Search Electronic signature Document Later
Make the most out of your eSignature workflows with airSlate SignNow
Extensive suite of eSignature tools
Robust integration and API capabilities
Advanced security and compliance
Various collaboration tools
Enjoyable and stress-free signing experience
Extensive support
How To Add Sign in eSignPay
Keep your eSignature workflows on track
Our user reviews speak for themselves
Search Electronic signature Document Later. Discover probably the most user-helpful knowledge of airSlate SignNow. Manage your whole file processing and discussing method digitally. Go from hand-held, papers-dependent and erroneous workflows to computerized, electronic and perfect. It is possible to generate, produce and indication any papers on any system anywhere. Be sure that your important company cases don't slip overboard.
Find out how to Search Electronic signature Document Later. Follow the simple guide to get started:
- Build your airSlate SignNow account in click throughs or sign in along with your Facebook or Google bank account.
- Enjoy the 30-working day free trial version or select a prices plan that's excellent for you.
- Find any legal design, create on the internet fillable types and talk about them firmly.
- Use innovative functions to Search Electronic signature Document Later.
- Indicator, modify signing buy and collect in-individual signatures ten times faster.
- Established intelligent alerts and get notices at every step.
Relocating your tasks into airSlate SignNow is uncomplicated. What adheres to is a simple method to Search Electronic signature Document Later, together with ideas to help keep your colleagues and lovers for greater collaboration. Empower your workers together with the finest instruments to be along with business procedures. Increase output and level your organization more quickly.
How it works
Rate your experience
-
Best ROI. Our customers achieve an average 7x ROI within the first six months.
-
Scales with your use cases. From SMBs to mid-market, airSlate SignNow delivers results for businesses of all sizes.
-
Intuitive UI and API. Sign and send documents from your apps in minutes.
A smarter way to work: —how to industry sign banking integrate
FAQs
-
What are the best productivity tools for entrepreneurs?
I now accept Suggested Edits, as they come in. Include the price of the product/service.Pre Launch:Javelin. Start and grow your product faster. javelin.com/?ref=p5eybNFKResearch:Clipular http://www.clipular.com (free)Evernote http://www.evernote.com. Free, and $45 per year.Launching Soon Page:LaunchRock http://www.launchrock.comLaunchSoon http://launchsoon.comLanding PagesSelf Hosted:ThemeForest http://www.themeforest.net $8+Hosted:UnBounce (landing pages) http://www.unbounce.com $50/moKickOffLabs: http://www.kickofflabs.com/ $15/monthOptimizely: https://www.optimizely.com/ $17/monthTurnkey...
-
Are digital signatures legal?
Are Digital Signatures Legal?Yes, a digital signature holds a legal stand in the court of law. Electronic Signature Legal Services are considered to be valid and enforceable. There are some criterions that are to be followed in the process of signing it digitally to have its legal effects intact and equivalent to a written signature. Earlier when documents were signed traditionally through pen and paper its legal stand were based on elements like intent of the parties to sign, validity of the contract etc.Here are some pre requisites that must be followed to assure that the document that you sign digitally will have legal binding:Both the parties should agree on accepting digital signature as a mode of signature. When it is a B2B transaction the consent can be circumstantial however when it is between a business and its customer that it should be affirmative.Software that enables Electronic Signature Solutions For Legal Services should be used in order to create and record the signature on the document.A digital signature must be recorded safely and should e babe to retain later in case if accurate reproduction is required by Esignatures legal department.It is to be understood that following these qualifications will make your digital signature secured with credibility that is needed in the court of law. In addition it does not hold any weight against other signatures or its paper counterpart.Legal binding also depends on the country you live in. right now in almost 27 countries — including Australia, China, Canada, the United States and Russia and also in the European Union region; electronic signatures are legally binding and are considered valid in the court of law.You must search beforehand whether Digital signatures are legal or not in the country you live-in in case of doubt. Otherwise Electronic Signature Legal Services are well-equipped and are acquired by many businesses for dealing with B2B or B2C documents and even for signing documents that are required internally.The process of digital signature is swift, simple and secure and it is equally important that it should be considered legal too. So make sure you acquire the services of such service providers that offer the legal bandwidth along with its other benefits.
-
How is the patent law career looking for the future?
