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Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People

Typically, all information used in financial analysis of public companies is available through a variety of filings. Investment BankingIn investment banking, typically a public information book (PIB) is created at first. This is just an aggregate of all the most recent publicly-available information on the company. Usually, the PIB includes the following:General public information (Company information and financial data from FactSet, Capital IQ, and Bloomberg). Prospectus (usually follows a major event, like M&A, equity offering, etc.)Annual reportForm 10-KForm 10-QProxy statement - information about company shares and shareholdersResearch reports (sell-side equity research)News run (usually for the past 2-6 months if available, from company website or Bloomberg)Ownership run (tracks ownership structure of a company)From this, a company profile can be constructed. This typically includes a company overview, market statistics, a financial overview (projections, statements), stock price performance, leadership, products, and ownership. The purpose of this is to gain an understanding of the company itself - how it's segmented, how it's performed in the last year, or any important events to take into consideration.Then from there on, more specific analyses are conducted. For example, for an acquisition ideas presentation, a variety of things need to be taken into consideration:Determination of fit (size, industry, technology, synergies, etc.)Target's potential (organic growth prospects, management talent, etc.)Financial considerations (target leverage, accretion/dilution of shares, market perception)Legal considerations (anti-trust, etc.)Then the target is examined for availability (whether or not they're likely to sell). Signs for a lack of availability include:signNow insider control with no need for liquidityFamily-owned with clear-cut succession strategyMajority owned by another company for which holding onto the target company is a clearly beneficial choiceStrong and consistent financial performanceCurrent parent is clearly the best owner for the target companySigns of availability include:Owned by a private equity firm looking for an exitFinancial underperformanceNeed for capitalShareholder discontent/activismManagement lacking in talent (failure to grow organically, struggling performance, etc.)Then, from there on, models are constructed (pro-forma merger models, DCF, LBO if applicable, comparable companies, precedent transactions) which are used to justify a purchase price for a strategic transaction. I will not run through how to build the models, as it would not be economical for me to explain here. I suggest reading Investment Banking by Rosenbaum & Pearl for insight into modeling, as well as Macabacus, which is a great web resource.Hedge FundsAt the hedge fund where I work (long/short fundamental), the analyses are actually a lot less quantitative. Our fundamental financial analysis process focuses mainly on determining whether or not the current market price is justified given the risks associated with the stock. For example, the Apollo Group (NYSE: APOL) was trading at just shy of 6x earnings (P/E) when I was looking at it as a potential investment opportunity. Because my fund focuses on value investing, such a low P/E clearly presented a possibility for profit if all the negativity and bearishness surrounding the industry were unjustified. I did a lot of investigating on for-profit education in general, looking at education journals and objective surveys of academic performance and cost measures, as well as Senator Harkin's very harsh report detailing the failure of for-profits on delivering an education worth the cost.In the end I presented a thesis to not invest because:APOL's admirably optimistic attempts at restructuring operations are too late in the game. While they do streamline costs, the rate at which costs are declining is far overpowered by the rate at which revenues are fallingInsiders are selling shares. Control is also held 100% by a single party (only one class of voting shares which is all owned by one guy), which is a fundamentally broken ownership structureEnrollment is dropping steeplyPublic perception of for-profit education is almost universally negativePublic scrutiny of for-profit education is tightening, especially with Obama's recent presidential win. It's unlikely that the already harsh regulatory environment will mellow anytime soonHigher Education Act is up for revision again, and it looks like the rules will only get worse for institutions like ApolloApollo derives ~85% of earnings from government, which is just too reliant. Recent budget cutbacks could negatively impact the company's earningsI may have forgotten some reasons, but you get the picture. I built comps and precedent transactions models but that was it - did not need a DCF (very unreliable for a company with such an unpredictable future) and chose not to build an LBO because I didn't see my fund investing in the company and felt it would be a waste of time.I know this was an example but I hope it outlines the research process. We look a lot more at fundamentals and potential for growth with regards to the stock price. More quantitative means of analysis, like modeling, are reserved for when they're actually needed. This allows fund analysts to cover more companies at once and not waste time building models they don't need.I hope this helps. I'd be happy to answer any questions, just comment below!Don't really know how private equity financial analysis works, but I imagine it's similar to investment banking except looking at PE related financial measures, like leverage or FCF yield.

