Aptana Studio10. Komodo EditFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxKomodo Edit is a free text editor for dynamic programming languages. Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project. Many of Komodo’s features are derived from an embedded Python interpreter. Komodo is faster and easier-to-use. New integrations with build systems let you stay in-the-zone and get more done.Some of the features of Komodo Edit are:Integrated debugger supportDocument Object Model (DOM) viewerInteractive shellsSource Code control integrationAbility to select the engine used to run regular expressionsVisit Official Website | Download Komodo EditSource: Written on my Blog Technowing 10 Best IDE for Web Development for Free - Technowing

You have plenty of choices for IDE(Integrated Development Environment) when it comes to Web Development. To edit any HTML, CSS and JavaScript file, any simple plain text editor will work. However using a better IDE allows you to enhance your work flows and reduce the efforts of writing every single line of codes.There are many paid IDEs for web developers which have lots of features that can ease the efforts of writing and debugging codes for developers. Some popular paid IDEs are signNow Dreamweaver, UltraEdit, CoffeeCup, and many more. However, not everyone can afford to pay for such IDEs. Thanks to Open Source that are many free IDEs and code editors available that you can use to develop a website or web apps.Since there are lots of free IDE’s available, you might be confused to choose one. In this article, I will discuss 10 best and free IDE for web development in my opinion. These IDE’s will allow you to write code more efficiently with less time, easily debug your codes, preview and test your website and website.Below is the list of 10 best IDE for Web Development:1. Notepad++Flatform: WindowsNotepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GPL License.Based on the powerful editing component Scintilla, Notepad++ is written in C++ and uses pure Win32 API and STL which ensures a higher execution speed and smaller program size. By optimizing as many routines as possible without losing user friendliness, Notepad++ is trying to reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions. When using less CPU power, the PC can throttle down and reduce power consumption, resulting in a greener environment.Some Features of Notepad++ are:Syntax Highlighting and Syntax FoldingUser Defined Syntax Highlighting and FoldingPCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expression) Search/ReplaceGUI entirely customizable: minimalist, tab with close button, multi-line tab, vertical tab and vertical document listDocument MapAuto-completion: Word completion, Function completion and Function parameters hintMulti-Document (Tab interface)Multi-ViewWYSIWYG (Printing)Zoom in and zoom outMulti-Language environment supportedBookmarkMacro recording and playbackLaunch with different argumentsVisit Official Site | Download Notepad++2. BracketsFlatform: Windows/ OS X/ LinuxBrackets is another free and open source editor from signNow. Brackets is a modern open-source code editor for HTML, CSS and JavaScript that’s built in HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It also includes Live Preview features and Preprocessor supports due to which it’s more popular nowadays.You get a real-time connection to your browser. When you make changes to CSS and HTML and you’ll instantly see those changes on screen. Also see where your CSS selector is being applied in the browser by simply putting your cursor on it. It’s the power of a code editor with the convenience of in-browser dev tools.Visit Official Site | Download Brackets3. Sublime TextFlatform: Windows/ Linux / OS XSublime Text is a proprietary cross-platform source code editor with a Python application programming interface (API). It natively supports many programming languages and markup languages, and its functionality can be extended by users with plugins, typically community-built and maintained under free-software licenses.Some of the features of Sublime Text are:Column selection and multi-select editingAuto completionSyntax highlight and high contrast displayIn-editor code buildingSnippetsAuto-save, which attempts to prevents users from losing their workCustomizable key bindings, a navigational tool which allows users to assign hotkeys to their choice of options in both the menus and the toolbar.Spell check function corrects as you type.A wide selection of editing commands, including indenting and unindenting, paragraph reformatting and line joining.Visit Official Site | Download Sublime Text4. RJ TextEdFlatform: WindowsRJ TextEd is a full featured text and source editor with Unicode support. It is also a very powerful web (PHP, ASP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS) development editor. The functionality extends beyond text files and includes support for CSS/HTML editing with integrated CSS/HTML preview, spell checking, auto completion, HTML validation, templates and more. The program also has a dual pane file commander, as well as a (S)FTP client to upload your files.Some of the features of this IDE are:Auto-completionCode folding.Column modeMulti edit and multi selectDocument mapAnnotation barAdvanced sortingHandles both ASCII and binary filesCSS and HTML wizardsHighlighting of colors in CSS/SASS/LESSAdvanced color hints that can convert between color formatsDockable panelsFTP and SFTP client with synchronizationFile explorer, text clips, code explorer, project manager…Convert between code pages, Unicode formats and text formatsUnicode and ANSI code page detectionOpen/Save UTF-8 encoded files without a signature (BOM)Unicode file paths and file namesHTML validation, format, and repairTools available like syntax editor, color picker, char mapVisit Official Site | Download RJ TextEd5. AtomFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxAtom is a text editor that’s modern, approachable, yet hackable to the core, that means that you can customize to do anything but also use productively without ever touching a config file. Download, install and start using it !Atom has a built-in package manager, search for and install new packages or start creating your own all from within Atom. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. If you can’t find what you’re looking for, you can also install themes created by the Atom community or create your own.Atom is a desktop application built with HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js integration. It runs on Electron, a framework for building cross platform apps using web technologies.Some of the features of Atom are:Cross-platform editingBuilt-in package managerSmart autocompletionFile system browserMultiple panesEasy to find and replaceVisit Official Website | Download Atom6. Light TableFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxLight Table claims it to be the next generation code editor. It is an integrated development environment for software engineering developed by Chris Granger and Robert Attorri. It features real-time feedback allowing instant execution, debugging and access to documentation.The instant feedback provides an unusual execution environment intended to help developing abstractions.The development team attempted to create a program which shows the programmer what the effects of their additions are in real-time, rather than requiring them to work out the effects as they write the code. Though the program began by only supporting Clojure, it has since aimed to support Python and JavaScript due to their popularity.The developers claim that the software can reduce programming time by up to 20%.It was financed by a Kickstarter fundraising campaign and subsequently backed by Y Combinator.The Kickstarter campaign aimed to raise $200,000 USD and finished with $316,720 USD.Some of the features of Light Table are:Connects you to your creation with instant feedback and showing data values flow through your codeEasily customizable from keybinds to extensions to be completely tailored to your specific projectEmbed anything you want, from graphs to games to running visualizationsAn elegant, lightweight, beautifully designed layout so your IDE is no longer clutteredEverything from eval and debugging to a fuzzy finder for files and commands to fit seamlessly into your workflowVisit Official