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hi I'm dr. Kelly Neff and today I am lecturing on racial ethnic gender class sexual dimensions intersecting identities this is for my introduction to cultural psychology course and it corresponds as Chapter five of your textbook this is a longer chapter and you'll see there are a lot more slides for this week as well so I unfortunately won't be able to go into as much detail as I would like about each topic so please make sure to do your reading and to follow up because you will be tested on this material okay so for today's lecture we will be discussing what is identity understanding the multiple facets of the self also dimensions of identity in a socio-cultural context how two identities intersect ie heterogeneity and hybrid iddat e in a multicultural world models of identity formation and relationship of identities to psychological adjustments so a lot to get through like I said for the sake of time I won't be able to cover everything so please make sure to do your reading as well okay so let's start with me what is identity now we know that identity is a multi-dimensional multifaceted construct and it is still being debated by psychologists a lot of these identities are difficult to operationally define because of their complexity and also the limits of self-reported measures so the types of identities we talk about are typically viewed as social constructions as in the prevailing socio-political attitudes and historical forces shape their dimensions as opposed to any biological or genetic factors so the first identity category that we're going to talk about today is race specifically racial identity this is an identification with a socially defined racial category or phenotype influenced by racial stratification and historical oppression of racial minorities this is different from an ethnic identity because racial identity is formed the racial socialization which is defined as the process of learning about an ascribing meaning and value to socially instructed racial hierarchies and categories ethnic identity which is really more concerned with one's culture of origin and belongingness to that group is formed through cultural socialization this is the process of learning about and ascribing meaning and value to the cultural Heritage's and practices of socially constructed ethnic groupings or categories so you can see that there are more differences between racial and ethnic identity lists in your test ethnic identity is defined as an individual subjective sense of membership and belonging to an ethnic group including their knowledge beliefs feelings behaviors associated with that ethnic group now ethnic identity is comprised of multiple components which are discussed in box 5.1 in your text these includes self categorization and label II commitment and attachment exploration ethnic behaviors evaluation and in-group attitudes values and beliefs importance and salience and a counterpart to national identity now another form of identity we've talked about racial and ethnic we also have gender identity gender identity is an individual's fundamental sense of being male or female shaped by gender typing which is potentially independent of cultural and social norms and rules for gender what do I mean when I say gender typing this is the process by which children learn the behaviors interests and abilities that are associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture so boys learnt how to be boys they play with trucks and they're told to roughhouse girls are taught to play with dolls and do cooking etc that's gender typing so gender identity has nothing to do with your sexual orientation it has to do with how masculine or feminine you feel well what's really interesting is the extent to which gender gender identity and gender roles vary across cultural and ethnic groups which can change with historical periods and with acculturation so for example a Native American and Alaskan native cultures the two spirited individuals are a third gender category so you have male/female and then third gender and they're actually respected particularly for example the Zuni tribe of New Mexico the third gender is respected and revered as knowing both male and female now in the traditional white American society we only accept male female or and transgender is becoming more accepted but there still are not equal employment protection rights and you know full equal rights for people who are transgender but there's a lot of work being done on that this really goes more in my other class human sexuality which I invite you to take next is sexual identity so like I said gender identity and sexual identity or two different things sexual identity encompasses the broad range of sexual emotional and erotic attractions that exist among individuals they are complex multi-dimensional and fluid experienced and expressed in different ways and they can change across a person's lifetime in cultural context so again we've got sexual identity who we are attracted to you men women are we a sexual are we bisexual etc next we have the class identity this is an individual's financial and social standing socioeconomic status can be determined on multiple levels including neighborhood family individual there's a subjective sense of economic status or perceived ability to meet daily needs this is an important predictor for health and adjustment so being of a good social economic status that means you can meet your family's needs you won't be as stressed and you won't have as many health problems okay so you just talked about all of these different identities so the next question is how do these identities intersect and your book discusses the concept of heterogeneity and hi pretty to be in a multi cultural world which is very much what's going on these inner these identities are intersecting in all different ways across time place space culture ethnicity etc so essentially the identity dimensions interact with one another in distinct ways so for example race and gender would intersect leading to a dip understanding and healthy health disparities um your text talks about this ethnic it's movement as an example of that studying the diverse and multiple realities across ethnic groups can help to advance our research and empirical inquiry as we kind of dismantle these very rigid stereotypes we can have a more rich understanding of psychological phenomenon in a multicultural context so we see through these identities that really there's much more than just these rigid stereotypes or generalizations about each group so the next area that we're talking about today is the area of racial identity development and this is essentially now that we know all these identities each