Guru Nanak went to Mecca on his 4th (last) udassi (journey/travel).If i brief the Story , then, Guru Nanak Shah traveled far as wide and one time he signNowed Mecca-the holiest place of Islam.He has his a Muslim Companion name Mardana. After signNowing Holy Mecca,it is said that Guru and his companion offered prayers and asked his follower to keep on singing while he laid down .The direction of his feet was towards Mecca and when this act was seen by a passerby, he got annoyed and when Guru asked him to move his feet to the place where Allah is not present, he dragged his feet towards other sides, but he was wonder stuck to see the Kabba move along with the Guru Feet.The news spread like fire in the city and the head Qazi/Qadi came to investigate and became a follower of Guru Nanak, after his questions were answered by Guru.Some muslims says that Guru Nanak couldn’t enter Mecca as it is forbidden for non-muslim, but there was no strict immigration department present in the time period during which Guru Nanak went so this opinion get over ruled.Now coming to historical evidences from Muslim and Non-Muslim accounts:Siyatho Baba Nanak Shah Fakhir - By Haaji Taajudin Naqshbandhi: He met Guru nanak in Iran; while he was on Hajj pilgrimage. He recorded his travels in his manuscript.Twarikh Arab - By Khwaja Jain-u-Labdeen: He was present in Mecca during Nanak's travel. He mentioned the discourse of Nanak and Rukn-ud-din.History of Punjab - Sayyed Muhammad Latif: He acknowledged Nanak travel to mecca.History of the Sikhs - Hari Ram Gupta; who mentioned Nanak dressed as Haji and went to Mecca.Vaar Bhai Gurdas - 16th Century manuscript by Gurdas, a writer, mentioned Nanak visited to Mecca.Some of the extracts from the historical book are as follows:-Dialog between Rukan-ud-din and GurujiSiyatho Baba Nanak Shah Fakhir - By Haaji Taajudin Naqshbandhi:Rukan-ud-din, without his companions, approached Guruji, who was singing kirtan. With respect he said, “Assalam Alaikum” (Muslim greeting meaning: Peace/blessing be upon you). In reply the Guru promptly gestured towards the sky and said in a loud greeting “Sat Shri Akal, Gurbar Akal“ (The Lord immortal is the sole truth; the all powerful timeless God). Rukan-ud-din was surprised by this unusual greeting.Rukan-ud-din promptly asked, “ تنتمي؟ مذهب فألي Fala Alla Mazahbu,” meaning, “which religion do you belong to?”The response was, “لي مذهب ال، هللا عبد إني .Abdulla Allah La Mazahabu,” meaning, “I am Allah’s man; I have no religion.”Qazi said, “Alabdohu Ilal Mazhab” meaning, “Sir, If you are a man, then you must belong to some religion, as Allah has made all the religions in the world for men. Please tell me the truth. Who are you? What is your religion? Where do you belong? What is your real purpose in coming here? Why are you singing in violation of sharia? I heard that you made Kaaba do your circumambulation. Everything you have done is against our religion.No wonder Muslims of Makkah are bewildered. One hundred and twenty-four thousand prophets have acknowledged that Kaaba is Allah’s abode. Imam and the Prophet have told us that music and singing are sacrilegious. But you did all this, and why?”Guruji listened to the qazi patiently, and then with rebab sang the following in Arabic:لي كن دي اخي قمر الزمان فال تحشي واكتنب االمانيRukan-ud-din Akheen Kamaruzaman || Fala Tehshi Wa Aktabulamaani ||مجاورمكه يا نور عيني فال تحشي واكتنبMujavar Makkah To Ya Noor Anee || Faa Tehshi Le Arasha Tilasaani ||ان ملك الشرلضه اذنرها باعيننا ميفاتيحEena Mulko Aashri Fato Azina Raha || Ba Aanana Meefa Teeh Al Janaani ||و اخالق كروض المزن تحكي مباسمها شفورال قخوانWa Iikhla Ko Karuzal Mazne The Ki || Maba Samha SaguRula Kehvani ||اذن طقو فدي او عقيق قوا فهيم مرتبه المعانيAaz Natakoo Fidran O Akeekan || Kawan Fee Hum Marutebatulmuaani ||بروهي ساده ملكوفودي مواظبهم علي هام الزمانيBaruhi Saad To Malkoo Fahudi || Mawazi Huam Alla Hamuzamaani ||Meaning: Rukan-ud-din, you are the senior qazi of Makkah and one of the administrators of Kaaba. You shine like a moon in the Islamic world. The entire Islamic nation honors your fatwa. Congratulations! But sadly, when it comes to truth and wisdom, you are a blank. Your ego will keep you and your brethren away from the destination. Dear Qazi, your quest for worship and obedience from your people will turn you into fuel for