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FAQs
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How does anyone make money making porn films when they're all free on the web?
This is going to be fun. Although I could elaborate my answer and broaden it up, I will stick to the question's details.Brazzers is owned by a company called MindGeek. Mindgeek happens to own also Digital Playground. Brazzers and Digital Playground shoot porn scenes and wrap them into DVDs or add them to their premium websites (sometimes both). Some money come from users who subscribe to those websites or buy the DVDs, usually because they want to get entertained by first-hand material. A lot of that material, however, end up being available "for free" on PornHub and RedTube. I have put for free in quotes because nothing is for free, especially in the adult entertainment business. AdvertisingWhen you watch a free movie or a scene on a porn tube you are forced to interact with some form of advertising at some point. Being it when you click on the play button or even before that as soon as you have loaded the page containing the video, the porn tube will deliver you a piece of advertising. It doesn't matter if you pay attention to it or not, if you follow it up or not: you have spent a part of your time in interacting with that particular ad and someone is going to cash your time in. It may seem free to you at that time, but in truth you have paid with your visit and if you keep reading you will realize that you might be ending up pay with real money too at some point.Cookies and privacyThe tube installs a cookie (well, more than one...a lot) on your computer which tracks and collects a lot of information about you and your browsing habits. Some of these cookies are temporary and expire soon after you leave the site; some others, however, are persistent and they get stored on your computer forever (or until you delete them of course). The sad (or scary, it depends how you look at it) thing is that when you visit a tube, your computer does not just get injected with the site cookies but also with third parties cookies, "delivered" to you not only any time you interact with an ad, but more often than not also as soon as you load the first page of that site. This is a typical excerpt from the privacy page on porn tubes:We have to emphasize that our Website includes Third-Party’s Content or some other type of external services. These providers, partners and contents use Cookies as well though We have no control or insights over their Cookies and it’s usage. For these reasons, We advise You to read carefully any Cookie Policy issued by our Partners in order to avoid any misuse of Your personal information collected and processed by these Administrators.How you pay for free pornSo now, not only you have watched an ad that you would have otherwise happily skipped, but you have also passed a certain amount of private information to a third party company, which will use it to push you targeted ads for as long as their cookie resides on your computer. And chances are that before or after you will buy something with real money. So, to recap, this is how you pay for free porn:The video you watch is often attached to a referral code. An adult film studio add their videos to PornHub which have signed up to that company referral program. When you watch the video that referral code and its related information are stored on your computer (yes, another cookie). If you will visit the studio's website, one day, and you will buy something in there, a slice of the sale will be turned to the initial referrer (the tube, in this case).Even if you will never visit that company's website, the tube has forced one or more ads to you and the company featured in the ad has paid the tube a certain amount of money.The company featured on the ad or their intermediary ads agency has paid for injecting a cookie on your computer in order to collect sensitive private data about your browsing history and taste. This same data have been grabbed and will be used also by the tube and not necessarily on the tube site itself. But I will talk about this later.Even if you used something like AdBlock, non-intrusive ads are still served to you and cookies still get installed in your machine. Furthermore, the use of adblock is often countered by artificially crafted workarounds such as disabling some features on the tube website and making it a nightmare to browse it.Hence, it is clear that you don't watch movies for free: you pay by watching ads and by "selling" your privacy (and personal data, in the digital era, are gold). Adult tubes capitalize on their traffic by referring sales to other websites and by selling ads and users' private information, as well as premium subscriptions.Brazzers and Digital PlaygroundGoing back to the core of your question, how do Brazzers and Digital Playground make money when their porn is "freely" available on PornHub and Redtube? Well, partly from those referral sales I was mentioning before. Broadening up the question, that works for most of the companies out there. But when it comes to Brazzers and Digital Playground there is something else worth noting. Those two film studios are functional to the PornHub and RedTube's business model and as long as those tubes earn money the companies are just fine. The reason for this is easily explained.Do you remember Mindgeek owning Brazzers and Digital Playground? Well, Mindgeek owns also PornHub and RedTube. And YouPorn and Tube8 and Xtube and Sextube and many many more. They own all the major porn tubes online except for Xvideos and Xhamster. The main line of business of Mindgeek is porn tubes, not adult film studios. The adult film studios are functional to the tubes and Mindgeek have acquired or got involved with most of the major film studios around, so that they can profit to the expense of smaller studios. The Mindgeek business modelThe tube features free porn. Some of this free porn is legit, some other is stolen copyrighted material. The tube's owners acquire legitimate, important, major film studios. They flood the tube with legitimate content from their just acquired studios and they capitalize on traffic through affiliations, advertising and the sale of sensitive data. This works like a charm and I wouldn't have much to object, as long as the law allows it, if it wasn't for the fact that the tube remains filled with stolen copyrighted content. This is why I didn't want to generalize the answer much and instead i focused on the questions' details. Brazzers and Digital Playground make money, because their mother company Mindgeek makes money or, if you prefer, because PornHub and RedTube make money. They are tools to add legitimate, quality free content to the tube and keep the traffic numbers high; of course a big chunk of that traffic is returned to the studios websites, benefiting their sales volume as well. The real victims and the infamous DMCAIt's all the rest of the industry that suffers from the, often illegitimate, availability of free porn, though. There is so much copyright infringement on porn tubes that you cannot even imagine. Back in 2010 Ventura, owners of the big production studio Pink Visual, filed a lawsuit against Mindgeek for numerous copyright infringements. In the suit the company, among others, stated [1]:These Tube Sites maintain the fiction that they offer a forum for consumers to upload and share their own original ‘user-generated’ adult video content; however in reality, they function as repositories for an extensive collection of infringing adult videos.The suit was settled later that year and the terms of the settlement haven't been disclosed [2]. Whatever convinced Ventura to drop the case, it is obvious that smaller producers don't have either the tools or the money to force tubes to comply with take-down notices. I know this too well. If an hypothetical Mr. Smith uploads a scene of mine stolen from my website to a porn tube, this is going to be the best possible scenario before me:First, I have to discover that a video of mine has been uploaded illegally to a tube. This is very hard because there are thousands of tubes out there and each, especially the major ones, feature hundreds of thousands of videos. I am supposed to monitor all the tubes out there 24/7 checking every new upload. Impossible. All I can do is to check from time to time and to hope to get lucky enough to spot my video if the offender has used some title or description terms that sound familiar to me. Often, if ever, I can spot an illegal upload after weeks, if not months; let's assume that for once i get particularly lucky and that i spot a copyright infringement one week after the video has been uploaded and running. Now I have to let the tube know and file a take-down notice according to the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (aka DMCA). If the video was on PornHub, this is what I have to send:Identification of the copyrighted work you believe to have been infringed or, if the claim involves multiple works, a representative list of such works.Identification of the material you believe to be infringing in a sufficiently precise manner to allow us to locate that material. If your complaint does not contain the specific URL of the video you believe infringes your rights, we may be unable to locate and remove it. General information about the video, such as a channel URL or username, typically is not adequate. Please include the URL(s) of the exact video(s).Adequate information by which we, and the uploader(s) of any video(s) you remove, can contact you (including your name, postal address, telephone number and, if available, e-mail address).A statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the copyrighted material is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent or the law.A statement that the information in the written notice is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are the owner, or an agent authorized to act on behalf of the owner, of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.Complete complaints require the physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a representative authorized to act on their behalf. To satisfy this requirement, you may type your full legal name to act as your signature at the bottom of your complaint.Assuming that once I have filed the complaint the company goes through it and acts withing 72 hours, they will contact the offender who may or may not appeal sending a counter-notification within 10 days[3]. If my luck holds and they don't appeal, ten more days have passed and the offending content is finally taken down. For twenty days my stolen content has been made available on a high traffic website and downloaded by thousands of people. By this time it has already been uploaded back to other tubes, if not to the same one as Xbiz journalists Stephen Yagielowicz & Rhett Pardon explain well:For example, one shady scenario involves a company that knowingly and willingly submits infringing content to its tube site — or pays others to do it for them — under the guise of “user” uploads. Then in an effort to seemingly comply with the DMCA, removes clips on request — only to have the compliance department send the removed material to the upload department, where this cynically cyclical process is endlessly repeated. [4] [5] You've got the picture: the big majority of content producers get their content stolen and they lose money while feeding the tubes' traffic despite themselves; part of this traffic is redirected to Brazzers and Digital Playground to finance their big productions; their scenes are leaked back into the tubes, which are owned by the same company, to feed even more traffic;the tubes cash in;rinse and repeat.ConclusionIt is worth noting that ironically this business model has started playing against its own creators. In late 2015, Mindgeek has filed an infringement lawsuit against Xvideos' (one of the only two major adult tubes players not owned by Mindgeek) parent company for allegedly streaming its content "in excess of 100 million times without authorization" and seeking $150,000 for each infringed film which Mindgeek estimate to be in the range of tens to hundreds of thousands[6]. Although the copyright infringements over my content in various tubes relate to only a few tens of videos, this scenario makes me a potential multi millionaire. Today's virtual drinks are on me, fellow Quorans. And if you want real drinks, make sure you pay the producers and not the tubes, when you look for porn. This of course stands for any copyrighted material, including, among others, Hollywood movies, books, software and music.Footnotes[1] "Tube Sites" Threaten Porn Studios[2] Pornhub[3] Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act[4] The Porn Industry Is Being Ripped Apart By Piracy-Fueled 'Tube' Websites[5] DMCA: The Porn Industry’s Worst Nightmare[6] MindGeek Is Both Plaintiff And Defendant In Two New DMCA Lawsuits
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Why are Apple devices so expensive? Are they worth it?