one racial ethnic gender sexual class can then also has a theory essentially for how that identity develops and this is an important process topic so we start with racial identity this essentially reflects one's responses to racial hierarchies and racial oppression in our society the first and most widely referenced model of racial identity development was by cross you can see it in box 5.2 in your test and he talked about five stages of racial identity formation and you should be familiar with what each of these entails pre encounter encounter immersion immersion internalization and then finally internalization commitment now when evaluating crosses model we find that racial development may not necessarily occur in such a fixed and linear fashion as dictated by this model in addition exposure to racism can spark an exploration of one's own racial identity and heighten their sensitivity to racial discrimination which is what was originally proposed by Kraus there are also a number of models for ethnic identity development this includes the models basically the difference between these is that they generally start off through moving through a series of stages that are slightly more overlapping the focus here is that we begin by with our ethnic two kind of at a stage of indifference and confusion and then move on towards an understanding of our group membership and group ties and belongingness so really the main model that is covered is Phinney's model you should be familiar with the three stages which are unexamined ethnic identity moratorium and then achieved ethnic identity now when we evaluate Finney's model a lot of research has been done on this and research with ethnically diverse adolescent and young adult samples tends to find that ethnic identity formation does follow the hierarchy that Finney puts forth there are some limitations basically that diffusion and foreclosure can be difficult to distinguish and ethnic identification is not necessarily fixed again it can still vary now Feeney expanded upon this model by representing the process model with OGG this is a very interesting model it suggests that there is an active process of investigation learning and commitment that lies at the core of ethnic identity development there are two fundamental processes here the exploration of identity issues and the commitment to relative identity domains you'll see in your text tables five point one and five point two go over this a little bit they have the items for the exploration and commitment measures from the multi group ethnic identity measure revised which is the measure based on this development model an example of exploration would be I have spent time trying to find out more about my ethnic groups such as history traditions and customs an example of commitment would be I feel a strong attachment towards my own ethnic group and then based upon this they present a rubric which you can find in 5.2 of your text it's right here it looks like this essentially there's four basic identity statuses that can emerge based on exploration and commitment if you commit and you explore then you have achieved identity if you do not commit but you explore you have achieved more torte you have more if you commit but you do not explore then you have identity foreclosure and if you do not commit and do not explore then you have what they call identity diffusion now in addition there are a number of factors that influence this process of identity development including developmental factors family factors social factors and acculturation factors so we have to take those into consideration when assessing the model and again you can find all of this in more depth in the text I also wanted to talk about multiracial identity development because how many times have you filled out a questionnaire or you know anything whether it's on the SATs or on an employment application or a survey where you're asked for the different ethnic statuses and someone writes other or there's a box for other this is the other 'no status and your book talks about how the other miss status can actually negatively affect the development of multiracial identities so if you're African American and also Latino and you don't have the option of choosing both of them as your ethnicity then suddenly you're left with the other box and that other box is really a form of social marginalization and social isolation on the basis of race specifically the societal pressures that we have to fit in to specified racial categorizations now use you see this frequently like I said on many questionnaires that ask questions about race and ethnicity and this other nests can be problematic because it kind of causes an identity crisis Who am I my ethnicity is not reflected I am an other so there are a number of key issues when we're talking about multiracial identity development and they're essentially kind of psychosocial factors that can sometimes complicate things to complicate our identity development and this is from research by she and Sanchez 2005 essentially when we're talking about a multiracial identity there can be there can be a conflict between the private and public definitions of what an individual considers to be their multi ethnic identity so on the one hand at home the adolescent might feel a certain way and then at school being presented and the way that they're stereotyped they might feel a different way there's also this thing of I jut justifying the identity choices i selecting the identity that best fits for the situation forced choice dilemmas again where you're forced to pick one identity over the other so if you're african-american and latino you have to pick one which one is it going to be in why and then have you justify that also there's often a lack of role models who are multi racial or multi-ethnic which can make things more difficult growing up there can be conflicting messages about what each group stands for and then finally a double rejection of not feeling like you don't fit into either category and so this can be very difficult and it can have profound effects on mental health and psychological adjustment um so speaking of multiracial identity development it's just important to capture the fact that multi-model racial identity models do not help to explain or capture or enhance multiracial identity experiences mono racial identity models do not allow for the integration of more than one group identity and we live in a society that is predominantly mono racial you have to pick one or you are in other we don't allow people to fit into multiple categories these model racial models also imply that multiracial individuals they have to reject one of their ethnic affiliations and then pick one that's the most predominant