Website | Download Light Table7. Visual Studio CodeFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxVisual Studio Code is a lightweight but powerful source code editor which runs on your desktop and is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. It comes with built-in support for JavaScript, TypeScript and Node.js and has a rich ecosystem of extensions for other languages (such as C++, C#, Python, PHP) and runtimes. Visual Studio includes support for debugging, embedded Git control, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, and code refactoring. It is also customizable, so users can change the editor’s theme, keyboard shortcuts, and preferences. It is free and open-source, although the official download is under a proprietary license.Visual Studio Beyond goes beyond syntax highlighting and autocomplete with IntelliSense, which provides smart completions based on variable types, function definitions, and imported modules. You can even debug code right from the editor. Launch or attach to your running apps and debug with break points, call stacks, and an interactive console.Visual Studio Code is based on Electron, a framework which is used to deploy Node.js applications for the desktop running on the Blink layout engine. Although it uses the Electron framework, the software is not a fork of Atom, it is actually based on Visual Studio Online’s editor (codename “Monaco”).Some of the features of Visual Studio Code are:Intellisense, an auto complete featureBuilt-in GitBuilt in Task-RunnerEquipped with CLI named codeVisit Official Website | Download Visual Studio Code8. BluefishFlatform: Windows /OS X / LinuxBluefish is a powerful editor targeted towards programmers and webdevelopers, with many options to write websites, scripts and programming code. Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages. See features for an extensive overview, take a look at the screenshots, or download it right away. Bluefish is an open source development project, released under the GNU GPL licence.Lightweight – Bluefish tries to be lean and clean, as far as possible given it is a GUI editor.Fast – Bluefish starts really quick (even on a netbook) and loads hundreds of files within seconds.Multiple document interface, easily opens 500+ documents (tested >10000 documents simultaneously)Project support, enables you to work efficiently on multiple projects, and automatically restores settings for each project.Multi-threaded support for remote files using gvfs, supporting FTP, SFTP, HTTP, HTTPS, WebDAV, CIFS and more1Very powerful search and replace, with support for Perl Compatible regular expressions, sub-pattern replacing, and search and replace in files on disk.Open files recursively based on filename patterns and/or content patternsSnippets sidebar – specify custom dialogs, search and replace patterns or insert patterns and bind them to a shortkut key combination of your liking to speed up your development processIntegrate external programs such as make, lint, weblint, xmllint, tidy, javac, or your own program or script to handle advanced text processing or error detectionIntegrate external filters of your liking, pipe your document (or just the current selected text) through sort, sed, awk or any custom scriptUnlimited undo/redo functionalityIn-line spell checker which is programing language aware (spell check comments and strings, but not code), requires libenchant during compilation2Auto-recovery of changes in modified documents after a crash, kill or shutdownCharacter map of all unicode characters (requires libgucharmap during compilation)3Site upload / download1Full screen editingMany tools such as tabs to spaces, join lines, lines to columns, strip whitespace, etc. etc.Visit Official Website | Download Bluefish9. Aptana StudioFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxAptana Studio is an open source integrated development environment (IDE) for building web applications. Based on Eclipse, it supports JavaScript, HTML, DOM and CSS with code-completion, outlining, JavaScript debugging, error and warning notifications and integrated documentation. Additional plugins allow Aptana Studio to support Ruby on Rails, PHP, Python, Perl, signNow AIR, Apple iPhone and Nokia WRT (Web Runtime). Aptana Studio is available as a standalone on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, or as a plugin for Eclipse.Aptana, Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for Web 2.0 and Ajax for use with a variety of programming languages (such as JavaScript, Ruby, PHP and Python). Aptana’s main products include Aptana Studio, Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer.Some of the features of Apatana Studio are:Deployment WizardIntegrated DebuggerGit IntegrationBuilt-in TerminalIDE CustomizationVisit Official Website | Download Aptana Studio10. Komodo EditFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxKomodo Edit is a free text editor for dynamic programming languages. Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project. Many of Komodo’s features are derived from an embedded Python interpreter. Komodo is faster and easier-to-use. New integrations with build systems let you stay in-the-zone and get more done.Some of the features of Komodo Edit are:Integrated debugger supportDocument Object Model (DOM) viewerInteractive shellsSource Code control integrationAbility to select the engine used to run regular expressionsVisit Official Website | Download Komodo EditWrapping UpThe above mentioned are some of the best IDE for Web Development that are available for free. Being myself a Web Designer, my personal favourite is Sublime Text, Brackets and Visual Studio Code. However, I do most of the coding in Sublime Text since it’s very to code due to auto completion, code hints, built-in plugins and much more.Source : 10 Best IDE for Web Development for Free - Technowing

Some of the frequently asked Interview questions for java developers are:1   What is an object ? 2   What is method overriding in java ? 3   What is super keyword in java ? 4   What is method overloading in java ? 5   What is difference between c++ and Java ? 6 What is JIT compiler ? 7   What is bytecode in java ? 8   Difference between method overloading and method overriding in java ? 9   Difference between abstract class and interface ? 10   Why java is platform independent? 11 Difference between this( and super( in java ?12 How to call one constructor from the other constructor ? 13 what are static blocks and static initalizers in Java ? 14 What is method in java ? 15 What is constructor in java ? 17 Difference between Character Constant and String Constant in java ?18 Why main( method is public, static and void in java ? 19 Explain about main( method in java ? 20 What is difference between length and length( method in java ? 21   What  is ASCII Code? 22 What is Unicode ? 23 What are constants and how to create constants in java? OOPS24 Explain about object oriented programming and its features? 25 What is Abstraction? 26 What is Encapsulation? 27 What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation? 28 List out benefits of object oriented programming language? 29 Differences between traditional programming language and object oriented programming language? 30 What is Inheritance? 31 What is Polymorphism? 32 How does Java implement polymorphism? 33 Explain the different forms of Polymorphism 34 What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch? 35 What is Dynamic Binding? 36 What is method overloading? 37 What is method overriding? 38 What are the differences between method overloading and method overriding? 39 Can overloaded methods be override too? 40 Is it possible to override the main method? 41 How to invoke a superclass version of an Overridden method? 42 What is super? 43 How do you prevent a method from being overridden? 44 What is an Interface? 45 Can we instantiate an interface? 46 Can we create an object for an interface? 47 Do interfaces have member variables? 48 What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface? 49 What is a marker interface? 50 What is an abstract class? 51 Can we instantiate an abstract class? 52 What are the differences between Interface and Abstract class? 53 When should I use abstract classes and when should I use interfaces? 