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Copy signed default

hey what's up guys my name is the chana welcome back to my C++ series today we're gonna be talking all about copying and what a copy constructor is the in C++ so copying refers to us copying data copying memory when we literally want to copy one object or primitive or just a piece of data from kind of one place into another so that we literally have two copies of it a lot of the time we want to copy objects that we can modify them in certain ways but if if we can avoid copying if we can avoid unnecessary copying because we just want to read the value or we want to actually modify an existing object we absolutely want to do that because copying takes time so copying can be both a really useful thing that we actually need to make our program work the way that we wanted to but on the flip side unnecessary copying is bad and we want to avoid that as much as possible because it wastes performance so understanding how copying actually works in C++ and how to get it to work and also how to avoid getting it to work or avoid copying when you don't want to copy is very important to understanding the language and being able to write C++ code efficiently and correctly so to demonstrate this in an effective way I'm actually going to write a full on example window write a class it's gonna be a string class and we're gonna talk about how copying affects that and what we can do to to both remove copying when we don't want copying but also even you know add copying so that we can copy correctly so first of all let's jump into the code and take a look at what copying looks like so if I declare a variable a primitive type like a and then I declare another primitive type called B and I assign it to a and what I'm actually doing is I'm creating a copy of it so a and B are two separate variables which have different memory addresses because of this if I change B to three a will remain at - I literally have two different values in my memory with classes this works the same way if I just have a struct maybe that's going to be a two component vector float X Y whatever if I have one back to here which is set to two and three and I then create another vector called me and assign it to a if I start modifying B and set the X to 5 then a dot X is still actually going to remain it too because by doing something like this I'm copying the value I'm copying what a is into B just like with that integer example there going to be two separate variables which occupy two different memory addresses now if you must use the new keyword here in heap allocate this so I'll do something like Victor 2a equals new vector2 we're actually going to need to either define a constructor or in this case well it will be empty if I then try and do something like a sine B with with a this is going to be something completely different because the vector two right now is a pointer which means that by writing back to point a B equals a what I'm still copying something but I'm not copying the actual vector which can track it which contains the x and y variables I'm actually copying the pointer so now I have two pointers which essentially have the same value of course because they're copies they point to different things find it something like B plus plus or whatever to modify the pointer my a pointer would still be intact but if I access the memory at that address and set it to something in this case is kind of going to affect both a and B because at the moment a and B are both pointing to the same memory address and what I'm doing here is I'm not affecting the pointer I'm affecting the memory address so that's just something important to note when you actually do write any equals when you write when you use the assignment operator and you set a variable equal to another variable you are always well always asterisk you're always copying the value the asterisk was there for references because with references if you assign a reference to something else you can't reassign references when you copy I guess a reference or you assign one reference to another reference you're actually changing the underlying thing that's pointing to because references are just aliases so kind of with the exception of references whenever you write code where one variable is assigned another variable you are always copying it it's just with the case of pointers you're copying the pointer that that memory address then muted the numeric memory address the number rather than the actual memory at the pointer if that makes sense so with that in mind let's write a string class and see about how we can make that copyable and what challenges we might face with that so I'm going to write a class called string now I'm going to write this string class in a very kind of well I guess also called primitive C++ way I'm not going to be using like STD vector or anything like that or smart pointers I'm just going to write a base kind of string class implementation that is using just the raw metal kind of C++ features and that's necessary because if I start using modern modern kind of C++ features to write this bus then it is actually going to automate a lot of this stuff for me and in this case it's not going demonstrate my point about copying very well so just keep that in mind this isn't how I would necessarily write a string class nowadays but it is a way to do it and it's going to be a kind of nice bare metal Wayne is certainly not going to be slow and if I don't probably be faster than if I was to use modern see what boss pages so a string is made up of an array of characters so the first thing that I'm going to do is place down an array of characters I'm going to write a char pointer that's called M buffer and this was going to point to my buffer of chars I'm also going to keep track of how big the string is by writing a variable called size here okay that should be enough so the constructor for string is going to take in a constant char which we'll call