I am typing this answer from a Mid-2012 15″ Retina Display Macbook pro. This laptop since the time it was bought has seldom seen a day it was not switched on and used for 10 hours or more.Never has it felt slow or sluggish or needed an OS reinstall. It has received a major software update every single year that has made the laptop progressively better. When needed, I am able to use Parallels to boot into windows and have it work as well as it does on a Windows laptop. Same holds for Linux too. It has survived more than a few falls and a fair share of abuse.Apple for its part has,Replaced the entire screen when I had a single dead pixelReplaced the entire top case, when I felt the shift key was slightly looseReplaced the entire screen again when there was a recall for potential issue with the anti reflective coatingReplaced the GPU, 4 years after purchase, based on a recallThe only work I paid for was a battery replacement last month after thousands of battery cycles. This constituted replacing the entire top case again, along with a new keyboard and trackpad for a very reasonable $200.While they were at replacing the battery, because the technician felt the ports did not align perfectly (Probably due to a fall that I caused earlier in its life) and he also replaced the entire logic board on the 6 year old laptop, essentially transforming it into a nearly new laptop again.The 6+ year old laptop now functions like new, has a battery backup of 7+ hours and just had the latest Mojave beta installed on it.In contrast to this, a Lenovo - Windows signature laptop that I purchased from a Windows store around the same time, was screwed up when updating form windows 7 to 8. The issue was because of a driver file that was supposed to manage a hybrid HDD and SSD. The store could not help me or replace the computer. I eventually had to spend several weekends fixing it myself. The laptop lasted another year and half before it completely died.To avoid this being brushed aside as a one off case of good fortune with my Macbook pro, let me also add that my business has about 40 computers, with a fair share of both Mac and Windows computers. We have everything ranging from Mac mini’s, iMacs, Macbook Air’s and Macbook Pro’s. They date all the way back to 2012 and the only issue they have ever faced is needing to replace a faulty hard drive in one of the iMacs. On the contrary, the windows laptops and desktops we have used haven’t fared so well and have an average replacement time of 2.5 years.I have also owned 16+ phones over the past 7 years and that includes every generation of iPhone starting from the iPhone 3gs, to the iPhone X that I use now. I have also tried a variety of android phones; usually at least one from each generation and other phones like a windows phone and a blackberry. I have an old iPhone 5 and 5S still lying around, that work pretty well. In fact the 5S is getting the iOS 12 update, almost 5 years after its release. Anytime I have had an issue with an iPhone, it simply involves walking into the apple store and walking out with a replacement device. I cant recall even a single instance where I had to leave the phone and come back later. My Samsung and Sony phones on the other hand have had me ship the phone out for repairs and have made me wait a minimum of 2 weeks to get it back.I also own an iPad (Apple even replaced one of the iPads that I dropped and broke within about a month of purchase, with a new one, simply because they could), Apple watch and airpods. My iPad air has been working flawlessly now for about 4 years and my watch for 3 years or so. The airpods have survived multiple drops and even a short washing cycle.I can’t think of any other brand that has given me the consistent reliability that apple has demonstrated with it’s products, almost across its entire product line. I have also not seen any other brand even come close to offering the quality of service that I have received from Apple over the years.In addition to this, almost every person I know in my personal or professional life, including my own parents have never turned back to an Andriod phone or a windows laptop after being introduced to an iPhone or a Mac. The most commonly cited reason for not turning back is ‘ease of use’. Personally, I am a tech enthusiast and love tinkering around with both hardware and software. I can find my way around most electronic devices very well and even with that background, I do find Apple products to be consistently better designed from a user experience perspective and will certainly prefer and pick an Apple device when I want something that simply works well. I imagine this difference in UX would be even more acute for a less tech savvy user.My experience with apple clearly suggests this; Sure, I may have paid more upfront for some of the Apple products that I have purchased over the years, compared to alternatives. But, when you consider the full cost of ownership, such comparisons become almost meaningless with Apple being the clear winner in terms of cost and most other factors you compare them on, such as performance, user experience or support.While there are several genuine criticisms that stand against Apple and its products, many that you hear on a daily basis such as Apple being expensive, come from people who have never owned or consistently used an Apple product. If you are trying to decide if an apple device is worth it, it would be far more prudent just to try one yourself or at least rely on the collective opinions of people who have used both Apple products and non Apple alternativesPS: Before being labelled an Apple fanboy, let me add that I was a windows only person for the first 21 years of my life. I am a software engineer and a tech enthusiast who loves good technology products irrespective of its brand. Despite what I have said about Apple above, I also own and use Windows laptops, desktops, tablets (Both Windows and other Os’s), Computers running Linux, Game Consoles, Electronics from other manufacturers such as Tv’s, Projectors, Monitors and so on. All devices have been paid for out of my own pocket and there is very little incentive for me to favor Apple, except based on my own purchase and ownership experiences.Edit: Adding a picture as I am seeing comments and messages questioning the authenticity of the answer. Hope this settles it.
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What is the difference between a loan and an overdraft?