54 When you declare a method as abstract, can other nonabstract methods access it? 55 Can there be an abstract class with no abstract methods in it? 56 What is IS-A relationship  in java?57 What is HAS A relationship in java?58 Difference between IS-A and HAS-A relationship in java?59 Explain about instanceof operator in java?60   What does null mean in java?61   Can we have multiple classes in single file ?62   What all access modifiers are allowed for top class ?63 What are packages in java?64   Can we have more than one package statement in source file ?65   Can we define package statement after import statement in java?66 What are identifiers in  java?67 What are access modifiers in java?68   What is the difference between access specifiers and access modifiers in java?69   What access modifiers can be used for class ?70   Explain what access modifiers can be used for methods?71   Explain what access modifiers can be used for variables?72   What is final access modifier in java?73   Explain about abstract classes in java?74 Can we create constructor in abstract class ?75   What are abstract methods in java?Type Casting      76 What is TypeConversion? 77 Explain Implicit Conversion/ Widening/Automatic Type Conversion? 78 What is Explicit Conversion/Narrowing/Casting? 79 Can a double value be cast to byte? How to cast double value to byte with help of the example? 80 Can a Boolean primitive value to be converted to any other primitive in java? 81 What is autoboxing and autounboxing? 82 What are advantages of autoboxing and autounboxing? 83 How to cast objects or what is object casting? 84 What is upcasting or downcasting? Exception Handling85   State some situations where exceptions may arise in java?86   What is Exception handling in java?87    What is an eror in Java?88   What are advantages of Exception handling in java?89   In how many ways we can do exception handling in java?90   List out five keywords related to Exception handling ?91   Explain try and catch keywords in java?92   Can we have try block without catch block?93    Can we have multiple catch block for a try block?94   Explain importance of finally block in java?95   Can we have any code between try and catch blocks?96   Can we have any code between try and finally blocks?97   Can we catch more than one exception in single catch block?98   What are checked Exceptions?99   What are unchecked exceptions in java?100   Explain differences between checked and Unchecked exceptions in java?101 What is default Exception handling in java?102   Explain throw keyword in java?103   Can we write any code after throw statement?104 Explain importance of throws keyword in java?105 Explain the importance of finally over return statement?106 Explain a situation where finally block will not be executed?107   Can we use catch statement for checked exceptions?108   What are user defined exceptions?109   Can we rethrow the same exception from  catch handler?110   Can we nested try statements in java?111 Explain the importance of throwable class and its methods?112 Explain when ClassNotFoundException will be raised ?113 Explain  when NoClassDefFoundError  will be raised ?Nested Class & Inner Class114 What are inner classes or non static nested classes in java? 115   Why to use nested classes in java? 116   Explain about static nested classes in java? 117 How to instantiate static nested classes in java? 118   Explain about method local inner classes or local inner classes in java? 119 Explain about features of local inner class? 120 Explain about anonymous inner classes in java? 121 Explain restrictions for using anonymous inner classes? 122   Is this valid in java ? can we instantiate interface in java? 123 Explain about member inner classes? 124 How to instantiate member inner class? 125 How to do encapsulation in java? 126 What are reference variables in java ? 127 Will the compiler creates a default constructor if I have a parameterized constructor in the class? 128   Can we have a method name same as class name in java? 129   Can we override constructors in java? 130 Can Static methods access instance variables in java? 131 How do we access static members in java? 132    Can we override static methods in java? 133 Difference between object and reference? 134 Objects or references which of them gets garbage collected? 135 How many times finalize method will be invoked ? who invokes finalize( method in java?136 Can we able to pass objects as an arguments in java? 137 Explain wrapper classes in java? 138 Explain different types of wrapper classes in java? 139 Explain about transient variables in java? 140 Can we serialize static variables in java? 141   What is type conversion in java? 142   Explain about Automatic type conversion in java? 143 Explain about narrowing conversion in java? 144 Explain the importance of import keyword in java? 145 Explain naming conventions for packages ? 146 What is classpath ? 147 What is jar ? 148 What is the scope or life time of instance variables ? 149 Explain the scope or life time of class variables or static variables? 150 Explain scope or life time of local variables in java? 151   Explain about static imports in java? 152 Can we define static methods inside interface? 153 Define interface in java? 154 What is the purpose of interface? 155 Explain features of interfaces in java? 156 Explain enumeration in java? 157 Explain restrictions on  using enum? 158 Explain about field hiding in java? 159   Explain about Varargs in java? 160 Explain where variables are created in memory? 161 Can we use Switch statement with Strings? 162 In java how do we copy objects? Theads163 What is thread in java? 164   Difference between process and thread? 165   What is multitasking ? 166   What are different types of multitasking? 167   What are the benefits of  multithreaded programming? 168   Explain thread in java? 169   List Java API that supports threads? 170   Explain about main thread in java? 171   In how many ways we can create threads in java? 172   Explain creating threads by implementing Runnable class? 173 Explain creating threads by extending Thread class ? 174 Which is the best approach for creating thread ? 175   Explain the importance of thread scheduler in java? 176   Explain the life cycle of thread? 177   Can we restart a dead thread in java? 178   Can one thread block the other thread? 179 Can we  restart a thread already started in java? 180 What happens if we don’t override run method ? 181   Can we overload  run( method in java? 182 What is a lock or purpose of locks in java? 183   In how many ways we can do synchronization in java? 184   What are synchronized methods ? 185 When do we use synchronized methods in java? 186   When a thread is executing synchronized methods , then is it possible to execute other synchronized methods  simultaneously by other threads? 187 When a thread is executing a synchronized method , then is it possible for the same thread to access other synchronized methods of an object ? 188 What are synchronized blocks in java? 189   When do we use synchronized blocks and advantages of using synchronized blocks? 190   What is class level lock ? 191   Can we synchronize static methods in java? 192   Can we use synchronized block for primitives? 193   What are thread priorities and importance of thread priorities in java? 194   Explain different types of thread priorities ? 195   How to change the priority of thread or how to set priority of thread? 196   If two threads have same priority which thread will be executed first ? 197 What all methods are used to prevent thread execution ? 198 Explain yield( method in thread class ? 199   Is it possible for yielded thread to get chance for its execution again ? 200 Explain the importance of join( method in thread class? 201   Explain purpose of sleep( method in java? 202   Assume a thread has lock on it, calling sleep( method on that thread will release the lock? 203 Can sleep() method causes another thread to sleep? 204 Explain about interrupt() method of thread class ? 205 Explain about interthread communication and how it takes place in java? 206 Explain wait() , notify() and notifyAll() methods of object class ? 207 Explain why wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods are in Object class rather than in thread class? 208 Explain IllegalMonitorStateException and when it will be thrown? 