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FAQs
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What's the weirdest photo on your phone?
Hmmm….That’s definitely one.She’s cute, okay? One day Kim Jennie you will be my girlfriend……..Relatable.This one made me laugh…Now here’s some pretty offensive memes I saved:When you aren’t lovin’ it anymore….That’s just creepy.
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What are the best features of Microsoft Office 365?
Here’s a breakdown of some awesome Features Office 3651. Work Smarter, EverywhereAfter buying Office 365, you also gain access to its accompanying mobile apps and browser apps. This allows you to access their cloud service from any up to date web browser on your desktop or mobile device. Even better yet, you don’t have to install Office software on your computer to do this.The mobile app allows you to access all of your Office 365 subscriptions and Office products right from your smartphone or tablet; this includes Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Onenote, and more. Cut the cord and stop working on your PC only — download the Microsoft Office 365 mobile app to stay productive, even while on the go.2. Enjoy 50 GB of StorageEach Office 365 user receives a whopping 50 GB of storage with Exchange Online; this can be used to save emails, calendar events, task lists, meeting notes, contact information, and email attachments.You can save some more space in your mailbox by utilizing the OneDrive cloud storage feature to share attachments.Your OneDrive storage is also synced to your device, enabling you to work offline on files. As soon as you reconnect to the web, the newest versions of your documents will be automatically uploaded to your cloud storage. The new versions of your documents will also be sent to any other connected device, including your phone or tablet — nifty!3. Edit Documents with Real-Time Co-AuthoringCollaborate online and see changes your team makes to shared documents within your Office apps as they happen with the real-time co-authoring feature in Word. Save your file to OneDrive cloud storage or SharePoint so your team can access the document and make any necessary edits or updates. You can also share it directly from Word by utilizing a handily integrated sidebar. As the publisher and access-giver, you can edit accessibility settings at any time.With the improved version control that was rolled out with Office 2016 co-authoring, you can see which changes to the document were made by which contributor and when the update was made. You can also easily revert back to a previous version of the file whenever you need to.4. Connect with Co-WorkersYou may not have known this, but Office apps include a Skype in-app integration. You can use this feature to instant message your teammates, share your screen during meetings and have audio or visual conversations — without even exiting the Office apps you’re working in. You can continue Skype conversations even after you close your office apps via your desktop or mobile version of Skype. The best part? Your team will receive unlimited Skype minutes.Source: Microsoft5. Send Links, Not FilesIt’s time to move away from email attachments. It’s never been easier to share documents for co-authoring!Simply upload your file to Office 365’s cloud storage. Then, write your email via Outlook or the Outlook web app. Rather than attaching your document to the email, you can insert a link to the file on your cloud. Outlook will automatically allow email recipients to edit the document you wish to share. You can always change permissions on any document at your convenience.6. Convert OneNote Items into Outlook Calendar EventsEasily configure OneNote items to tasks within your Outlook calendar. You can also assign tasks to colleagues, complete with follow-up reminders and concise due dates. You can also transfer meeting notes taken in OneNote via email to your teammates, and add important details (date, location, and attendees) to their respective meeting.7. Use Your Mouse as a Laser Pointer during PowerPoint PresentationsWith only a simple keyboard shortcut (Ctrl + P), your mouse can be used as a laser pointer during your PowerPoint presentations. You can also use the “presenter mode” commands while using this feature.The laser pointer tool has been a nifty trick within older versions of the office apps for years; however, it was only recently integrated for touch-screen devices. All you have to do is hold down on your device’s screen, and the laser pointer will appear.8. Create a Power Map Using ExcelTurn data into a 3-D interactive map with Power Map, one of the many Power BI-enhanced data visualization features that Excel has to offer. It comes with three different filters: List, Range, or Advanced. The Power Map will help you not only convey your data more effectively, but also support your claims by creating a tangible story from the numbers.
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What are the illnesses that can be reliably detected by odor?
Just analyze someone's breath, mucus, saliva, sweat or urine and diagnose whether they have diabetes, cancer, COPD, IBD, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), Tuberculosis (TB), or any other disease for that matter. Now that would be a seismic revolution in medicine. For one, fully non-invasive in complete contrast to the present-day staples, needles and blood draws, and the pain and fear they entail. Could also be done as often as possible, even when asleep or anesthetized during surgery, even in real-time, as point-of-care, i.e., truly portable and thus truly mobile. Underlying idea is the body's physiological emanations reliably communicate unique signatures of underlying diseases in the form of singular mixes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., the human 'volatilome'. The reality, OTOH, is a sharp, painful thud since the ground reality is one where most of these possibilities remain not even remotely feasible in the near future.Volatilome historians point to the French chemist, Antoine Lavoisier, as the modern inspiration for diagnosis using exhaled breath (1). He showed the body produces and exhales carbon dioxide. In turn this became the basis for Capnography, monitoring the concentration pressure or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in respiratory gases, the most common breath test. Antiquated roots notwithstanding, using unique signatures from breath and other emanations for disease diagnosis still remains deep in research mode and far from much practical utility. A 2014 review lists a total of only 7 US FDA-approved breath-related tests (see below from 2).Obstacles To Widespread Non-invasive Sampling of Body Emanations For Disease DiagnosisI. Unlike Animal Olfaction, Human Technology's Remained Too Constrained In Choice Of What To AnalyzeDefault, standard analytical approach to sampling and analyzing compounds present in emanations is to rely on 'headspace' analysis (3, see below from 4), jargon that means sampling what is already in the gas phase, i.e., already volatile in the material, rather than attempt to extract compounds of interest from it.Problem is this can cut off too thin a slice of the pie. This shows up in the results since technical approaches continue to fail to mimic what animals do so effortlessly when they use smell to communicate, forage and assess the health of those around them. This brings us to animals and their remarkable capacity to sniff out disease so much so that anecdotal reports suggest they can even be far more accurate in diagnosing human diseases compared to human technologies.Two diseases with substantial research on animals successfully sniffing them out in humans are Skin Cancers by dogs and TB by Giant African pouched rats.IA. Dogs Can Spontaneously Detect Human Skin Cancer & Can Also Be Trained To Detect Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)In 1989, the Lancet published what is perhaps the first modern report of a dog sniffing out its owner's melanoma (See below from 5)In 2001, a follow-up anecdotal study (6) added two other case reports of dogs accurately sniffing out skin cancer lesions,One, a London, UK report on Parker, a pet labrador who sniffed it out on a 66 year old man's left thigh. The patient had developed an eczema patch there. Treated unsuccessfully by topical steroids and antifungals, it grew slowly over 18 years. In 1994, Parker became a family member. Around 1999, Parker started to persistently push his nose against the patient's trouser leg and sniff the lesion beneath it, i.e., could smell something about the lesion even through clothing. This induced the patient to re-consult his family physician. The lesion was excised in September 2000 and histology showed it to be a fully excised basal cell carcinoma. Once lesion was fully removed, Parker no longer showed interest in that area.The other, by George, a Florida, USA, K-9 unit schnauzer trained by his retired handler to recognize in vitro malignant melanoma samples. A local dermatologist had read the original 1989 Lancet case report and teamed up with the handler to see if such a result was