Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form
Make the most out of your eSignature workflows with airSlate SignNow
Extensive suite of eSignature tools
Robust integration and API capabilities
Advanced security and compliance
Various collaboration tools
Enjoyable and stress-free signing experience
Extensive support
How To Add Sign in eSignPay
Keep your eSignature workflows on track
Our user reviews speak for themselves
Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form. Explore by far the most consumer-warm and friendly knowledge about airSlate SignNow. Handle your entire record digesting and expressing system electronically. Go from hand-held, paper-structured and erroneous workflows to automated, electronic and faultless. It is simple to produce, produce and signal any paperwork on any gadget just about anywhere. Ensure that your crucial enterprise cases don't move over the top.
Discover how to Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form. Adhere to the basic information to get started:
- Make your airSlate SignNow accounts in click throughs or log on with the Facebook or Google accounts.
- Benefit from the 30-working day trial offer or pick a rates prepare that's perfect for you.
- Locate any legal format, build online fillable varieties and share them tightly.
- Use innovative functions to Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form.
- Indicator, individualize signing order and collect in-person signatures ten times faster.
- Set automatic alerts and acquire notices at each and every move.
Transferring your duties into airSlate SignNow is uncomplicated. What comes after is a simple procedure to Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form, as well as recommendations to keep your co-workers and associates for far better collaboration. Empower your staff with the best resources to be in addition to organization functions. Enhance productiveness and level your small business speedier.
How it works
Rate your experience
-
Best ROI. Our customers achieve an average 7x ROI within the first six months.
-
Scales with your use cases. From SMBs to mid-market, airSlate SignNow delivers results for businesses of all sizes.
-
Intuitive UI and API. Sign and send documents from your apps in minutes.
A smarter way to work: —how to industry sign banking integrate
FAQs
-
Can NDAs (non-disclosure agreements) be signed through an online form? Are there any legal implications with an online form?
In a word: Yep!Thanks to the E-SIGN Act, documents signed electronically have the same legal protections as those signed with a physical pen! As long as your eSignature solution is committed to strong legality and your NDA is drafted by a professional, you absolutely can trust NDAs that are created, signed, and stored online.There are a few options out there. The rest of these examples are using signNow’s service. You can even create one now with a free signNow account.Here’s how to set up the NDA:Step 1: Acquire an NDA TemplateYou can find NDA templates online, but I would recommend seeking out a legal professional to create one that’s right for your needs.Step 2. Upload the Template, Add SignersAfter signing in to your signNow account, you’ll see the "Who needs to sign?" menu. For a confidentiality agreement, you’ll probably want to choose between “Me & others” or “Just others.” After selecting one, you’ll be able to drag and drop, choose “Add File,” or use any of our integrations to upload your non-disclosure agreement.Now you can add signers, loop in other parties via our CC feature, and assign a signer order if needed. Select “Prepare doc for signing” to move on to the really cool part!Step 3. Format the NDA and Fill in Your InformationWith the NDA you imported pulled up in front of you, click any of the fields across the top of the page and drag it to where you want to place it in the document. Most of the fields have advanced features and some even let you add a validation type (email address, numbers only, etc.) to help guide signers and reduce errors. Take some time to click around to get your NDA dialed in.Once you get your formatting just right, hit Continue at the top of the page. Back on the “Get your document signed” page, you’ll add a title, an optional message, and send your online NDA out for signatures!Step 4. Sign Your NDA Online (Legally and Securely!)If you’re one of the signers, a prompt to sign the non-disclosure agreement will hit your (and other signers’) email inbox as soon as you send it out for signatures. Just click the “Review & Sign” button in the email to continue.We provide a variety of ways to create your electronic signature:Draw your signature on a touch screen using your finger or a stylusUpload a photo of your signatureType in your signature and customize from a selection of fontTake a picture of your signature using your smartphone’s camerasignNow will automatically prompt each signer to complete all their required fields. Once you’ve filled out your portion of the NDA, all you have to do is agree to one last legality measure and your job is done!Step 5. Access Your Online NDA Any TimeTo check the status, edit, or even download a hard copy of your confidentiality agreement; just visit the Documents section of your signNow dashboard any time.
-
Why are Apple devices so expensive? Are they worth it?