and again this can lead to all kinds of internal conflict as well as conflict with the family or with peers or with other individuals in their lives in addition mono racial identity models assume acceptance from the minority group of origin which may not necessarily be the case okay moving forward because there's still a lot going on here we're still talking about models of identity formation and development and we've got also a lot of talk about biracial identity of resolution and bi racial identity resolutions are kind of a strategy aside from these mono racial ones to help individuals to categorize and come to terms with who they really are and what their identity means to them again all of these intersecting identities this is from route 1990 there's essentially four biracial resolution strategies the first is accepting the identity that society assigns this typically occurs in more racially oppressive societies where you do not have the freedom to choose your identity another strategy would be identification with both racial groups this is essentially if you were to accept both racial groups and say you're part african-american part European or mixed this can be a positive resolution strategy the next strategy is the identification with a single racial group it's actually different from the very first one because they're actually choosing to select one racial group over the other as opposed to just accepting what society assigns there is kind of a choice involved here and then the final and perhaps the most constructive and interesting biracial resolution strategy is the identification as a new racial group this is feeling kinship with other biracial individuals many more than any other biracial group and your book talks about this can be that this can be seen I'm just quoting right now in the hapa haole community in Hawaii who are half white half Asian and they accept their this is a new group and they identify with that as opposed to picking both or picking one over the other so this is a very interesting way of looking at it there's also another theory of biracial identity development from Collins 2000 and essentially there's four phases here first you have questioning and confronting feelings of different Ness confusion discomfort as one struggles to form a racial identity without a clear reference group the next phase is refusal and suppression after facing constant questions and challenges around ones racial group individuals that have to define themselves in this phase which is crucial for their development then you have page 3 which is infusion and exploration marked by confusion and guilt over choosing one identity over the other or you know saying what about my other half what about my other identities and then finally you have phase 4 which is like the kind of resolution and acceptance phase and in phase 4 biracial individuals enter the space they fully accept that they are biracial and you know they can essentially things like I am me and I am Who I am and I accept myself that's kind of where they get to you in this place which is great you've also okay so we've talked about maybe not in as much detail as we would like models of racial identity development ethnic identity development and then kind of multi racial or multi ethnic or biracial by ethnic models of identity formation and development and then we're just going to talk very very briefly about evaluating these models and then we'll move on to talking about models of gender when we're evaluating these biracial models the strengths are that they illustrate how biracial individuals face added questions and challenges but they do emphasize that stable and secure racial identities can be achieved with support from family and social and community environments but there are limitations more research is needed to cover their basic principles and exploring more than two identities what if you have three or four identities then where do you go from there whether it needs to be more research I wanted to talk again a little bit about gender typing gender identity formation as someone who's focused a lot on sexual psychology I find this very interesting topic your book begins by discussing gender typing within the asian-american community that gender roles and expectations in that community are only 200 more patriarchal views where men have more power and privilege than women but some people believe that these patriarchal representations of Asian American and gender are limiting historically imposed by the dominant group and based on negative stereotypes now what am I talking about specifically here well for example Asian Americans have traditionally faced what we call controlling images in our media throughout American history and controlling images are stereotyped and negative racial gender images intended to subordinate minority groups and affirm dominance over power and norms so for example if you look at our media predominantly Asian American men they're either very emotionally distant and disconnected or they are kung-fu fighters or warriors whereas Asian American women are overwhelmingly portrayed as geishas or fragile or uber feminine and weak now these is this is what we call controlling images and these controlling images are not just applicable to Asian American groups they're applicable to all assorted and we can talk about you know think about what some of those controlling images are of African Americans in our media um now your book goes on to discuss how for African Americans they men experienced their gender identity and multi-layered ways which really defies these one-dimensional racial stereotypes you think about stereotypes of African American men they're predominantly gangsters or rappers etc but really the African American male identity goes so much further than that for example Hammond and mattis found in a questionnaire they asked African American men what does manhood mean to you and they got 15 different dimensions of what it is so this kind of defies is controlling images african-american women also report both distinct and common constructions of femininity in compared to European American women so there are also a number of distinct traits than african-american women identify with that go beyond whatever the stereotypes are of the controlling images in the Media now the next group we need to talk about is the Latino latina gender identity issues the majority of scholarship is focused on machismo versus Mary anis mo machismo is a broad set of stereotyped hyper masculine Latino traits ranging from dominance and aggressiveness to being a good father good provider to the family on the flip side so machismo for men and Mary Annie's mo for women which you know we can call the cult of the Virgin Mary