repeatable with another dog. When George was introduced to a patient with several moles considered cancer-free, he went 'crazy' over one particular mole, which when excised confirmed 'early malignant disease'.Authors of this second case report speculated dogs might also be able to detect odors associated with specific diseases such as TB and Ebola.In 2012, The BMJ published a proof of principle study on Cliff, a 2 year old beagle trained to sniff out human Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) remarkably accurately (7).Such reports have provoked more systematic studies, which conclude that dogs could detect unique odors emanating from human melanoma and other cancers (8, 9, 10).Problem is clinical scope for using dogs to diagnose diseases is limited given the costs, effort, space and time required to train sniffer dogs to detect various diseases (11).IB. Giant African Pouched Rats Can Be Trained To Reliably Detect Human Tuberculosis (TB)Used to diagnose lung TB in resource-poor settings, the antiquated microscopic Ziehl–Neelsen stain is a standard method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sputum (coughed up mucus). A few studies suggest trained Giant pouched rat are not just as sensitive and accurate but also able to process >50 times more samples per day compared to a lab technician, i.e., much more economical (12). The WHO recommends microscopists not analyze more than an average of 20 samples per day to minimize misdiagnoses (13) while two trained giant African pouched rats could signNow a total of 70 consensus results in 32 minutes over 2 sessions each. This means trained rats could screen larger populations in a much shorter time meaning faster TB diagnoses and hence potential for reduced TB transmission, i.e., a potentially enormous public health benefit.The video below shows how the Belgian social enterprise APOPO trains these rats in Tanzania to accurately diagnose TB from human samples.II. Inadequate Research Efforts To Deconstruct The Human VolatilomeClearly animals are able to smell broader, more complex mix of volatile chemicals that the most sophisticated chemical extraction techniques used in volatilome analysis miss (3). In order for technologies to be able to replicate what animals seem to do so effortlessly, research needs to systematically unravel the human volatilome and establish a reference base of what that looks like in health in order to be able to discern and diagnose cause of ill-health simply from analyzing someone's emanations.What compounds are present in normal breath, urine, skin emanations, saliva, blood and feces? A compendium of the healthy human volatilome was first described only in 2014 (14), meaning a foundational study has come along only in the very recent past. This study is foundational for the following reasons,It identified compounds in breath (874), urine (279), skin emanations (504), saliva (353), blood (130), feces (381).It classified these compounds by their CAS Registry Number (CAS), unique numerical identifier assigned to every chemical substance described in the published scientific literature.Hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific papers are routinely published on the human volatilome. Problem is there is as yet no standardization of procedures or data reporting. As a result, the literature is awash in duplicates.Does exhaled breath really have ~3000 different compounds? Umm, looks like it's less than a fourth of that.This 2014 paper (14) is thus the first step in the right direction, namely to consolidate, synthesize and whittle down published information into a potentially universal 'megatable' of compounds present in healthy human emanations.III. Too Much Technical Sensitivity Can Sometimes Be Too Much Of A Good ThingIterations over decades have vastly improved sensitivity of state-of-the-art volatilome analysis methods like Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and other techniques such that they can easily measure ~1000 compounds.Problem is most volatilome studies investigate a handful of subjects, not the thousands necessary to validate variables that are different between those with or without diseases.One review (1) suggests number of subjects should be >5X the number of analytes measured, clearly something that adds prohibitive cost to such studies but not doing so increases chances for what they call 'voodoo correlations', an issue compounded by dividing test populations further into sub-groups.Volatilome data are also not standardized, neither are the procedures (1, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18). This makes meta-analyses, i.e., comparison of data across multiple studies, well-nigh impossible.As with so many topics in biomedical research, human volatilome studies have heretofore paid scant attention to human Microbiota (19), how it shapes the human volatilome and how that process not only differs between health and disease but also yields different outcomes, i.e., different volatile signatures (1, 3).That said, there are several diseases with candidate volatile biomarkers that await final validation (see tables below from 20). The sky's very much the limit for diagnosing diseases through their distinctive odors.Bibliography1. Amann, Anton, et al. "The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva." Journal of breath research 8.3 (2014): 034001.2. Amann, Anton, et al. "Analysis of exhaled breath for disease detection." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 7 (2014): 455-482.3. Kimball, Bruce A. "Volatile metabolome: problems and prospects." (2016). http://www.future-science.com/do...4. Restek, A. "Technical Guide for Static Headspace Analysis Using GC." Restek Corp (2000): 11-12. http://www.restek.com/pdfs/59895...5. Williams, Hywel, and Andres Pembroke. "Sniffer dogs in the melanoma clinic?." The Lancet 333.8640 (1989): 734.6. Church, John, and Hywel Williams. "Another sniffer dog for the clinic?." The Lancet 358.9285 (2001): 930. http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/jo...7. Bomers, Marije K., et al. "Using a dog’s superior olfactory sensitivity to identify Clostridium difficile in stools and patients: proof of principle study." (2012): e7396. http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/3...8. Pickel, Duane, et al. "Evidence for canine olfactory detection of melanoma." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 89.1 (2004): 107-116. http://sniffoutcancer.org/images...9. Moser, Emily, and Michael McCulloch. "Canine scent detection of human cancers: a review of methods and accuracy." Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 5.3 (2010): 145-152. https://www.researchgate.net/pro...10. Jezierski, Tadeusz, et al. "Study of the art: canine olfaction used for cancer detection on the basis of breath odour. Perspectives and limitations." Journal of breath research 9.2 (2015): 027001. https://www.researchgate.net/pro...11. Buljubasic, Fanis, and Gerhard Buchbauer. "The scent of human diseases: a review on specific volatile organic compounds as diagnostic biomarkers." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 30.1 (2015): 5-25.12. Mgode, Georgies F., et al. "Diagnosis of tuberculosis by trained African giant pouched rats and confounding impact of pathogens and microflora of the respiratory tract." Journal of clinical microbiology 50.2 (2012): 274-280. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis by Trained African Giant Pouched Rats and Confounding Impact of Pathogens and Microflora of the Respiratory Tract13. World Health Organization, et al. "Management of tuberculosis: training for district TB coordinators." (2005). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre...14. de Lacy Costello, Ben, et al. "A review of the volatiles from the healthy human body." Journal of breath research 8.1 (2014): 014001. https://www.researchgate.net/pro...15. Pereira, Jorge, et al. "Breath analysis as a potential and non-invasive frontier in disease diagnosis: an overview." Metabolites 5.1 (2015): 3-55. Breath Analysis as a Potential and Non-Invasive Frontier in Disease Diagnosis: An Overview16. Boots, Agnes W., et al. "Exhaled molecular fingerprinting in diagnosis and monitoring: validating volatile promises." Trends in molecular medicine 21.10 (2015): 633-644. https://www.breathcloud.org/wp-c...17. Bikov, Andras, Zsófia Lázár, and Ildiko Horvath. "Established methodological issues in electronic nose research: how far are we from using these instruments in clinical settings of breath analysis?." Journal of breath research 9.3 (2015): 034001.18. Scarlata, Simone, et al. "Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose in respiratory diseases." Expert review of molecular diagnostics 15.7 (2015): 933-956.19. Dietert, Rodney Reynolds, and Ellen Kovner Silbergeld. "Biomarkers for the 21st century: listening to the microbiome." Toxicological Sciences (2015): kfv013. Listening to the Microbiome20. Kataoka, Hiroyuki, et al. "Noninvasive analysis of volatile biomarkers in human emanations for health and early disease diagnosis." Bioanalysis 5.11 (2013): 1443-1459. https://www.researchgate.net/pro...Thanks for the R2A, Jonathan Brill.