209   when wait(), notify(),notifyAll() methods are called does it releases the lock or holds the acquired lock? 210   Explain which of the following methods releases the lock when yield(), join(),sleep(),wait(),notify(), notifyAll()methods are executed?211   What are thread groups? 212 What are thread local variables ? 213 What are daemon threads in java? 214 How to make a non daemon thread as daemon? 215 Can we make main() thread as daemon?Collection Framework216 What is collection ?217 Difference between collection, Collection and Collections in java?218 Explain about Collection  interface in java ?219 List  the interfaces which extends collection interface ?220 Explain List interface ?221 Explain methods specific to List interface ?222 List implementations of List Interface ?223   Explain about ArrayList ?224 Difference between Array and ArrayList ?225   What is vector?226 Difference between arraylist and vector ?227   Define  Linked List and its features with signature ?228   Define Iterator and methods in Iterator?229 In which order the Iterator iterates over collection?230   Explain ListIterator and methods in ListIterator?231 Explain about Sets ?232 Implementations of Set interface ?233   Explain HashSet and its features ?234 Explain Tree Set and its features?235 When do we use HashSet over TreeSet?236 What is Linked HashSet and its features?237 Explain about Map interface in java?238 What is linked hashmap and its features?239   What is SortedMap interface?240   What is Hashtable and explain features of Hashtable?241 Difference between HashMap and Hashtable?242 Difference between arraylist and linkedlist?243 Difference between Comparator and  Comparable in java?244 What is concurrent hashmap and its features ?245 Difference between Concurrent HashMap and Hashtable and collections.synchronizedHashMap?246 Explain copyOnWriteArrayList and when do we use copyOnWriteArrayList?247 Explain about fail fast iterators in java?248 Explain about fail safe iterators in java?Serialization249 What is serialization in java? 250 What is the main purpose of serialization in java? 251 What are alternatives to java serialization? 252 Explain about serializable interface in java? 253 How to make object serializable in java? 254 What is serial version UID and its importance in java? 255 What happens if we don’t define serial version UID ? 256 Can we serialize static variables in java? 257 When we serialize an object does the serialization mechanism saves its references too? 258 If we don’t want some of the fields not to serialize How to do that? 259 Explain importance of object class in java? 260 Explain purpose of object class or why object class is super class for all java classes? 261 Explain Object class methods? 262 List methods which can be overrided from Object class? 263 Explain purpose of toString( method in java?Strings 264 Explain Strings in java?265 Difference between Strings and Character Arrays in java?266 Explain importance of String class in java?267 In how many ways we can create Strings in java?268 Explain how to create Strings using String literal and advantages of creating Strings using String literal?Class Loaders 269 What are classloaders and different types of class loaders in java?270 What is BootStrap class loader and how does it works?271 What is Extensions class loader and how does it works?272 What is application class loader and how does it works?273 When an object becomes eligible for garbage collection?274 Who performs garbage collection?275 When does garbage collector run?276 Which algorithm garbage collector uses to perform garbage collection?277 List out different garbage collection algorithms?278 Can we force JVM for garbage collection?279 How to request jvm to perform garbage collection operation?280 Explain the purpose of finalize method in relation to Garbage collection?281 How many times finalize method is called on an Object?282 Once an object is garbage collected can it become signNowable again?283 How to write a code that makes an object eligible for garbage collection?

How about one of these?An Annotated Bibliography of Typography, Letterpress Printing and Other Arts of the Bookby David S. Rose • Five Roses PressThe explosion of desktop-based, digital pre-press technology at the end of the twentieth century brought to a wide audience the previously specialized world of typography. Modern type design applications give users the ability to create new digital typefaces from the imagination, to recreate classic faces that are otherwise unavailable in digital form, and to adapt existing faces for specific needs.For those artisans who still hand-set and print with traditional letterpress technology, a dozen type foundries continue to provide a constant stream of classic metal faces. And for designers who combine the two worlds by printing letterpress from photopolymer plates, the options are unlimited.As with any powerful tools, the more one knows of the history behind them, the better able one will be to utilize them. The books listed here are just a few of hundreds that have been written on the subject of typography over three centuries, but they will provide a solid start for reading in this area.While many of the works listed are classics in the field, not all of them are currently in print. Those that are not available from the publisher (or from reprint houses such as Dover Publications) may often be found at antiquarian dealers who specialize in the field of Books about Books. A number of such dealers are listed at the end of this bibliography, and the rapid adoption of the Internet by antiquarian book dealers now means that most of these books are a simple click away. Overviews of Printing TypesPrinting Types: An Introduction by Alexander Lawson with Dwight Agner [Boston: Beacon Press, 1990] is a short (120 pages) easy-to-read overview that is exactly as advertised: an introduction. For over thirty years, Lawson has taught a course in the history of printing types at the Rochester Institute of Technology School of Printing, and this book grew out of his need for a simple handbook on the subject for his students. It is a well designed and illustrated inexpensive paperback, and would probably be your best bet if you have a casual interest in the subject and only want to read one book. The latest edition, brought current through 1990, covers electronic typography as well.Printing Types: Their History, Forms, and Use by Daniel Berkeley Updike (1860-1941) [New York: Dover, 1980 reprint of the second (1937) edition]. This is the classic work in the field of typographic history. Updike was a leader in the revival of traditional printing typefaces in the United States, and was the founder of the Merrymount Press (1893). A series of lectures he gave at Harvard from 1910-1917 served as the basis for Printing Types, which was first published in 1922. This Dover reprint is in two volumes, 618 pages of text plus 300 unnumbered illustrations. As Dover says in the jacket notes, "Printing Types presents the standards, the landmarks in typography that anyone connected with printing must know. In its mammoth, illustrated coverage, it is without a doubt the definitive guide to the subject.Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design by Walter Tracy [Boston: David Godine, 1986. 224 p, ill.] A beautiful and profusely illustrated step-by-step demonstration of type-design aesthetics that traces the beginnings and the path of modern-day typesetting.Fine print on type; the best of Fine print magazine on type and typography by Charles A. Bigelow, Paul Hayden Duensing, Linnea Gentry [San Francisco: Fine Print: Bedford Arts, 1988] is an excellent selection of articles from Fine Print magazine, the late indispensable periodical with which anyone concerned with type should be familiar. Each issue was designed by a different typographer, printed by letterpress and included scholarly articles, typographic overviews, reviews, and notices of new books on typography. Fine Print was published quarterly through about 1990, after which the publication led cliff-hanging existence as various groups and institutions tried to save it. While long gone, a final retrospective index is currently nearing production, and will also be a must-get.Typographical periodicals between the wars; a critique of the Fleuron, Signature, and Typography by Grant Shipcott [Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1980. xiv, 111 p. :ill.]