hell. Become a servant of Allah, and worship only Allah. That alone is the path to your salvation. The purpose of my arrival is to meet people here so that together we can understand the truth that is Allah. Success is not in shouting ‘Allah Allah’ from minarets but in our accomplishments. One’s first responsibility is to recognize oneself. Once we have realized our true selves, then we should think about others, because we are all his creation. Taajudin writes that most of the day passed in questions and answers between the Guru and Rukan-ud-din. He said that there were 360 questions and answers in total. The Qazi, in every subject, was stressing complete mental obedience to the religious law saying that’s what is commanded in sharia by our Imams and the Prophet. The Guru was trying to convince the Qazi that there is nothing to be gained in becoming a slave to religious rules created by mortals (“Reliance on mortals is in vain; know this well - SGGS 281”). The Guru said that Islamic religion lays claim to the Creator yet when it comes to partnering with his creation your religion is a major offender. What you say and do, even your Quran Majid (Quran the glorious) does not condone. Take the question of music and singing, the ban is an invention of mullahs. Your Prophet was very fond of music and singing. He used to seek out and enjoy these gatherings. There is a famous story, in this regard, related to Prophet Sahib, which is mentioned in Hadees (Islamic religious book). Once the Prophet was invited to a wedding within the Quraysh tribe, when the prophet signNowed there, girls were singing folk songs. Seeing the Prophet they quickly switched to hymns.The Prophet interrupted them and said, “I enjoyed what you were singing before, please sing those songs again, and may Allah bestow honor upon you.” The Guru said, “Now dear Qazi! The Prophet is asking for a blessing of honor from Allah for girls singing folk songs. My songs, which have nothing but the praise of the Creator, you call them blasphemous. What kind of justice is this? Dear Qazi, why not first learn from your own Prophet?” Hearing this reference from Islam, the Qazi bowed his head, he joined his hands in humility and prayed, “Ya Rabi Inal Tahrahoo Fil Kaluboil Rab”, meaning, “Your Majesty, I have heard that you are Allah Himself, please grant me the ability to recognize you.” Saying this Rukan-ud-din’s voice choked, and his eyes welled up, and he placed his head at the Guru’s feet. The Guru lifted Qazi’s head with his hands and said the blessing “Sat Kartar, Sat Kartar, Kartar Chit Aaway” meaning, “True is the Creator! True is the Creator! May you be reminded of the Creator always.” Then, the Guru said, “Dear Qazi, your bowing has been accepted in his court. But mind your companions who came with you, they had suggested punishments for me. They didn’t doubt that you will execute those punishments. Now seeing your actions to the contrary, they are plotting against you. It’s possible that they will attack you before you return to the city. You had decreed a fatwa of blasphemy against me. Instead of punishing my blasphemy, you bowed your head on my feet. I accept your bowed head, but you should prepare to save yourself from these people.” The Guru was testing the Qazi with the above words like somebody strikes a vessel to hear its sound before purchasing. But exalted are the blessed feet of the Guru whose mere touch had cleansed the mind of the Qazi. The blessed Qazi got up and took a look at his companions. Indeed, they were biting their fingers in disbelief and were red with rage; they would have loved to get their hands on the Qazi and would have ripped him to pieces. Hail to the Satguru, the true warrior whose arrow of love when it strikes, even the worst of the egoists’ crumble in surrender. And in surrender, the Qazi’s whole nature transformed: ‘One who does not frighten anyone, and who is not afraid of anyone else – SGGS 1427’. The fearless Qazi who was now aware of the inner thoughts of his companions turned towards the Guru and requested with folded hands, “Your Majesty, to remove my companions’ delusion and false pride I beg your forgiveness to trouble you with two more questions. Please oblige me with an answer.Reference to Uncut Hair from the QuranQazi Rukan-ud-din was no longer afraid of his companions. Instead, his