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What are the topics in which questions are likely to be asked when it comes to banking awareness for competitive examinations co
IBPS/SBI/RRB examinations– Banking and financial awarenessChecklist for study preparation01Indian financial system – Financial intermediaries; Money market; Capital market; Financial assets;02Reserve Bank of India – History, Role and functions of Reserve Bank of India; Traditional functions; Development functions; Regulatory functions;03Banking history – Origin of banks - Nationalised banks first stage; Nationalised banks second stage; Old private sector banks; New private sector banks; SBI group banks; Foreign banks; Bank headquarters; Regional Rural Banks;04Types of banks – Savings bank; Commercial bank; Industrial bank; Development bank; Land development bank; Central bank;05Functions of commercial banks – Primary functions; Secondary functions; Agency functions; General utility functions; Social development functions;06Bank – Functional hierarchy; Positional hierarchy; Universal bank; Narrow bank; Islamic bank; Small bank; Payment bank; Banks-taglines; Banks-ranking;07Cooperative banks – Categories;08Types of customers – Individuals; Joint accounts; Minors; Illiterate; Blind; Pardanashin women; Hindu Undivided family; Clubs; Trusts; Charitable Institutions; Associations; Proprietorship firm; Partnership firm; Private and Public Limited companies09Types of deposits – Demand deposits; Savings and Current; Term deposits; Fixed, Recurring and Reinvestment deposits;10Non resident Indians – Persons of Indian origin; Resident Indians; Non resident accounts; Non resident external; Non resident ordinary; FCNR and RFC accounts; EEFC account; Escrow account;11KYC guidelines- Foreign Inward remittances; KYC- Categories of customers; Low risk; Medium risk and High risk;12Negotiable Instruments act 1881 – Negotiable instruments; Non negotiable instruments; Semi negotiable instruments;13Cheques – Parties to a cheque; Types of cheques; Reasons for cheque return; Crossing of cheques; MICR code; IFSC code; Cheque truncation system; Clearing house; RTGS remittance; NEFT remittance14Demand draft – Parties to a demand draft; Issue of duplicate demand draft; Difference between cheque and draft;15Negotiable Instruments - Bill of exchange; Promissory Note; Hundies;16Banker-customer relationships – Mortgage; Hypothecation; Pledge; Assignment; Bailment; Agency;17Currency note issue – Management of currency; Notes in circulation; Coins in circulation;18Electronic banking- Services; Benefits; Types of automated teller machines; Debit card; Credit card; Smart card; Core banking solution; Cheque truncation system;19Rights of customers – Various rights; Risks faced by commercial banks;20Important terms – Cash reserve ratio; Statutory liquidity ratio; Bank rate; Base rate; Marginal standing facility; Repo rate; Reverse repo rate;21Non Banking Finance Companies – Categories;22Insurance – Types of insurance; Life insurance products; Specific principles of insurance; Mutual fund products;23Agriculture – Functions of NABARD; Direct agriculture; Indirect agriculture; Culture and revolution; Types of farmers; Agriculture labourers;2425Categories of loans – Types of securities; Priority sector advances; Weaker section advances; Non Performing assets; Consortium Lending; Syndication credit;26Types of various accounts – Nostro account; Vostro account; Loro account; Suspense account; Call deposit; Margin account; No frill accounts; Senior citizen deposit account; Checking account; Bank trust custodial account; Official settlement account;27Foreign exchange – FERA; FEMA; Authorised persons; Notional rates; Foreign exchange selling and buying rates;28Forex terms – Import and export code; DGFT; Packing credit; Opinion letter; Packing credit; Payment under reserve; Delinking;29Capital market – Primary market; Secondary market; Shares; Debentures; Demat account; Depository; Stock exchanges; IPO; ASBA account; Stock exchanges; SENSEX; NIFTY; Market capitalization; Book value; Above par; Below par; Green shoe option; Red herring prospectus; Float; Outstanding capital; Earnings per share30Financial statements – Balance sheet; Profit and loss account; Categories of capital; Categories of reserves; Gross block; Net block; Intangible assets; Non current assets; Current assets; Current liabilities; Sources and uses of funds; Ratios – Current ratio; Gross profit ratio; Quick ratio; Debt equity ratio; PBDIT; Net worth; Tangible net worth; Sundry debtors; Sundry creditors;31Retail banking- Retail deposits; Retail loans; Retail services;32Wholesale banking – Fund based services; Non fund based services; Value added services; Retail Banking services; Needs of exporters; Needs of importers; Remittance services;3334Reserve Bank of India – The past and present Governors;35Various committees36Money market instruments – Call money; Notice money; Term money; Held till maturity; Yield to maturity; Coupon rate; Treasury operations; Gilt edged securities; Types of treasury bills; Commercial paper; Certificate of deposit; Inter corporate deposits; Ready forward contracts;37Indian Economy – Developing economy; Gross national product; Net national product; National wealth; National income; Gross domestic product; Personal income; Personal disposable income; History of planning; Planning commission; Five year plans; National development council; Planning strategies; Rural poverty; Types of unemployment; Foreign direct investments;38Development programmes – Employment; Rural development; Women empowerment; Education oriented; Public distribution system; Maharatnas; Navaratnas; Types of large scale industries; Foreign direct investment;39Mutual funds: Income funds; Growth funds; Balanced funds; Diversified funds; Infrastructure funds; Index funds; Open ended fund; Closed ended fund; Fixed maturity fund40Tax- Direct tax; Indirect tax; Income tax; Service tax; Sales tax; Value added tax; Customs duty; Central excise duty;Important topics:Account payee crossing;Electronic clearing system;Death claims;Nomination;PIN Number;PAN Number;Natural guardian;Mother of deposits;EEFC account;DRA-Debt recovery agent;DMA – Direct marketing agent;DSA – Direct selling agent;CASA account;Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation;Export Credit Guarantee Corporation;Collateral security & prime security;Guarantee; Financial guarantee;Deferred