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- Thanks for having me. I'm gonna try and talk a little bit about the non-pharmacological, or also known as the behavioral treatments for ADHD. And I was talking to a former colleague from Nebraska and yes, there are effective behavioral treatments out there for ADHD. I'm gonna try and review the current affairs with ADHD, where it stands now and how we got there, review some of these behavioral approaches and try and give you a sense of what they look like, and then actually provide, you know, some evidence to support the use of behavioral treatments. So ADHD is probably the most commonly presenting behavioral disorder that we see in children. About 20% of all children will meet diagnostic criteria for a DSM-4 or DSM-5 diagnosis. And I work in primary care and it's probably the most common issue that we see referrals for. So about a quarter of the referrals to us as a psychologist in the primary care setting are for ADHD. And you see that, you know, about 11% of children are diagnosed and about one in five boys. So it's a very commonly presenting behavioral disorder. So there are some, there's a long history of the treatment of ADHD. And a lot of it stems back to the MTA study conducted in 1999. It was a large, multi-treatment assessment, randomized clinical trial, looking at the behavioral treatment of ADHD versus the pharmacological treatment. And there are some problems with that study in 1999. Mainly, just to touch on a couple of them, the intensity of the behavioral treatments was never really allowed to be varied within that and pharmacological treatment was varied, even outside of recommended doses ranges. When they assessed the outcomes, they only looked at the behavioral treatments a month or so, several months, actually, after the behavioral treatment was discontinued, whereas they evaluated the pharmacological side at the peak of the pharmacological dosage. And maybe most importantly, when they introduced the sequencing, when they looked at behavioral and pharmacological treatments combined, they only introduced medication first and then the behavioral treatment. They never did behavioral treatments first and then introduced medication. And I think that's a really important piece. And I'll come back to that a couple times during the talk. So there's been, after that time, from that study, and when it was released in right around 2000, a lot of individuals, clinicians, interpreted that as medication was the primary and only necessary treatment for ADHD. And this really influenced the number of stimulants being prescribed. You can see here, from 2002 to 2012, sales in stimulants quadrupled. And at that time, at around 2012, there was data that suggests that one in five children before the age of 18 would go on a stimulant medication. Which, a prevalence rate of 11%, which is very high as well, that is, I think everyone was getting the sense that we're using too many stimulant medications, maybe over-prescribing. And the American Academy...