HiLoan :Loan refer to the fix amount of money borrow from a bank for fixed period of time with regular repayments.Overdraft Loan :An overdraft facility is the credit given to person or company on current account. The amount you withdraw can vary every day based on your requirement. It’s like a credit card, you can borrow as much as you need upto your credit limit.Difference between Loan & OverdraftOverdraft- In overdraft the interest rate is charged only on the overdraft amount borrowed not on the limit of the overdraft facility and in Loan, the interest is charged on the entire amount borrowed. The interest charged on Overdraft is higher than loans.An overdraft loan is for the short time and you cannot borrow large amount of money due to credit limits. A loan can be for a long time period like 5–30 years say and you can take large amount of funds.For taking overdraft the person should have a current account with the respective bank but in other hand there is no such pre-conditioned while taking loan.Interest in overdraft is calculating on daily basis but in loan, it is computed on a monthly basis.Payment option in overdraft facility will be made in a lump sum amount and can be closed anytime. while a loan is paid in Equated Monthly Instalments (EMI) and have to be paid within the fixed time period.Overdraft is good for short term expenses and loan is good for long period of time.I hope this will help you.Thank You
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How do I make a PVT Ltd company in India?
How to register a company (Pvt. Ltd.)Pre-requisites1. Have paid-up capital of INR 1,00,0002. Have minimum of 2 directors/board members and two shareholders3. Have maximum of 50 members only4.Cannot publicly sell shares. Can only invite people to buy shares by issuing aprospectusStep1: Acquire DIN (Director Identification Number)DIN is a unique identification number for an existing director or a person intending tobecome a director of a company. As per a recent amendment to the Companies Act 1956, DIN has become mandatory for all the directors. DIN is unique and specific to an individual, therefore only one DIN is allotted per individual even if the individual serves as director at multiple companies. No fee is charged for issuing DIN. This process takes approximately 3 to 5 working days.Supporting documents required (soft-copies):1.Photograph2.Proof of identity3.Proof of residenceRegister on MCA website for login ID and password(create an account)I.File eForm DIN-11.Download eForm DIN-12.Fill the form3.Attach necessary documents4.Sign using digital signature5.“Check Form”6.Upload eForm7.Pay fees by credit card, debitcard, internet banking or cash/cheque at designated banks (State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank) using the pre-filed challan that will be generated8.Note the Service Request Number (SRN) for later enquiries9.Check acknowledgement by email or through MCA portalII.Intimate approved DIN To your Company (within 30 days from date of approval)a.Download Form DIN-2 and printStep 2: Acquire Digital Signature Certificate(DSC):At least one of the directors should have a valid Digital Signature Certificate issued by the signNowing Authorities (CA) and approved by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The Information Technology Act,2000 provides for use of Digital Signatures on the documents submitted in electronic forms, in order to ensure the security and authenticity of the documents filed electronically. Every document prescribed under the Companies Act, 1956, is required to be filed with the digital signature of the managing director or director or manager or secretary of the company. Therefore at least one of directors must have a digital signature. Any person may make an application to the signNowing Authority for the issue ofa Digital Signature in such form as may be prescribed by the Central Government. Digital Signatures are typically issued with one year validity and two year validity. The issuance cost varies depending on the CA. Digital Signatures can be obtained within an hour.One can acquire his/her Digital Signature certificates from these government listed agencies like TCS, IDBRT, MTNL, SAFESCRYPT, NIC, nCODE Solutions etc.Step 3: Apply for the company to be registeredThis is the final major step in a registration of your company which includes incorporating company name, Registering the office address or notice of situation of office and notice for appointment of company directors, manager and secretary. And also regarding the take and pay for their qualification shares.Prerequisite for Virtual eFiling1.Install the following prerequisite software:Windows 2000 / Windows XP / Windows Vista / Windows 7 –Operating SystemInternet Explorere v6.0 and above, Google Chrome, Mozilla FirefoxsignNow from version 7.5 to version 10.1.4Java Runtime Environment (JRE –latest version freely downloadable fromwww.sun.com)2.Get yourself registered at the portal (www.mca.gov.in)3.Obtains a Director Identification Number (DIN).4.Obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).5.Broadband Internet connectivity or higher.6.A scanner (above 200 DPI) for converting the attachments in the PDF format.Steps:I.Fill Form-1A for obtaining the name for the company-onlineFor obtaining name for your new company, An application in Form-1A needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) of the state in which the Registered Office of the proposed Company is to be situated to ascertain the availability of a name along with an official service fee of Rs.500. You also have to provide the following information in the form.• Name of the proposed company (Minimum 4 alternative names, maximum 6).Indicate the order of preference. Ensure that the company name is in accordance to the guidelines of the MCA, and also ensure the name is unique and does not resemble the name of any existing company in India. The company name must end with the words ‘Private Limited’ or ‘PVT Ltd’. In order to have specific key words in the name such as corporation, International, Hindustan, Industries, India etc., the proposed company should satisfy a minimum authorized capital criteria.• Location of registered office of the proposed company• Main Objectives of the business of the company• Names and addresses of the directors• Proposed Authorized Share Capital of the Company• DIN & DSCSubmit duly filled form to the Registrar along with fee of Rs. 500.The Registrar shall intimate, within two to three days, whether the proposed name is available or not. If the preferred name is not available apply for a fresh name on the same application. The name made available by the Registrar shall be valid for a period of six months. In case, if the company is not incorporated within this validity period, an application may be made for renewal of name by paying additional fees. Otherwise the name approval process has to be repeated by submitting new application after payment of requisite fees.In about 10 days, the ROC will inform you about approval or objections. If there are any objections then ROC will suggest you with some available names and let you choose among them. If your company name is approved then you will receive a formal letter regarding the confirmation of the same. Keep the same which will be required during registration process of the proposed company.II.Prepare documentsAfter obtaining name approval from the ROC the following documents must beprepared to incorporate the company• Memorandum of Association (MOA) The Memorandum of Association is a document that sets out the constitution of the company. It contains, among-st others, the objectives and the scope of activity of the company and also describes the relationship of the company with the outside world.• Articles of Association (AOA) The Articles of Association contains the rules and regulations of the company for the management of its internal affairs. While the Memorandum specifies the objectives and purposes for which the Company has been formed, the Articles lay down the rules and regulations for achieving those objectives and purposes. It also states the authorized share capital of the proposed company and the names of its first / permanent directors. Professional help is to be sought in the drafting of the MOA and AOA, as it contains the governing policies, rules and by-laws of the proposed venture. The draft must be carefully vetted by the promoters before printing and stamping.The MOA and AOA must be signed by at least two subscribers in his own hand, along with father’s name, occupation, address and the number of shares subscribed for and witnessed by at least one person. Then the MOA and AOA are required to be stamped & filed with the ROC. A stamp duty is required to be paid on the MOA and on the AOA. The stamp duty depends on the authorized share capital and varies between states. Details of applicable stamp duty can be obtained from here. eStamping facility is now available via MCA’s portal. The document preparation process may take five to seven days.• Form 1 –providing details of promoters of the company• Form 18 –providing details of address of the registered office of the company• Form 32 –providing details of Directors, managers and secretaries of the companyIII.Submission of DocumentsSubmit the following documents to the ROC with the filing fee and the registration fee:• The stamped and signed Memorandum and Articles of Association (3 copies).• Form-1, 18 & 32 in duplicate.• Any agreement referred to in the Memorandum & Articles.• Any agreement proposed to be entered into withany individual for appointment as Managing or whole time Director.• Declaration of Compliance by an advocate or company secretary or chartered accountant or director, manager or secretary of the company• Name availability letter issued by the ROC.• Power of Attorney authorizing a person, on behalf of subscribers, any documents and papers filed for registration. The power of attorney should be given on Non-Judicial stamp paper of appropriate value and shall be submitted to the Registrar.After submitting these forms, once the application has been approved by MCA, you will receive a confirmation email regarding the application for incorporation of a new company, and the status of the form will get changed to Approved.IV.Payment of Registration FeesThe fees payable to the Registrar at the time of registration of a new company varies according to the authorized capital of a company proposed to be registered. Payment for the Registration and Filing Fee must be made by Demand Draft/Banker’s Cheque if it exceeds Rs.1000/.V.Obtaining Certificate of IncorporationThe ROC will issue a Certificate of Incorporation after careful review of documents submitted. Section 34(1) cast an obligation on the Registrar to issue a Certificate of Incorporation, normally within 7 days of the receipt of documents.A Private Limited Company can start its business immediately on receiving the Certificate of Incorporation.Check these documents before submission of a company:1.DIN of all those directors of a proposed company.2.DSC –Digital Signature Certificate3.Original copy of the formal letter issued by ROC regarding availability of Company name.4.Form-1 for incorporation of a company.5.Form-18 for situation or address of the proposed company.6.Form-32 for particulars of proposed directors, managers and secretary.Formalities to be followed while incorporation of a company:1.Obtain a TAN card2.Obtain a Permanent account number (PAN) from income tax dept. India3.If required: Documents obeying shop and establishment acts.4.If required: For foreign trade, Registration documents of import export code from Director General of foreign trade.5.If required: Registration documents of Software technologies Parks of India (STPI).6.If required: RBI approval for foreign companies investing in India and FIPB approval.7.Both Indian and foreign directors need to have valid Digital Signature Certificates from authorized agencies.For any further clarifications, please visithttp://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/Regi...Thanks & Regards,Stay4u.