query stemmed from his new spiritual state which sought the welfare of his companions so that their doubts could be removed. The Guru answered, “I have taken the trouble to travel a thousand miles. I have come here for the sole purpose of offering true direction and answering any questions you may have. Please ask without hesitation and remove any doubts you may have.” Question: Our prophet has instructed that men trim the mustache which extends past the length of three fingers. The length of one’s beard shouldn’t be allowed to grow more than a closed fist. Similarly, he has advised removing underarm and pubic hair, and head hair at a length where it touches the neck. Why do you keep your hair uncut? Answer: The Guru smiled and said, “I have been telling you for a while now that following another human being will turn you into fuel for hell. Live how Allah has wished for us, and worship only Him. Salvation lies only in following Allah. Worship of Allah is our objective, worshiping anybody else will trap us in delusion.” Rukan-ud-din said with folded hands, “Oh Prophet from India, I know not what Allah truly wishes from us. Please explain.” Guruji laughed and said, “Good man! Allah’s word in the Quran provides you the direction.” Rukan-ud-din: “Does the Quran solve this issue?” Guruji: “Quite well, in fact very clearly.”Rukan-ud-din: “I know the Quran by heart. I read it daily, but I do not yet understand it. Please explain, so that Arabs can also receive instructions for the true path to salvation.” Guruji: “Refer to Sipara 2, Surat Baqarah, Ruku 24, Ayat 19519. Read it yourself, and also read it to your friends.” Rukan-ud-din rose up and addressed his companions, “Brothers! You were wondering why these Indians have grown their hair uncut and are not following sunnat-e-nabvi (the way of life prescribed by the Prophet). Listen! The decision imparted by the Quran, the word of و أتموا الحج و العمرة هلل فإن أحصرتم فما استيسر من الهدي و ال تحلقوا :pure the Allah رؤوسكمWaatimmoo alhajja waalAAumrata lillahi fain ohsirtum fama istaysara mina alhadyi wala tahliqoo ruoosakum. Meaning: It’s essential for Muslims proceeding towards the house of Allah for Hajj to keep their hair uncut.”Hajj is a foundation of Islam; it’s the beginning of a spiritual journey for Muslims. Hajj is like Baptism for Christians, Janeu (sacred thread) for Hindus and Amrit for Sikhs. For Hajj, the instruction from the Quran is: ”Keep hair uncut for completing the Hajj, during this period cutting hair is strictly prohibited.” Muslims who pay only lip service to Islam may not follow it, but Muslims who are true to Islam, the ones who have surrendered their self to Allah, becomes their duty to maintain uncut hair. This principle is consistent with “swbq sUrq dsqwr isrw. Consider the maintenance of God-given unaltered appearance as a sign of your respect (i.e. turban on your head) – SGGS 1084” and “Mukheshamsharni naha kasha na sharish– Yajurveda saruti 119). The crowd of clergy was impressed by Guru’s explanation. Rukan-uddin was comforted by this change in attitude in the crowd, and requested the Guru, “Your Eminence, we are beginning to understand. There is one more clarification which will help remove our doubts. I, therefore, have one more question: from the time of Prophet Ibrahim to Prophet Muhammad, all the prophets have acknowledged that the building of Kaaba is Allah’s abode. You have shown disrespect, and have slept with your feet touching Kaaba, but why?”Clarification about Kaaba from the QuranRukan-ud-din saw that the Guru had courageously and wisely dismissed old stories propped up in the name of religion and had exploded superstitions created by the clergy. He also noticed that the crowd had softened to the Guru, so he took this opportunity to understand the matter of Kaaba. It was now afternoon, and everybody was paying attention to what Guru is going to say about Kaaba. The Guru sitting steady like a mountain replied affectionately to the Qazi, “Same as before, your Quran does not allow that this building be called Allah’s home. Quran, the most aqrabu nahnu نحن أقرب اليه من حبل الوريد:belief your contradicts, gracious ilaihi min hablil warid20” Meaning: Allah had made it clear to Prophet Muhammad Sahib that I don’t reside in buildings and homes. Instead, I am closer to every human being than his jugular vein. As in Gurbani: “puhp mD ijau bws bsq hY muk`rr mwih jYsy CweI[[qYsy hI hir bsY inrMqr Git hI Kojo BweI[[ - As fragrance is in flower and image in a mirror, so does God dwell inseparably inside; Oh my brother seek him in your own heart – SGGS 684” Upon hearing this ayat of the Quran, not just Rukan-ud-din but all in presence bowed and cried out “ تعالى هللا جزاكم، مرحبا Marhaba, Labaak, Jazakahmulahetaala,” meaning, “Welcome.” Soon the word spread in Makkah that the chief Qazi along with his companions has accepted Nanak Shah Fakir as their spiritual guide, and this became the talk of the town among the faithful. 