or the Madonna this is a broad set of stereotyped feminine images traits and idealized the moral virtues and personal character of latina rating for being self-sacrificing too modest virginal and again these are very one-dimensional constructs and in fact your book goes on to discuss how many different types of machismo there really are there's I encourage you to be familiar with these contemporary masculinity machismo traditional machismo conflicted compassionate machismo and contemporary machismo so you can see that really there's much more than just one stereotype category this is Latino men this is Latino women that's just an image from our media okay a little bit about sexual identity formation comprehending sexual identity formation among ethnic minorities is really difficult because the predominance of research on gay identity formation focuses on gay European American men the very few studies that would have ethnic lesbian and gay samples indicate this double minority status that can lead to difficulties in their early coming-out experiences and ethnic minorities also experience their sexuality in a number of different ways really when we encourage you to look at a broad continuum here I'm running out of time so I just want to briefly talk about the last topic which is identity formation and development and psychological adjustment and well-being so in terms of racial identity and development studies show that racial identification and formation are related to self-esteem psychological adjustment physical health outcomes and perception of racism so there's a strong connection let me give you an example among Asian Americans more sophisticated racial schemas are associated with higher collective self-esteem these racial identity schemas a set of beliefs and emotional responses related to race that individuals socialized to during their development and influence how race related information is interpreted and internalized into overall identity in orders it's the schema that we process information according to these rules that we are socialized you so when African when agent American schemas are more sophisticated they have more self-esteem there's also a lot to be said and your book talks more about this for ethnic identity and adjustment specifically that ethnic identification and formation are related to self-esteem psychological adjustment and very interestingly they risk for drug use there is a relationship space between one's ethnic identification and psychological adjustment and mental health and this can vary according to the salience and centrality of ethnicity in someone's life so if this association exists and they feel very strongly about their ethnicity that associate will be stronger come now what about biracial or multiracial identities and adjustment self-esteem and psychological adjustment and mental health are correlated with identification with more than one racial group stronger ethnic identification is positively related to social to self esteem for biracial teens and another research study showed that a positive and stable biracial or multiracial associate identity is associated with greater life satisfaction and less depression so when people come through the biracial identity formation process in a positive way assimilating all those identities together and feeling good about them this can actually lead to better well-being better life satisfaction and better self-esteem just fascinating how much these identities can affect our lives and overall well-being now in terms of gender gender identification is strongly associated with drug use risks and body image a masculine gender role so for example a masculine gender role is positively associated with body image for african-american boys but gender identification and body image in african-american girls may not be relation related there's also been a lot of studies on the concept of aggressive masculinity which is essentially endorsing dominance and control over others this is linked to drug use earlier drug addition and weaker anti-drug attitudes and Mexican American middle school students then a little bit on sexual identity adjustment sexual identification has been associated with multiple psychological adjustments and health outcomes the experience of psychological distress are predominantly related to discriminate experiences rather than internal struggles so coming out as gay there's an internal struggle but the reason it can be affecting health is because coming out as gay means that there will be discrimination or judgments coming from society family peers religious groups etc so there's some research here that latino gay men experience significant psychological distress from racism financial hardship and homophobia they also that higher level of psychological distress is associated with a heightened risk for HIV so something to consider and then last but not least class identity and adjustment socio you can add economic status particularly when it is intertwined with race is related to multiple health outcomes the poor health outcomes are associated with and I'll just read these to you racism and institutionalized discrimination that prevent ethnic minorities from gaining upward social mobility disproportionate number of racial minorities living within impoverished and stressful living and work environments and low SES ethnic minorities who face cumulative stressors and disadvantages somatization of stress from racial discrimination and poverty can negly affect ethnic minorities perceptions of their over health and well-being Sudan oh and Baker 2005 so basically we're seeing an intersection here where minorities with a low SES can be at risk for health disparities psychological adjustment and other issues and we'll talk more about this towards the end of this semester okay and then finally the relationship between SES and health is still not always clear for example they've introduced a concept of objective social status which is an individual's income education level and occupation which has stronger associations with health than soap of social status which is the individuals perceived social position in a society so Wow today was the long lecture I'm trying to cap it to 30 minutes so just want to briefly review we've talked about understanding the many components of the identity racial ethnic gender sexual and class then we've talked about theories for how these form and develop and each one has a different set of theories and then we've talked about how each one of these identities is then related to an individual's psychological adjustment oh it's a lot to take in so I encourage you to carefully read the book in addition to this lecture and I will speak to you next week alright take care bye now