string constant a pointer called string first thing we're going to do is calculate how long the string is so that we can copy the data from the string into our buffer so I'm just going to use a see function called sterlin or string length to actually get the size of this string now that I've got the size I know how big I want my buffer it's going to be these size of the string so new char em size now we actually have to allow for the null termination character as well so this should be +1 but I'm deliberately not going to write that so that you guys can see what happens so the next step is going to be copy the value from this pointer into our actual buffer so that our buffer is populated with all our characters I could write a for loop here just to keep it really simple something like this really simple to go through every character that we have in here and copies at one by one like so however a much cleaner way to write this is just to use mem copy someone to type in mem copy the parameters for this is the other destination that goes first so don't screw that up the destination the source and the size so the destination is going to be M buffer the source is going to be string and the size is in bytes so how many bytes do we want to copy m size because at the moment each character is one byte of memory now we are missing that null termination character keep that in mind but let's write something that can at least print our string and something that will they will be able to use to print our spring so I want to be able to use this with standard that C out so what I'm going to do is write an overload for that operator so we'll write STD outlet stream operator shift left STD output stream stream our string classes will be a constant string reference string is going to return our stream and before it does that is just going to show stringbuffer which is a method I'm just about a ride into there we could also make this operator a friend of this class and then we'd be able to call em buffer from this function because it would be a friend in fact I think I might do it that way instead of doing get buffer I might just copy this declaration pop it in here name it a friend like so and what that means is that I'll actually be able to write code such as this so you can see I'm accessing a private member if this code wasn't present here that wouldn't be acceptable because M buffer is a private member of the string class but since we've declared this operator as a friend we can now write code like this beautiful so if I go back to men and I write my string variable here I'll just set it equal to shadow and then I'll just pop it in to see house like that all right looks pretty good hit f5 and there we have our shadows string printing you can see it's accompanied by a lot of other random characters because we don't have that null termination character so let's go ahead and add that in the way I'm going to do that is just when I allocates a buffer I'm going to do M size plus 1 you could also use string copy which one I'm going to talk about for now but I'm just gonna allocate m / + 1 to make room for that we know that this string does have a null termination character so to make this easy I could write code like this which kind of seems to copy over the length of this if I hit at 5 this will work but this is working under the assumption that this string that this child pointer is actually properly not terminated if we can't guarantee that just to be a bit safe I'm just going to set m buffer m size here equal to 0 like this manually adding my own null termination character at the end of this hit f5 and we should be good and you can see that we are well finally writing some actual code in this series really excited about that hope I'm not going too fast I'm kind of trying to rush through this this is mostly basic kind of there's me kind of setting up the string class so that I can actually show you the copying which is what this videos about so if you have any questions about anything I wrote in this kind of segment or another I guess maybe other sections of this video where I rush through things the best place to ask these questions is to join my discord server there'll be a link in description if you just go to the channel to calm slash discord then you'll be able to join that server and you can talk to a lot of people about how all this works and I'll be there as well to explain this stuff too if you don't get it okay so we've got a basic set up here and everything looks pretty good we've actually got a bit of a memory leak here that we should really fix and that is when we allocate this new char right here we never delete it if we use a smart pointer or a vector we wouldn't need to but since we're using the new keyword and we're allocating a raw array we have to actually delete it over here by calling delete buffer in the destructor okay fantastic so if we launch this code we'll just verify that our program Gemini successful and you can see it does now let's try to copy this string so the way so in this scenario maybe I want to print out this string and then later on I actually want to print I want to make an adjustment to this string I'll just call this second for this our second string let's assign this to this string for now and let's try some code that prints both of these okay let's hit f5 you can see that we get channel pretty twice which is exactly what we expect everything seems to be working once hit enter to proceed past this scene get and terminate our application oh look at that it crashed and if you look at the Cole stack which I'm going to bring over here so that you can actually see it it looks kind of cryptic isn't it's inside anti DLL since I've kernel32.dll well we don't know what's going on it looks a bit weird what on earth happened so if I terminate my application let's talk about this what we did here is we copied the string and when we copy the string what C++ does for us automatically is it just takes whatever members