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hi students welcome to another note video this is miss Collins here we are going to be talking and or completing and working on these notes called the industrial age so make sure you have your notes outline open and go ahead and follow along with the video remember you can pause any time to fill out your notes as we go and let's get started okay so when we talk about Industrial Age maybe it makes you guys think of the Industrial Revolution which we talked about before in class remember that was a time when in Great Britain they had found a way to use water to run machines in factories and it introduces all these different types of machines and all of them are really trying to help people get things done faster and more efficiently and it brings a lot of progress in a lot of different areas and we remember that it was secretly brought over to United States and then we had our own Industrial Revolution here as well well today we're talking about the Second Industrial Revolution and how that's going to change things so what I wanted to remind you too is with that first Industrial Revolution the biggest changes we saw were in transportation and communication right we saw the introduction of the railroad and we saw the introduction of the Telegraph which were both ways that really made getting from place to place and talking to people a lot faster and we discussed in class also how and when we look in like even in today's world like what are the inventions that have had like the biggest impacts on our lives and a lot of us think of like our cell phones maybe we think of like our cars or airplanes right those are things that are actually also related to transportation and communication so something interesting to think about as so anyways the Second Industrial Revolution is also gonna bring like a time of like rapid growth and manufacturing and new inventions and machines and by the mid 1890s into the early 1900's the u.s. became the world industrial leader so we were just like creating the most machines that had the you know the biggest Factory is the most efficient factories and world and here is a picture to show you what you know an industrial revolution it's also going to bring which collision is definitely a big aspect of it but it's a big change from focusing on farming to studying up factories and the idea of working in a factory right so I'm in the Second Industrial Revolution the biggest changes are gonna happen in regards to steel so if you're like Miss Kahn's what is steel I hope will steel is like a a sort like a a like product thinking the right word here that is made stronger by heat and other metals and it's like stronger than iron and it's stronger than like any other metal at the time that existed and this guy named Henry Bessemer had actually invented a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove the impurities so something that used to take days now would take 10 to 20 minutes so it made Steel faster to produce and people wanted to produce it because it was such a strong material so if this sounds anything like history like if you think back to when we talked about oh where was I going with that okay I could say like the cotton gin right that it made harvesting cotton faster and easier and so then that's gonna make cotton rice so this example is with steel though the process of creating steel became quicker and so then more people wanted to use steel steel is gonna make railroads cheaper it makes trains nicer it even leads to the invention of refrigerated shipping cars so that you could roof ship cold items to like farther places and you're going to see bigger cities developing around railroads and one example is Chicago and we will talk a bit about Oh Chicago and our next set of notes and what its gonna be like there results of a city's springing up by railroads but a city also springing up where there's gonna be lots of slaughterhouses joy okay this graph is showing you that I rise in steel production so right in the late 1800s the yellow on the this graph here is representing steel and you're seen late 18-hundreds are very little is being produced and then you just see this boom right and that's because as I said a cheaper way or sorry an easier way was developed and eventually is gonna be introduced and so that's why you're gonna see this but this rise in steel so some other inventions during the Second Industrial Revolution chemists had actually invented a way to convert like oil into fuel called kerosene and kerosene is gonna be used in cooking and heating and lighting and this is where the demand for oil first starts before this oil wasn't used very much at all and then obviously as we know oil is gonna lead to another important change and that's related to cars but we'll get there to just give me a few slides and also discovered right that is very easy to pump oil from the ground people began like drilling all over and trying to find like deposits of oil under the earth right because they knew that they could use it for cooking and heating and lighting and things like that so it became really important ok cool so we get to one of our first major inventions and an important person related to that invention which is Thomas Edison so Thomas Edison was interested in electricity and science over his lifetime he held about 1,000 patents a patent is like that you have the rights like create this item like just you right so if I have a patent for a tree that grows dollar bills that means only I can like produce this tree and nobody else cuz I have a patent on it and Edison was quite the inventor because he had over a thousand so by the end of 1879 and his team had invented the electric light bulb and so they built something called a power plant to supply electricity to dozens of New York City New York City buildings originally it's only gonna start in cities because they couldn't figure out how to send an electricity to further places eventually that's going to change and there's a man named George Westinghouse who's gonna build a power system that can send electricity to further like miles and miles away so what you're seeing now is a change of like this is like a huge change imagine like having to get up and walk around and the only light you had was what you used with like like a candle about you-let's or something like that now there's something where you can just flip a switch and you automatically have light in your room there's no like it might burn out it might catch on fire I mean they technically could but the risks are a lot less than if you were like burning the candle and here's a quote from Edison he said I haven't