So, How Do We Future-Proof Our Jobs?I’m not saying these jobs are going to be obsolete. I’m saying that if these things take you 40 hours a week to do, soon it will be three hours a week, so you are not going to be able to rely on that type of work to keep you busy. Machines are going to do a worse job than humans at things like drafting a cross-examination outline, not because it’s complex, but because a cross-exam is not just about the “what” you deliver, it’s about the “how.” So, you can have a very fact-based cross exam, but you are not going to persuade anyone with it if it’s not delivered properly. Machines might be able to help suggest better interrogatories for us, but responding and applying the proper objections, or even more importantly, knowing which battles to fight, that’s going to be a decision made by humans for a long time.So, the bottom line is that a lot of analysis and fact-finding will be done by machines, but the application is going to be done by humans. If you had dreams of being a traffic ticket lawyer one day, there’s still going to be that job in five or ten years, but a lot of that work is going to be taken up by machines.Lawyers can sometimes be behind the curve when it comes to technology adoption, so it’s not uncommon that our clients will be using things like OCR of documents and cloud storage and efax and electronic signatures before we do. Then, the questions come from the client of, “Why did you charge me a 2.8 for reviewing and analyzing the records to find Mr. X’s name if you could have OCR’ed it and run a text search? I’m marking that down to a 0.3.”That’s not the scary thing, though. The scary thing is when clients say, “Why should I even pay you a 0.3 when I have an app that will draft my contract/will/purchase agreement/etc. for a $4.99 one-time purchase.” Now, if you’re reading this, you are probably a lawyer or a law student and you are immediately thinking of 100 reasons why your ability to pick the right form for your clients or pull templates of old contracts you’ve drafted and Frankenstein together a new document with some client-specific tweaks is better than anything a robot could do. Most of you are probably right. For now.What are you going to do in seven to ten years when that is not true? From what I’ve seen, it’s coming. There is so much machine learning already going on in the background of so many popular apps that you use every day — you’d be surprised. Last week at the signNow Max conference, we saw a preview of some of the machine-learning tools coming out over the next year, and it’s mindblowing what analytical tasks computers can already do. The truth is that some services are not meant to be billed out at $350 an hour, and if you perform a type of service that can be done by a machine, you will be obsolete.I’ve previously written about how robots are not going to take over our jobs, and I stand by that analysis. That article ran on June 21, 2016, and less than a week later, one of the hottest trending topics on social media was a chatbot app that beat 160,000 traffic tickets. So, the truth is that robots are not coming to take our jobs, they are coming to revolutionize our jobs, and we can either get on board or become less relevant. There are certain aspects of legal work that robots will be great at (or are great at, if you are a traffic ticket robot). With other aspects of the legal profession, humans will have a monopoly for a little while longer.Things That Robots Will Do Better Than Humans In Five YearsI think technology is going to replace legal research jobs. Not entirely, but it’s going to make the job so much easier that legal research will take a fraction of what it does now. We watch a video in one of my classes that I teach from 20 or 30 years ago of an associate who is researching an appellate brief and spends all night Shepardizing a case. Now, of course, we do this with a few mouse clicks. In ten years, law students will watch videos of how we did legal research back in 2016, and they will laugh.A few weeks ago at the Academy for Private Practice in Philadelphia, we saw a new tool from Casetext that lets you drag and drop a brief into your browser window, and it will analyze the legal authorities you cite and let you know which cases and which statutes you are missing. Legal research is pretty mechanical. We already have tools in the ediscovery world that can tell you with fair accuracy whether one document out of a million is a hot document or an irrelevant document by reading a seed set of documents and “learning” what is important, and then instantly analyzing the rest of the documents to see if it can find anything relevant. What happens when we apply that to legal research, searching across millions of authorities, instead of millions of emails?Other jobs, such as form-heavy jobs, and jobs that rely on using templates or recycling old language from other cases, are going to be less relevant as well. That’s how that chatbot beat all of those traffic tickets – by running through a simple questionnaire, and then mechanically applying the laws to facts.
-
Which tools help to boost work productivity?
First things first, from all the tools I use, I’m listing a few that save me an immense amount of time. Thus helping me focus on things that matter. Here goes my list:Pocket - A handy tool to save useful links. After a while, my bookmarks are just unorganised and Pocket made it simple to save links. I could save everything in one place and hence retrieval is easy. Also, If I ever come across something during work that might be a distraction, I Pocket it and read it later.Buffer - Primarily I use this to manage posts and content from our SM handles. I schedule posts at one time and never have to look at it again. This saves a lot of time as I can dedicatedly work on the content and push them to the pipeline.LearnBee - (Disclaimer: my team built it and I use it every day). I use it to find a specific work file quickly or to attach multiple work files in an email or to search for a file to show to the team during a meeting. The Chrome extension just saves me an immense amount of time, which I otherwise waste searching for a file.Jira and Trello - Both of these tools help me individually as well as my team to prioritize, organise and complete tasks in a better and efficient way.