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How do I establish a private limited company?
A private limited company is the most common form of business entity in India. It is easy to maintain and raise funds, offers limited liability to its members, offer flexibility, easy bank loan accessibility.Read Advantages of Private Limited Company. Following are the steps involved in the registration of private limited company Basic requirementThere must be at least 2 members in the companyThe company shall be made for legal business and must not harm the society. The company object should not be illegal.In case, if the registrar issue the certificate of incorporation to such business entity , then certificate will be void and registration will be itself cancelled by the Central Government and appropriate proceeding will take place against the entity and the Registrar.Read in detail Pre-Requisites for Registration of Private Limited Company Step 1: Obtaining Director Identification Number (DIN) & Digital SignatureThe First step isObtaining Director Identification Number (DIN) for the proposed Directors in the CompanyObtaining Digital Signature for one of the Directors of Company.After this, application for name of Private Limited Company must be applied. Step 2: Applying for the nameThe promoters should propose one or more suitable name for the name of company as it offers the flexibility and choice to registrar to select the name in case some names are identical or similar to registered business entities or trademarkThe name should not be similar or identical to any registered company or trademark.The name should not be one prohibited under the ‘Emblems and names Act, 1950’.The name of company must have suffix “Private limited Company “.After submission of name, registrar will review and approve one of the name .It usually takes 3 to 5 working days to approve the name for company .Read tips for Choosing the right name for your company registration for easy approval of name by ROC.Step 3: Filing for Incorporation/Establishing of Private Limited CompanyAfter the name approval, promoters should submit the application, prescribed fees and below said following documents to the registrar.Articles of Association, if anyMemorandum of AssociationDeclaration from DirectorsAffidavits of the DirectorsA declaration stating that the requirements of the Act and the rules framed there under have been compiled with. This declaration is required to be signed by an advocate of the or Supreme Court or an attorney or a pleader having the right to appear before or a High Court or a Chartered Accountant in whole time practice in India who is engaged in the formation of a company, or by a person named in the Articles as a Director, Manager or Secretary of the Company.Besides the aforementioned documents, the company must provide relevant information regarding of its registered office within 15 days of registration or during filing of incorporation documents.Step 4: Subscribing to the Private Limited CompanyAs per the Companies Act 2013, a subscriber must sign their names and must be subscribed to the shares of the company incorporated. It means each subscriber must have at least one share of the company. Each subscriber should sign the memorandum in presence of at least one witness and must clearly state the following:AddressPersonal DescriptionOccupationNo of shares subscribedNature of shares etc.Likewise both (Article and Memorandum of association) must be duly signed and stamped.Step 5: Certificate of IncorporationAfter filing the above-mentioned documents and payment of necessary fees, the certificate for incorporation would be issued by the Registrar of Companies. Upon Incorporation, the company becomes a legal person separate from its members.The process to register a private limited is complex and time-consuming. Our team at LegalRaasta can help startups and Entrepreneurs Register Private Limited Company in 14-15 days @ 13,999/- only (inclusive of government fee) saving 40% compared to typical CA/CS
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What is it like for a foreigner living in Tallinn?
(I started to answer a very short answer and ended up with a long entry. I hope you find it useful.)As Richard Tuisk said, it depends a lot on where you are from. However, let me tell you what my experience has been so far in Estonia, what I think it is good and what I would see as a downside of living here. Of course, I need to qualify my answer by saying that I am Latin American, but also have lived in four other countries (including the US where I went to college).A quick introduction: Estonia is a small country located in the Baltic Sea next to Russia and Latvia and very close to Finland. It is part of the European Union. The area of the country is roughly the same as Switzerland or as Maryland and Massachussets combined. There is about 1.3 million people living here which means it is not densely populated. The country is essentially flat, except in the south where you find the highest point at 318 meters (1043 ft). The main city and where I live in is Tallinn. The population is about 400,000 people. Tartu is the second city with about 100,000 people and all the rest of towns are smaller than that.Immigration systemIf you are European, moving here is no problem as you enjoy all the benefits of any country within the European Union. If you are not European, the main reasons people immigrate here is to work which would guarantee a working visa or if you are married to an Estonian citizen which allows you to apply for a visa as long as you have enough funds to live here.Overall, the process to get a short-term visa is straight forward. Obtaining a long-term visa is more complicated as you have to speak the language at a relatively high level. Obtaining a citizenship requires that you give up your own citizenship.JobsAlthough Estonia suffered also during the 2008 crisis, there is enough jobs in areas of business and technology for people to move here. One of the problems Estonia faces is that it does not have enough people to fill all jobs in IT areas as I hear.There is a few big companies who recruit people from abroad, but if you don't speak the local language, your opportunities are reduced to the IT area (I work for Skype which originated here in Estonia which was acquired by Microsoft in 2011). You can see a list of notable companies here: List of companies of EstoniaSocial interactionEstonians tend to be reserved in comparison to other Europeans. I suggest to foreigners who come here to be aware of differences so they are not taken by surprise. Some examples of faux pas I have encountered:Using smalltalk in a conversation.Saying good morning when coming to office or good bye when leaving.Smiling with no reason (I have to accept that this could be awkward in Northern Europe and some parts of the US, but it is totally normal in Mediterranean or Latin American environments).Being noisy. People love their quiet here.However, it is totally Ok to try to make a conversation in English especially with young people. I am learning Estonian and try to use the language when I can, but in some occasions (say, at the pharmacy), I need to switch to English and have never found anyone being annoyed by that.The exception to all of this is if you meet young people. They tend to be more open and curious (especially women). I am speaking about more casual environments such as a cafe or a restaurant, but a bit less at work. Another obvious exception is if you are in a touristy area (such as the Old Town in Tallinn), but this should go without saying.It is totally Ok to be in a group of people and be totally silent. For example, you can have lunch or share a cab with Estonians when no one is speaking, but there is no awkwardness on it. Another thing is that people do not demonstrate much through their expressions which is one of the difficult things to deal with for me. Remember, I come from a country where you smile or frown or show your teeth if you want someone to understand you clearly.When having a conversation with an Estonian, you should say what you mean and mean what you say (remember what I said about smalltalk?). For example, if you ask "how are you?" to an Estonian, do it only if (a) you really want to know how the other person is, and (b) don't ask it if you don't know the person well. I value that Estonians take your word at face value and you should do the same with them.One word of advice is that Estonians can be very critical of others, but they are mainly critical of themselves. Someone told me once that complaining is a national sport, and I have to agree with that. In other words, when they tell you that something is truly bad here in this country, you have to take it with a grain of salt.Because of this, you should also expect that people are straight forward with you. In some cases, this borders on rudeness if I measure by my home country's standards, but here is totally Ok. I have seen a few foreigners getting