. These classic periodicals (particularly the Fleuron) were to their time what Fine Print was to typography and book design today, but because of the ferment in the world of design during the 20s and 30s and because of their illustrious contributors, they had a much greater effect on the typography of the time.Type and Typefaces by J. Ben Lieberman [New Rochelle: The Myriade Press, 1978] is an alternative to the Lawson book, but rather less accurate, bigger (142 pages, 8 1/2 x 11, hardcover) and harder to find. Ben Lieberman was an enthusiastic amateur printer and the father of the American Chappel movement of hobby printers.  This book is an exuberant look at the history, classification, identification, and personalities of typography. It includes examples of over 1,000 type faces, and is well illustrated. Lieberman was not a scholar, but if you like unabashed 'boosterism,' you might find this book fun to read, despite its errors of both omission and commission.History and Development of Lettering and Letter formsThe 26 Letters by Oscar Ogg [New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1948]. A nicely done book by a well known American calligrapher, tracing the evolution of the alphabet from prehistoric times to the invention of printing. 250 pages, well illustrated.Letters by James Hutchinson [New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983]. A stylishly designed, very readable history of alphabets, writing, and printing types.The History and Technique of Lettering by Alexander Nesbitt [New York: Dover Publications, 1957]. A thorough history of type design from its origin through the mid-twentieth century, this book covers some of the same material as the Ogg book, but includes much more information on the development of letter forms since the invention of printing. It is written from an artist's perspective, and has a how-to section on lettering.The Alphabet and Elements of Lettering by Frederic W. Goudy [New York: Dover Publications, 1963. Reprint of 1952 University of California edition]. This falls somewhere between the Ogg and Nesbitt books, from Goudy's unique perspective as the most prolific type designer of the twentieth century.Roman Lettering by L.C. Evetts [New York: Taplinger, 1979] includes a character-by-character analysis of the letters on Trajans Column in Rome, which have served for centuries as one of the foundations of roman (serif) letter design. Evetts also includes charts showing the evolution of the roman alphabet through the centuries. Handsome lettering, with little text to clutter the presentation.An ABC Book: ABC of Lettering and Printing Types by Erik Lindegren [New York: Pentalic, nd ca. 1976]. A survey of type, calligraphy, and design, with examples of work from all periods, with an especially strong representation of lettering by Swedish, English, German, and American scribes and designers. A lively, well-designed introduction to letters.Writing, Illuminating and Lettering by Edward Johnston [New York: Taplinger, 1980]. The comprehensive calligraphy manual by the man who led the twentieth century revival of calligraphy. Johnston's influence on English, American and German lettering and design was immense.History of Lettering by Nicolete Gray [Boston: David Godine, 1987. 256 p].Type Designs from Various PeriodsArt of the Printed Book, 1455-1955; masterpieces of typography through five centuries from the collections of the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York by Joseph Blumenthal, (1897- ) [New York: Pierpont Morgan Library; 1984. Boston, MA: D.R. Godine, xiv, 192 p. : ill.]. Available both in hardcover and paperback, this collection by one of the great printer/scholars of the century is a must have for anyone interested in original source material. More than a hundred full pages facsimiles from the Morgan Library provide an instant overview of the development of typographic design from Gutenberg to the mid-twentieth century.Anatomy of a Typeface by Alexander Lawson [Boston: David R. Godine, 1990, 428 pages] A great book from one of the leading typographic experts of the late twentieth century, this substantial work examines a wide variety of typefaces in great detail, and explains why they look the way they do. An excellent reference work for the designer and printer that will both improve your eye for the detail of font design and inform the choices you will make in specifying and setting type yourself.Selected Essays on Books and Printing by A. F. Johnson [Amsterdam: Van Gendt, 1970]. Johnson was a scholar at the British Museum, and along with Daniel Berkeley Updike and Stanley Morrison was considered one of the experts in the field of typographic history. This lovely, massive (500 pages), and very expensive collection of some of his writings from 1927-1957 concentrates primarily on the typographic work of sixteenth century calligraphers and printers.A view of early typography up to about 1600 by Harry Carter [(The Lyell lectures 1968) Oxford, Clarendon P., 1969. xii, 137 p. 45 plates. illus., facsims., col. map].A history of the old English letter foundries; with notes, historical and bibliographical, on the rise and fall of English typography by Talbot Baines Reed, 1852-1893 and A. F. Johnson [Folkestone: Dawsons, Reissued 1974 xiv, 400 p., fold. leaf : ill., facsims].Notes on a Century of Typography at the University Press, Oxford, 1693-1794 by Horace Hart [Oxford, Clarendon Press, Reissued 1970 (1st ed. of 1900 reprinted) with an introduction and additional notes by Harry Carter. ix, 16, xvi, 203 p., plate. illus. facsims]. History of the types and typography of the Oxford University Press, generally regarded as the preeminent scholarly press in the western world.Nineteenth Century Ornamented Type Faces by Nicolete Gray [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976]. Reprint of a classic from 1938, this large format 240 page work is the definitive book on its subject.American Wood Type, 1828-1900 by Rob Roy Kelly [New York: Da Capo Press]. Notes on the evolution of decorated and large wood types, and comments on related trades. As with the Nicolete Gray book, this is the definitive work in its field. The book was issued in several editions, of which this (paperback) is the least expensive.The Typographic Book 1450-1935 by Stanley Morrison and Kenneth Day [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963]. A lush, expensive, visual treasury of almost 500 years of typography, including 357 plates.American typography today by Rob Carter [(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989. 159 p. : ill. (some col.)].The Liberated Page Edited by Herbert Spencer [San Francisco: Bedford Arts, 1987]. An anthology of the major typographic experiments of the 20th century, as recorded in Typographica magazine.TypographyA Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry by Kate Clair. A good place to start for a basic grounding in typographic design.The Elements of Typographic Style by Robert Bringhurst. A highly acclaimed, although somewhat more advanced, standard work in the field.The Crystal Goblet; sixteen essays on typography by Beatrice Warde [Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company, 1956]. From a major woman in the field of typography come some thought-provoking pieces, including the famous analogy that gave the collection its name. Mandatory reading for would-be typographers.The Case for Legibility by John Ryder [London: The Bodley Head, 1979] "Not a typographer's manual nor a 'do-it-yourself' guide to book design, it is a personal statement of great sincerity and conviction by a distinguished practitioner of the art." Ryder also wrote “Printing For Pleasure”, one of the touchstones of the avocational letterpress printing movement.Better Type by Betty Binns [New York: Watson-Guptill, 1989. 192 p]. A trade book from the early days of the desktop publishing revolution that shows by copious examples the subtle differences in relationships between typefaces, letters, and spaces. From the preface: "This book systematically trains designers to make these fine discriminations, with the aim of specifying text type that is not only readable, but also beautiful and expressive." Only released in this one edition, and not readily available, but a nice book nevertheless.Introduction to Typography by Oliver Simon [London: Faber & Faber, 1945]. Not a bad place to start. This edition is out of print, but there has been at least one reprint in recent years. Simon's introduction is designed for the layman, and discusses many of the basic principles and theories of designing with type.First Principles of Typography by Stanley Morrison [Cambridge: at the University Press, 1951]. An important book from the man who designed Times Roman for the London Times.Asymmetric typography by Jan Tschichold [(Translated by Ruari McLean) New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp. 1967. 