payment guarantee;Performance guarantee;Bills for collection;Pay in slip; Withdrawal slip;Arbitration; Arbitrate; Arbitrator;Gold loans; Appraisal; Appraiser;Bouncing/Dishonour of the cheque;Book building;Kerb trading; Insider trading;Document of title to goods;Credit rating agencies; SWIFT;Merchant Banking;Mergers and acquisitions;Encryption and decryption;Plastic money; Venture capital;Micro credit;Factoring; Forfeiting; Lease finance;Asset Reconstruction Company;Asset Management Company;Hedging; Underwriting; Subcontracting;Enterprise risk management;Asset Liability management;Relationship management;Breakeven point;Principle of utmost good faith;Principle of indemnity;Principle of subrogation;Principle of insurable interest;Principle of mitigation of loss;Mergers and consolidations;Business correspondent;Money laundering;Garnishee order;Income tax attachment order;Debt recovery tribunal;Balance of trade; Balanced budget;Balance of payments;Inflation and deflation;Special drawing rightsGlobal depository receipts;Indian depository receipts;American depository receipts;External commercial borrowings;Fiscal cliff;On balance sheet items;Off balance sheet items;Basel committee on banking supervision;Basel I and Basel II accord;Tier I and Tier II capital;CAMELS;Sarfaesi act 2002Securitisation;Derivatives; Options; Futures;Special purpose vehicle;Value at risk;Business process outsourcing;Capital account convertibilityMinimum support price;Net asset value;Capital adequacy ratio;LIBOR and MIBOR;One time settlement;Wholesale price index;Consumer price index;Bank working and business hours;LPG and PURA strategies;International development association;Corporate social responsibility;Monopoly and oligopoly;Per capita income;Business facilitator;Corporate governance in banks;Sub prime lending;Financial inclusion;Ways and means advances;Liquidity adjustment policy; Forwards;Negotiated dealing system; Conversion; Material alteration;Liquidators; Receivers;Banking ombudsman scheme;Participatory notes;Book building;Willful defaulters;Lok adalats;Debt recovery tribunals;Rule in clayton’s case;Current account transactions;Capital account transactions;Convertibility;Capital account convertibility;Liberalised remittance scheme;Exchange rate system;Mirror account; Forward contracts;Swaps; Arbitrage;Duty draw back system;External commercial borrowing;Suppliers’ credit;Buyers’ credit;Break even point;Schemes:1-Pradhan mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (World’s largest Financial Inclusion programme) 2-Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Shramev Jayate Karyakram 3-Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana 4-Mission Housing for all 5-Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank (MUDRA Bank)1-My Gov Online Platform 2-Digital India 3-Make In India 4-Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushal Yojana 5-National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 6-National Sports Talent Search Scheme 7-Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan 8-Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat 9-Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers and Teacher Training 10-Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan1-Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana 2-Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana 3-Atal Pension YojanaRBI and RBI Related Important Topics for IBPS Po / clerkBanking and Important topics from Banking1Origin of RBI. Who is the current governor. How many members are there in RBI BoardWhat is bank? What are its functions? how is it different from an NBFC/NBFC-factor, Post-office savings, Chit Fund, Nidhi etc?2RBI comparison with SEBI, IRDA : Name of their main bosses, Who controls what? NBFCs, MFI, Gold Loans, ULIP, Mutual funds etc.Types of banks: commercial banks, regional rural banks, cooperative banks, investment banks, development banks etc.3Powers and functions of RBIWhat is a Scheduled commercial bank?4How does RBI control the money supply?IDBI, ICICI, IFCI, SIDBI, EXIM, NHB etc.5Open market operations, MSF, liquidity adjustment facilityBank nationalization, mergers and consolidations.6SLR, CRR, Repo, Reverse repo, bank rateNames of chairman/CMD of big banks.7Priority sector lending: and its subsectors. How do they apply to Domestic bank vs foreign bank?Basic GK related to banks: first commercial bank in India, first bank setup by Indians, origin of SBI/ICICI, subsidiaries of SBI, etc.8Banking regulation act and its recent amendmentImportant Mobile APPS Launched By Various banks9Banking reform, Banking License, Narshiman, BASEL.Types of Bank customers and provisions related to them: Minor-Guardian, partnership firms HUF and karta NRI, PIO joint account holders Married Women partnership firm accounts public/private companies trusts and cooperatives10Nachiket Mor CommitteeTypes of bank accounts and their features: 1-current account, savings account 2-term deposit account, fixed deposit, 3-PPF, senior citizen’s account 4-NRE-rupee account, FCNR account, RFC, EEFC, escrow account 5-Allied topic: post office savings account and National savings certificate11Foreign exchange management, components of forex reserves, approx. forex under RBI. Powers under FERA/FEMA, Tarapore Committee on capital account convertibilityCheque: 1-order/bearer/travel/bankers cheque 2-endorsement, cheque-crossing, 3-post-dated cheque, what if cheque-date is invalid 4-when Bank should not pay, cheque-dishonor (cheque-bouncing) 5-MICR, Cheque truncation 6- new CTS-system 7-Note refund rule, clan note-policy12Measures of money supplyOnline banking: 1-NEFT, RGTS, EFTS, Bankwire, E-commerce 2-networking among banks: INDONET, BankNET, RBINET, SWIFT, Point of Sale (POS) terminal 3-core-banking solutions 4-Electronic signature and Information Technology Act13Currency chest, Mint and press. Who signs coins and currency?Loans 1-different type of loan products, 2-Subprime lending 3-mortgage, reverse mortgage, collaterals, stamp duty on loan documents lien, set-off 4-Priority sector lending: and its sub sectors. How do they apply to Domestic bank vs Foreign bank?SLR, CRR, Repo, Reverse repo, bank rateBanking Ombudsman: powers functions, appeal structure and Consumer courtsWho appoint RBI Governor And tenure of RBI governor.Bancassurance, cross-selling, universal / narrow / retail bankingMobile Banking, personal banking, tele-banking, corporate