there are here which is basically what what this class is made up it's made but it's made up of a child pointer and an on side end and it takes those values and it copies them into a new memory address which contains this string the second string of ours now here's the problem what we have now in memory is two strings and since they did it did a direct copy something called a shallow copy what it did is it copied this pointer so we have two strings in memory which of course have the exact same child pointer value in other words the memory address the memory address of this buffer is the same for both of these strings and we get the crash because when we come over here to the end of this scope and both of these strings get destroyed the destructor gets called and we end up deleting this buffer twice so we're trying to free the same block of memory twice that's why we get a crash because the memory has already been freed it's not ours we can't free it again so perhaps a better example to demonstrate how this really is the same I'm just putting a breakpoint here hitting f5 and then being able to mouse over both of these you'll see that in this case M buffer has a memory address ae 0 4 4 0 & 4 second we also have a e0 4 4 0 so clearly the pointer is the same apart from doing that let's say that we actually want to modify the second string so I maybe instead of I'll change the third character from E to a to get China which which you guys love will access the second index and assign it to a of course in order to get this operator to work for the string class we'll have to write it so here I'm just going to write something that returns a char reference operator index operator unsigned int index we're not going to do any kind of safety checks to make sure we're inside the bounds we're just going to return and buffer at index to keep it nice and simple ok this works let's hit f5 and check this out there boys charnot so why why is that happy and we get and of course we also get the crash so why is this happening it looks like we've copied it but we haven't what we actually need to do is allocate a new char array to store the copied string right because what we're doing now is we're copying the the pointer and what we have is two string objects pointing to the exact same buffer of memory which means that when we either try and change one of them it changes both of them because they're pointing to the same block of memory or when we delete one of them it's gonna delete both of them because well they're pointing to the same block of memory we want to actually copy that block of memory we want the second string to have its own pointer to have its own unique block of memory that's pointing to so that when we either modify or delete the second string it doesn't touch the first string and vice versa and the way that we can do that is by performing something called a deep copy meaning we're actually copying the entire object not just the kind of shallow like features that we see on the very top such as what actually makes up the object because if you look at the object in memory it's a pointer and an int that's all it is but a shallow copy is not gonna go to the contents of the pointer or where the point is pointing to and actually copy that as well a deep copy is by definition going to copy the object in its entirety so how do we make a perform a deep copy well of course we could write our own clone like method or function on it that and have it just returned a new string which contains anyway that's I don't even want to explain that because that's not the way you do it the way that you do it is you write a copy constructor and a copy constructor is a constructor that gets called for that second string when you actually copy it so when you assign a string to an object that is also a string when you try to create a new variable and you assign it with another variable which has the same type as a variable that you're actually creating you're copying that variable and thus you're calling something called the copy constructor let's write one of these now C++ by default will actually provide you with a copy constructor you can do several things with this copy constructor the definition or the declaration for this copy constructor the signature is a constructor that takes in a reference a const reference to the same class so string costs string reference and then you can call it something like other because that's a sensible name so as i say this a plus plus actually supplies you with one of these automatically and what that does is literally a mem copy it's just going to copy the memory of the other object a shallow copy into these members so in other words if we were to write a one of these constructors ourselves it would probably look something like this and buffer other door and buffer and then emphasize other door size okay that's pretty much that is exactly what it was cost kind of supplies us with so that's not gonna cut it here we don't just want to copy the pointer we want to copy the memory at the pointer now if we decide that we don't want a copy constructed because we don't want to allow copying we can just declare this copy constructor as equals delete and you can see down over here this code will not compile anymore this is exactly what unique point it does if you look at my other video on smart pointers that are released like two days ago linked up there you saw this in action when we talked about unique pointers so that's how we kind of disable that but what we want to do here is to find our own copying instructor which does that deep copy so what I'll do over here is I'll copy size because well that is that is an integer we can just shallow copy that and then over here what I'm going to do is just simply allocate a new buffer we already know how big it needs to be it needs to be M size which we've already signed up here plus one we know that we're copying from another string object so what we really need to do here is simply copy the