20 Surat Qaf (50:16): I [God] am closer to him [man] than [his] jugular vein. 54 The news signNowed the Amir (Ruler) of Makkah that Nanak Shah Qalandar, the Indian saint has descended with his powers in Makkah and that Amir’s chief Qazi himself had become Nanak’s disciple.The Account of Rukan-ud-din from Twarikhe ArabKhawaja Zayn Al-Abedin wrote that, after bidding farewell to the Guru, Rukan-ud-din didn’t go home. Instead, he went to a nearby cave in the mountains and started meditating.Meanwhile, mullahs in Makkah had complained to the Amir that Rukan-ud-din had turned into a kafir. They told the Amir that Rukanud-din has taken spiritual guidance from Nanak, the Indian saint, and has turned his back on Islam. The mullahs complained that Rukan-uddin has forsaken the rules of sharia and is sitting in caverns of Umra reciting false kalma. The Amir sent a legal complaint to the Qazis, and the mullahs started issuing fatwas against Rukan-ud-din, which included: Rukan-ud-din is a kafir (infidel) as he followed Nanak Shah, a kafir whose teachings are blasphemous Confiscate all of his property Order his kin to leave the country Give him thirty lashes and then lock him in a dark box without food for eleven days Paint his face black and parade him through the streets of Makkah mounted on a camel Hang him upside down Bury him in hot sand.The historian writes, “When Rukan-uddin was dug out of hot burning sand, he was calm, and one could hear Allah’s name from every pore of his body.”Sant Prithipal Singh claimed that Rukn-ud-din’s descendants lived around the Tirah Mountains in Afghanistan.According to the last fatwa, Rukan-ud-din was to be buried up to his chest in sand and then stoned to death. The masses of Makkah stood around Rukan-ud-din with the skirts of their robes full of stones ready to rain death to please the Amir.Rukan-ud-din, buried in sand up to his chest, was absorbed in simran and had his eyes closed. Instead of sadness, his face glowed in peace.As per the tradition, the Amir asked two qazis to document Rukan-uddin’s last testament. The two men approached him and shouted,“By the sharia law, you are about to be put to death. Give us your last statement.” Rukan-ud-din opened his eyes looked at the two men and smiled. He remembered his Guru’s last words, “Whatever you saw just now, share that with your countrymen. You must bear the unbearable. Kartar will remain with you always.” The time to share with his countrymen had arrived.In front of everybody, he stated his last testament: hazrat imame el khatiba Rubanian ربي اإلمام حضرة ناناك، اكلمه ان فيها مسلم ” Nanak ma, akallamehu ina feehay musle mun.”This meant that “my religion and my god is Guru Nanak. He brings the greatest sacred message and the book. I believe in him. If you wish for redemption, then seek Nanak’s shelter. Whoever reflects on this, will go to heaven.”Upon saying this, his neck slumped, and he left his body . This would make Bhai Rukan-ud-din the first Sikh martyr, his martyrdom preceded that of Bhai Tara Popat (generally listed as the first shahid in Sikh literature). Bhai Tara was martyred by Babur’s soldiers in 1526.Babur was angered by resistance to his invasion of Lahore and ordered the city burned. Bhai Tara from a nearby village came to the rescue and refused to relent even when people told him that Babur had ordered that nobody is allowed to put out the fires. Bhai Tara sacrificed his life to stand up to tyranny.Sadness fell all around, stones fell on people’s own feet, and the guilt ridden crowd went home. Half of the people in the crowd turned their faith to Nanak, started simran and absorbed themselves in Kartar.Even to this day, the people of the Badh tribe, who