bankingATM: PIN, HWAK, White Label ATM, third party ATMRural Banking And important Topics related to Rural Banking For IBPS PORural Banking And Important Topics for IBPS POWhat is Role Of RBI and NABARD in Rural BankingRural infrastructure development fund (RIDF) And Budget 2015 Fund allocationFinancial Inclusion And Schemes launched for financial inclusionregional rural banks, their amalgamationcooperative banks And Functions Of Co operative Banksmicro-finance institutions (MFI)primary agricultural credit SocietyBanking correspondent agentsKisan credit card, interest subvention on crop-loanslead bank scheme, local area banks, service area approachNon Performing Assets , Bad Loans and Other Important Topics for IBPS Preparation.NPA and Bad Loans = Problem for BanksInternational BankingWhat is NPA?Bretton WoodsGross NPA versus net NPAWorld BankAsset classification under NPA (substandard/doubtful/loss)ADR, GDR, IDRCurrent figure of NPA? Which bank has highest NPA?Islamic BankingCapital adequacy norms, hypothecationAsian clearing unionCIBIL and credit ratingbank for International settlementSARFAESI Act and its recent amendmentBASELasset reconstruction companiesWho are the Main boss of IMF, World Bank, ADB?Debt recovery tribunals.IMF: SDR, voting rightsLok Adalats , functions of Lok AdalatsBRICS Bank and Its Member Countries , HQ, President of Brics BankIndustrial sicknessAIIB Bank, HQ , President, Founding Members, IMF and AIIB ComparisionBoard for industrial and financial ReconstructionEuropean Banking AuthorityDisinvestmentTopics to Prepare for IBPS From current Affairs mainly Banking Related.Banking Awareness (Current Affairs)RBI’s monetary policy and key ratesAny committee made by RBI/government for Banking sector. Who is its chairman and what is the purpose?Any new directives to banks by RBI/Finance MinistryPerson in News: Any new appointments in RBI/Big Banks, Any Indian being appointed in foreign banksBanking license, entry of foreign banks.New Product and Mobile apps Launched by various BanksGovernment schemes associated with financial inclusion/pension/insurance: swabhiman, swavalamban etc.AwardsEconomy Theory , Financial Market, Budget And Other important topics from Traditional Syllabus. These topics are important for IBPS PO Exam.Economy Theory -Important topics to PrepareFinance1-Money market vs capital market: functions, who supervises them? 2-Commercial bills, Treasury bills, certificate of deposit, commercial paper 3-Derivatives, options-futures, currency swaps, 4-underwriting, factoring 5-debt vs equity: IPO-shares, stocks, debentures, bonds, mutual funds, G-sec 6- venture capital, angel investor 7- SEBI: functions, who is their main boss? 8- Stock Exchange: BSE, NSE, SENSEX, Dollex etc. , Functions, Chairman and Power 9- Credit rating: CRISIL, Moody, S&P etc., Different Types of Ratings 10- participatory notes , Cheques, Promissory Notes, Negotiable Instruments, Bill of Exchange 11 - QFI, FII 12 - FDI and its limits in various sectors, FIPB 13 - PAN card and DEMAT account 14 -External commercial borrowing (ECB), ADR, GDR, IDR 15 - RBI Act, Companies Act,Insurance1-Types of insurance 2-Nationalization, LIC, GIC etc. 3-IRDA: chairman, power-functions 4-NPS, EPFO, ESIC, social security 5-pension-insurance reforms, FDI 6-Bancassurance 7- Atal pension yojanaIndian Economy1-NITI AAYog 2- five-year plans, main targets of 12 five-year plan. 3-14th Finance commission and who is its chairman? 4- Inflation: types, impact, various terms associated with inflation WPI, CPI, their new series, who calculates what? 5- IIP, industrial licensing, definition of MSME 6- Indian Economy growth Forecast , Forex Reserve And Balance of trade 7- Economy Survey 2014-15 Highlights 8- Industrial PolicyBudget1-Taxation: 2- direct vs indirect. taxation powers of union and state 3- tax deduction at source 4 - tax slabs according to Budget 2015 5- negative list in service tax 6 - PAN Card, E-filling of tax returns 7- Types of budgets: surplus, deficit, balanced 9- votable vs non-votable items 10 -Finance Bill and appropriation Bill 11 -cut motions: policy cut, economy cut, token cut 12- general budget versus railway budget 13- revenue versus capital expenditure 14- standing committees of Parliament 15- types of deficits, FRBM targets 16- fiscal deficit and its impact on economy 17- Consolidated fund, contingency fund, public account 18 - Budget 2015 and Allocation of Funds for various Schemes and departmentsList of Important schemes And Programmes Launched PM Modi In Last One YearCategory of schemeScheme NamePro Poor1-Pradhan mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (World’s largest Financial Inclusion programme) 2-Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Shramev Jayate Karyakram 3-Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana 4-Mission Housing for all 5-Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank (MUDRA Bank)Pro Youth1-My Gov Online Platform 2-Digital India 3-Make In India 4-Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushal Yojana 5-National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 6-National Sports Talent Search Scheme 7-Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan 8-Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat 9-Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers and Teacher Training 10-Rashtriya Avishkar AbhiyanPro Farmer1-Enhanced Compensation for distressed Farmers due to crop damage 2-Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana 3-Soil Health Card Scheme 4-Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana 5-Jan Suraksha Schemes (PMJJBY, PMBSY, APY) 6-Rashtriya Gokul MissionPro Women1-Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Abhiyaan 2-Sukanya Samriddhi Account 3-Himmat App 4-PAHAL-Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG (DBTL) Consumers Scheme 5-Swachh Bharat Mission 6-Gold Monetisation Scheme 7-Pro Senior Citizen1-Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana 2-Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana 3-Atal Pension Yojana 4-Pro Development1-The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI AAYOG) 2-Make In India 3-Digital India 4-Smart City Programme 5-The National Urban Development Mission 6-Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana 7-Pragati Platform 8-Mission Housing for all
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How can I sell my online course better?