I am typing this answer from a Mid-2012 15″ Retina Display Macbook pro. This laptop since the time it was bought has seldom seen a day it was not switched on and used for 10 hours or more.Never has it felt slow or sluggish or needed an OS reinstall. It has received a major software update every single year that has made the laptop progressively better. When needed, I am able to use Parallels to boot into windows and have it work as well as it does on a Windows laptop. Same holds for Linux too. It has survived more than a few falls and a fair share of abuse.Apple for its part has,Replaced the entire screen when I had a single dead pixelReplaced the entire top case, when I felt the shift key was slightly looseReplaced the entire screen again when there was a recall for potential issue with the anti reflective coatingReplaced the GPU, 4 years after purchase, based on a recallThe only work I paid for was a battery replacement last month after thousands of battery cycles. This constituted replacing the entire top case again, along with a new keyboard and trackpad for a very reasonable $200.While they were at replacing the battery, because the technician felt the ports did not align perfectly (Probably due to a fall that I caused earlier in its life) and he also replaced the entire logic board on the 6 year old laptop, essentially transforming it into a nearly new laptop again.The 6+ year old laptop now functions like new, has a battery backup of 7+ hours and just had the latest Mojave beta installed on it.In contrast to this, a Lenovo - Windows signature laptop that I purchased from a Windows store around the same time, was screwed up when updating form windows 7 to 8. The issue was because of a driver file that was supposed to manage a hybrid HDD and SSD. The store could not help me or replace the computer. I eventually had to spend several weekends fixing it myself. The laptop lasted another year and half before it completely died.To avoid this being brushed aside as a one off case of good fortune with my Macbook pro, let me also add that my business has about 40 computers, with a fair share of both Mac and Windows computers. We have everything ranging from Mac mini’s, iMacs, Macbook Air’s and Macbook Pro’s. They date all the way back to 2012 and the only issue they have ever faced is needing to replace a faulty hard drive in one of the iMacs. On the contrary, the windows laptops and desktops we have used haven’t fared so well and have an average replacement time of 2.5 years.I have also owned 16+ phones over the past 7 years and that includes every generation of iPhone starting from the iPhone 3gs, to the iPhone X that I use now. I have also tried a variety of android phones; usually at least one from each generation and other phones like a windows phone and a blackberry. I have an old iPhone 5 and 5S still lying around, that work pretty well. In fact the 5S is getting the iOS 12 update, almost 5 years after its release. Anytime I have had an issue with an iPhone, it simply involves walking into the apple store and walking out with a replacement device. I cant recall even a single instance where I had to leave the phone and come back later. My Samsung and Sony phones on the other hand have had me ship the phone out for repairs and have made me wait a minimum of 2 weeks to get it back.I also own an iPad (Apple even replaced one of the iPads that I dropped and broke within about a month of purchase, with a new one, simply because they could), Apple watch and airpods. My iPad air has been working flawlessly now for about 4 years and my watch for 3 years or so. The airpods have survived multiple drops and even a short washing cycle.I can’t think of any other brand that has given me the consistent reliability that apple has demonstrated with it’s products, almost across its entire product line. I have also not seen any other brand even come close to offering the quality of service that I have received from Apple over the years.In addition to this, almost every person I know in my personal or professional life, including my own parents have never turned back to an Andriod phone or a windows laptop after being introduced to an iPhone or a Mac. The most commonly cited reason for not turning back is ‘ease of use’. Personally, I am a tech enthusiast and love tinkering around with both hardware and software. I can find my way around most electronic devices very well and even with that background, I do find Apple products to be consistently better designed from a user experience perspective and will certainly prefer and pick an Apple device when I want something that simply works well. I imagine this difference in UX would be even more acute for a less tech savvy user.My experience with apple clearly suggests this; Sure, I may have paid more upfront for some of the Apple products that I have purchased over the years, compared to alternatives. But, when you consider the full cost of ownership, such comparisons become almost meaningless with Apple being the clear winner in terms of cost and most other factors you compare them on, such as performance, user experience or support.While there are several genuine criticisms that stand against Apple and its products, many that you hear on a daily basis such as Apple being expensive, come from people who have never owned or consistently used an Apple product. If you are trying to decide if an apple device is worth it, it would be far more prudent just to try one yourself or at least rely on the collective opinions of people who have used both Apple products and non Apple alternativesPS: Before being labelled an Apple fanboy, let me add that I was a windows only person for the first 21 years of my life. I am a software engineer and a tech enthusiast who loves good technology products irrespective of its brand. Despite what I have said about Apple above, I also own and use Windows laptops, desktops, tablets (Both Windows and other Os’s), Computers running Linux, Game Consoles, Electronics from other manufacturers such as Tv’s, Projectors, Monitors and so on. All devices have been paid for out of my own pocket and there is very little incentive for me to favor Apple, except based on my own purchase and ownership experiences.Edit: Adding a picture as I am seeing comments and messages questioning the authenticity of the answer. Hope this settles it.