94 p. illus. (part col.) facsims]. Jan Tschichold (1902-1974), a well-known typographer, caused many people to rethink 'conventional' theories of typography when this seminal work was published in the mid-60s. Whether or not you agree with his approach, this book is required reading and will widen your typographic horizons.An essay on typography by Eric Gill [1st U.S. ed. Boston: D.R. Godine, 1988]. A classic typographic manifesto on the art and craft of letterforms from the designer of Gill Sans and the famous typography of London Underground.Typography, A Manual of Design by Emil Ruder [Niederteufen, Switzerland: Arthur Niggli Ltd, 1977. 3rd Edition]. A fascinating, disciplined, and very Swiss analysis of typography and letterforms. Ruder's discussion and illustration of the importance of white space in letter forms and graphic designs is excellent background reading.Report on the typography of the Cambridge University Press by Bruce Rogers [Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Printer, 1950. viii, 32, (3) p. : ill.]. Bruce Rogers (1870-1957) is regarded by many as having been the greatest typographer and book designer of the twentieth century. After World War II he was commissioned by the Cambridge University Press to undertake a thorough review of all of the Press' publications and standards. The resulting Report had a major impact not only on the C.U.P., but also on the general typographic theory in both Britain and the U.S.Designing with type; a basic course in typography by James Craig and Susan E. Meyer [Fourth. ed. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1999. 176 p]. A modern 'how-to' book, often used as the primary textbook in college design courses, that is available at many large bookstores and graphic arts dealers.Finer Points in the spacing & arrangement of Type by Geoffrey Dowding.Book DesignMethods of Book Design: The Practice of an Industrial Craft by Hugh Williamson. An excellent book, not only for the author's typographical observations, but also as a comprehensive survey of printing at the height of letterpress.The Design of Books by Adrian Wilson. A classic on the design, layout, and typography of traditional pages and books, written by a great letterpress printer in 1967. Bookmaking: Editing, Design and Production by Marshall Lee Originally written primarily about letterpress in 1965, this 500+ page work has recently been re-issued in a greatly updated third edition for the computer era.Printing Poetry: A workbook in typographic reification by Clifford Burke. A very informative work on this subject that also applies to other letterpress printing. Issued in an edition of only 1000.Type DesignersTwentieth Century Type Designers by Sebastian Carter [New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1987]. An excellent look at the people behind the type faces, with in-depth profiles of designers such as Goudy, Morrison, Zapf, etc.Typologia; studies in type design & type making, with comments on the invention of typography, the first types, legibility, and fine printing by Frederic W. Goudy (1865-1947). [Reissued 1977. Berkeley: University of California Press, xviii, 170 p.: ill.; 24 cm.]. Written by the most prolific type designer of the 20th century [creator of, among others, the eponymous Goudy Oldstyle], this reprint of the 1940 edition discusses the history, function, and meaning of type, and gives some very good insights into how a type designer works.Jan Tschichold: typographer by Ruari McLean [Boston: David R. Godine, 1975]. This puts Tschichold's career and writings in the context of developments in society around him. It is informative and thought-provoking on its own, and serves as useful background to his writings on the subject.Manuale Typographicum; 100 typographical arrangements with considerations about types, typography and the art of printing selected from past and present, printed in eighteen languages by Herman Zapf [Frankfurt, New York: Z-Presse, 1968]. Herman Zapf is known to most desktop typographers primarily for giving his name to the Zapf Dingbat font. He is, in addition, one of the most respected and creative typographers and type designers of the century, who created not only the Dingbat and Zapf Chancery fonts, but also Optima and many other faces. Manuale Typographicum is a breathtaking 'tour de force,' consisting of 100 broadsides about type design in a wide variety of faces and styles. Superb as a source of inspiration and example.Herman Zapf and His Design Philosophy by Herman Zapf, Introduction by Carl Zahn [New Haven: Yale University Press, 90 color plates]. While the Manuale shows the master at work, this volume is a discourse on Zapf's insights into type design. An excellent book.Edward Johnston by Priscilla Johnston [New York: Pentallic, 1976]. This biography of the twentieth century's most important calligrapher, written by his daughter, traces his career and influence. Unlike many printing books, this one is a delightful read.Of the Just Shaping of Letters by Albrecht Dürer [New York: Dover Publications, 1965. (reprint of the Grolier Club translation of 1917)]. Originally part of Dürer's theoretical treatise on applied geometry, here is the source for those famous capital letters set against a gridded background.Champ Fleury by Geoffrey Tory, translated into English and annotated by George B. Ives [New York: Dover Publications, 1967. (reprint of the Grolier Club translation of 1927)]. The other famous humanistic alphabet similar to the one discussed in the Dürer book, but this is the one with the letters shown against naked human bodies in addition to the grid system.Pioneers of modern typography by Herbert Spencer [Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983. Rev. ed. 160 p. : ill.].Typeface Reference WorksAmerican Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century by Mac McGrew [New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Books, 1994, 2nd rev, ed. 376 p. : ill]. The definitive work on the subject, and an essential reference for both graphic designers and current letterpress printers. Currently in print from the publisher.The Encyclopedia of Type Faces, 4th Edition by W. Pincus Jaspert, W. Turner Berry, and A. F. Johnson [Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1983]. A standard, comprehensive reference in the field, this work is a detailed listing of over 1,000 faces, arranged by name, with full information on their history, designers, etc. Although even after several editions it has numerous uncorrected errors (dates, foundries, names, even occasionally an incorrect specimen shown) it is still a required reference work on the subject.A.T.A. Type Comparison Book by Frank Merriman [Advertising Typographers Association of America, 1965]. An indispensable handbook for identifying typefaces. Hundreds of faces are grouped together by design, making it easy to find the one you want. Still in print, possibly in a more recent edition.Graphics Master 7: Workbook of reference guides & Graphic Tools for the Design, Preparation & Production Print and Internet Publishing by Dean Phillip Lem [Los Angeles, Calif.: D. Lem Associates, 2000. 7th ed. 158 p. : ill. (some col.)]