There are MANY ways to market an online course. Some are more successful than others, but mostly you simply need to "spray and pray". Try a ton of strategies - see what works for your audience/course, and then go from there.Here are some strategies I would use:1) Find out where your customers are. Then, do a revenue-share (aka affiliate deal). Udemy lets you easily create affiliate links to your course so you can basically massively e-mail every company that fits category 1 and tell them: "I created a course that is amazing because Y. I've sold it on other lists and it has converted at Z rate. I'd love to give your audience a discount and in exchange give you 50% of any course you sell." --> You need to be credible for this to work, but if your course is good, you'll start seeing success here. Here are examples of places to look:Find the websites/blogs that show up on the top of Google search for "how to learn X" (and other related search terms)E-mail lists within your demographic (for SAT Math - e-mail lists of high school students)Social networking groups (Ning, Facebook Groups, etc.) around your topic area3) Create a community of people who love your stuff and then get them to start promoting it. Specifically, offer incentives for people to refer a friend.4) Are there niche daily deal sites that target your demographic? They are great for marketing courses.5) Blog, and generally have a large social presence. Your prospective customers WILL google you, and if you don't look credible, that's bad.6) Over-deliver on value. Provide 3-5x more than what you think an in-person course would need. People buy online just because they think they are getting a deal. Per this, I'd recommend splitting your course up into smaller chunks (instead of 5 30-min, do 10 15-min or even 25 6-min segments). Its also better for the user because smaller chunks make it easier to skip to the spot they want.7) To get started, offer free mentoring sessions and live classes along with your course, and make it very clear you will be active on the message boards answering questions. Perceived access to the instructor is critical.8) Listen to feedback and make sure you work hard to have a few 4/5-star reviews on your course. This is critical for conversions.Hope this helps!
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How is Harvard Business School so out of touch with Apple Pay?
“Rail travel at high speeds is not possible because passengers, unable to breathe, would die of asphyxia.”-Dionysius Lardner, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at University College, London, 1830It hurts my heart to see an esteemed university publish such a regrettable article. It is also shocking that there was no empirical based insight published, just agenda ladened conjecture. In some ways I am not surprised. Academia has misunderstood the payments industry for over 50 years and I have tried and have been successful to help quite a number of well known professors understand the details. However, if one were to go by the postulations some Professors have presented over the years, the payments industry should not exist. There is much to learn from these insights and surprisingly many of them were adopted by some payment startups, advisors, board members and VCs. I will address the idle conjecture from this article, section by section:Apple Pay’s Technology Adoption ProblemApple wants to convert your iPhone into a digital wallet with Apple Pay. Professors Benjamin Edelman and Willy Shih assess its chances for success and wonder if consumers have a compelling reason to make the switch.This is a mostly correct insight. It may turn out to be ironic wording on the part of the author. To be clear, no one needs to “switch”.On the eve of debuting its digital payment system, Apple Pay, two Harvard Business School professors think the Cupertino company will have trouble coming up with an equally compelling message to drive sales of a service that allows you to pay at the retail counter with a swipe of an iPhone.No iPhones are “swiped” during a transaction, they are held at short distance for a few seconds in front of a customer facing terminal. "What does it do for me as a consumer?" asks Associate Professor Benjamin Edelman. “Why would I want to trade for something that already works [e.g. credit and debit cards], something that doesn't complain when it gets wet in the rain, something that doesn't complain when I launder my pants?"Why would I want to trade in an iPod, for something that already works, the Sony Walkman and use the cassette tapes that already work. This is a comment that shows a professor that truly does not understand the history of technology. Especially, he adds, when those cards give users and additional 1 or 2 percent off the purchase price. “I think Apple has its work ahead in convincing thoughtful and potentially skeptical customers," says Edelman.There is little that one can draw from this passage. There is no loss of 1 or 2 percent if the cards offered them before, they will be offered in the exact same manner via Apple Pay. ON WITH THE SHOWReports say Apple will roll out the digital payment service later this week, with perhaps more details coming at a press conference Thursday. But will it catch on, especially when several other similar services with big name sponsors such as Google have failed to gain much traction?The element that was overlooked by this professor is the fact that very little is similar to the business processes and business relationships Apple used in relationship to Google. Apple choose wisely to work with every element of the existing payments ecosystem. History will show, and likely this university will teach, that this was the primary premise that made Apple Pay the largest change since the invention of the magnetic stripe. Apple has a chicken-and-egg game to solve. Consumers won't use the service unless they are in use at a compelling number of stores. But merchants won’t install the expensive near field communications readers used by Apple Pay unless consumer demand is high.First off, Apple must convince merchants to adopt its service, says Willy Shih, the Robert and Jane Cizik Professor of Management Practice.“I THINK APPLE HAS ITS WORK AHEAD IN CONVINCING THOUGHTFUL AND POTENTIALLY SKEPTICAL CUSTOMERS”Only about 10 percent of retailers use NFC readers, and at least one retailer—Best Buy—stopped using them because they were too expensive. Officials with both Best Buy and Walmart have said the retailers have no plans, at least right now, of accepting the new payments technology in their stores.There will always be a “Chicken / Egg” issue with any system that would require equipment upgrades. However this article assumes over 200,000 of the most popular businesses in the US is not “a compelling number of stores”. It took 30 years for Visa and MasterCard to have over 200,000 businesses. It took over 5 years for Discover to have over 200,000 business locations. The professors did not even do a single empirical study to gain insights about the number of actual businesses and the demand to upgrade. I am performing these studies and can say that early results point of almost 300,000 locations and a demand that has shot up by over 3,000% and growing among small to large businesses.Thus Apple will not have “work” to convince merchants, the huge drive is coming from merchants and banks wanting to implement the service.Best Buy stopped using NFC for only one reason, they were not paying PIN based debit rates for these transactions and Apple is on the way to get these types of cards to be confirmed using biometric PINs. Shih believes merchants who consider adopting Apple Pay will naturally wonder: What do we get out of this? And they will specifically want to know if they will be asked to pay higher fees than credit card companies are charging?The data that Professor Shih has is invalid. The merchant is paying the exact same rate as with any other credit card. What they get out of it is manifold but no one can argue that the increase in speed is one foundational benefit. "Consumers might be motivated to do it, but if I don't have the merchant side in place, it doesn't matter," Shih says. "The merchants certainly aren't going to be motivated if the economic model is less favorable than today. It’s a complicated puzzle."The data that Professor Shih has is invalid. The economic model is not a “complicated puzzle to anyone other then Professor Shih.Apple has touted that Apple Pay will be supported by several leading retailers, including Bloomingdale's, McDonald's, and Macy's—and that it will work at about 220,000 merchant locations across the United States that have enabled contactless payments. But some analysts believe that's a small number compared with the nine million US merchants that currently