failed I just found 10,000 ways that don't work good one Edison another really important invention is gonna come from our guy Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 so right before if we wanted to communicate with people we would write down a message and then there was a telegraph so then we could use Morse code and send a message that way but in 1876 Alexander Graham Bell is gonna patent something called the telephone and he was a Scottish born speech teacher and he studied the science of sound and like how sound moves and how we can send sound and five-year 1900 more than 1.5 million phone lines are strung up across the United States and a German inventor is also going to create an engine powered by gasoline by the early 1900s and that's going to be leading it to thousands of cars being built in the US so I know I'm kind of like going through these very quickly like we just saw the electric light bulb we're adjusting the invention of something called the telephone where now instead of tapping a message you can speak into a device and it sends your words across the wire to a different person and then we also see a machine that is taking oil and making an engine or gasoline sorry and making the engine run so very big inventions I know I'm kind of going through them fast but that's because there's a lot of important ones and if you're interested any of these I encourage you to like do your own research and it's really fascinating so another very important invention and inventor is Henry Ford so as I talked about before a german inventor created an engine that was powered by gasoline and so cars started to be built in the United States so Henry Ford does not create the first car ever let's be clear about that what Henry Ford did is he noticed a lot of people couldn't afford to buy an automobile to buy a car because they're really expensive because cars were like custom like all of them were like different everyone was like unique just making you think of something we've talked about before and so what he says is why don't we create an assembly line to speed up the manufacturing process so all the cars will be built exactly the same using the same interchangeable parts oh yeah doesn't this sound like what we've talked about before with Eli Whitney and he proposed using interchangeable parts to make guns so then we could mass-produce guns yeah so Henry Ford takes that same idea and puts it towards the car so he introduces this car called the Model T and that's a picture of it on the slide and um because he's able to produce the car so quickly with the with using the assembly line he's able to make cars more affordable because right there's a place down the street can maybe make like one car a day where Henry Ford at his planet can make ten a day so he can charge less for them because the process doesn't take as long for him and he has more product available from Henry Ford up here says failure is simply the opportunity to begin again this time more intelligently so I do have a video about this too it's linked on the next slide I'll go ahead and include a link to it in the description on this video so you can go ahead and check that out I really encourage you to it actually goes to one of Henry Ford's plants and shows you how the assembly line worked then and how it works now as well it's really cool another important invention in 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright build a lightweight airplane that used a small gas engine what that's crazy uh-huh so essentially they built an airplane and it actually worked and flew in the sky let me here's a little the video but of the Henry Ford thing but here's a picture of their little lightweight airplane Oh that'd be so cool to write on like terrifying but also really cool so we just hit a bunch of big inventions and like I said I'm going through this quickly but you will learn a lot more about this topic when you get to 11th grade US history this is kind of where you start your school year is talking about like the late 1800s Early 1900s so we just like touch on it so you get a little intro about it but you'll learn a lot more about this in eleventh grade so we saw a bunch of inventions what we're going to jump to now is like big business how is this how is this change how is this industrial revolution going to affect businesses and it's gonna affect them a lot so many people who want to like start businesses we call them intrapreneurs are going to start creating something called corporations and a corporation is just like a business that wants to sell part of the ownership in forms of things called stocks and these are often most respected like most of people that leave these companies are respected members of society they're praised for their hard work their talent their success and so people like average people can buy a part of a company by buying stock in that company so what it means is doesn't mean like when you buy a suit for example nowadays you can buy a portion of the company Apple okay right who makes our phones computers all sorts of stuff you guys know so what you could do is nowadays you could buy a share of Apple and what that means is you own part of the Apple company you're like wait how could I own part of Apple company well you can you just have to buy part of a stock of that company owning a stock doesn't mean that you get to like run the day-to-day of the company and be like I fire you or I hire you it just means that you get a share of the profits or you could lose money but let's say Apple does really well and the company becomes more and more valuable your stock in that company it becomes worth more and more money and you could sell it anytime you'd like there's some rules about it but so let's say you buy a stock in Apple and it's five dollars for one stock so like one part of the company and then in like two years the company released a new product and it's like doing really well and maybe now a stock in Apple cost three hundred dollars so you just made a big profit by only opening in five dollars now it's worth three hundred you could sell it and you have made money by doing pretty much nothing except that you put down five dollars a couple years ago now same thing could happen the opposite way where Apple could like do really poorly and then it's years grandpa and now the stock to buy a stock share of Apple it's like 25 cents and then you've now lost money so you could just hold onto your stock you could sell it it's up to you but this is kind of trying to explain to you a little bit about buying shares and companies what it means to buy a shares and company is the risk is so seeded with that you could