-
How do I create a web design contract?
First of all, good for you for having the mental clarity to want to use contracts for web design. You believe it or not, are far ahead of most “developers” just by virtue of being able to conceive of using contracts. You’ll be ahead of most “wantrepreneurs” and “startup founders” just by thinking of using contracts, so hats off to you young man.You can find sample contracts very easily, just by Googling the free-to-use “contract killer” template. Just Google “contract killer web design contract.” Another way to find even more sample contracts is to take a few “how to be a web developer” courses on Udemy and I think you’d probably find more by Googling “sample web design contract,” going to the Freelancer’s Union website, going to signNow and looking at theirs as well.I’m not a lawyer, but I don’t have to be one (nor do you) in order to use or edit contracts. I started out as a web developer not using contracts simply because nobody else I spoke with knew anything and it was a very intimidating topic; and like so many other things of value in life, if you want it done correctly sometimes you just have to get off your butt and do some hard work. I had more than my fair share of being taken advantage of by non-profits (I used to be in favor of volunteering, now I will never do it again) who once they had pro bono (free basically) work, had “revisions” without end - taking professional design and wanting to turn it into a coloring book for a bi-polar paranoid schizophrenic. I had “agencies” asking me to build sites for them “on spec,” (for free), playing mind games with “more work later.” “Agencies” with $200 budgets, and so on and on it went. Until I saw what real agencies charged for crap work with no SEO or thought. Now I always contracts, and I use electronic signatures, and store contracts for years on Dropbox in case they “forget” something a year or two out.I keep a folder of different contracts, RFP responses, generic “sorry your budget is so low” letters, and “hey, we’d love to work with you” letters and suggest you do the same. You can use Gravity Forms to set up or send form contracts with IP tracking and e-signature or use fill-in PDF forms, or even old-fashioned paper contracts, but contracts are a necessity especially in a profession as under-valued and as misunderstood as ours.Good luck and if you need any future help, I’d be happy to pitch in.
-
Is there anything that was invented in South Africa?
Have you actually searched Google for something like “south african inventions” or similar search terms? I did one search and found this Wikipedia page right away:List of South African inventions and discoveries - WikipediaI’m quite sure if you did a few more searches, you’d have more inventions to add to that list.Off you go!To make sure I answer the question, here are those listed on Wikipedia’s page:18th Century[edit]1743 - Jukskei - is a folksport originating from the Cape and is thought to be the forerunner of the American game Horseshoes.pre-1772 - Rooibos tea - the Khoisan of the Cederberg region made the tea for hundreds of years and later in 1772; naturalist Carl Thunberg noted, "the country people made tea" from a plant related to rooibos or redbush which reignited interest in the tea.[1]19th Century[edit]1787-1828 - Iklwa - this new shorter form of the Assegai was popularized under the rule of Shaka Zulu.20th Century[edit]1900-1930[edit]Dolosse - Cape Town, South Africa1925 Pinotage is South Africas signature variety wine grape and was bred from a cross between Pinot noir and Cinsaut grapes.1930-1960[edit]1940's Wadley Loop the circuit was designed by Dr. Trevor Wadley and was first used for a stable Wavemeter.[2]1950 Sasol world's first oil-from-gas company and the country's largest fuel producer.1950 Q20 lubricant Invented in 1950 by Mr. Robertson in Pinetown,[2] Q20 is an all purpose lubricating spray that is owned by the Triton-Leo Group (Pty) Ltd.[3] The name derives from "it has 20 answers to 20 questions".1957 Flame ionization detector by Harley and Pretorius at the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa1959 Tellurometer was the first successful microwave electronic distance measurement equipment and was also invented by Dr. Trevor Wadley.1960's Helikon vortex separation processis an aerodynamic uranium enrichment process designed around a device called a vortex tube.The Uranium Enrichment Corporation of South Africa, Ltd. (UCOR) developed the process, operating a facility at Pelindaba near Pretoria.1960's Pratley's PuttyThe prototype CT scanner1960-1980[edit]1963 CT scan or the CAT scan was invented by Allan MacLeod Cormack and it won him the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Godfrey Hounsfield) for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT).[2]1963 Dolos is a concrete block in a complex geometric shape weighing up to 20 tons, used in great numbers to protect harbour walls from the erosive force of ocean waves.1965 Retinal cryoprobe; Selig Percy Amoils refined the cryoextraction method of cataract surgery by developing a cryoprobe that was cooled through the Joule-Thomson effect of gas expansion.1965 - Vuvuzela - Freddie "Saddam" Maake claimed the invention of the vuvuzela by fabricating an aluminium version in 1965 from a bicycle horn.Retinal Cryosurgery • While working at Soweto's Baragwanath Hospital in 1965, South Africa's Dr Selig Percy Amoils unveiled the Amoils Cryo Pencil, which is the world's first surgical tool that uses extreme cold (nitrous oxide) to destroy unwanted tissue. Dr Amoils' pencil has made retinal detachment surgery and cataract extraction simple and safe - it has been used to treat Margaret Thatcher and Nelson Mandela's eyes. His invention has transformed cryosurgery (the use of extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen) for gynaecology, lung, heart, mouth, liver and prostate surgery.1967 Heart transplantation; Dr. Christiaan Barnard completed the world's first successful heart transplantation on 3 December 1967 in Cape Town.[2]• Pratley’s Putty, George Pratley invented Pratley’s Putty while trying to create a glue that would hold components in an electrical box. Pratley’s Glue had a part in the success of the Moon Landing. In 1969 the substance was used to hold bits of the Apollo XI mission’s Eagle landing craft together.1970 Diamond vitrectomy cutter was also invented by Selig Percy Amoils1971 PayPal, co-founder Elon Musk was born in Pretoria.1970's Scheffel bogie, Dr Herbert Scheffel designed a new type of Bogie in order to increase the development of South Africa's narrow gauge railway system. His new design went on to help set the world rail speed record of 245 kilometres per hour.[4]1970's Computerized ticketing; Percy Tucker of Benoni founded Computicket the world's first computerized ticketing system which went national in 1971.[5]1974 Kreepy Krauly invented by Ferdinand Chauvier, formerly from the Belgian Congo.[6]1980-2000[edit]1980 Casspir; Unique design for military personnel carrier in relation to landmines.The main armoured steel body of the vehicle is raised high above the ground, so when a mine is detonated, the explosion is less likely to damage the crew compartment and kill the occupants. The cross-section of the hull is V-shaped, directing the force of the explosion outwards, further protecting the occupants.1984 - Denel Rooivalk - the first military attack helicopter developed that is capable of making a 360 degree loop, a feat previously seen as impossible.1989 Flightscope invented by Henri Johnson [7] it is a radar system used by professional golfers for analysing recorde trajectory, their launch angle, speed and direction.1991 APS Therapy invented by Gervan Lubbeit is used to treat sports injuries and provides relief from chronic pain conditions.[8][9]1992 Speed Gun[2] is a device that measures the speed of cricket balls; invented by Henri Johnson[10] from Somerset West and used in the 1999 Cricket World Cup.[8] Johnson also invented the Speedball (invention)[8] that measures the speed and angle of objects especially cricket and tennis balls and is used in various sporting tournaments.[8]1995 Shark Shield a portable electronic device that emits an electromagnetic field and is used by scuba divers, spearfishing, ocean kayak fishing and surfers to repel sharks.1995 Thawte Consulting is a certificate authority (CA) for X.509 certificates. Thawte was founded by Mark Shuttleworth.1996 - Prepay Mobile Phone - Vodacom became the first network to introduce prepay mobile, under the 'Vodago' package, using an 'Intelligent Network' platform. This made it possible to debit customers’ accounts in real time,[11] and led to a dramatic increase in uptake.[12]1997 CyberTracker a piece of software from a CyberTracker Conservation, that develops handheld data capture solutions for illeterate animal trackers.1997 Hippo water roller: a device for carrying water more easily and efficiently than traditional methods, particularly in the developing world. It consists of a barrel-shaped container which holds the water and can roll along the ground, and a handle attached to the axis of the barrel.1998 Blaster (flamethrower), Charl Fourie designed the flamethrower to provide a defence against carjackings.1999 Smartlock Safety syringe, a three part single use syringe credited with dramatically reducing HIV infection rates in South Africa.[13]21st Century[edit]2001 Cobb grill. Ken Hall based his design on the paraffin stove in many rural areas of South Africa, the grill was featured in the TIME magazines best inventions of the year for 2001.[14]2001 Oil-Can Guitar made by engineer Graeme Wells in Cape Town.[5]2004 Ubuntu (operating system) was invented by entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth and runs on the Linux system.2008 Freeplay foetal heart rate monitor, a power-free foetal heart monitor.[15][16]
-
How do I write a permission letter to seek a particular place for a program?