accept credit cards. In short, Apple has a long way to go to knock off the established credit card system, Shih says.There is some valid information here. However 80% of the dollar volume in retail payment card sales come from 20% of merchants. Apple will have coverage of about 70% of these merchants by year end. My research suggests that a tremendous number of smaller merchants will fill in these numbers as 2015 winds out. "Ecosystems are very delicately balanced, and the current payment system represents a balance that has resulted from 40 years of evolution. There's a lot of inertia around that," Shih says. "You can have great technology, but you really have to line up the complementary assets so all the pieces play with you and they are motivated to make it work. At the end of the day, Apple is going to have to make the economics work for everybody. That is a hard job.”Professor Shih is still functioning on invalid data about the “economics”. The economics are exactly the same.DO CUSTOMERS CARE?Which brings us to the customer side of the chicken-and-egg conundrum. Millions of shoppers have used cards for years, with little hassle. Edelman points out that people will continue to carry cards even if digital payments gain some traction, so the barrier to overcome for mass acceptance is even higher.Millions of people used payment cards every day at Starbucks. But somehow 6 million weekly transactions in the U.S a full 15% of transactions made at the U.S. Starbucks-operated stores are made on the Starbucks wallet. The barriers these users overcome are huge, they have to buy credits using a payment card to even operate the wallet, yet this barrier is overcome 6 million times per week.Edelman has studied Bitcoin, a software-based online payment system, and he sees similarities between technology adoption roadblocks Bitcoin has encountered and issues Apple Pay is likely to face."Apple Pay has the same problems as Bitcoin: There's no reason for the regular consumer to use it," he says. “Why would a consumer want to make a $100 purchase with Bitcoin when the consumer can pay with a credit card and get 2 percent cash back?"There is absolutely no comparison to Apple Pay and Bitcoin. Professor Edelman is also operating on invalid data. The payment card that pays 2% back will continue to pay 2% back with Apple Pay.In addition to the limited number of merchants, Apple Pay appears to be limited to users of the latest iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, and Apple Watch—which leaves out many consumers with older iPhones or Android models.“Apple might be hamstrung by an incompatibility issue that the company intentionally introduced," Edelman says.The system works on iPhone 6 series phones. There is no doubt that there will be similar Android initiatives. The picture is very clear, if you have an iPhone 6 series phone, it works. This is not an incompatibility issue. Shih agrees that selling technology is tricky in a market full of incompatible products.Yes, yes it is."We're in a period now where you see this design competition with competing offerings, and on top of that, you have a platform competition where everyone has their network effects," he said. "It's like PlayStation versus Xbox. The technology convergence has brought us to a place where people are scrambling to come up with a new platform and trying to become the new dominant design.”Great insight about video game platforms. However they have no analogy with the subject of Apple Pay.Other companies that have attempted mobile payments have run into similar problems. Google Wallet was limited by its compatibility with different types of phones and cellular networks. And Softcard, which was backed by major wireless carriers, has seen little traction with its mobile wallet for similar reasons.This is correct. This is one of the most accurate insights from these professors. The destiny of Google Wallet was never in the hands of Google and thus it contributed to the failure of the system. This is not the case with Apple Pay. PITCHING SECURITYOne marketing pitch Apple is sure to try out with potential users is security, especially after notable bsignNowes at Home Depot and Target. When a customer pays with an iPhone, cashiers won't see the consumer's name, credit card number or security code because Apple uses a fingerprint reader on its recent iPhones to confirm identities. And when consumers add a credit or debit card with Apple Pay, the card number is not stored by Apple—instead, Apple provides a unique device account number for each transaction. In addition, the company says it won’t collect consumers' purchase history.Very accurate assertion.Edelman questions whether addressing security and privacy will be enough of a carrot to wean consumers off of their beloved plastic. Hesays other companies have tried to market the security angle, including the RevolutionCard, a PIN-based credit card that had no name, signature, or account number on it so that if it got lost or stolen, it couldn't be used unless the PIN was known. "It was stillborn," Edelman says. "It didn't work as a feature set. No one cared.”Professor Edelman is partly correct about the failure of Steve Case’s Gratis Card and The Revolution Money Card. However the professor is operating on invalid data. Apple Pay is not a card replacement. Apple Pay is a security wrapped around the existing payment card issuer relationship.“APPLE PAY HAS THE SAME PROBLEMS AS BITCOIN. THERE’S NO REASON FOR THE REGULAR CONSUMER TO USE IT”Even recent high-profile data bsignNowes have not led consumers to abandon credit cards in signNow numbers. "Security doesn't work for the thoughtful consumer," Edelman says. "(Data bsignNowes) mostly mean inconvenience for the consumer because the losses are really borne by banks, merchants, and credit cards, not by consumers."Besides, Shih wonders whether data will be any safer with the Apple Pay system.I think Professor Shih may need to conduct a study on how the Target bsignNow impacted consumers. I have not conducted a deep study but can state clearly that some consumers had their bank account zeroed out in the early days of the bsignNow and the banks were not crediting back the transaction that appeared “valid” from debit card bsignNowes. I know of a case where a single mom had missed rent and food because of the missing funds in her checking account for days. Although this is anecdotal, there are many examples vetted by the media. I would also ask Professor Shih to speak with any merchant that has been a victim of a major bsignNow about how systems like Apple Pay would have saved them millions of dollars in fines and replacement costs to card holders. "The fingerprint reader generating a unique code is pretty smart," he acknowledges. "But it electronically seems to do the same thing as a PIN code. And to the extent that the code goes into the existing payment network that's still not secure, have we really accomplished anything?"TouchID is far and away more secure then a 4 digit PIN code. The math is quite simple. But just the logic, it take very little time to guess a PIN number. It takes a great deal of time to try to fake a finger print that is acceptable to TouchID. In many cases it is impossible to fake a fingerprint unless you have intimate access to the target. Thus a faster way to steal money is a PIN number and not a finger print. CAN YOU PAY ME NOW?Other technical questions remain. Edelman wants to know whether Apple Pay will work if the phone isn’t charged, or in areas with poor cell reception?This would be better addressed by studying the technology and not using a a guessing game. Apple Pay will work with zero cell or WiFi reception. Apple Pay will work with a low battery. Apple Pay will stop working if there is no way to power on the iPhone. Apple may release more details tomorrow, so time will tell whether the company will address some of the system's potential shortcomings—and perhaps more important, whether regardless of any shortcomings, merchants and consumers will embrace this new mode of payment. Either way, even if Apple stumbles with its mobile wallet, the company will likely survive the reputation hit.Yes, they addressed the shortcomings. Apple announced that instead of 7 banks supporting Apple Pay payment cards, there are now over 500."Any failure Apple experiences here will be more than offset by the legions of fans that like their other stuff," Edelman said. “I'm not losing any sleep for Apple."I think Professor Edelman can sleep soundly. He has articulated how some academics, even notable academics are all too human. We are fallible. I hope that history is kind with these Professors.
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What evidence is there that Russian hackers tried to influence the US presidential election?