be profitable you could lose money you also don't have to do any of this you don't have to buy shares of company and again this is actually something you'll learn a lot about in your senior year of high school they'll take a class called economics and you'll learn all about why corporations and what it means to buy into a corporation if you're interested in that okay back to what I was talking about here so by the year 1900 one hundred million shares were being traded on the New York Stock Exchange every year so that means there's tens of companies in the United States that are like hey we are public companies you can buy a share of our company and by the way this is only for like public companies if your company is private you do not have to like have people buy shares of your company okay again there's so much more is this I'm just about giving you a basic intro but if you're interested in what it means more please ask me questions email me or of course you can research as well but we're going to keep on going amen okay so this next area we're getting into is we're gonna talk a lot about people who made a lot of money during this time remember we're talking about the gilded a it just is like the late 1800s Early 1900s and I remember we talked about like we talked about the intro they seen it you're seeing some of the wealthiest Americans in history that made their money during the Second Industrial Revolution by having different inventions by buying different companies by starting different companies but you're also gonna see some of the poorest people in society and what they're suffering through so this week or these notes we're really talking about some of the wealthiest people and how they made their money and our next set of notes we're going to talk about the people who are struggling and like what it's like for them on the other side so one of our first billionaires is Andrew Carnegie and hopefully you've probably heard of him and he was born in Scotland and came to the US as a poor immigrant as a teen he took a job with a railroad company and he based like worked his way up in the company and was able to sort of like buy the company something that he did is he bought out his competitors when the steel prices were really low and so what we call this is vertical integration which just means that you own businesses involved in each step of the manufacturing process he would buy the mines the coal fields the railroads could buy every aspect of the railroad business when he sold his business Carnegie steel he sold it to JP Morgan in 1901 and his company was worth four hundred and eighty million dollars in today's money that would be about three hundred and seventy two billion dollars billions okay and this is a guy who came here with nothing started in the company worked his way up bought the company made it super successful by like buying up competitors buying up like other steel companies and then sold it and became a billionaire but what's really cool is after he sold his business he dedicated his life to philanthropy as philanthropy is like working with like charity and like trying to help people and give back to society so he donated about ninety percent of his total fortune to charities so that's awesome he really cared about libraries world peace science and education I do want to point out too I'm kind of just highlighting some great things about Andrew Carnegie there are lots of negative things as well in regards to how he treated his workers and his factories and so that's a whole nother story for another day but um current Carnegie said no man will make a great leader who wants to do it all himself or to get all the credit for doing it that's such a great quote right be a good leader means you give other people responsibilities too and you get help you don't just do it yourself so this is called Carnegie Hall it's in New York City it's named after Andrew Carnegie and it's a what's the word a Orca huh you complain music there it's a music hall there you go my cousin actually played cello there but continuing on if you guys think back to when we did a little intro on this unit if you remember and I asked you if anybody knew who the richest American of all time was that's this guy john d rockefeller it's not Jeff Bezos the owner of Amazon it's not Steve Jobs with Apple it's a guy from the Gilded Age john d rockefeller so rockefeller he started working in the oil companies at the age of twenty-one it's like pretty young and he started this company called Standard Oil and it became the largest oil refiner anywhere and he also Hughes vertical integration like Andrew Carnegie and so again what that means is he like right we talked about like buying up your competitors he also bought up like every process of like getting the oil so he would buy up the fields where the oil came from in the ground he bought the the companies that would transport the oil to the refinery he bought them the like stations that would sell like the oils of people or things like that it's like buying every step of the process and there's controversy with that of course Carr Rockefeller said from the beginning I was trained to work to save and to give this is Rockefeller Center it's a place in New York City and it's composed of a bunch of buildings like ten or twelve buildings and there's the coarsest ice rink with the tree that they put up every year but it's named after john d rockefeller and there's all these different businesses and things that some of them belongs to Rockefeller family and some of them and don'ts bets if you ever go to New York you have to check out Rockefeller Center um so we're not talking about Rockefeller oh sauce talk about him a little bit more but something that Rockefeller did and what many other well did two during this time is they formed something called a trust and a trust is like an illegal illegal agreement arrangement grouping together a number of companies under one single board of directors and they found that they could earn more money by getting rid of competition and controlling production so Rockefeller did this by just again buying up competitors so that he didn't have any competitors in the oil industry and so when he it's estimated that he was worth about four hundred billion dollars in today's money but obviously if you like miss Collins it sounds really sketchy or maybe you're like I don't understand what this means I think I've talked a little bit about a4 before in class about competition and what that means if you buy out your competitors and how that's bad for like it's bad for us the people who are buying the product it's great for the companies because they make lots