. Although it covers much more than just type design, and is fairly expensive, this is one of the most important and continually useful reference work that a desktop designer and/or publisher should have.Font & Function [Mountain View, California: signNow Systems] was signNow's biennial catalog of their latest font offerings. But this tabloid size, four-color publication was also quite a bit more. It included articles on typographic history, the background to many signNow PostScript fonts, technical information and a graphic listing of over 1500 signNow fonts. While it is no longer being published, back issues are available from a number of sources.The typEncyclopedia; a user's guide to better typography by Frank J Romano [New York: R.R. Bowker Co., 1984. xii, 188 p. : ill.].Type and typography; the designer's type book by Ben Rosen [New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1976 Rev. ed. 406 p. : ill.].History of PrintingA Short History of the Printed Word by Warren Chappell [Boston: Nonpareil Books (David Godine), 1980]. A once-over-very-lightly in 240 pages of large type, hitting the highlights in the development of type, printing and bookmaking.Five Hundred Years of Printing by S. H. Steinberg [Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1974]. A 400-page small-print paperback which is still in print, this covers Gutenberg through the early 20th century. Steinberg's style is a little dry. Since his death, the book (starting with the third edition) has been edited by James Moran.A Dictionary of Book History by John Feather [New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, 278 pp] is a concise one-stop reference, in alphabetical order, to topics including bibliography and bibliographical terminology, the history of printing, the physical history of the book (including typography, binding, etc.) and book collecting. It has over 650 articles ranging from a few lines to several pages, and covers the ground pretty thoroughly. Although not a classic work (and, indeed, poorly designed itself as a book), it serves as a very handy reference to the history of books. An expensive purchase at the original price of $45, it is often available on remainder for about $10.The Making of Books by Seán Jennett [New York and Washington: Frederick A. Preager, 1967]. A good overview of the entire art and craft of the book, including a little history and a fairly detailed examination of every stage of the process. If you are interested in books in general, this is a good place to start. Out of print, but rather ubiquitous at second-hand and antiquarian dealers.The Book: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking by Douglas C. McMurtrie [New York: Oxford University Press, 1943]. Almost 700 pages of large type devoted to the history of the book, by one of the most prolific writers in the field. Easy to read, anecdotal, and illustrated. Although out of print, it is not particularly scarce and, if you can find it, probably the quickest way to get up to speed on printing history.Letterpress Printing InstructionIntroduction to Letterpress Printing by David S. Rose.: [New York: Five Roses Press, 2003, 32pp.] The complete 21st century Getting Started Guide to everything you need to know about acquiring a press, finding supplies, learning to print, and setting up your very own letterpress shop. (Note: this indispensable little reference gets first place on the list because it was written by [ahem] the author of this very bibliography. A fully hyperlinked electronic version with up to date sources can be downloaded from www.fiveroses.org/intro.htm)General Printing by Glen U. Cleeton and Charles W. Pitkin.: [Bloomington, Ill: McKnight & McKnight Publishing Company, 1941-1963, 195pp.] Probably the best all-around introductory book for traditional letterpress printing, this manual is profusely illustrated with detailed and useful photographs. It is the one most recommended on the Letpress list, and several members personally knew the authors. Copies of the book are readily available in both paperback and hardcover.The Practice of Printing by Ralph W. Polk (in later editions, together with Edwin W. Polk) [Peoria, Illinois: The Manual Arts Press, 1937-1945; later editions Charles A. Bennett & Co., 1952-1964, 300+ pp]. The most ubiquitous letterpress printing manual of the twentieth century. This is the standard, in print for over 40 years, from which many current letterpress printers first learned in school print shop classes, and is a good basic reference for the letterpress printer. Although out of print, it is readily available, in one or another of its many editions, from most book arts dealers and online sources. In later years, it was distributed by the Kelsey Co. as the advanced printing manual for their mass-market presses. By 1971 it was updated to de-emphasize handset type, and was re-issued as "The Practice of Printing: Letterpress & Offset". If you are primarily interested in letterpress printing, try to get one of the earlier editions.Platen Press Operation by George J. Mills [Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1953, 150 p. illus.] This manual is the first choice of letterpress cognoscenti who are printing on platen presses, and serves as the missing "owner’s manual" for traditional platen presses such as Chandler & Price, Gordon, Pearl and other floor-mounted job presses. It should be read in conjunction with one of the above books, which provide more thorough coverage of hand type-setting and composition. This invaluable book is still available, in a reprint of the 1959 edition, from NA Graphics.Printing Digital Type on the Hand-Operated Flatbed Cylinder Press by Gerald Lange (Second Edition). California: Bieler Press, 2001 This is one of the few letterpress manuals currently in print, and the only one specifically addressing both Vandercook proof presses (the gold standard for current fine letterpress printers) and photopolymer plates. This book is the authority on the technologies of "modern" limited edition letterpress printing. Subjects covered include digital type and computer practices; letterpress configuration; photopolymer plates, flat-bases, and processing equipment; photopolymer plate-making; plate registration and travel; impression; cylinder packing and makeready; presswork; ink and inking; press operation and maintenance, as well as an updated listing of manufacturers and distributors. Newly included with this edition are troubleshooting guides to problems encountered during the processing and printing of photopolymer plates.Printing on the Iron Handpress by Richard-Gabriel Rummonds is the most comprehensive book ever published on the subject, and is still in print from Oak Knoll Press. (Note that "handpress" here means something specific when it comes to letterpress printing, and doesn't refer to ordinary hand-operated presses such as a Kelsey or a Pilot.) Precise techniques for printing on the handpress are presented in lucid, step-by-step procedures that Rummonds perfected over a period of almost twenty-five years at his celebrated Plain Wrapper Press and Ex Ophidia. In tandem with more than 400 detailed diagrams by George Laws, Rummonds describes every procedure a printer needs to know from setting up a handpress studio to preparing books for the binder. The author also maintains a constantly updated web-site to accompany the book.Printing for Pleasure, A Practical Guide for Amateurs by John Ryder [published in multiple editions from 1955-1977, in England and the US, by publishers including Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., (1977) and London: The Bodley Head (1976) This is still in print from The Bodley Head in the UK or Oak Knoll Books in North America].  A lovely, classy, little (12 mo) book, both pleasing to look at and inspirational for the novice amateur printer. This introductory work gives a light overview of the hobby of letterpress printing on both sides of the Atlantic, covering how to choose a press, type, paper and ink, as well as planning, design and production. A good place to start if you are just considering taking up this avocation, and a nice place to come back to every now and then to remind you why you are still printing.A Composition Manual: PIA Tools of Industry Series by Ralph W. Polk, Harry L. Gage et al. [Printing Industries of America 1953, 4to, 311 pp., index, biblio., 433 pps] A really excellent tutorial and reference work, sponsored by the printing industry trade association as the definitive manual for apprentices. It is a thorough overview of the entire typesetting and proofing end of the business that took four years and several experts to write. Because it was published in 1953, it came out just at the inflection point between hot and cold type, and is a fascinating final masterwork from an industry that feels the winds of change approaching. In addition to very detailed and well-illustrated tutorials on hand-setting and proofing metal type, it includes surprisingly useful overviews and illustrations of all the other composition-related tools of the shop, including Elrod, Ludlow and Monotype