are lion-hearted, and who are descendants of Nanak’s devotees, still live in Makkah and Baitul Muqaddas. They still are Guru Nanak’s Sikhs.On the west side of Makkah, there are three memorial dwellings named after: Hazrat Sultan Bahu, Sheikh Farid Sahib, and Nanak Shah. In the Nanak Shah dwelling, Guru’s Kharav (wooden sandal) is kept as a memento.Another beautiful Guru’s memorial building which has a dome is in the middle of the town, houses Guru’s aasa (walking staff). I (Mushtaq Hussein) visited these places during my visit to Makkah .Rukan-ud-din and his companions had offered to the Guru a silk robe which had the Quran ayats (verses) inscribed on it.Karoon Hamid, an Egyptian ruler, also offered a robe to the guru, this robe too was adorned with inscriptions from the Quran. According to Taajudin, the Makkah robe had Surat Fatihah inscribed on it, and at the end, there was the inscription: “La Ilaha Illa Aamta Subhanka Inni Kun Te Minzalemin.” Surat Fatihah, which occurs in the beginning of the Quran and is read daily as part of Namaz, is:“Alhamde Lilahe Rabul Alamin, Arahma Nighime, Maale Keyo Mideen, Iiya Kanahbudo Wa Iiya Ka Nastain, Eh Hado Nasira Talmusatkim, Wa Sira Taujeena, Anamta ale Him Geril Magdoo Be Alehim Wa ladawa Leen. Aameen.”I do not know which of these two robes is kept in Gurudwara Dera Baba Nanak.The chola (robe) at Gurudwara Chola Sahib, Dera Baba Nanak, India is believed to have been presented by an Arab king to Guru Nanak. The chola has 30 pages of the Quran Ayats inscribed on it.

How does a fund of hedge funds conduct due diligence? Short version: We turn over every stone, and keep turning before, during, and after an investment is made.Long version: I perform hedge fund due-diligence (DD) for family office and institutional investors so this topic is quite near and dear to me. I’m proud to have steered our clients away from several funds that turned out to either be fraudulent or blew up for operational reasons. We’re dealing with allocation sizes in the tens of millions so the stakes are obviously very high. I’ll try to be as detailed as possible but this will really only scratch the surface at best. There are se...

There are different schools of thought.  I'm more of a "business value" oriented lawyer - I look for ways legal work can create the most business value for clients based on the limited resources most startups can afford to invest in legal services.1. I always start with questions to understand the business and get situated. These questions guide everything else, because they separate things that matter from what aren't worth spending clients' limited funds on.  It helps me decide what legal services can best move the company forward on its limited budget.  Examples: What's the market need?  What's the value to customers?  What stage are you at?  How much traction do you have?  What are your business priorities right now?  Is it being bootstrapped or does it have money behind it (or hope to)?  Who are the stakeholders?  What legal work do you think is important?   2. Then I move onto specific topics of legal issues and ask some questions to see how the issues intersect with the company's business.  I try to figure out what's most important.  Common culprits include IP, employment/ownership contracts, the company's legal entity, and securities law.  Examples: Have you thought about how you'll prevent competitors from copying the technology or whether that's important? How soon are you planning to raise funding and how far along are you in the process?3. Once I identify which issues are most important, I start drilling down with precise questions designed to identify and prioritize very specific legal issues.  Example: If patent protection is important, I'll start asking about what the specific technology is, who contributed to the technology and how/when, what agreements they've signed, what agreements they signed with previous employers, whether or not they've told other people about the technology, etc.4. Usually, I'll also ask some questions to make sure I understand the situation correctly and see if the client and I are on the same page about what should happen next.  Example: "Based on what you've said, it seems like the important issue to stay on top of right now is X because Y.  Do you think so?"That's the gist of it!