shocked by that, but you get used to it. In other words, they are not politically correct (this I like very much).Also, because people are economical with the language, you shouldn't expect what I would call, a "warm" communication most of the time. As a latin person, I need to say and hear things on a beautiful way, but this doesn't happen here much. It is different when you start to get to know locals.Which brings me to the last point. It takes a while before you break the ice with an Estonian, but it is worth waiting. I have had the chance to establish a closer link with some locals outside my wife's family and I find an honesty and sincerity that I haven't seen in other places. If you get to that point, congratulations, as you have made it through this journey. By this time, you should also be an expert on sharing saunas with people you don't know (and yes, naked) and have had your share of vodka.Quality of life, services, infrastructureWhen compared to other places where I have lived, I have to say that Estonia still doesn't signNow the level of living in Germany or the US, but it is getting closer by the day. However, I would say that Estonia is already at the level that I would call it first-world country in most aspects.Infrastructure and services need some improvement, but they provide the minimum level of service. For example, if you don't have a car, you can use public transportation everywhere even if buses, trains or trams are sometimes old. Roads in Tallinn are Ok, even if you find potholes in some places. Services such as schools and hospitals are public which means that there is always a waiting list. If you need to visit a specialist doctor, you have to wait. On the other hand, the wait is not as bad as in third-world countries (like where I come from). Also, those services are basically free. The downside is that there is almost no private service, and even the ones there are rely partially on the public health system for some aspects.I have had two children born here and had no complaints about the process. In fact, I felt that everything was very professional and that they always try to do their best. However, when I spoke with Estonians, some of them were very surprised that I spoke highly of the hospital system. I guess it's up to my personal point of view in this case.Taxes are low. Personal income tax is 21% flat for everyone. If you live here and your visa allows it, you can create your own start-up in no time which is prevalent among young people in IT.By the way, unemployment was at 8% at the end of Q3 in 2013. I am no economist, but I understand that this is still considered high. However, it came down from 10.2% at the end of 2012.Food, shoppingEstonia has the typical supermarkets like any other European country. There is also local markets, but you probably need to speak Estonian or Russian. Typical food you find are potatoes, wheat-like grains, oats and so on. Pork meat and fish are eaten often here, but beef is not yet too common. Vegetables and fruits tend to be expensive. I miss having international food though. There is one supermarket in town (Stockmann) that carries some international products, but it is very expensive. I was used to visiting Oriental-type shops in Ireland and Germany, but there is none here that I know of.There is a few shopping centres, but the variety is not wide. I am in favor of buying local to support businesses here, but in many cases, we end up buying from abroad because of the lack of options or because we would have to wait for too long. For example, my wife and I love movies (yeah, still buying old-fashioned DVDs), but there is no shop that fills our expectations. Because of that, we buy everything from Amazon.ActivitiesIf you love nature, you are in luck. There is a lot of natural areas in the country and they are a short drive away. There is plenty of sea shores, forests, rivers and lakes. In the Summer you can do hiking, camping, canoeing and you can add cross country skiing in the Winter. Estonians love nature in general.If you are a city person (like myself), then that's another story. There is a few theatres, cinemas, galleries and so on, but everything is limited. Tallinn itself has the most interesting activities in the center. There is plenty of good restaurants though.Cinemas show the popular movies like everywhere else and you can find some artsy type of cinemas for alternative movies. No movie is dubbed here, but they usually carry subtitles in both Estonian and Russian.What is impressive about this countryThere is a few good things that I haven't seen outside Estonia. The first one is the electronic system prevalent in this country. When you are a foreigner and get your Estonian ID, you are also getting your electronic identity. With that, you can file taxes online, access information about property, bank accounts, mobiles, whatever services you need. When you get your local ID number, you automatically get a local e-mail address at the eesti.ee domain that you can redirect to your personal account. With that, you never miss an official communication (such as whenever is time to file your taxes).That ID has also legal validity and you can sign documents electronically anywhere in the world. For example, if you apply to get a car leasing, you don't have to show up at the bank necessarily. They send you some forms, you put your ID card in your computer reader, sign the document electronically, and send it back and that's it. It is the equivalent of putting your signature on paper in front of the bank official or lawyer. Estonian citizens and permanent residents are even allowed to vote online with their ID.A second impressive area is bureaucracy: it is a well-oiled machine. One recurrent example is taxes. You get the notification that your taxes are ready to file, you login to the tax office site, sign in, check that they have the correct information that they have collected from your company, employer and so on, sign with your ID card, and that's it. It might take as little as five minutes. My wife and I file jointly, so it takes us much longer: twenty minutes (and that's because we always forget to do one crucial step so we are delayed).The government doesn't even use paper for their minister meetings. They file everything electronically which is made available so you can follow up agendas, minutes and whatever happens there.You want to open your own company? It might take literally twenty minutes to do that too. All of this thanks to the frictionless bureaucratic system they have here. You want to park? Send a text to the number 1902 with your plate number and where you are parking and it will be charged to your mobile.One more impressive part: internet. Besides having decent speeds, there is practically free access points everywhere through the country. I personally have witnessed free available working access points in national parks and public beaches. You can read this article that talks about this (read the date: 2005!): Estonia sets shining Wi-Fi exampleIn my case, I don't use access points much because I have a decent LTE connection with my mobile. Mobile companies have good coverage and relatively good service. I remember that when we got our internet when we moved here, it took only one day to install it. When I measured the effective speed a few months later out of curiosity, it was 50 Mbps. Not bad.The downsidesAs anywhere else, there is a few things that you need to be aware of that could be difficult to adapt to.The first part for me is the social interaction which tends to be dry and quiet. I mentioned that above, so not much more to say here.Another one is the weather. In Winter, the sun might rise at 9:30 in the morning and set at 3 in the afternoon. That's just about six hours of sunlight. If you add that it is cloudy most of the time during the Winter, then you realise how dark it might be. As counterposition, Summers are amazing (up to 20 hours of sunlight and clear skies easily).Winters are relatively long. It gets cold around the end of October and stays that way until around April. It varies from year to year, but sometimes the temperature drops to -30 degrees Celsius (-22 F). Life rarely stops here because of the cold or snow though. I have taken the bus at -30 degrees Celsius. It makes for an interesting ride.One more problem for a foreigner to live here is that you feel a bit isolated from the world. Flights are available mainly to neighbouring countries plus Germany, UK and the Netherlands. If you are from another country, you always need to make connections which makes it longer and more expensive to go back home.Last, if you are from a big city, you might find even Tallinn a bit provincial. It is changing as of late though. On the other hand, there is some positive things out of this too: less crime and virtually no traffic jam as I know it (I live 20 km. from work and make it in 30 minutes on a good day and 45 on a bad one).If you are thinking to move here, I definitely recommend this place.