of money so for example a really quick example let's say I am the only person who knows how to make chips okay so kind to eat yum I'm the only one who knows it how to do it and everybody loves chips and I sell my chips for twenty dollars a bag yes they're very expensive chips but then one day somebody comes along and they're like hey miss hey I know how to make chips too and they're like I'm a star my own chip company and they're selling their bags of chips for $15 bag and I'm like wait what now I have competition so now me and this other company might be trying to continuing to lower our prices because we want the customers to come and buy from us okay that's competition it makes price is lower because we're competing against each other to get your business let's say though go back to if I have no competitors I could charge whatever price I want right so that's why I like when we're talking about companies like buying up competitors that can be really bad because it means that those companies have complete control over price and they could charge really high prices so um eventually I don't think I skipped anything today yeah no I think - in a little bit but eventually there's going to be laws put in place we'll get to some of the second that are going to say it's like illegal to do things like this to buy up like competitors and actually john d rockefeller rockefeller um he had to break up his company into smaller companies and about thirty four smaller companies so companies like Chevron or Mobile you may have heard these gas stations or you know oil companies these were all originally part of Andrew or of sorry of john d rockefeller x' oil companies his US Standard Oil but they had to be broken up after different laws were passed so sorry to end with Rockefeller I should have ended before I got to Vanderbilt here but when he retired he also spent a lot of money and philanthropy like in Joe Nadine and give him back and he really cared about medicine education and science and he helped eradicate two different diseases one was hookworm and one was yellow fever in the United States because of the money he donated to science okay so let's go ahead and jump to Cornelius Vanderbilt really quick he also like Carnegie grew up very poor very uneducated but he worked really hard and what he did is he made his money through shipping and like moving products from place to place and it's estimated that he was worth roughly two hundred fifteen billion dollars and he also later life became a philanthropist and donated millions of dollars to charities especially he really cared about donating to churches and to universities and things like that and he said you have undertaken to cheat me I won't sue you for the law is too slow I'll ruin you Oh ruff I'm here is the Biltmore Estate built by Vanderbilt and this was one of his one of his homes it's pretty nice it's still there um so we can't end our talk came out these guys who all talk about what they're our nickname for these guys are but our last one we'll talk about is JP Morgan so um JP Morgan you may have heard of him JP Morgan Chase the company the bank JP Morgan was a financier and a banker so a financier is someone who like takes money and invest it into other companies and like buys other companies and he helped finance US Steel he helped finance General Electric the company AT&T and tons and tons of railroads so he just made really smart investments with the money that he had and he even one-time bailed out the US government in 1907 there was a panic right there was about to be a depression and he organized a group of other investors and they were able to bail out to the American government that was pretty cool so they saved they saved it from a big depression happening but to happen later ironically he was estimated to only be worth about a hundred and eighteen million dollars and a lot of that was actually through his art collection and so john d rockefeller said like wow ii think the man wasn't even that rich no but he had his hand in like sort of every little business and he made really smart investments and he bailed out the government which is pretty cool so he said a man always has two reasons for doing anything a good reason and the real reason dunh dunnhhhh so um many of these men are nicknamed robber barons and we call them robber barons because it means like someone who pays like a low wage someone who squashes competition creates monopolies and exploits the government so right I talked about a lot of good things that these men did as far as like companies they started money they made charities they gave to but it wasn't always great for their workers their workers weren't always treated the best and they did things like I said like bought up competitors created monopolies tried to create trusts and so it wasn't always good for the consumer so robber barons it's where this nickname comes from and I actually have a little video about it that I will again link for you below so you can check that out and it talks about some of these guys that we just learned about okay sorry these notes here long but there's just a lot of important things to cover here so by the late 18-hundreds people started to become uncomfortable with like all these factories popping up it's leading to increase in child labor people are being paid very low wages working conditions and factories are really poor some people were like you know it's all social Darwinism it's all like natural selection some human beings are gonna be successful in businesses and some are just gonna struggle in life and that's the way things are other people believed like that the rich had a duty to like help out the poor in society and as we know some of these robber barons gave millions of dollars to charities but not everybody was like that some people were just out to like make a buck and they didn't care like who got squashed in the process of it so I mentioned before that I would that I would get to this that there was care was concerned that like as these companies were buying up competitors it would create something called a monopoly so like the game a monopoly right what are you trying to do in the game monopoly right to win you win if you like buy up the most places right and then people land on your spots and then like you take all their money so you win by having like you have the most strategic places or like buying up the most amount of places on the board and write a monopoly is where you have total ownership you buy out your competitors you have no competition like in my chip example I have no competition I'm the only one who knows how to make chips or I buy out any of the other companies