casters. To quote from the Forward, "The industry recognized the need for a manual containing basic principles of good typography that are fundamental to the presentation of the printed word, irrespective of whether that word is composed by hand, by machine, by photo-typesetting or by some yet unnamed method of the future…"I.T.U. Lessons in Printing [Indianapolis: International Typographical Union, 1927-1972, Various paginations] Published in many editions across half a century, these ten volumes were created by the printing unions as the standardized training course for American printers. While not as elegantly written or produced as many of the other letterpress manuals, these thousands of pages cover just about everything the journeyman printer was supposed to know, eventually encompassing Unit One (Elements of [Letterpress] Composition) through Unit Ten (Photocomposition, Ruling and Pasteup). Along the way is detailed information on topics including Display Composition, Imposition and Lockup, Trade Unionism, Linotype Operation, Design, and even English ("because English is a 'reasoning' subject which may have caused the student difficulty in school."). The first volume, covering the history of printing through typesetting and a proofing, is probably the most useful one for the modern letterpress printer. The original edition of 1927, written by John H. Chambers, was replaced by a much better text in the 50's that was almost certainly ghost-written by Ralph W. Polk, who also wrote the even better manual on behalf of the employers, as well as his own manuals (see above).Printing For School And Shop by Frank S. Henry [New York: John Wiley & Sons 1917, B&W photos and drwgs 318pp] Subtitled "A Textbook for Printers' Apprentices, Continuation classes, and for General Use in Schools" and updated with another edition in 1944, this was the original vocational course textbook which was eventually supplanted for the most part by Polk. Nevertheless, it provides detailed technical instruction and illustrations and—particularly in the later edition—can still serve as a useful learning tool for today's printer.The Essentials of Printing by Frank S. Henry [New York: John Wiley & Sons 1924, B&W drwgs 187pp + index] Subtitled "A Text-book for Beginners" and half the length of the preceding book. "It develops that there is an insistent demand for a shorter text, one that shall cover only the absolute essentials of printing...this volume attempts to present to the novice, in sequence, the operations necessary to the production of a piece of printed matter." Useful and relatively short, but somewhat outdated (even for letterpress!)Printing as a Hobby. By J. Ben.Lieberman [New York: Sterling Publishing Co. & London: Oak Tree Press, 1963. 128 p. Index.] is the brash, bigger, and less restrained American counterpart to the quintessentially British book by Ryder. Lieberman was an enthusiastic amateur printer, and this book is an exuberant well-illustrated pitch for his hobby. The author was not a scholar (nor particularly an aesthete), but if you like unabashed 'boosterism,' you might find this book fun to read, despite its errors of both omission and commission (not unlike his later book, Type and Typefaces, described above.)Printing, A Practical Introduction to the Graphic Arts by Hartley E. Jackson [New York; McGraw-Hill, 1957, 8vo., 286 pages]. Organization and use of the type case, hand setting, use of the platen press, and basic binding, with short sections on linoleum blocks, silk screen and photography in this industrial arts text. Not as good as Polk, but more than acceptable as an apprentice course book.Graphic Arts by Frederick D. Kagy [Chicago: The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc., 1961, 8vo, 112 pps.] Another (and probably the last) of the high-school vocational textbooks designed for once-over-lightly printing classes included as part of a longer graphic arts program, this short book gives a simple but well-illustrated quickie introduction to hand type-setting and platen press printing in about twenty pages. Nowhere near as comprehensive as many of the others, but certainly better than learning through pure trial and error.Introduction to Printing, The Craft of Letterpress by Herbert Simon, [London: Faber and Faber, 1968]Getting Started in Hand Printing & Binding by Van Waterford, [TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, 1981]Other Book ArtsHand Bookbinding: A Manual of Instruction by Aldren A. Watson. A clear, thorough, inexpensive introduction to hand binding.The Papermaker's Companion: The Ultimate Guide to Making And Using Handmade Paper by Helen Hiebert. Extensive step by step instructions.How to Marbleize Paper: Step-By-Step Instructions for 12 Traditional Patterns by Gabriele Grunebaum. A slim, inexpensive, but useful paperback.Practical Typecasting by Theo Rehak. The ultimate and definitive book on the subject, by the dean of American typefounders.Miller's Collecting Books by Catherine Porter. A modern, illustrated guide to all aspects of book collecting.BibliographiesA Typological Tally compiled by Tony Appleton [Brighton, (T. Appleton, 28 Florence Rd., Brighton, Sussex BN1 6DJ), 1973. 94 p. ill.]. Thirteen hundred writings in English on printing history, typography, bookbinding, and papermaking, compiled by one of the world's top dealers in the field.A Bibliography of Printing with Notes and Illustrations by F. C. Bigmore and C. W. H. Wyman [London: Oak Knoll Books, 1978]. Universally known as "Bigmore and Wyman," this is to printing bibliographies what Updike is to books about printing types. Published in 1880 (editions since then have been reprints) B&W provides excellent commentaries on just about every book that had been written on the subject as of the year it was published.Book Dealers/Publishers Specializing in Typography and the Book ArtsOak Knoll Books, ABAA 310 Delaware St. New Castle, DE 19720 USA tel:302-328-7232fax:302-328-7274 www.oakknoll.com email: oakknoll@oakknoll.comThe Veatches Art of the Book P.O. Box 328 140 Crescent Street Northampton, MA 01061 tel: 1-413-584-1867 fax: 1-413-584-2751 www.veatches.com email: Veatchs@veatchs.comFrances Wakeman Books 2 Manor Way, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 2BD, UK tel: +44 (0)1865 378316 fax: +44 (0)1865 378934 www.fwbooks.com email: info@fwbooks.comThe Bookpress Ltd. 1304 Jamestown Road Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 USA tel:(757) 229-1260 fax:(757) 229-0498 email: bookpress@widomaker.comTimothy Hawley Books 915 S. Third St. Louisville, KY 40203 U.S.A. tel: 502-451-3021email: hawleybk@home.comFrits Knuf Antiquarian Books P.O.Box 780, Oss NB, Netherlands, 5340 AT. tel: +31 412 626072. fax: +31 412 638755 email: info@books-on-books.comColophon Book Shop 117 Water Street Exeter, NH, 03833 tel: 603-772-8443www.colophonbooks.com email: colophon@nh.ultranet.comNA Graphics Attn: Fritz Klinke P.O. Box 467 Silverton, Colorado 81433 tel: 970-387-0212fax: 970-387-0127 email: nagraph@frontier.netDavid R. Godine, Publisher 9 Hamilton Place Boston, MA 02108-4715 tel: (617) 451-9600fax: (617) 350-0250 www.godine.com email: info@godine.comPeachpit Press 1249 Eighth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 tel (800) 283-9444 tel (510) 548-5991www.peachpit.comDawson's Book Shop 535 North Larchmont Blvd. Los Angeles, CA, 90004 tel: (213) 469-2186Many thanks to Howard Gralla, Alvin Eisenman, Robert Fleck, Kathy Schinhofen, Chuck Rowe, Earl Allen, Susan Lesch, Kathleen Tinkel, Michael J. Boyle, John Horn, Chris Simonds, Fritz Klinke, Roberta Lavadour, David Norton, Tom Parson, David Goodrich and the many members of the Letpress Internet mailing list for their suggestions before and during the compilation of this bibliography.An earlier version of this bibliography was originally published by Aldus Corporation in conjunction with their release of the Fontographer type design application. That version was, in turn, adapted and expanded from an earlier annotated checklist by the same author prepared for members of the MAUG Forums on Compuserve.Copyright © 1988-2014 by David S. Rose david@fiveroses.org The current version of this bibliography is always available online athttp://www.fiveroses.org/bibliog... and hyper-linking to it is encouraged. For any other publication inquiries, please contact the author. Revision: August 20, 2003 / December 18, 2014