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What is the role of each aircraft in Indian Air Force?
TL,DR: The Fighter Jet fleet of the IAF can be divided into the following categories:Air Superiority Aircraft : Sukhoi 30 MKI, Dassault Rafale*Multi Role Aircraft : MiG 21 Bison, MiG 29 UPG, Dassault Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2, HAL Tejas Mk IDeep Penetration Strike Aircraft : Jaguar DARIN IIIGround Attack Aircraft : MiG 27The Transport Aircraft fleet of the IAF consists of:Heavy Air Lift Cargo Aircraft : IL 76, C 17 Globemaster IIIStrategic Air Lift Aircraft : C 130J Super HerculesMid Air Refuellers: IL 78 MKIMedium Cargo Aircraft : Antonov An-32Light Transport Aircraft : Dornier Do 228Communication and Training Aircraft: Hawker Siddeley HS 748The Rotary wing of the IAF comprises of :Heavy Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-26Medium Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-17 v5Advanced Light Helicopter : HAL DhruvAttack Helicopter : Mil Mi-35, HAL LCH*, HAL RudraLight Utility Helicopter : HAL Cheetah, ChetakThe Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft of the IAF consists of :360 Degree coverage aircraft : Phalcon AEW&C240 Degree coverage aircraft : DRDO NetraThe Trainer Aircraft of the IAF consists of :Basic Trainer Aircraft : Pilatus PC-7 Mk II, HAL HTT 40*Intermediate Jet Trainer : HAL Kiran Mk IIAdvanced Jet Trainer : BAE Hawk Mk 132Caveat: Aircrafts marked with * are in advanced stages of Induction with the IAFA wonderful question, I hope I can do justice to it and the Indian Air Force with my answer.The Fighter jet fleet of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is divided into the following categories:Air Superiority Aircraft : Undoubtedly India owns one of the finest jets in Asia at the moment. The Sukhoi 30 MKI is a wonderful plane with avionics integrated into the air frame from 5 countries. The role of this plane is to gain superiority by driving out enemy jets in an area dominated by an adversary so IAF may carry out its secondary tasks like insertion of the Garuda Commandos to attack air bases of the adversary. The Su 30 MKI are slated to be modified with new AESA radars which will increase its enemy tracking and engaging capabilities manifold. Some Su 30 MKI are being modified to carry the supersonic BrahMos Air to Surface Cruise Missiles. India has identified the Su 30 MKI as a platform to carry Nuclear Weapons should there be a need to fire one.Sukhoi 30 MKI of the IAFMulti Role Aircraft : When the IAF did induct the MiG 21, it was intended to be used an interceptor, to strike kills against other aircraft and strategic air borne assets of the enemies like the Bombers, Para-trooping transport aircraft and much later AWACK’s and Air to Air refuellers. However, with the Bison update the planes has now become a Multi Role Aircraft capable of performing a plethora of operations.MiG 21 Bison of the IAFLikewise, the MiG 29 was inducted to fill the role of an Air Dominance aircraft, operating much before the IAF bought the Su 30 MKI’s. With the UPG update including a bigger fuel tank, extended range, all weather operations, improved radar and sensor suite, the MiG 29 UPG is a redefined aircraft to the core.The MiG 29 of the IAF being modified to the UPG Standard in Russia. Notice the curved bump behind the cockpit which houses a fuel tank to increase the jet’s rangeMirage 2000H, arguably the best fighter jet to have flown with the IAF before the Su 30 MKI’s performs a similar role. The Mirage 2000H has been upgraded to the 2000–5 Mk 2 standard with new engines, Radar along with a better armament package. The Mirages along with the Su 30 MKI and the yet to be inducted Dassault Rafale comprise the core of the Airborne Nuclear Strike Platforms of India.Mirage 2000–5 Mk 2 of the IAF. Please note this snap is of the upgraded Mirage 2000 Trainer AircraftThe Tejas is expected to fill in the void left by the retirement of the MiG 21 Bison and its variants in the years to come. The aircraft is leagues ahead of the aircraft it is slated to replace, with the more powerful Tejas Mk 1A standard aircrafts featuring an AESA Radar, Elta’s ELM-2052, Air to Air Refueling pod, Self Protection Jammers (SPJ) and the like.Tejas Mk I inducted to the IAF this yearDeep Penetration Strike Aircraft : A truly majestic jet which has been the serving the IAF for long. The Jaguar are tasked to enter the enemy airspace undetected and attack vital enemy installations like Forward landing Air bases, RADAR installations, refueling stations and the like. The HAL is upgrading the planes to the DARIN III Standard, which includes Helmet Mounted Displays, Glass Cockpit, GPS Navigators, new mission computers, avionics like Auto Pilot, Air to Air Refueling and a new plant. The negotiations are on with Honeywell to supply the new engines which are lighter, more fuel efficient and produce more thrust.Jaguar Darin II of the IAFGround Attack Aircraft: The MiG 27 is a swing wing aircraft tasked to supplement the ground infantry units with aerial support. The R 29 powerplant issues have never let the IAF use these planes to its full potential with many planes and pilots lost in crashes. These planes are slated to be put out of service at the earliest.MiG 27 of the IAFIn the past, the IAF used to fly the dedicated Reconnaissance aircraft like the MiG 25 Foxbat and bomber aircraft like the English Electric Canberra. These planes have had a stellar contribution in the wars India has fought since it’s independence.EDIT 1 : As suggested by Rejish Menon I am going to expand the scope of my answer to beyond the fighter jet fleet of the IAF.The Transport Aircraft Fleet of the IAF:Heavy Air Lift Cargo Aircraft : Ilyushin IL 76 forms the backbone of the IAF Heavy Transport Fleet having provided yeoman service for more than 30 years. There has been news that India is going to upgrade the 17 IL 76 it has to the IL 476 standard that will see the life of the aircraft extended by 15 years having new avionics, more powerful yet fuel efficient engines and obviously a better payload carrying capacity. The Boeing C 17 Globemaster III is rather a recent acquisition of the IAF having more payload carrying capacity than the older IL 76. Another feature of the C 17 is that it can land on unprepared runways and requires a shorter landing and takeoff distance due to features like Thrust Reversal and better engines. India wanted to buy more of the C 17’s, but the production line was stopped in 2015, hence India would have to settle for second hand C 17’s from friendly countries if it wants to increase its fleet from the present 10 aircraft.IL 76 of the IAFC 17 Globemaster III in service with the IAFStrategic Airlift Aircraft : The Lockheed Martin C 130 J Super Hercules is a monster of an aircraft. It is very versatile and is built to sustain adversity. It also has features like Thrust reversal enabling it land on the unprepared runways of India’s ALG’s in the North East. The IAF has used the C130 J’s in situations where it would have been very difficult to operate the older An-32 aircraft namely in the Uttarakhand Flood crisis and the Nepal Earthquake.C 130 J Super Hercules of the IAFMid Air Refuellers : IL 78 MKI is the Air to Air refuelling platform of the IAF, extending the range of its fighters jet so that they may be able to strike deep in the enemy territory if the need be. The IAF has 7 of these aircraft in its inventory.IL 78 MKI of the IAF refueling two Su 30 MKI’s of the IAFMedium Cargo Aircraft : Antonov An-32 has been the linchpin of the IAF for quite some time now providing medium cargo lift capabilities. The aircraft is also used to para-trooping and bombing missions. The IAF has over 100 of these planes in number and all of them are being upgraded to achieve a longer life with new engines, navigation system and avionics.Upgraded An-32 of the IAFLight Transport Aircraft : I think the name is self explanatory, Dornier Do 228 is used as a light transport aircraft to ferry personnel around. Its is also used to search and rescue operations in the IAF and the IN.Do 228 in service with the IAFThe Rotary wing of the IAF consists of :Heavy Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-26 is the largest helicopter build to date. The IAF has bought 4 of them, while 1 has crashed. The remaining 3 helo’s are at the end of their service life and are in