When the US government bureaucracy became so cumbersome that it failed to properly handle legal immigration. That’s where the problem started.Back in the days of Ellis Island immigrants arrived by the boat load and we had a system to process them in one day. At some point, laws were changed, limits were imposed and the bureaucracy started growing. The process is now so hidebound a coworker of mine (a legal immigrant) is on the waiting list for citizenship. He is on a 90 year long waiting list! ! !Our government is failing to provide the services we pay them to provide. Take illegal farm labor immigrants for example. The businesses need them to do the labor. They can’t get citizens to do it. The immigrants need the work. The only impediment to having a mutually beneficial hiring arrangement is the outdated government laws that don’t allow for legal guest worker permits and efficient processing of the people who want to come here and work.It is the government’s job to support society and provide what the society needs to flourish. Immigration is the lifeblood of American society - if it is legal and properly controlled. Government is not giving our society what it needs – a systematic and efficient immigration system that is secure and easy to use.Since government fails in doing it’s duty, people find ways to accomplish their needs outside the law. This is dangerous because there is insufficient control.When the situation gets dire (like now) a debate starts between people who say open borders and people who say build the wall. Neither side is addressing the real cause of the problem. We should all be saying – GOVERNMENT – DO YOUR JOB.

“Creativity is the answer.”They robbed me of $1 million. Judges and attorneys did this to me. There’s an entire organization of us that this has happened to. No justice for any of us, so far. (See our organization: Educate - Advocate - Legislate for more information about legal court theft that attorneys and judges and corporate guardians engage in.)I know. This is not a happy topic.Without my alter ego, Angelina, the Polka Queen, I would not have survived. I would be dead. It’s true. Others in my organization have literally died from the stress of it all. (Latifa Ring, our former leader, is dead.)My limbo lasted for ten years.For ten years, I was “imprisoned” because I believed in justice so strongly and I believed in the American Way. We grow up that way. We grow up believing that the American courts are fair and just. I kept writing more and more court papers, thinking that some honest judge would finally listen to me. An attorney forged my signature to commence the endless theft. I thought justice would eventually be rendered through our American court system. I spent 10 years trying to get back the money they were systematically stealing from me.So, when the despicable attorneys started to systematically rob me of my $1 million inheritance, which I helped to create and earn (I worked side by side with my abusive parents from the time I was six years old in our family businesses), I firmly felt that justice was right around the corner. But one day turned into one week. One week turn into one month. One month turned into one year. Soon, ten years had passed. I had no idea this would happen.Imagine what my deceased parents would say if they could come back and see what judges and attorneys did to me (and many others). We sat there on the living room floor every night, the three of us, in the days long before air conditioning, rolling up pennies and nickles and dimes and quarters in the heat of the night to take to the bank in the morning after a hard, full day of work at our family owned businesses. What if my parents could come back and see that attorneys took that change we sweat for, that ended up being our $1 million nest egg?What the attorneys did was so vile, so corrupt, and so surreal that I just could not actually believe that this was actually happening in the United States of America. I kept thinking, “There’s going to be some judge, some agency, some police department that will stop their taking a million dollars from me.”That day of court justice never arrived.For ten years, I sat in front of a computer screen. I wrote my own court papers. I spent the days researching court cases. I visited various courthouses and found evidence of fraud in similar cases. I contacted other victims. I formed a group. Together, we petitioned the state attorney’s office, the FBI, the Florida Judicial Qualifications Commission, the Department of Justice, and other agencies. I wrote and submitted a 300 page report — well-written, meticulous — enough evidence to put all of them behind bars.I started to realize what it means to be a Civil Rights Activist.I put aside all that I loved and had known my whole life for ten years. I put aside my music, my friends, pot luck music jams, my hobbies, and all that is creative. There is something deep inside of all of us