-
What are the best features of Microsoft Office 365?
Here’s a breakdown of some awesome Features Office 3651. Work Smarter, EverywhereAfter buying Office 365, you also gain access to its accompanying mobile apps and browser apps. This allows you to access their cloud service from any up to date web browser on your desktop or mobile device. Even better yet, you don’t have to install Office software on your computer to do this.The mobile app allows you to access all of your Office 365 subscriptions and Office products right from your smartphone or tablet; this includes Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Onenote, and more. Cut the cord and stop working on your PC only — download the Microsoft Office 365 mobile app to stay productive, even while on the go.2. Enjoy 50 GB of StorageEach Office 365 user receives a whopping 50 GB of storage with Exchange Online; this can be used to save emails, calendar events, task lists, meeting notes, contact information, and email attachments.You can save some more space in your mailbox by utilizing the OneDrive cloud storage feature to share attachments.Your OneDrive storage is also synced to your device, enabling you to work offline on files. As soon as you reconnect to the web, the newest versions of your documents will be automatically uploaded to your cloud storage. The new versions of your documents will also be sent to any other connected device, including your phone or tablet — nifty!3. Edit Documents with Real-Time Co-AuthoringCollaborate online and see changes your team makes to shared documents within your Office apps as they happen with the real-time co-authoring feature in Word. Save your file to OneDrive cloud storage or SharePoint so your team can access the document and make any necessary edits or updates. You can also share it directly from Word by utilizing a handily integrated sidebar. As the publisher and access-giver, you can edit accessibility settings at any time.With the improved version control that was rolled out with Office 2016 co-authoring, you can see which changes to the document were made by which contributor and when the update was made. You can also easily revert back to a previous version of the file whenever you need to.4. Connect with Co-WorkersYou may not have known this, but Office apps include a Skype in-app integration. You can use this feature to instant message your teammates, share your screen during meetings and have audio or visual conversations — without even exiting the Office apps you’re working in. You can continue Skype conversations even after you close your office apps via your desktop or mobile version of Skype. The best part? Your team will receive unlimited Skype minutes.Source: Microsoft5. Send Links, Not FilesIt’s time to move away from email attachments. It’s never been easier to share documents for co-authoring!Simply upload your file to Office 365’s cloud storage. Then, write your email via Outlook or the Outlook web app. Rather than attaching your document to the email, you can insert a link to the file on your cloud. Outlook will automatically allow email recipients to edit the document you wish to share. You can always change permissions on any document at your convenience.6. Convert OneNote Items into Outlook Calendar EventsEasily configure OneNote items to tasks within your Outlook calendar. You can also assign tasks to colleagues, complete with follow-up reminders and concise due dates. You can also transfer meeting notes taken in OneNote via email to your teammates, and add important details (date, location, and attendees) to their respective meeting.7. Use Your Mouse as a Laser Pointer during PowerPoint PresentationsWith only a simple keyboard shortcut (Ctrl + P), your mouse can be used as a laser pointer during your PowerPoint presentations. You can also use the “presenter mode” commands while using this feature.The laser pointer tool has been a nifty trick within older versions of the office apps for years; however, it was only recently integrated for touch-screen devices. All you have to do is hold down on your device’s screen, and the laser pointer will appear.8. Create a Power Map Using ExcelTurn data into a 3-D interactive map with Power Map, one of the many Power BI-enhanced data visualization features that Excel has to offer. It comes with three different filters: List, Range, or Advanced. The Power Map will help you not only convey your data more effectively, but also support your claims by creating a tangible story from the numbers.
-
How do I register my company and logo in India?