need of an immediate upgrade. These helicopters are capable of carrying a payload equal to that of a c 130 J Super Hercules. There has been little clarity as to what the IAF plans to do with these Helo’s. Slated to be replaced with the CH 47F Chinook’s when they enter service. The Chinook’s though not capable of lifting very heavy payloads like the Mi-26, will give the IAF a boost in the Strategic Airlifting operations owing to its high degree of maneuverability and lower Radar Signature.The largest helicopter ever built: Mil Mi-26 operating in the mountainous regions of IndiaMedium Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-17 v5 is the mainstay of the IAF’s Helicopter fleet and is used for a plethora of missions replacing the older Mil Mi-8 helicopters in service with the IAF. The helicopter is extensively used in Search And Rescue (SAR) and counter insurgency operations as well.The latest Mi-17 v5 of the IAFLight Helicopters : The HAL Dhruv, Cheetah and Chetak form an important wing of the IAF. HAL Dhruv, the indigenous helicopter supplements the larger Mi 17’s in its task. The SARANG Helicopter display team also consists of the Dhruv’s. The other two are used for training, rescue and light transport roles including in the high altitude regions. Eventually to be replaced by the Kamov ka-226 and the HAL LUH.HAL Dhruv’s operating in the Nepal earthquake relief operations. Please appreciate the skills of our brave airmen who have landed the Helicopter in such an adverse terrain for an Evacuation operationDhruv’s of the SARANG helicopter Display TeamHAL Chetak of the IAFThe soon to be inducted HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) during its first flight in 2016Attack Helicopter : The Mil Mi-35 was the first Attack helicopter to be inducted into the IAF capable of acting as both as a transport and a gunship helo capabling of inserting the Garuda commandos and providing them over head cover. The disadvantage is that it is not built to operate in the High Altitude regions and hence was not used in the Kargil war where the IAF had to do with the armored and weaponised version of the Mi 17. The Mi 17’s were sitting ducks to the Pakistani Manpads. The Mil Mi-35 are to be replaced by the AH-64 E Apache Attack Helicopters. Further, India has transferred four Mi-35 to its allies, The Afghan Air Force in 2016 to assist the Afghan Security Forces.Hence, a requirement was drawn to build attack helo which would operate in the high altitude regions of India. Thus, the HAL Light Combat helicopter (LCH) was born. It is to be inducted into the IAF in a couple of year’s time. The HAL Rudra is the weaponised version of the HAL Dhruv.The LCH and the Rudra are used for anti-tank operations, close air support to ground forces as a battlefield scout and possibly for anti-surface vessel warfare in the future.The Mil Mi-35. Notice the Low Capacity transport compartment behind the cockpitHAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) during it’s High Altitude trialsThe third prototype of the HAL LCHHAL Rudra with it’s weapon complementEDIT 2: The “Eyes in the skies” of the IAF. The Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft of the IAF consist of :Phalcon AEW&C : One of the most advanced AEW&C in the world now, it consists of an the EL/W-2090 AESA (Active Electronic Scanned Array) Radar mounted on a Russian A-50 platform which is based on the IL 76 design. With a coverage on 360 degrees and a range of 500 Km these radars can track upto 100 targets simultaneously. These operations are supported by the onboard ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) and ECCM (Electronic Counter Counter Measures) systems for electronic warfare. The IAF currently three of these aircraft with two more placed on order.A Phalcon AEW&C flying in formation with three MiG 29’s of the IAFDRDO Netra : It is India’s first indigenous Air borne radar to join the IAF ( Not to be confused with the quadrotor developed by DRDO). Not as potent as its elder brother, the Phalcon these aircraft are aimed to supplement the bigger aircraft as well as giving the Indian scientists an opportunity at making an indigenous AESA Radar. The aircraft has a 240 degree coverage area with a range of 300 Km. Even with the reduced operational parameters formidable gains in detection ranges are can be achieved across the Himalayan Ranges on the northern borders where Radar Units can’t be located due to the inhospitable terrain.The indigenous DRDO NetraEDIT 3: Introducing the Trainer Aircraft Fleet of the IAF,The Trainer Aircraft Fleet of the IAF consists of:Basic Trainer Aircraft : The IAF currently uses the Pilatus PC-7 Mk II as its Basic Trainer Aircraft (BTA). The PC-7 replaced the indegenous HAL HPT-32 Deepak aircraft in service with the IAF after there were widespread concern about the flight safety of the Deepak’s. The IAF plans to augment its BTA fleet with the addition of the indegenous HAL HTT-40 BTA which had its inaugral flight last month.Pilatus PC-7 Mk II of the IAFThe first flight of the HAL HTT-40 BTAIntermediate Jet Trainer : The IAF uses the indegenous Kiran Mk II aircraft as the Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT). In the early 1980’s, the IAF used to deploy the Polish Iskra and the HAL kiran Mk I airacraft for the Intermediate and Advanced Jet Training sorties. However, the Iskra’s were susceptible to stall while going on for more than one Spin. Hence, the IAF used the Kiran aircraft for the spin sorties while the Iskra was reserved for the applied combat sorties. The Iskra’s had been decommisioned long ago with the BAE Hawk Mk 132 filling its shoes. The Kiran Mk II version continues to fly strong. The HAL HJT-36 Sitara project was supposed to replace the Kiran aicraft but there are still too many issues to be solved in the Sitara, with the IAF loosing interest in the peoject as time passes by.A Kiran aircraft, formerly a part of the IAF’s Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT)The aerobatic team of the IAF and IN, the Surya Kiran and the Sagar Pawan were associated with the Kiran aircraft. The Sagar Pawan team still flies on the Kiran while the Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) are flying the Hawk AJT nowadays. This was done as the IAF had to disbandon the team as there was shortage of the Kiran for Intermediate Jet Training purposes. The Sitara was supposed to replace the Kiran in the SKAT as well but given its spin and stall issues, it was decided to keep the team's legacy alive by using the Hawk Mk 132 AJT.The SKAT in a nine aircraft formation with the Kiran aircraftHAL HJT-36 Sitara IJT, an aircraft beset by design deficienciesAdvanced jet Trainer : The BAE Hawk Mk 132 is used to impart advanced combat and applied weapons training to the cadets. The Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) stage was added in order to bridge the lacunae between handling the Supersonic aircraft in service with the IAF and the subsonic aircraft on which the cadets are being trained. This training aimed to reduce the cases of Pilot Error as the Hawk aircraft is capable of manoeuvring in Transonic and Supersonic speeds (only in cases where the aircraft is going in a dive, else the aircraft can go Transonic in level flight). HAL has also signed an MoU with BAE Systems to develop a weaponised version of the Hawk, to serve as a Close Combat Support aircraft having limited Air to Air capabilities as well.The BAE Hawk Mk 132 AJT in service with the IAFThe IAF has resurrected the SKAT in 2015 with six of these aircraft in its inventory, replacing the Kiran Mk II Trainer Aircraft formerly in service with the team.A BAE Hawk Mk 132 aircaft with the IAF’s Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team's new liveryIn addition to the three stage aircraft training imparted by the IAF, it also conducts aircraft specific training for its pilots. The IAF has Units like the MiG Operational Flying Training Unit or MOFTU, which imparts training to the young pilots on the MiG 21 aircaft which has a reputation of very high speed landings and take-off. This is done to aclimatize the pilots to the unforgiving supersonic MiG’s of the IAF.I would fail in my duty if I don't mention our courageous Pilots and tireless Technicians who keep our rotors churning, jets running all year long. These machines are nothing without the men behind them.JAI HIND !