Before discussing evidence, it’s important to be clear that the assessment of the U.S. intelligence community is unanimous: Russia interfered with the election. It happened.The FBI, CIA, NSA, and ODNI all said so when they were run by Obama appointees, and they continue to say so now that they’re run by Trump appointees. DHS says so, too.Presidents, too. Obama said it. Bush said it. Trump said it. He tries to downplay it, but he said it. And his CIA Director and Secretary of State say they aren’t going to stop.And Congress, as well. Members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees from both parties have said it.That’s two branches of government, two political parties, partisans and civil servants; Republicans, Democrats, and dedicated professionals living and breathing national security every day.Outside the U.S. government, private sector companies specializing in computer forensics have said it, even those that compete with each other and have strong incentive to prove the others wrong. More on that shortly.To be as clear as possible before moving on, the FBI, CIA, and NSA, through the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, published the following assessment:President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.So, we’re confident the Russians attempted “an influence campaign” to interfere with the 2016 U.S. election, but what form did this take?The effort was multi-pronged:Establishing contact with the Trump campaign and those receptive to Russian overtures.Hacking into Democratic servers and leaking stolen information.Organized trolling using Russian agents and bots to maximize the propaganda value of the leaked emails, spread disinformation, disrupt political discourse, foment anger and vitriol, support Trump messaging, etc.BsignNowing U.S. election systems, either for 2016 or to set up actions for future elections.Item #1 relates to the ongoing collusion investigation of contacts between Russia and the Trump team. That would be a whole answer on its own, and it’s not even necessary to show evidence of the Russian interference, so I’ll just offer this quick summary:At least 12 Trump associates had contacts with Russians during the campaign or transitionThere were at least 19 face-to-face interactions with Russians or Kremlin-linked figuresThere were at least 51 communications -- meetings, phone calls, email exchanges and more.This flies in the face of at least nine blanket denials from Trump world of any contacts with RussiaIf you want to read the details behind that, go ahead: By the numbers: The Trump orbit's contacts with Russians is a good start, or for a more in depth timeline: All the known times the Trump campaign met with RussiansThe majority of this answer will focus on #s 2, 3, and 4.Now that we’ve established what we know, we can move on to how we know it. That part gets a bit more complicated.Although all those U.S. government entities say so with high confidence, they can’t exactly “show their work” to the general public without telling the Russians all the ways they used to catch them. If they did, they would not only be telling them how to avoid detection in the future, but endangering the lives of human intelligence sources (our spies and assets) and the continued viability of any electronic or cyber intelligence sources, such as any vulnerabilities we’ve exploited in their systems.Usually, it’s not just the sources and methods that are kept secret but everything. Generally, the public doesn’t get told anything U.S. intelligence knows, except in serious situations, like when they discovered Russia’s previous management, the Soviet Union, was secretly installing nuclear missile sites 90 miles off the coast of Florida, a scary incident known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.In this case, when they decided to go public, they made two reports, but we only got to see the unclassified one, which leaves out the sensitive details about how we know what we know. Here’s how it’s explained in the report:“Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections” is a declassified version of a highly classified assessment that has been provided to the President and to recipients approved by the President.The Intelligence Community rarely can publicly reveal the full extent of its knowledge or the precise bases for its assessments, as the release of such information would reveal sensitive sources or methods and imperil the ability to collect critical foreign intelligence in the future.Thus, while the conclusions in the report are all reflected in the classified assessment, the declassified report does not and cannot include the full supporting information, including specific intelligence and sources and methods.Since they can’t tell us their evidence, any answer to this question on Quora will be missing the majority of the evidence.However, even without them spilling all their secrets, there’s quite a bit that’s publicly known. And the preceding two sentences taken together should underscore just how overwhelming the evidence must be.One last thing before diving in, a quick note of caution: Do not be confused by talk about “the dossier” or “the Nunes memo” as they have little to do with this.Ok, so here’s some of the evidence that’s publicly known:Democratic servers were hacked by Russians. Although the government isn’t willing to expose all their evidence for this, we have plenty.Let’s start with the strong forensic information from multiple private sector firms.The Democratic National Committee suspected something happened but wasn’t sure what, so they “called in CrowdStrike, a security firm that specializes in countering advanced network threats.”While the infiltration was very advanced, within just two hours CrowdStrike discovered reams of evidence that left little doubt that not only did the Russians hack them, but two different Russian agencies had.Knowing that this was a big claim, they published their evidence. Their report is pretty specific. It’s not that long but includes all sorts of technical details, including excerpts from the actual code, among other things. Feel free to read it if you want to get deeper into the weeds.It’s not just the company the Democrats hired saying so: “Two competing cybersecurity companies, Mandiant (part of FireEye) and Fidelis, confirmed CrowdStrike's initial findings that Russian intelligence indeed hacked the DNC.” Now, we’re up to three saying so.Then a fourth cyber security firm “examined the forensic data from the DNC hack themselves, and endorsed Crowdstrike’s conclusions.” This company you might’ve even heard of: Symantec.The U.S. government confirmed the findings as well. A separate report we’ll get into later reiterated many of the points raised by CrowdStrike, including when each of the Russian intelligence agencies they identified infiltrated the DNC (the hacks were done at different times).Part of the evidence is that CrowdStrike had seen these digital fingerprints before. They investigate 15,000 hacks every year, so when their software analyzes systems, it recognizes that certain sequences of actions taken form patterns that become a unique signature. Wired explains, “Every action at a system level on the DNC's computers was recorded and checked against CrowdStrike's bank of prior intelligence (the company processes 28 billion computer events a day).” There are “a handful of small but signNow tells: data exfiltrated to an IP address associated with the hackers; a misspelled URL; and time zones related to Moscow.”In other words, the companies are familiar with these hackers and know what to look for. Here’s a little blurb about how familiar they are with their modus operandi:“Security companies can tell you much more about these groups, their code, their infrastructures, and their methods. (The Finnish security firm F-Secure has an excellent 34-page write-up of [one of the Russian intelligence agency hacker groups], and FireEye has a deep dive into [the other Russian hacker group], among many other reports by different companies.) (PDF) From analysis of the dozens of malware packages used exclusively by these hackers, researchers can tell you that…“They’re usually compiled on machines with the language set to Russian.”“Both groups operate during working hours in Russia, and take Russian holidays off.”“Their targets are radically different from those of for-profit criminals hackers in Eastern Europe or anywhere else—no banks, no retailers with credit card numbers to steal—always governments, companies, journalists, NGOs, and other targets that the Russian government would be interested in.”One part of the hack involved tricking DNC employees with phony links that were used in previous hacks tied to Russia.As good as the Russians were at hacking, they made mistakes, during and after the hack. For example, they inadvertently left Russian-language metadata in the leaked files.Oops.There’s even Russian language error messages accidentally embedded due to the way they exported the docs. Crowdsourcing spotted that, not just the cyber firm. A Twitter user who used to work for British intelligence did some great analysis."error! invalid hyperlinks" in Russian... pic.twitter.com/T9jmLnNiKF— davi (((
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