that know how to make chips and people said that they wanted they didn't like this they want the government to get involved they want the government to stop monopolies from happening because it's not gonna be helpful to people so in July 1890 Congress passed something called the Sherman Antitrust Act which was a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts and law but the thing is like laws were really difficult to enforce because there wasn't a clear definition of what a trust was and so this is can sometimes be an issue still today there's actually just recently talked about a merger between two phone companies Sprint and t-mobile and one of the issues that comes up is this issue of monopolies as like are we letting these two companies join together are we like creating less competition so then these two companies together it could just make you know your phone bill prices like really high or is it okay that they do this and merge together so that's actually something in the news right now if you want to google that I just thought that actually this week so check that out mm-hmm so let's talk about the workers the people that are working in these factories they're working for these robber barons these people working in these factories most some are unskilled workers they run machines they are paid very low money they can be replaced easily and there are many people looking for jobs so they have a lot of competition factories focused on like specialization where one worker would do the same step over and over again and it made workers really tired and bored and sometimes they'd likely to get injured like your job is just to screw this one bolt on the car every day and as each car comes by you screw that bolt it goes on to the next person and you would get bored and more likely to get hurt so workers started forming things called unions to get better wages and working conditions so a union is just a group of people that like work for the same company that one unite together and work together to try and advocate for change in their company so the Knights of Labor is the first-ever national labor union founded in the 1870s what did they want they wanted an eight-hour workday they wanted to end child labor and they thought that the government should regulate trusts like the formation of like monopolies rights um so let me explain a little bit about like a union and how that works so I'll give the example with let's say okay all to get the example of like our school so let's say the teachers were like oh we really want to have lunch is only 30 minutes we want lunch to be an hour um so like I go to mr. Torres and I'm like mr. Choi is I want lunch to be an hour and he's like that's cool no okay and then I walk away I'm like that sucked what I could do is form a union right power in numbers and I could be like okay all the other teachers let's get together we're all gonna go to mr. Torres and say if you want one hour lunch because he's more likely to listen if all of us go in there and if he doesn't listen to us what we could do is we could hold something called a strike and so we're like mr. Torres we want a one-hour lunch and he's like no then we'll be like cool mr. Torres we're not gonna come here to work until we get what we want so it hurts his company and we can try and fight for better changes and it's all about unity in numbers so women are going to definitely play a role in unions we if you did your project your magazine cover project some of you guys did yours on Sarah Bagley and she was a female union leader actually but one famous woman was Mary Harris Jones she was an Irish immigrants and she helped organize strikes she educated workers and she really wanted better working conditions for miners so as a result strikes her to occur all over the country many of them in fact most of these strikes are going to be violence where those protesting would be killed so remember I gave my example of like people striking and saying like we're not gonna work til we get what we want sometimes when that would happen the company would like call the police and the police would show up and be like if you don't go to work we're gonna like shoot you um and those things actually like happens or sometimes they would attack the protesters in one example here the Haymarket Riot someone threw a bomb and it killed eight police officers and so then police just like open fire into the crowd and killed a bunch of people in the crowd that's just one example another one is the Homestead Strike and this one took place at one of Andrew Carnegie's factories actually um and he liked some of the workers found out that he was going to buy some new machines and he was gonna fire a bunch of people in the factory so they went on strike and the strike went on for four months and during those four months 16 of the workers were killed because the state militia was called in and they killed a bunch of the people who went on strike another major strike is the Pullman Strike and this one was related to the railroads and and jobs being cut there as well they were striking because a bunch of had been laid off um and those who were still there were getting paid like even less money and the president was actually sent troops and to stop this specific strike whew sorry specific strike y'all and on this last one so there's actually a lot of strikes to talk about they're really interesting and there's a lot of details to them and you're gonna be like wait how is that allowed to happen like how come the police we're just allowed to show up and be like you're not going to work cool we're gonna shoot you like how did that happen it's interesting why that was allowed to happen but it did so usually like we do a project with this but obviously that's not going to happen since we're doing our distance learning here so I'm kind of come up with something prynt where I will give you the opportunity though it's like reading about one of these strikes and we'll go forward with that but hopefully from these notes what you got in the Second Industrial Revolution is we see another rise in factories and a big change in like new inventions and then people who are gonna become really rich off of this Industrial Revolution and are gonna come up with new ways like make money and like strike it rich and then you're gonna see like labor unions emerging and workers trying to fight for better right so as these up some people are like gaining like tons of money what about the common person they're kind of being left behind and treated poorly and so how are they trying to fight it back so that's what we did in these notes thanks for listening in and have a lovely day