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What evidence is there that Russian hackers tried to influence the US presidential election?
Before discussing evidence, it’s important to be clear that the assessment of the U.S. intelligence community is unanimous: Russia interfered with the election. It happened.The FBI, CIA, NSA, and ODNI all said so when they were run by Obama appointees, and they continue to say so now that they’re run by Trump appointees. DHS says so, too.Presidents, too. Obama said it. Bush said it. Trump said it. He tries to downplay it, but he said it. And his CIA Director and Secretary of State say they aren’t going to stop.And Congress, as well. Members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees from both parties have said it.That’s two branches of government, two political parties, partisans and civil servants; Republicans, Democrats, and dedicated professionals living and breathing national security every day.Outside the U.S. government, private sector companies specializing in computer forensics have said it, even those that compete with each other and have strong incentive to prove the others wrong. More on that shortly.To be as clear as possible before moving on, the FBI, CIA, and NSA, through the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, published the following assessment:President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.So, we’re confident the Russians attempted “an influence campaign” to interfere with the 2016 U.S. election, but what form did this take?The effort was multi-pronged:Establishing contact with the Trump campaign and those receptive to Russian overtures.Hacking into Democratic servers and leaking stolen information.Organized trolling using Russian agents and bots to maximize the propaganda value of the leaked emails, spread disinformation, disrupt political discourse, foment anger and vitriol, support Trump messaging, etc.BsignNowing U.S. election systems, either for 2016 or to set up actions for future elections.Item #1 relates to the ongoing collusion investigation of contacts between Russia and the Trump team. That would be a whole answer on its own, and it’s not even necessary to show evidence of the Russian interference, so I’ll just offer this quick summary:At least 12 Trump associates had contacts with Russians during the campaign or transitionThere were at least 19 face-to-face interactions with Russians or Kremlin-linked figuresThere were at least 51 communications -- meetings, phone calls, email exchanges and more.This flies in the face of at least nine blanket denials from Trump world of any contacts with RussiaIf you want to read the details behind that, go ahead: By the numbers: The Trump orbit's contacts with Russians is a good start, or for a more in depth timeline: All the known times the Trump campaign met with RussiansThe majority of this answer will focus on #s 2, 3, and 4.Now that we’ve established what we know, we can move on to how we know it. That part gets a bit more complicated.Although all those U.S. government entities say so with high confidence, they can’t exactly “show their work” to the general public without telling the Russians all the ways they used to catch them. If they did, they would not only be telling them how to avoid detection in the future, but endangering the lives of human intelligence sources (our spies and assets) and the continued viability of any electronic or cyber intelligence sources, such as any vulnerabilities we’ve exploited in their systems.Usually, it’s not just the sources and methods that are kept secret but everything. Generally, the public doesn’t get told anything U.S. intelligence knows, except in serious situations, like when they discovered Russia’s previous management, the Soviet Union, was secretly installing nuclear missile sites 90 miles off the coast of Florida, a scary incident known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.In this case, when they decided to go public, they made two reports, but we only got to see the unclassified one, which leaves out the sensitive details about how we know what we know. Here’s how it’s explained in the report:“Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections” is a declassified version of a highly classified assessment that has been provided to the President and to recipients approved by the President.The Intelligence Community rarely can publicly reveal the full extent of its knowledge or the precise bases for its assessments, as the release of such information would reveal sensitive sources or methods and imperil the ability to collect critical foreign intelligence in the future.Thus, while the conclusions in the report are all reflected in the classified assessment, the declassified report does not and cannot include the full supporting information, including specific intelligence and sources and methods.Since they can’t tell us their evidence, any answer to this question on Quora will be missing the majority of the evidence.However, even without them spilling all their secrets, there’s quite a bit that’s publicly known. And the preceding two sentences taken together should underscore just how overwhelming the evidence must be.One last thing before diving in, a quick note of caution: Do not be confused by talk about “the dossier” or “the Nunes memo” as they have little to do with this.Ok, so here’s some of the evidence that’s publicly known:Democratic servers were hacked by Russians. Although the government isn’t willing to expose all their evidence for this, we have plenty.Let’s start with the strong forensic information from multiple private sector firms.The Democratic National Committee suspected something happened but wasn’t sure what, so they “called in CrowdStrike, a security firm that specializes in countering advanced network threats.”While the infiltration was very advanced, within just two hours CrowdStrike discovered reams of evidence that left little doubt that not only did the Russians hack them, but two different Russian agencies had.Knowing that this was a big claim, they published their evidence. Their report is pretty specific. It’s not that long but includes all sorts of technical details, including excerpts from the actual code, among other things. Feel free to read it if you want to get deeper into the weeds.It’s not just the company the Democrats hired saying so: “Two competing cybersecurity companies, Mandiant (part of FireEye) and Fidelis, confirmed CrowdStrike's initial findings that Russian intelligence indeed hacked the DNC.” Now, we’re up to three saying so.Then a fourth cyber security firm “examined the forensic data from the DNC hack themselves, and endorsed Crowdstrike’s conclusions.” This company you might’ve even heard of: Symantec.The U.S. government confirmed the findings as well. A separate report we’ll get into later reiterated many of the points raised by CrowdStrike, including when each of the Russian intelligence agencies they identified infiltrated the DNC (the hacks were done at different times).Part of the evidence is that CrowdStrike had seen these digital fingerprints before. They investigate 15,000 hacks every year, so when their software analyzes systems, it recognizes that certain sequences of actions taken form patterns that become a unique signature. Wired explains, “Every action at a system level on the DNC's computers was recorded and checked against CrowdStrike's bank of prior intelligence (the company processes 28 billion computer events a day).” There are “a handful of small but signNow tells: data exfiltrated to an IP address associated with the hackers; a misspelled URL; and time zones related to Moscow.”In other words, the companies are familiar with these hackers and know what to look for. Here’s a little blurb about how familiar they are with their modus operandi:“Security companies can tell you much more about these groups, their code, their infrastructures, and their methods. (The Finnish security firm F-Secure has an excellent 34-page write-up of [one of the Russian intelligence agency hacker groups], and FireEye has a deep dive into [the other Russian hacker group], among many other reports by different companies.) (PDF) From analysis of the dozens of malware packages used exclusively by these hackers, researchers can tell you that…“They’re usually compiled on machines with the language set to Russian.”“Both groups operate during working hours in Russia, and take Russian holidays off.”“Their targets are radically different from those of for-profit criminals hackers in Eastern Europe or anywhere else—no banks, no retailers with credit card numbers to steal—always governments, companies, journalists, NGOs, and other targets that the Russian government would be interested in.”One part of the hack involved tricking DNC employees with phony links that were used in previous hacks tied to Russia.As good as the Russians were at hacking, they made mistakes, during and after the hack. For example, they inadvertently left Russian-language metadata in the leaked files.Oops.There’s even Russian language error messages accidentally embedded due to the way they exported the docs. Crowdsourcing spotted that, not just the cyber firm. A Twitter user who used to work for British intelligence did some great analysis."error! invalid hyperlinks" in Russian... pic.twitter.com/T9jmLnNiKF— davi (((
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