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hello this is Janos it is real world audio and today we will look into something really special and that is hum amplifiers hum and specifically uh single-ended tube amplifiers hum level uh and why is that important that's important because if you want to know what how loud your amplifier will be humming how good your the power supply you need to design to be quiet then basically you have to look at the ripple at your high voltage to to get a ballpark on how loud your amplifier will be humming so this is a main component for the amplifier hum and when we design the power supply this is of key consideration to get that Ripple which means hum down to an acceptable level and I'm going to go through a little explanation how you can calculate the hum level the Ripple level for a specific power supply and then I will give you a tool how to uh translate this ham level that you have received from your simulation software or if you want to you have an actual amplifier if you measure the hum level the Ripple of the B plus then based on that you can calculate what is the output on your loudspeaker or even at your listening position how much that will contribute to the harm that you hear and of course now before we go into more detail I have to add that this is not the only component for hum in your amplifier but this is pretty much the main component for hum that your amplifier makes and pretty much the only one that you can do a nice hard calculation for because the other source of hum that uh that's coming from your filament supplies which is not an issue if you have a an indirect heated triode uh where the filaments are properly referenced and uh but it's a very big issue for direct heated triodes where the filament harm appears on the signal and I'm going to touch base on this very a little just a tiny bit but not going to it too deep because that would take too much time so now we will just focus on this uh B plus hum by itself so what you see here that's power supply designer program and I'm showing a very typical triode power supply here where you have a power transformer then you have rectifier tube in this case a 5er4 which is pretty much the most common rectifier tube ever and then on a single Pi filter power supply with an inductor and the capacitor plus it's a capacitor input Supply that you can turn by that largest value capacitor in the front so this is the C1 capacitor and that's C2 capacitor and that's the L1 choke and and here in the circuit I put in a resistance of 3.5 kilo ohm to simulate the load that the tubes present for the power supply...