Incorporating a company in India is slightly difficult than you may think. Its better you hire a CS, CA or a Lawyer to do it for you. Nonetheless, here is the process:(1) Obtain DIN (Director Identification Number) from Registrar of Companies, Ministry of Corporate Affairs of all the proposed Directors in your Company. (2) Obtain DSC (Digital Signature Certificate) from any of the authorities recognised by Registrar of Companies of all the Directors. (3) Apply in a prescribed format to the Registrar of Companies for the approval of name of your company. You need to provide a minimum of 5 options to the Registrar in this form.(4) Once you receive the name approval from the Registrar of Companies, you need to file the following documents with that office: (a) Memorandum of Association(b) Article of Association(c) Form 32 (Details of Directors)(d) Form 18 (Registered Office details)(e) Form 1 (Compliance with the Act) FEESThe official fees for which you will receive receipts (for a Company with an Authorised Capital of Rs 1 lakh) will be approximately Rs 11,000. Rest of it will be the fee of the working professional. On an average you're likely to spend Rs 5000 to Rs 10000 in addition to the official fee, so that the total price comes out to somewhere between Rs 16000 and Rs 21000.TIME FRAMEIf everything goes smoothly, you can register your Company within 20 to 30 days. However, if an objection is raised on an issue, it may take longer, as well. Good luck!Nitin
-
What are the most important tools for a freelance programmer?
One of the most important tools that every freelancer needs is the tool which helps you find leads and offers of projects you can work on.For this purpose, and also for managing online reputation you need a good social listening tool, like BRAND24. It is crucial for online reputation managing, and reputation managing is essential for getting new leads. But also by using media monitoring tool, you can directly find people interested in the services you provide.Let me explain on an example:By using BRAND24 media monitoring an analytics tool, you can discover what people are saying online about your brand - as it unfolds in real time.It gives you instant access to mentions about your brand across the web, from social networks to influential publishers. This way, you can manage your reputation, thank people for recommending you and your services and respond to a dissatisfied customer before the story gets ahead of you.For this purpose, you need to start a project and use your name, your social media logins, nickname, or company name as keywords the tool will track across the web.But you can use BRAND24 for finding new customers too!80% of consumers do research or ask online before making a buying decision. Listening tools give you a chance to find these leads, identify where to promote products, and find customers before they find you.The roadmap:First, you need to find all these conversations. For this purpose, the best idea is to use media monitoring application, for example, BRAND24, which I recommend (and also apply for this purpose!). It’s easy to use and efficient app for real-time internet monitoring and analyses. It gives instant access to all public posts relevant to the keywords you monitor.So, if you started a free trial, you need to set up the first monitoring project. My recommendation here would be to monitor your brand and products to keep an eye on everything that people are saying online about it. It gives you a chance to answer every question or doubt, follow-up on positive comments from your brand ambassadors, or respond to a dissatisfied customer before the story gets ahead of you.The second project would be dedicated to getting leads. Here the keywords you want to monitor would be phrases related to your products and niche:where can I buy…?could anyone recommend…?I need to buy…recommend…looking for…etc.After starting a project, the tool would start collecting mentions from all over the web, and in the Mention Tab you will find all public posts, like this:Start a free trial, no credit card needed, and see how it will work for you!I hope I helped!
-
What is a good annotation of the Bitcoin white paper?
[BAD EARLY DRAFT - This is being continually revised and updated, with important edits from - I hope - you. If I use your suggestion, I will credit you (unless you prefer otherwise). I especially welcome help from developers, cyrptographers, cypherpunks and other writers. I have not coded since high school.]With your help, the best annotation of the Bitcoin white paper will be below - co-built by you, me and other Quorans working together.Our annotation will be the most informative, most plain English and most entertaining annotation of the Bitcoin white paper.Here we go.Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemPeer-to-peer means you and me and indirectly hints at no centralized entity.Electronic cash system means a way to move money (cash) over the internet. Think PayPal instead of paper dollar bills.Bitcoin is 9 years old and is barely used as electronic cash right now.People HODL (stick their Bitcoin under a virtual mattress), use Bitcoin as a capital flight conduit (from e.g. Venezuelan Bolivar to BTC to USD, Swiss Francs, gold, etc.)As inception, Bitcoin was not intended to be digital gold but maybe it’s destined to be that.This is changing as big exchanges like Coinbase (investor) add SegWit and Lightning.Satoshi Nakamoto satoshin@gmx.com http://www.bitcoin.orgSatoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym. We still don’t know who wrote the paper. Though the NSA might. How the NSA identified Satoshi Nakamoto – CryptoMuse – MediumAbstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.The phrases “purely peer-to-peer”, “sent directly” and “without going through a financial institution” strongly suggests the author’s anti-centralization DNA.Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.Now we get at one of the foundational things the paper and the Bitcoin code solves. Bitcoin is a digital asset that I can give you, but if I do that, I can’t give it to someone else because the Bitcoin blockchain code does not permit it.We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.Bitcoin removes central points of failure.The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.Immutable. No one can change the Bitcoin transaction that happened. At all.The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power.Satoshi didn’t foresee the mining pool oligopoly that permeates Bitcoin and most Proof of Work cryptocurrencies today.As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers.What does controlled by nodes mean? Many people run nodes but only a few mining pools mine almost all the Bitcoin.This is also known as the 51% attack. But you just need one more node than 50% (e.g., 50% + 1) so it is more accurately a majority attack.The network itself requires minimal structure.Because?Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.As Alex Seewald notes in the comments below, Satoshi is probably referring to best effort delivery. Best-effort delivery - WikipediaWho is doing the broadcasting?Like everything else in Bitcoin, you as a runner of full nodes are free to come and go as you please. That’s why many Bitcoin maximalists argue Bitcoin Core is not centralized.However, others disagree.Quantifying Decentralization – news.earn.com1. IntroductionCommerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments.I think Satoshi is anti-bank, anti-PayPal and anti-Western Union. This is one reason why.While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model.A key facet of Bitcoin is that it is trustless. You don’t have to trust JP Morgan.Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes.Unlike Bitcoin.The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non- reversible services.Debit cards payments are hard to reverse. Cash payments are even harder to reverse. Especially when either is combined with an “All Sales Final” condition.With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads.Yes and many Americans prefer trusting American Express’ customer service over some random merchant on the internet that might rip you off.Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need.BItcoin is just reallocating the risk from merchants back to consumers. It’s kind of anti-consumer tbh.A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable.Yes, just like how so many of my friends have lost some crypto stolen or lost. Seems unavoidable!These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.He should have said much earlier, “Unlike physical currency…”What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.Proof of work.Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers.Decentralized escrow? Are buyers to trust a third party centralized escrow service over American Express? As a buyer, I’m not doing that.In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions.Making it easier to follow the money i mean Bitcoin.The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.Bitcoin relies (trust?) the majority of full node runners to be honest. Here’s hoping mob rule, centralized mining or mass hysteria never takes over.2. TransactionsWe define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures.Very unexpected IMO. How is this anything like a normal coin? It is a ledger ledger of all the transactions relating to one asset, which isn’t even totally fungible with others. It seems we can literally give you the coin from Satoshi’s genesis block or another coin that we all know was mined today by F2Pool or whatever.Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin.Moving the digital signatures off the main chain is a bit scary to some folks - that’s why some dislike SegWit - which does that.A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.Who the heck wants to do an electronic title search every time they spend $100 of Bitcoin? This makes sense for big purchases like real estate and collectibles but not for small or even medium sized purchases.I’m not sure how pragmatic Satoshi was. He built great tech. He was not as great at guessing use cases and what unmet, urgent need Bitocin actually meets.Transaction[Would love it if someone can please help me and copy paste in the diagrams.]Owner 0's SignatureOwner 1's Private KeyTransactionOwner 1's SignatureOwner 2's Private KeyTransactionOwner 2's SignatureOwner 1's Public KeyOwner 2's Public KeyOwner 3's Public KeyHashHashHashThe problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin.Satoshi focuses a lot on double spending.A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending.Mints and the entity that checks for double spending can be two different entities, no? In the analog world, the US government prints money. Maybe a private third party company like a PayPal checks for double spending among its users and customers.After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent.This is bad if you believe, like Ray Dalio, government should increase the money supply (issue new coins) when no one’s spending, everyone’s HODLing and the token economy is shrinking. And you should decrease money suply (burn coins) if there is high or hyperinflation.The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank.Broadly speaking, we have not really gotten away from that in Bitcoin. We just replaced banks with centralized mining chip makers, mining pools, developers, maintainers, client implementations, exchanges, wallets, owners, etc.We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions.This seems like a total pain. No wonder Hashcash didn’t work.For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend.What are the implications of this, if any?The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions.Awful.In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first.To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received.The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received.3. Timestamp ServerThe solution we propose begins with a timestamp server.A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5].Hmmm…The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash.Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it.Owner 3's Private KeyHashHashBlock2BlockItemItem...ItemItem...VerifyVerifySignSign4. Proof-of-WorkTo implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof- of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts.Adam is the relatively (compared to unctuous CTO Greg Maxwell) cypherpunk and CEO of the controversial Blockstream, funded in part by Tencent in China.The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits.The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash.For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits.[Can someone help translate all this into plain English?]Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work.Immutable.As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making.If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs.Wonder what Satoshi thought of Proof of Stake at the time he wrote the white paper in 2008.Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote.Does hash rate matter more than full nodes?The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it.Some developers like Gavin Andressen IIRC tweeted that the real Bitcoin is the one with the longest chain, and that might be Bitcoin Cash.If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains.This is why small blockers want to ensure that blocksizes per second remain small - or become even smaller - so that many people - not just miners - can run full nodes and keep miners honest and reduce the risk of miners colluding and engaging a majority attack.To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes.It would appear that Bitcoin is only immutable to the extent that most of the CPU power is controlled by honest nodes.We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.Arguably Bitcoin becomes harder to attack as blocks grow.To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.5. NetworkThe steps to run the network are as follows:1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.2) Each node collects new transactions into a block.3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash.Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof- of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one.3BlockBlockPrev HashNoncePrev HashNonceTxTx...TxTx...New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to signNow all nodes. As long as they signNow many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one.6. IncentiveBy convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free.The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.7. Reclaiming Disk SpaceOnce the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored.BlockBlock Header (Block Hash)Prev HashNonceRoot HashHash01Hash23Hash0Hash1Hash2Hash3Tx0Tx1Tx2Tx3BlockBlock Header (Block Hash)Prev HashNonceRoot HashHash01Hash23Hash2Hash3Tx3Transactions Hashed in a Merkle Tree After Pruning Tx0-2 from the BlockA block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.48. Simplified Payment VerificationIt is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it.Longest Proof-of-Work ChainBlock HeaderBlock HeaderBlock HeaderPrev HashNoncePrev HashNoncePrev HashNonceMerkle RootMerkle RootMerkle RootHash01 Hash23Merkle Branch for Tx3Hash2 Hash3Tx3As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification.9. Combining and Splitting ValueAlthough it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender.It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history.5TransactionInOutIn......10. PrivacyThe traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were.Traditional Privacy ModelTransactionsNew Privacy ModelIdentities TransactionsAs an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner.11. CalculationsWe consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent.The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1.The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to signNow breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever signNowes breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]:p = probability an honest node finds the next block q = probability the attacker finds the next block qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behindIdentitiesTrusted Third PartyPublicq ={ 1 if p≤q} z q/pz if pq6CounterpartyPublicGiven our assumption that p > q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind.We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late.The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction.The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value:=z q pTo get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point:∞ ke−{q/pz−k ifk≤z} ∑k=0 k!⋅ 1 ifkzRearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution...z ke− z−k 1−∑k=0 k! 1−q/p Converting to C code... #include
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); }return sum; }7Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z. q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 Solving for P less than 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12. ConclusionWe have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power.Do coins have a majority of CPU power?The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them.Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism.The controversial UASF (User Activated Soft Fork) push for SegWit was arguably an example of consensus and honest folk running full nodes forcing the Bitcoin community (miners) to make SegWit an option for users, merchants, exchanges, etc. and pave the way for SegWit adoption.8References[1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998.[2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999.[3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.[4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993.[5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.[6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/h..., 2002.[7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.[8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.9
Trusted esignature solution— what our customers are saying
Get legally-binding signatures now!
Related searches to Search Electronic signature Document Later
Frequently asked questions
How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
How to create electronic signature image?
How to not save every time you digitally sign a pdf?
Get more for Search Electronic signature Document Later
- How Can I Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- How Can I Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- Can I Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- Can I Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- How To Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- How To Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- How Do I Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
- Help Me With Electronic signature Vermont Police PDF
Find out other Search Electronic signature Document Later
- Yexus lub neej pdf form
- Lejekontrakt typeformular u 1991
- Supply and demand super teacher worksheets deaccessproject form
- Pediatric symptom checklist 17 psc 17 wyomingpal form
- Machtiging motorrijtuigenbelasting automatisch betalen form
- Royal caribbean application form kings recruit
- Tactical worksheet usar midwest search and rescue midwestsearchandrescue form
- Tulare county league of mexican american woman form
- Cp40615 mandatory 116 form
- 01 page 1 of 4 state highway administration independent quality assurance erosion and sediment control field investigation form
- Ct iv contrast informed consent form
- Economic disclosure form
- Htx104 pe submittal data ebtron form
- Third party authorization rushmore loan management services dev rushmorelm forebrain form
- Tower transit application form
- Form 261
- 50075 1 hud form
- Met life jy6004 form
- Opm form 1647 c 2011
- Nys state aid voucher form