Sample Permissions LetterEditor’s note: This sample letter can be used as a starting point when requesting permission—from authors, publishers, or other rights holders—to reprint their copyrighted material into your new work. Two caveats: (1) It is not necessary to request permission if you are within fair use guidelines, and (2) most publishers will ask you to sign their legal form and will not agree to sign your letter; this is normal. For more background on this, visit:Requesting Permissions + Sample Permission LetterWhen Do You Need to Secure Permissions?Is It Fair Use? 7 Questions to AskIf your work is fairly complex, or this letter raises more questions than it answers, then you should talk to your publisher. If you’re self-publishing, seek an attorney; this is not professional legal advice.[Use letterhead; if you have none, put your address and contact information at the top][Date][Copyright Holder Name][Copyright Holder Address]Dear [Copyright Holder Name],I am requesting permission to reprint [# of words / # of poetry lines / illustrations] from the following work:Author:Title of the work:ISBN:Year of publication:A copy of the material I would like to use is enclosed [or pasted below, or attached].I would like to include the above material as part of the following book that I am preparing:Author:Title of work:Publisher:Publication date:Print run (if applicable):Price:[If you are not requesting permission for a book, then identify the format, e.g., physical or digital audio, CD or DVD, online/website use, app, etc, and still detail the publisher/distributor, release date, and price.]I request non-exclusive world rights to use this material in my work, in all languages and for all editions and formats, including digital/electronic. These rights will in no way restrict republication of the material in any other form by you or by others authorized by you.If you agree with the terms as described above, please sign and return the letter to me, specifying any credit line, fees, or other conditions you require. Your signing of this letter confirms that you own the copyright to the above described material. If you do not currently hold the rights, I would appreciate any information that can help me contact the rights holder.I would be very grateful for your permission. If you require any additional information, do not hesitate to contact me at the address and number above.Sincerely,[your signature]
-
What is the process to get Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) for Canada PR from WES?
For everyone asking questions on WES. Steps for WES ECA evaluation for Canada Immigration purpose, important points and some more info.(a lot of info, so going to be a long post) Before you start just check following things: 1. Website: World Education Services Canada: International Credential Evaluation [ https://www.wes.org/ca/ ] Please please go through the website and make yourself familiar with navigation. You will get most of your answers there. Don't start asking questions before going through information posted on website. Its for your own good to get first hand information before listening to other people. ***Always make sure you are on Canada website not USA one. you can see that on top right corner of Website where a flag is listed with country name or in website address with "/ca" listed in address.*** 2. Degree equivalency tool Degree Equivalency Tool [ https://applications.wes.org/ca/degree-equivalency-tool/ ] WES has free tool to check equivalency of your degree to Canadian degree. Don't rely completely on this as the final assessment always depends on the actual evaluation but it will give you an idea and a head start. If your degree is not listed there it doesn't mean it wont be equivalent to anything, you will get to know that in real assessment. ***If you are not sure after using the tool, if your degree/college will be valid for ECA through WES try to email/ WES to check or ask if anyone had same degree evaluated before. That might help you little bit in the case where your degree/ college is not valid and save you some money, you can check other designated organizations for your ECA then.*** 3. Required Documents Required Documents - World Education Services [ https://www.wes.org/ca/required-documents/ ] Check what documents you need for your evaluation here. If you don't have those in hand just start collecting those. Get your transcripts from your university or any other document listed as per your education. You can also ask your university if they can mail your transcripts directly to WES, you can use "Academic records request form" given on website for this. Check if your University needs their own form filled too for releasing your documents.(do this after you get your WES reference number as you will need that in case you are giving the address of WES to university for mailing your transcripts, In case you are taking your transcripts yourself for mailing, you can get reference number later too). ***Make sure your transcripts are valid. Transcripts must show: all subjects taken, grades received for each subject, and for each year you were in the program. Semester wise transcripts are not valid for evaluation. Transcripts should be sealed and signed with a stamp from university.*** ***If your University does not give subject-wise Transcript, Ask if you can get all your mark sheets attested from University, and they will sign and stamp all photocopies and put them in one envelope and seal them with stamp like transcripts. That is mostly called document verification in University.*** 4. Check how will you pay your fees. Credit card/ Money order/ Western Union or in case any other option listed in instructions. Check it out. Fee is approximately $225-$230(including taxes) in Canadian currency. Rest depends on what additional services you chose for delivery etc. Cheapest courier option is $7. ECA - World Education Services [ https://www.wes.org/ca/evaluations-and-fees/eca/ ] Next steps: 1. Create a WES account. World Education Services Canada: International Credential Evaluation [ https://www.wes.org/ca/#get-started ] Click "Apply now", then click on "Canada", Then "ECA application for IRCC" and proceed with further steps. ***Make sure you choose ECA application for IRCC not the other option.