that screams out for justice when something terribly, horribly wrong is going on.During each day, each court paper that I composed over a ten year time period, sitting there cramped in a chair, staring for hours on end at a computer screen, growing fat and unkempt, I kept thinking, “Tomorrow will be the last day of this. Tomorrow will be the day the judge realizes I am telling the truth. Tomorrow, justice will be rendered.”But then another batch of court papers would arrive in the mail.A sickening feeling would enter the pit of my stomach when I would open my mailbox.I got to the point where I would go weeks without opening my mailbox. I just could not bear it.Legal Fatigue Syndrome started to take over. I started watching TV a lot and eating entire pizzas. I slept a lot.But after several days in a row of doing this, I’d get up and put on one of my Polka Queen dresses. Over the years, I have stitched more than 200 Polka Queen dresses by hand.I’d don a tiara and strap on my accordion and “WEEEEEEOOOOOOO!!! IT’S POLKA TIME!!!!” I’d announce to my audience of SELF in the mirror.It’s finally over.Justice was never rendered. They stole all of my inheritance money from me — $1 million.But Angelina, the Polka Queen kept me alive.Angela V. Woodhull's answer to What is it like to lose $1 million of inheritance money due to court fraud?Angela V. Woodhull's answer to What are the five most common American court scams that the majority of people don’t even know about?Angela V. Woodhull's answer to What is the most callous thing anybody has ever said to you?Angela V. Woodhull's answer to Is USA a good place to live in?P.S.— I just received this e-mail (copy/pasted below) from an organization called “Equal Access Advocates.” Here’s what the e-mail says:“What's wrong with me?”Prolonged litigation is wearing me down financially and my health is failing. My life and priorities seem irrelevant to the court and it’s overwhelming. I’m angry that they can’t see what’s really going on, and I’m sad that I can’t just ‘make it right’.You need to know:"There is nothing wrong with you."If this sounds like you or a loved one (or a client) then it’s a story of being ensnared in the judicial system.Fearful, incredulous, isolated, beyond rage . . . feeling "alienated? Dr. Karin Huffer and her research shows a subtype of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder called Legal Abuse Syndrome. When systems of care, i.e. the judicial system, cause or exacerbate medical conditions due to extreme stress, the dilemma presents a public health problem as well as a multidisciplinary legal/medical professional challenge. There is help for Legal Abuse Syndrome. Victims overcome psychological devastation caused by prolonged injustice by using methods developed by Dr. Huffer.”P.S.—Thank you, Aadesh Deshmukh, for asking this question of me. Maybe you, too, are going through a Trial by Fire right now. I think most people are faced with a serious, overwhelming Trial by Fire at some point in their lives. Mine was becoming aware of and experiencing extreme court fraud and court robbery. If you are currently going through a Trial by Fire, I sincerely hope that you will be able to live through it, learn from it, and remain a positive, loving person. So many people end up bitter in life. For me, it still overwhelms me — even to write about it. I suspect my next piece on Quora will be something simple and frivolous, like “How to Make a Vegetarian Corn Dog.” I can only write about what I experienced in small spurts. I’m still truly overwhelmed when I process it all. It was ten years of my life that I will never get back.PPSS — Other victims of this same, corrupt judge are holding a march next month and have started an online petition. Sign Petition: Corrupt and Destructive Judge Galluzzo Off The Bench, Now!! They also are making a documentary film about him. I will no longer participate. I’m just too worn out.PPPSSS — Quorans, I know it’s not so happy and funny and entertaining when I write about this 10 years of court fraud . . . but I really want you to know about this. This can happen to you. It’s a quite common practice, but little known. I really want you to know about this so that it won’t happen to you. Read up more on this topic, okay? It’s important that you know about this. Court reform in the USA is so desperately needed.

Massachusetts is held as some kind of “model” for gun laws. In this state you have to have a license to even touch a gun. Nearly every gun is registered. The Assault Weapon Ban is alive and well. Basically, every liberal anti-gun dream short of a total ban exists.And when you look at the number of gun deaths, it looks like it is working.Well, you know what they say - There are lies, damn lies, and statistics.Here is how the numbers are fudged.First, when they list gun deaths, they list ALL gun deaths. Nationwide, nearly 2/3 of all firearm deaths are suicide. Here in Massachusetts, firearm s...