other buffer so Arthur dot M buffer into the buffer for this string class and then we'll set this to be precise plus one over here I can just write this because I know that the other size the other string is already gonna have that null termination character because it's a string and it has to and that's it that's all the code that I have to write to perform an actual deep copy in this case so now if I scroll down here to my code and I hit f5 to run my code the first thing you'll notice is that I actually have China and China written here so the first string did not change how awesome is that when we change the second string it didn't change our first string that's pretty cool and then when I hit enter it doesn't crash our program terminates successfully so as we discussed if you write code like this it will of course copy your string if you decide to actually write a function here that prints our string so I'll just write void print string I'll pass in a string like this and I'll just call STD C out string and we end up using this function instead of these C outs I'll get rid of these C outs and I'll just call print string string and print string second if I hit f5 everything appears to work but what what we're actually doing is we're actually needlessly copying this if we come over here to the copy constructor and just write a quick message here says copied string it kind of looks like maybe we're doing one copy over here but we're actually doing two more when we pass it into this function and we can prove it by hitting out five you can see that we get three string copies happening ridiculous because when we don't want to be doing that what's actually happening is every time we copy a string we allocate memory on the heap copy all that memory and then at the end of it we free it that's completely unnecessary what we actually want to do is just pass the existing string into this print string function because we know that we're not going to need to copy we don't need another copy of it we can just reference the existing one and the way that we do that is by passing this by reference which we can do by staking a reference here now this class will actually not be modifying the string so what we should do really is market as a Const reference if we don't mark it as Const not only does that mean that we can actually edit this so in other words I can just do write code like this if it wasn't marked as Const maybe let's make us a character just so it's clearer but because if it if it's not constant I can actually edit the existing string and if it's constant con means that we can't pass temporary our values into the actual function we'll talk about L values and our values soon I don't even want to get into them now because it's actually quite a complex topic and this isn't meant to be about that but eventually all I'm saying here is that if we change this function signature to accept a cost reference of a string rather than just a string then if I hit f5 you can see we only have one copy and that one copy happens over here when we assign a second with the value of string because that actually needs to be a copy because we're trying to create two different strings if we suddenly decide in the print string function oh actually I do want to copy guess what we can actually do that just by typing in code like this so what I'm trying to tell you is always pass your objects by constant reference always we'll talk about really kind of being depth optimization about that in the future because maybe in some situations it actually might be faster to copy but for all intents and purposes is better than a basic level always pass your objects by constant reference because the function itself that you're writing you can decide if you want to copy in that function but there's no reason for you just to be throwing around copies all the time that's close it program down it's stupid whenever you pass a string doesn't matter if it's your own string class or if this is just STD string always always plus that by constants sometime in the future I want to make a quick video that actually talks about passing by Const reference and a lot more detail and what advantages it gives us apart from reducing copies but for now just kind of keep that in mind anyway I hope you guys enjoyed this video about copying hopefully you guys are experts now on how copying actually works and say bus blast went to use it how to write a class that supports copying correctly you need to specify that copy constructor and hopefully you also know what copying does now and how you can and help preventing it or how mitigating it can kind of make your program run a lot faster because it's not just copying data and wasting CPU cycles is doing that for absolutely no reason at all if you guys liked this series and you want to support it and you want to see more episodes and you can do so by going to patreon.com 4/2 Cherno you'll be able to see episodes earlier for example i think this video is probably gonna get out a day earlier for patrons than it is for anyone else you'll also get access to a private disc or channel where we kind of talk about these episodes and what goes into them and plan them and all that fun stuff I think this was kind of the first video where we actually wrote quite a bit of code and got some stuff done so I hope you enjoy videos like this because now that we kind of know the basics of C++ apart from little tips and tricks I guess here and there we're gonna be actually writing code now and especially when I start the new series that I'm going to if you guys haven't seen the video I made on the weekend about the new series I'm starting check that out for sure link up there but when we start those series this is what they're gonna be like so if you're excited about that hit the like button support this series and not and everything I do on patreon because that's gonna be sure that I can make more videos and I will see you guys in the next episode goodbye [Music] [Music]