*** Fill up your details in all pages very carefully and correctly. You will have to provide a recipient address, give your address there. When you will proceed it will automatically generate "Recipient 2" as IRCC. Don't worry about that one, it is used for electronic delivery of your records to IRCC when you put your WES report number while filling your express entry profile. 2. Pay your fees 3. Reference number will be generated.(This will be used in all your communications with WES) ***Once you submit your profile and reference number is generated you cannot edit your information so do not be in haste, check carefully and then submit.*** ***Your reference number is not ECA report number. You can't use it in Express entry profile. It is only used for communication with WES. When your evaluation is completed and you get your ECA report it will have your ECA number which you will mention in Express Entry application.*** 4. Read all instructions on what documents to send and at which address. *** Put your reference number on all your transcript envelops(at an empty space, not on the seal or signature or anywhere on flaps) and backside of your degree photocopies. I will suggest using a pencil not a pen for that as sometimes pen ink leaks through paper.*** ***You can put all your documents in one big/ master envelope and send to WES. No need to mail everything separately. Make sure again to put your reference number with WES address on the packet.*** ***Do not send any original document to WES unless asked specifically with instructions that they will return it after evaluation.*** 5. you can check status of your application by logging in your WES account. It will show once they have received your documents, your evaluation report will take up to 20 days after your documents are received. Be patient. ***If you are using tracking with your courier and it shows your documents delivered but WES account doesn't show received don't panic. It takes up to a week for WES to update receiving of documents.*** 6. Once your evaluation is completed you most probably will receive an email. You can find pdf copy of your report by logging in your WES account. ***Check your report that everything is correctly mentioned.*** ***No need to wait for hard copy of your report for Express entry if you have got pdf version in your account. It is same and have your report number on it which you can use for express entry profile.*** ***Your ECA is valid for 5 years.*** Note: Do not ask any question if you have not read entire post. If the information is already posted here just check it out. I am no expert but will try to answer any question which I haven't answered here if and only I am sure about that. Will also edit the post and add the point. If I have posted anything wrong feel free to mention and I will edit the post. Good Luck. Cheers.
-
What is a good annotation of the Bitcoin white paper?
[BAD EARLY DRAFT - This is being continually revised and updated, with important edits from - I hope - you. If I use your suggestion, I will credit you (unless you prefer otherwise). I especially welcome help from developers, cyrptographers, cypherpunks and other writers. I have not coded since high school.]With your help, the best annotation of the Bitcoin white paper will be below - co-built by you, me and other Quorans working together.Our annotation will be the most informative, most plain English and most entertaining annotation of the Bitcoin white paper.Here we go.Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemPeer-to-peer means you and me and indirectly hints at no centralized entity.Electronic cash system means a way to move money (cash) over the internet. Think PayPal instead of paper dollar bills.Bitcoin is 9 years old and is barely used as electronic cash right now.People HODL (stick their Bitcoin under a virtual mattress), use Bitcoin as a capital flight conduit (from e.g. Venezuelan Bolivar to BTC to USD, Swiss Francs, gold, etc.)As inception, Bitcoin was not intended to be digital gold but maybe it’s destined to be that.This is changing as big exchanges like Coinbase (investor) add SegWit and Lightning.Satoshi Nakamoto satoshin@gmx.com http://www.bitcoin.orgSatoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym. We still don’t know who wrote the paper. Though the NSA might. How the NSA identified Satoshi Nakamoto – CryptoMuse – MediumAbstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.The phrases “purely peer-to-peer”, “sent directly” and “without going through a financial institution” strongly suggests the author’s anti-centralization DNA.Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.Now we get at one of the foundational things the paper and the Bitcoin code solves. Bitcoin is a digital asset that I can give you, but if I do that, I can’t give it to someone else because the Bitcoin blockchain code does not permit it.We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.Bitcoin removes central points of failure.The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.Immutable. No one can change the Bitcoin transaction that happened. At all.The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power.Satoshi didn’t foresee the mining pool oligopoly that permeates Bitcoin and most Proof of Work cryptocurrencies today.As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers.What does controlled by nodes mean? Many people run nodes but only a few mining pools mine almost all the Bitcoin.This is also known as the 51% attack. But you just need one more node than 50% (e.g., 50% + 1) so it is more accurately a majority attack.The network itself requires minimal structure.Because?Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.As Alex Seewald notes in the comments below, Satoshi is probably referring to best effort delivery. Best-effort delivery - WikipediaWho is doing the broadcasting?Like everything else in Bitcoin, you as a runner of full nodes are free to come and go as you please. That’s why many Bitcoin maximalists argue Bitcoin Core is not centralized.However, others disagree.Quantifying Decentralization – news.earn.com1. IntroductionCommerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments.I think Satoshi is anti-bank, anti-PayPal and anti-Western Union. This is one reason why.While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model.A key facet of Bitcoin is that it is trustless. You don’t have to trust JP Morgan.Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes.Unlike Bitcoin.The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non- reversible services.Debit cards payments are hard to reverse. Cash payments are even harder to reverse. Especially when either is combined with an “All Sales Final” condition.With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads.Yes and many Americans prefer trusting American Express’ customer service over some random merchant on the internet that might rip you off.Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need.BItcoin is just reallocating the risk from merchants back to consumers. It’s kind of anti-consumer tbh.A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable.Yes, just like how so many of my friends have lost some crypto stolen or lost. Seems unavoidable!These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.He should have said much earlier, “Unlike physical currency…”What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.Proof of work.Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers.Decentralized escrow? Are buyers to trust a third party centralized escrow service over American Express? As a buyer, I’m not doing that.In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions.Making it easier to follow the money i mean Bitcoin.The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.Bitcoin relies (trust?) the majority of full node runners to be honest. Here’s hoping mob rule, centralized mining or mass hysteria never takes over.2. TransactionsWe define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures.Very unexpected IMO. How is this anything like a normal coin? It is a ledger ledger of all the transactions relating to one asset, which isn’t even totally fungible with others. It seems we can literally give you the coin from Satoshi’s genesis block or another coin that we all know was mined today by F2Pool or whatever.Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin.Moving the digital signatures off the main chain is a bit scary to some folks - that’s why some dislike SegWit - which does that.A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.Who the heck wants to do an electronic title search every time they spend $100 of Bitcoin? This makes sense for big purchases like real estate and collectibles but not for small or even medium sized purchases.I’m not sure how pragmatic Satoshi was. He built great tech. He was not as great at guessing use cases and what unmet, urgent need Bitocin actually meets.Transaction[Would love it if someone can please help me and copy paste in the diagrams.]Owner 0's SignatureOwner 1's Private KeyTransactionOwner 1's SignatureOwner 2's Private KeyTransactionOwner 2's SignatureOwner 1's Public KeyOwner 2's Public KeyOwner 3's Public KeyHashHashHashThe problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin.Satoshi focuses a lot on double spending.A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending.Mints and the entity that checks for double spending can be two different entities, no? In the analog world, the US government prints money. Maybe a private third party company like a PayPal checks for double spending among its users and customers.After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent.This is bad if you believe, like Ray Dalio, government should increase the money supply (issue new coins) when no one’s spending, everyone’s HODLing and the token economy is shrinking. And you should decrease money suply (burn coins) if there is high or hyperinflation.The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank.Broadly speaking, we have not really gotten away from that in Bitcoin. We just replaced banks with centralized mining chip makers, mining pools, developers, maintainers, client implementations, exchanges, wallets, owners, etc.We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions.This seems like a total pain. No wonder Hashcash didn’t work.For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend.What are the implications of this, if any?The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions.Awful.In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first.To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received.The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received.3. Timestamp ServerThe solution we propose begins with a timestamp server.A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5].Hmmm…The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash.Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it.Owner 3's Private KeyHashHashBlock2BlockItemItem...ItemItem...VerifyVerifySignSign4. Proof-of-WorkTo implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof- of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts.Adam is the relatively (compared to unctuous CTO Greg Maxwell) cypherpunk and CEO of the controversial Blockstream, funded in part by Tencent in China.The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits.The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash.For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits.[Can someone help translate all this into plain English?]Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work.Immutable.As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making.If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs.Wonder what Satoshi thought of Proof of Stake at the time he wrote the white paper in 2008.Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote.Does hash rate matter more than full nodes?The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it.Some developers like Gavin Andressen IIRC tweeted that the real Bitcoin is the one with the longest chain, and that might be Bitcoin Cash.If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains.This is why small blockers want to ensure that blocksizes per second remain small - or become even smaller - so that many people - not just miners - can run full nodes and keep miners honest and reduce the risk of miners colluding and engaging a majority attack.To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes.It would appear that Bitcoin is only immutable to the extent that most of the CPU power is controlled by honest nodes.We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.Arguably Bitcoin becomes harder to attack as blocks grow.To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.5. NetworkThe steps to run the network are as follows:1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.2) Each node collects new transactions into a block.3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash.Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof- of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one.3BlockBlockPrev HashNoncePrev HashNonceTxTx...TxTx...New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to signNow all nodes. As long as they signNow many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one.6. IncentiveBy convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free.The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.7. Reclaiming Disk SpaceOnce the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored.BlockBlock Header (Block Hash)Prev HashNonceRoot HashHash01Hash23Hash0Hash1Hash2Hash3Tx0Tx1Tx2Tx3BlockBlock Header (Block Hash)Prev HashNonceRoot HashHash01Hash23Hash2Hash3Tx3Transactions Hashed in a Merkle Tree After Pruning Tx0-2 from the BlockA block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.48. Simplified Payment VerificationIt is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it.Longest Proof-of-Work ChainBlock HeaderBlock HeaderBlock HeaderPrev HashNoncePrev HashNoncePrev HashNonceMerkle RootMerkle RootMerkle RootHash01 Hash23Merkle Branch for Tx3Hash2 Hash3Tx3As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification.9. Combining and Splitting ValueAlthough it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender.It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history.5TransactionInOutIn......10. PrivacyThe traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were.Traditional Privacy ModelTransactionsNew Privacy ModelIdentities TransactionsAs an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner.11. CalculationsWe consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent.The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1.The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to signNow breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever signNowes breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]:p = probability an honest node finds the next block q = probability the attacker finds the next block qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behindIdentitiesTrusted Third PartyPublicq ={ 1 if p≤q} z q/pz if pq6CounterpartyPublicGiven our assumption that p > q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind.We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late.The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction.The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value:=z q pTo get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point:∞ ke−{q/pz−k ifk≤z} ∑k=0 k!⋅ 1 ifkzRearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution...z ke− z−k 1−∑k=0 k! 1−q/p Converting to C code... #include
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); }return sum; }7Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z. q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 Solving for P less than 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12. ConclusionWe have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power.Do coins have a majority of CPU power?The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them.Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism.The controversial UASF (User Activated Soft Fork) push for SegWit was arguably an example of consensus and honest folk running full nodes forcing the Bitcoin community (miners) to make SegWit an option for users, merchants, exchanges, etc. and pave the way for SegWit adoption.8References[1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998.[2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999.[3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.[4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993.[5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.[6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/h..., 2002.[7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.[8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.9
Trusted esignature solution— what our customers are saying
Get legally-binding signatures now!
Related searches to Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form
Frequently asked questions
How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
How to scan electronic signature?
How do i digitally sign a pdf with a timestamp?
Get more for Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form
- How Can I Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
- Can I Electronic signature Nevada Police Document
- Can I Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
- Can I Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
- How To Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
- How Do I Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
- How Can I Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
- Help Me With Electronic signature Nevada Police Form
Find out other Help Me With Edit Electronic signature Form
- Learning about dance dance as an art form and entertainment 8th edition
- Ncc c certificate exam form
- Bkash hacking apps form
- Psc govmu form
- Form 1a medical certificate
- Bb cuchd form
- Multiple intelligences quiz form
- High court vakalatnama format
- How to draft a proposal to a school on youth empowerment form
- Aoa rent increase form
- Artijan card form
- Vaccine refusal form pdf
- Tenant police verification form
- D11 application form
- Blood group certificate for school admission form
- Itf scaf form pdf
- Late registration form
- Managed care referral form bcbs
- Young eagles registration form
- Manitoba housing application form